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Religion and Ecology: Climate Change Between Christian and Shona Religious Beliefs and Practices by Muza Kudakwashe a Thesis

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Religion and Ecology: Climate Change Between Christian and Shona Religious Beliefs and Practices by Muza Kudakwashe a Thesis RELIGION AND ECOLOGY: CLIMATE CHANGE BETWEEN CHRISTIAN AND SHONA RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND PRACTICES BY MUZA KUDAKWASHE A THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE PHILOSOPHIAE (PhD) IN THE FACULTY OF THEOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR JACO BEYERS ©University of Pretoria Acknowledgements I would like to express my profound gratitude and utmost appreciation to my supervisor Professor Jaco Beyers for the support and encouragement for this study to be a success. He spared his time to assist me and to provide me with the relevant material that was useful for this study. The conversations that we had were helpful and gave the green light to remain focussed. Whenever I needed assistance and clarity on research issues, he was there for me. I also want to thank the faculty of Theology Dean, the entire staff in the faculty, Library staff, the University of Pretoria community, the University of Zimbabwe faculty of Arts staff and Library staff, the Republic of South Africa which granted me the permission to study at the University of Pretoria. My profound gratitude also goes to my family and my mother for the support, encouragement and prayers that kept me going. I also want to thank Nokuthula Mhlanga for editing this thesis. My academic career will continue to be moulded by your unwavering support. I am particularly grateful for the assistance that was offered by the University of Pretoria through the help of Marieka Schoeman the Senior Administration Officer for Postgraduate Bursaries. The study bursary I was offered led to the completion of this research. Words cannot sufficiently express my gratitude May the power greater than any of us, the power spoken through the ages in Psalms 23, … even though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I shall fear no evil…, continue to guide and protect you. I thank you and God bless you all. ©University of Pretoria ii Dedication I dedicate this study to wife Catherine and my two kids Tanatswa and Mukudzei. ©University of Pretoria iii Declaration I Muza Kudakwashe declare that this research is my own work and has not been submitted for examination to a different university besides the University of Pretoria. Signed ………………………………. Date …………………………………. ©University of Pretoria iv Definition of terms Adaptation: the adjustments in ecological, social or economic systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli and their effects or impacts (UNFCCC: 2012). Climate: a measure of the average pattern of variation in temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation, atmospheric particle content and other meteorological variables in a given region over long periods of time. The standard averaging period is thirty years (WMO: 1990). Climate change: the change in statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time that is from decades to millions of years (American National Research Council 2010). Climate change may also refer to a change in average weather conditions or variation of weather conditions. A change that occurs in global or regional climate patterns in particular a change apparent from the mid to late twentieth century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels (ibid). However, in this context the term is used to refer to anthropogenic climate change that is caused by human activity as opposed to climate change that results from the earth’s natural processes. Ecology: is the scientific analysis and study of interactions between living organisms and their environment (Heywood 2007:258). It developed as a distinct branch of biology through a growing recognition that plants and animals are sustained by self- regulating natural systems composed of both living and non-living elements (ibid). Global warming: is the observed century scale rise in average temperature of the earth’s climate system and its related effects (American National Research Council 2010). It is also the increase of the earth`s average surface temperature due to the effects of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide emitted from the burning of fossil fuels or from deforestation which trap the heat that would otherwise escape from the earth (www.nmsea.org). Mitigation: is the process of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and attempting to remove the greenhouse gases that have already been emitted into the atmosphere (Toroitich and Kerber 2012:296). ©University of Pretoria v Religion: having taken into consideration the problems associated with defining the term religion, this study provides a working definition. Religion, “is a varied, symbolic expression of, and appropriate response to, that which people deliberately affirm as being of unrestricted value to them” (Cox 1998: 15). Sustainable development: is the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs (Toroitich and Kerber 2012:297-299). According to Santa Ana (1998:5), sustainable development implies concern for the well-being of future generations and their right to a fulfilled life. Ex-nihilo: is the Latin word which means that out of nothing God created the world. Mafukidzanyika: is a Shona term which refers to the planting of indigenous trees and grasses to cover the bare earth. Makawa: these are small pits dug on the ground and seeds are planted there. Mwari: is the Shona name for God. Mitupo: these are totems. Mukwerera: is a traditional rain-making ceremony conducted in a bushy area under a big sacred tree especially Muhacha tree. Muhacha: is a sacred tree in Shona religion. Homo sapiens: is the species that all living human beings on this planet belong to (humanorigins.si.edu). Acronyms AZTREC Association of Zimbabwean Traditional Ecologists. ATR African Traditional Religions. DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid. CCJP Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace. ©University of Pretoria vi EMA Environmental Management Agency. IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. MDC Movement for Democratic Change. MDG Millennium Development Goals. NRCCNAES National Research Council Committee on Nuclear and Alternative Energy Systems. UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. UV Ultra-violet rays. WMO World Meteorological Organisation. ZANU PF Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front. ©University of Pretoria vii Contents Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................. ii Dedication .............................................................................................................................................iii Declaration ........................................................................................................................................... iv Definition of terms ................................................................................................................................ v Acronyms .............................................................................................................................................. vi Contents ............................................................................................................................................. viii List of Figures and Tables ...................................................................................................................... xi Abstract .............................................................................................................................................. xiii Chapter 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Background to the study ............................................................................................................. 1 1.3 The research problem ................................................................................................................. 4 1.4 Research Objectives .................................................................................................................... 5 1.5 Research questions ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.6 Justification ................................................................................................................................. 6 1.7 Hypothesis .................................................................................................................................. 8 1.8 Methodology............................................................................................................................. 10 1.9 Scope and limitations of the study ............................................................................................ 16 1.10 Chapter outline ....................................................................................................................... 17 1.11 Overview of existing Literature ............................................................................................... 17 Chapter 2 ...........................................................................................................................................
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