19 Proto Austronesian Verbal Morphology: a Reappraisal
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View, Independent Domestications of a Plant This Hypothesis Is Adopted Here, with the Standard Caveat Can Be Expected to Result in Wholly Independent Vocabularies
Rice (2011) 4:121–133 DOI 10.1007/s12284-011-9077-8 How Many Independent Rice Vocabularies in Asia? Laurent Sagart Received: 30 September 2011 /Accepted: 10 December 2011 /Published online: 5 January 2012 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 Abstract The process of moving from collecting plants in all have the same underlying cause: the shift to agriculture the wild to cultivating and gradually domesticating them has and its demographic consequences. Populations of farmers as its linguistic corollary the formation of a specific vocab- can support larger families than hunter-gatherers, which ulary to designate the plants and their parts, the fields in gives them higher densities, and lets them expand with their which they are cultivated, the tools and activities required to genes, their crops and their languages. This is the well- cultivate them and the food preparations in which they enter. known Bellwood–Renfrew farming/language hypothesis. From this point of view, independent domestications of a plant This hypothesis is adopted here, with the standard caveat can be expected to result in wholly independent vocabularies. that not all linguistic expansions need to be agriculturally Conversely, when cultivation of a plant spreads from one based (Eskimo–Aleut an obvious case) and with the refine- population to another, one expects elements of the original ment, introduced in Bellwood (2005b) that while agriculture vocabulary to spread with cultivation practices. This paper per se will normally induce an increase in population den- examines the vocabularies of rice in Asian languages for sity, it will not by itself suffice to lead to geographical evidence of linguistic transfers, concluding that there are at expansion: another prerequisite is the possession of a diver- least two independent vocabularies of rice in Asia. -
A History of Metatypy in the Bel Languages
A HISTORY OF METATYPY IN THE BEL LANGUAGES Malcolm Ross The Australian National University 1. Introduction The title of this paper invites two definitions: of ‘metatypy’ and of ‘Bel languages’. Metatypy, as its etymology suggests, denotes a change in (morphosyntactic) type which occurs when speakers are bilingual and restructure the morphosyntactic constructions of one of their languages on the model of constructions from their other language (Ross 2006, 2007a). The Bel languages are a small eight-member group of Oceanic Austronesian languages. Figure 1 shows a Bel genealogy, based on shared phonological and morphological innovations which are very unlikely to have been transmitted by contact (Ross 2007b). One of the Bel languages is Takia, which I have described in various publications, principally Ross (1994) and Ross (2002). The Bel family is part of a larger Oceanic group, the Ngero-Vitiaz network, and the map in Figure 2 shows the locations both of the Bel languages and of other Ngero-Vitiaz languages referred to in this paper (Ross 1988:160-183). The case study of contact-induced change which is briefly described here has arisen out of one of the central concerns of my work, reconstructing the history of Austronesian and Papuan languages. In previous work I have compared Takia with its Karkar Island neighbour, Waskia, a member of the Madang subfamily of the Trans New Guinea family of Papuan languages,1 to show that much of the grammar of Takia can be explained as the outcome of metatypy on the model of a Madang language (Ross 1987, 1996, 2003, 2007a). -
Lancini Jen-Hao Cheng [email protected]
Lancini Jen-hao Cheng [email protected] Ens.hist.teor.arte Afiliación institucional Investigador Independiente Lancini Jen-hao Cheng, “Native Terminology and Classification of Taiwanese Musical Instruments”, Lancini Jen-hao Cheng, nacido en Ensayos. Historia y teoría del arte, Bogotá, D. C., Taiwan finalizó sus estudios de PhD en Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Vol. XIX, el Department of Music, University of No. 28 (enero-junio 2015), pp. 65-139. Otago de Nueva Zelanda en Agosto de 2015. Obtuvo también el grado M.Litt. en ABSTRACT Ethnología y Folklore en el Elphinstone This study aims to be a comprehensive investigation into Institute, University of Aberdeen, Escocia, the native terminology and classification of Taiwanese aboriginal musical instruments based on ethnographic Reino Unido. Además, se ha desempeñado fieldwork. Its main result is new information concerning por espacio de catorce años como profesor indigenous instruments and taxonomic schemes and above de música y artes y humanidades en su all the discovery of many unknown musical instruments país. Sus principales intereses investigativos from different aboriginal groups (Bunun, Kavalan, Pazih- son la etnomusicología y la organología Kahabu, Puyuma, Rukai, Sakizaya, Siraya and Tsou). Concluding, many factors influence Taiwanese native así como la exploración de contextos classifications of musical instruments and they include interpretativos en la música tradicional. linguistic factors, playing techniques, materials used in their construction, performance contexts, as well as gender, social status and religion. Key Words Taiwan, Classification, Native terminology, musical instruments TÍtulo Terminología local y clasificación de los instrumentos musicales de Taiwan RESUMEN Este estudio intenta ser una investigación exhaustiva de la terminología y sistemas de clasificación de los instrumentos musicales de los aborígenes de Taiwan con base en trabajo etnográfico de campo. -
In Defense of the Numeral-Based Model of Austronesian Phylogeny, and of Tsouic*
Article Language and Linguistics In Defense of the Numeral-based Model of 15(6) 859–882 © The Author(s) 2014 Austronesian Phylogeny, and of Tsouic* Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1606822X14544623 lin.sagepub.com Laurent Sagart Centre de Recherches Linguistiques sur l’Asie Orientale Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique This paper responds to all of Malcolm Ross’s criticisms, published in Language and Linguistics 13.6 (2012), of Sagart’s numeral-based model of Austronesian phylogeny (Sagart 2004). It shows that a part of these criticisms is addressed to an invented version of Sagart’s model, while another appeals to questionable princi- ples. It points out various errors of fact and interpretation. It also criticizes Ross’s own account of the evolution of early Austronesian numerals, showing that it has little explanatory power, fails to account for phonological irregularities, and cannot explain the observed nesting pattern among numeral isoglosses. Finally, this paper shows that Tsouic, a Formosan subgroup which contradicts Ross’s phylogeny, is valid. Key words: Austronesian, classification, numerals, phylogeny subgrouping 1. Background Sagart (2004) presented a new model of the early phylogeny of the Austronesian family, particularly its Formosan phase. The model placed the PAn homeland in northwest Taiwan, treated Proto-Malayo-Polynesian as a member of a low-level Formosan subgroup and Tai-Kadai as a sister group to Malayo-Polynesian. The argument relied on a set of innovations among numerals, revealed mainly by two independent lines of evidence: first, the observation of a hierarchy of implications among the familiar cardinals from 5 to 10, such that: *puluq ‘10’ << *Siwa ‘9’ << *walu ‘8’ << *enem ‘6’ << *lima ‘5’ << *pitu ‘7’ (where ‘A << B’ means ‘a reflex of A implies the presence of a reflex of B’) Similarly among biological species the presence of hair implies amniotic eggs, which imply four limbs, which imply a bony skeleton, which implies vertebrae. -
The East Papuan Languages: a Preliminary Typological Appraisal
7KH(DVW3DSXDQ/DQJXDJHV$3UHOLPLQDU\7\SRORJLFDO 0LFKDHO'XQQ*HU35HHVLQN$QJHOD7HUULOO$SSUDLVDO Oceanic Linguistics, Volume 41, Number 1, June 2002, pp. 28-62 (Article) 3XEOLVKHGE\8QLYHUVLW\RI+DZDL L3UHVV DOI: 10.1353/ol.2002.0019 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/ol/summary/v041/41.1dunn.html Access provided by Max Planck Digital Library (18 Feb 2016 13:04 GMT) The East Papuan Languages: A Preliminary Typological Appraisal Michael Dunn max planck institute for psycholinguistics, nijmegen Ger Reesink university of leiden and max planck institute for psycholinguistics, nijmegen Angela Terrill australia national university This paper examines the Papuan languages of Island Melanesia, with a view to considering their typological similarities and differences. The East Papuan lan- guages are thought to be the descendants of the languages spoken by the original inhabitants of Island Melanesia, who arrived in the area up to 50,000 years ago. The Oceanic Austronesian languages are thought to have come into the area with the Lapita peoples 3,500 years ago. With this historical backdrop in view, our paper seeks to investigate the linguistic relationships between the scattered Papuan lan- guages of Island Melanesia. To do this, we survey various structural features, including syntactic patterns such as constituent order in clauses and noun phrases and other features of clause structure, paradigmatic structures of pronouns, and the structure of verbal morphology. In particular, we seek to discern similarities between the languages that might call for closer investigation, with a view to estab- lishing genetic relatedness between some or all of the languages. In addition, in examining structural relationships between languages, we aim to discover whether it is possible to distinguish between original Papuan elements and diffused Austro- nesian elements of these languages. -
The Higher Phylogeny of Austronesian and the Position of Tai-Kadai Laurent Sagart
The higher phylogeny of Austronesian and the position of Tai-Kadai Laurent Sagart To cite this version: Laurent Sagart. The higher phylogeny of Austronesian and the position of Tai-Kadai. Oceanic Lin- guistics, University of Hawai’i Press, 2004, 43 (2), pp.411-444. halshs-00090906 HAL Id: halshs-00090906 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00090906 Submitted on 4 Sep 2006 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THE HIGHER PHYLOGENY OF AUSTRONESIAN AND THE POSITION OF TAI-KADAI1 Laurent Sagart CNRS, Paris 1 This is a modified version of a paper presented at the workshop on "Les premiers austronésiens: langues, gènes, systèmes de parenté", Paris, May 5, 2004. Thanks go to Sander Adelaar, Peter Bellwood, Bob Blust, Isabelle Bril, Alexandre François, Jeff Marck, Estella Poloni, Lawrence Reid, Malcolm Ross, Alicia Sanchez-Mazas and John Wolff for useful discussion. Abstract This paper presents a new higher phylogeny for the Austronesian family, based on three independent lines of evidence: the observation of a hierarchy of implications -
The Lexicon of Proto Oceanic the Culture and Environment of Ancestral Oceanic Society
The lexicon of Proto Oceanic The culture and environment of ancestral Oceanic society 2 The physical environment Pacific Linguistics 545 Pacific Linguistics is a publisher specialising in grammars and linguistic descriptions, dictionaries and other materials on languages of the Pacific, Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, East Timor, southeast and south Asia, and Australia. Pacific Linguistics, established in 1963 through an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund, is associated with the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at The Australian National University. The authors and editors of Pacific Linguistics publications are drawn from a wide range of institutions around the world. Publications are refereed by scholars with relevant expertise, who are usually not members of the editorial board. FOUNDING EDITOR: Stephen A. Wurm EDITORIAL BOARD: John Bowden, Malcolm Ross and Darrell Tryon (Managing Editors), I Wayan Arka, David Nash, Andrew Pawley, Paul Sidwell, Jane Simpson EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD: Karen Adams, Arizona State University Lillian Huang, National Taiwan Normal Alexander Adelaar, University of Melbourne University Peter Austin, School of Oriental and African Bambang Kaswanti Purwo, Universitas Atma Studies Jaya Byron Bender, University of Hawai‘i Marian Klamer, Universiteit Leiden Walter Bisang, Johannes Gutenberg- Harold Koch, The Australian National Universität Mainz University Robert Blust, University of Hawai‘i Frantisek Lichtenberk, University of David Bradley, La Trobe University Auckland Lyle Campbell, University of Utah John Lynch, University of the South Pacific James Collins, Universiti Kebangsaan Patrick McConvell, Australian Institute of Malaysia Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Bernard Comrie, Max Planck Institute for Studies Evolutionary Anthropology William McGregor, Aarhus Universitet Soenjono Dardjowidjojo, Universitas Atma Ulrike Mosel, Christian-Albrechts- Jaya Universität zu Kiel Matthew Dryer, State University of New York Claire Moyse-Faurie, Centre National de la at Buffalo Recherche Scientifique Jerold A. -
1/16 the Vocabulary of Cereal Cultivation and the Phylogeny Of
The vocabulary of cereal cultivation and the phylogeny of East Asian languages Laurent Sagart, CNRS, Paris CRLAO, 54 Bd Raspail 75270 Paris cedex 06, France [email protected] abstract This study investigates some important terms of cereal agriculture in the five language families of East Asia, in an attempt to gain some insights into processes of cereal domestication, demographic expansions and the formation of language families. The principal findings are: • There is some evidence that the proto-Austronesians cultivated wet rice, albeit without elaborate irrigation techniques; • Two words for rice are uniquely shared by Sino-Tibetan and Austronesian, with sound correspondences; • A word for ‘Setaria italica’, a millet, is possibly shared by Chinese and Austronesian. • There is no evidence for agricultural words uniquely shared by Austroasiatic and Austronesian (Austric). 1. INTRODUCTION In recent years, the formation and diversification of language families has been linked to population expansions occasioned by the first domestication of cereals (Bellwood 1984-85). In East Asia, where at least two cereals –rice and Setaria italica, a millet–, and possibly a third –Panicum miliaceum, another millet–were domesticated in the period 10000-8000 BP, an examination of the vocabulary of cereal cultivation may yield clues to the population history of the entire region. In this paper I build on earlier scholarship (Haudricourt 1970, Zide and Zide 1976, Revel 1988, Ferlus 1996, Bradley 1997, Pejros and Shnirelman 1998, Vovin 1998, Blench forthcoming) to examine some East Asian cereal-related terms (names for rice, millets, grain, fields etc.), in an attempt to draw some inferences on the history of East Asian populations and languages. -
A Grammar of Lha'alua, an Austronesian Language of Taiwan
ResearchOnline@JCU This file is part of the following reference: Pan, Chia-jung (2012) A grammar of Lha'alua, an Austronesian language of Taiwan. PhD thesis, James Cook University. Access to this file is available from: http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/32386/ The author has certified to JCU that they have made a reasonable effort to gain permission and acknowledge the owner of any third party copyright material included in this document. If you believe that this is not the case, please contact [email protected] and quote http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/32386/ A Grammar of Lha’alua, an Austronesian Language of Taiwan Thesis submitted by Chia-jung Pan MA in March 2012 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Arts and Social Sciences James Cook University Statement of uthorship E ept where reference i made in the te t of the th i , thi the i contain no material publi hed el ewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a the i ubmitt d for the award of any oth r d gree or diploma. o other per on work ha b n u ed without due acknowledgement in the main text of the the i . The the i ha not been submitted for the award of any degree of diploma in any other tertiary in titution. Chia-jung Pan Acknowledgements I am grateful to the numerous people and institutions that have, at various stages, supported me in writing the PhD thesis. Without their support and assistance, I would not have been able to finish this grammar. -
The Morphosyntactic Typology of Oceanic Languages*
LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS 5.2:491-541, 2004 2004-0-005-002-000082-1 The Morphosyntactic Typology of Oceanic Languages* Malcolm D. Ross The Australian National University The main goal of this paper is to describe some morphosyntactic characteristics that are common to a majority of Oceanic languages. Amidst the typological variety of Oceanic languages, the author defines a canonic language type, i.e., a type widely represented both genealogically and geographically. This type is SVO and has prepositions. Subjects are coreferenced by a prefix or proclitic to the verb, objects by a suffix or enclitic. Verbs often fall into morphologically related pairs with a transitive and an intransitive member. In some languages these verb pairs in turn fall into two classes. With A-verbs, the subject of both members is the Actor. With U-verbs, the subject of the intransitive is the Undergoer, which is to say, it corresponds to the object of the transitive. Against this background the (de-)transitivising morphology of Oceanic languages is described. Possession in the canonic language type takes two forms, direct and indirect. The direct construction encodes inalienable possession, the indirect (which entails a possessive classifier) encodes alienable possession. The paper finishes with a discussion of interclausal relationships in canonic languages. Adverbial and complement clauses display little desententialisation. It is also suggested that subjects in canonic languages generally have only a semantic function, not a reference-tracking function. Key words: Oceanic languages, canonic type, typology, morphosyntax, verbal marking of subject, verbal marking of object, (de-)transitivising morphology, possession, interclausal relations, function of subject 1. -
The Higher Phylogeny of Austronesian and the Position of Tai-Kadai: Another Look1
The 14th International Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics (IsCLL-14) THE HIGHER PHYLOGENY OF AUSTRONESIAN AND THE POSITION OF TAI-KADAI: ANOTHER LOOK1 Robert Blust University of Hawai’i ABSTRACT. Sagart (2004) introduced a radical new view of the higher-level branching of Austronesian languages that has been challenged by others, but that he has continued to maintain and develop over the succeeding decade. The purpose of this paper is to show that his numeral-based phylogeny is built on straightforward errors of fact, and that once corrections are made in this flawed empirical foundation his attempt to derive the consensus PAN numerals *pitu ‘7’, *walu ‘8’, and *Siwa ‘9’ from earlier compound forms based on *RaCep ‘five’ requires not the ‘mere’ six changes that he claims, but rather 12 changes, 10 of which are found in a single form, and thus justify the label ad hoc which has been directed at his argument by others. The implicational hierarchy defining numeral systems across Formosan languages presents a greater challenge, but can be seen as a consequence of descending text frequency with ascending magnitude, resulting in lower stability as one moves from 1-10. Even if no viable alternative were found for the implicational hierarchy in Formosan numeral systems, however, the argument fails unless Tai-Kadai is accepted as a member of the AN family, a claim that raises far more serious questions than it answers. 1. A new Austronesian family tree. Sagart (2004) has proposed a novel and strikingly different higher-level subgrouping of the AN languages based on a reinterpretation of the traditional reconstruction of the numerals 1-10. -
The Languages of Melanesia: Quantifying the Level of Coverage
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ScholarSpace at University of Hawai'i at Manoa Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication No. 5 (December 2012) Melanesian Languages on the Edge of Asia: Challenges for the 21st Century, ed. by Nicholas Evans and Marian Klamer, pp. 13–33 http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc/sp05/ 2 http://hdl.handle.net/10125/4559 The languages of Melanesia: Quantifying the level of coverage Harald Hammarström Max Plank Institute for Evolutionary Anthopology Sebastian Nordhoff Max Plank Institute for Evolutionary Anthopology The present paper assesses the state of grammatical description of the languages of the Melanesian region based on database of semi- automatically annotated aggregated bibliographical references. 150 years of language description in Melanesia has produced at least some grammatical information for almost half of the languages of Melanesia, almost evenly spread among coastal/non-coastal, Austronesian/non- Austronesian and isolates/large families. Nevertheless, only 15.4% of these languages have a grammar and another 18.7% have a grammar sketch. Compared to Eurasia, Africa and the Americas, the Papua- Austronesian region is the region with the largest number of poorly documented languages and the largest proportion of poorly documented languages. We conclude with some dicussion and remarks on the documentational challenge and its future prospects. 1. INTRODUCTION. We will take Melanesia to be the sub-region of Oceania extending from the Arafura Sea and Western Pacific in the west to Fiji in the east – see the map in figure 1.1 This region is home to no fewer than 1347 (1315 living + 32 recently extinct) attested indigenous languages as per the language/dialect divisions of Lewis (2009), with small adjustments and adding attested extinct languages given in table 1.