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The Impact of a Commune's Planning Tactics on the Landscape

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The Impact of a Commune's Planning Tactics on the Landscape www.degruyter.com/view/j/remav THE IMPACT OF A COMMUNE’S PLANNING TACTICS ON THE LANDSCAPE OF SUBURBAN AREAS Elzbieta Zysk, PhD Faculty of Geodesy, Geospatial and Civil Engineering University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn e-mail: [email protected] Alina Źrobek-Różańska, PhD The Faculty of Economics University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The article aims to present selected transformations of landscape that follow changes in land use designated by suburban municipalities. Currently, under the pressure of suburbanization, suburban rural municipalities are gradually being transformed into urban-style residential units. Modern and dense residential constructions shape the local landscape by introducing irreversible changes. Directing this process seems to be an important aim for local authorities, which should responsibly apply planning tools and carry out policies which minimize negative changes to the landscape and promote spatial order. In this respect, the paper presents the relationship between the spatial strategy adopted by a municipality and the transformations in the landscape for two selected municipalities: Dywity and Barczewo. Key words: suburban areas, landscape transformation. JEL Classification: R58. Citation: Zysk E., Źrobek-Różańska A., 2016, The Impact of a Commune’s Planning Tactics on the Landscape of Suburban Areas, Real Estate Management and Valuation, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 59-69. DOI: 10.1515/remav-2016-0030 1. Introduction The development of various urban functions requires space that more and more frequently extends beyond the administrative borders of cities. In effect, the phenomenon of the “urban sprawl” of cities onto adjoining areas has been observed since the last century. The transfer of urban functions, characterized by a significant density of development onto rural areas, causes irreversible changes in the landscape. Rural areas, which have been used mainly for agricultural purposes for a number of years, lose their original functions (GORDON, RICHARDSON 1997; NELSON 1999; KOOMEN 2007). A change in the traditional intended use of villages takes place, along with the distortion of the landscape by the introduction of intense development characterized by a style and structure differing from the buildings already in use. Changes in the landscape caused by the introduction of new, different and architecturally foreign elements greatly depends on the manner of conduct and the monitoring of the spatial policy of communes and planning instruments used. This publication is aimed at presenting the terms related to landscape within legal provisions, the verification of planning instruments in a selected rural commune as well as an urban and rural REAL ESTATE MANAGEMENT AND VALUATION 59 vol. 24, no. 4, 2016 www.degruyter.com/view/j/remav commune, and a description of sample changes in the urban and architectural landscape. The studies were conducted on the basis of data from the Central Statistical Office, the development strategy of Barczewo and Dywity communes, local spatial development plans and decisions on the conditions of building and site development. 2. Landscape as a Term in Legal Provisions The European Landscape Convention defines the landscape as a part of the land, as perceived by people, which evolves through time as a result of being acted upon by natural forces and human beings. The landscape is shaped by a relevant policy which entails the issue, by competent public authorities, of general principles, strategies and guidelines that allow for undertaking special measures aimed at landscape protection, management and planning. By assumption, the landscape should be protected, and thus actions should be aimed at the preservation or maintenance of important or characteristic features of the landscape. In relation to this, landscape management means a set of actions undertaken to protect the landscape, taking into account durable and sustainable development. Such activities should be aimed at ensuring regular sustenance of the landscape by managing and harmonizing its changes resulting from social, economic and environmental processes. Therefore, people responsible for landscape planning should undertake efficient prospective activities aimed at the extension, recovery or establishment of the landscape. The presented guidelines of the European Landscape Convention are a part of the activities taken by Polish state authorities in the area of landscape protection. In 2015, the President of the Republic of Poland signed an Act on Amendments in Certain Acts Related to Reinforcing Landscape Protection Tools of April 24, 2015 (Journal of Laws of 2015, item 774, 1688), which indicates landscape protection tools. This legal act also includes definitions of landscape. One of the key legal acts which has a significant impact on the shaping of space, its management, and the shape of the landscape, is the Spatial Planning and Management Act of March 27, 2003. In this act, landscape is understood as a space perceived by people, containing natural elements or products of civilization, shaped as a result of the operation of natural factors or human activity. What is more, the term priority landscape was also defined, i.e. landscape that is particularly valuable for the society on account of its natural, cultural, historical, architectural, urban, rural or esthetic and visual values and, as such, requires observance or specification of the principles and conditions for its shaping. In the Environmental Protection Law of April 27, 2001 (Journal of Laws of 2013, item 1232), a uniform definition of landscape is missing. Nevertheless, it may be determined by recreating the definition of the environment, which is understood as the entirety of natural elements, including elements transformed as a result of human activity, in particular the surface of land, minerals, water, air, landscape, climate and other elements of biological diversity, as well as the mutual impact of these elements on each other. The Monument Conservation and Protection Act (Journal of Laws of 2014, item 1446, of 2015 item 397, 774) contains a definition of cultural landscape as a space, perceived by people, containing natural elements and products of civilization, shaped historically as a result of the operation of natural factors and human activity. On the other hand, the Nature Conservation Act (Journal of Laws of 2013, 627 as amended) refers to the definition of landscape included in two of the above-mentioned documents, i.e. the Spatial Planning and Management Act, and the Monument Conservation and Protection Act. An important provision is included in Art. 5.23, referring to landscape values. In line with the adopted definition, a landscape value constitutes a natural, cultural, historical, esthetic or visual value of an area and the land relief, products and elements of nature related to them, as well as elements of civilization, shaped by the forces of nature or by human activity. It may be concluded from the above-listed legal acts that, in spite of the common awareness of the necessity of landscape protection, the Polish legal system still lacks a clear definition of this term. The definition is modified depending on the formal requirements set out in a given legal act. However, the landscape is inseparably linked to a specific location, regardless of the definition used. It depends on all the elements comprising it, both the natural environment and the environment created by man, e.g. the type of residential development. In a period of intense urban sprawl onto the surrounding rural areas, thus far characterized by relatively low population density and development, the last component exerts a great impact on changes in the landscape. Local government authorities are responsible for the protection of landscape values, including the proper distribution of consistent residential development. The instruments they can use include local spatial development plans, land 60 REAL ESTATE MANAGEMENT AND VALUATION vol. 24, no. 4, 2016 www.degruyter.com/view/j/remav use plans and decisions on the conditions of building and decisions on the conditions of building and site development (zoning permits). 3. Characteristics of the Study Object The current processes that take place in rural areas refer to transformations in all aspects: of landscape, of space, of the natural environment, and of the infrastructure (MCDONAGH 2007). The most visible are spatial changes resulting from urban sprawl, i.e. the ones that take place in rural areas adjoining large urban centers. The process of urban sprawl onto suburban rural areas is perceptible throughout Poland, including Warmia and Mazury Province (ŹRÓBEK-RÓŻAŃSKA and ZYSK 2015). Studies by A. Wolny and R. Źróbek (2012) show that the city of Olsztyn has a significant impact on changes in the functional structure (intended use of areas) and utility structure (intensity of area use) in the adjoining communes. Migration processes from Olsztyn to the suburban communes were examined by ŹRÓBEK- RÓŻAŃSKA and ZYSK (2015). According to the studies, the residential function continues to develop in all communes adjoining the city. Two suburban communes (Dywity and Barczewo) were selected for detailed analysis. In the Dywity rural commune, the majority of used areas are of a forest and agricultural character with well-developed tourism and recreational facilities. Farmland takes up half of the commune’s surface area; another type of land is forest land, which makes up 23% of the surface. A part of the commune area lies within the borders of the landscape protection area of the valley of the middle Łyna River. The commune adjoins Lake Wadąg. The area of the commune is diversified with respect to elevation, and is characterized by a great number of mid-field waterholes and marshy areas. On the other hand, the town and the urban and rural commune of Barczewo occupy an area of approx. 32,000 hectares, out of which approx. 10,000 hectares are forests. This is a typically agricultural commune. The area of the commune is undulating. Approx. 5% of the commune’s surface area is comprised of lakes.
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