DOCSLIB.ORG

ESPON PROFECY Annex 8. Analysis of Inner Peripherality in Europe

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

PROFECY – Processes, Features and Cycles of Inner Peripheries in Europe (Inner Peripheries: national territories facing challenges of access to basic services of general interest) Applied Research Final Report Annex 8. Analysis of inner peripherality in Europe Version 07/12/2017 This applied research activity is conducted within the framework of the ESPON 2020 Cooperation Programme, partly financed by the European Regional Development Fund. The ESPON EGTC is the Single Beneficiary of the ESPON 2020 Cooperation Programme. The Single Operation within the programme is implemented by the ESPON EGTC and co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund, the EU Member States and the Partner States, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. This delivery does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the members of the ESPON 2020 Monitoring Committee. Authors Gergely Tagai, Annamária Uzzoli, Bálint Koós, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary) Mar Ortega-Reig, Hèctor del Alcàzar, Institute for Local Development, University of Valencia (Spain) Advisory Group Project Support Team: Barbara Acreman and Zaira Piazza (Italy), Eedi Sepp (Estonia), Zsolt Szokolai, European Commission. ESPON EGTC: Marjan van Herwijnen (Project Expert), Laurent Frideres (HoU E&O), Ilona Raugze (Director), Piera Petruzzi (Outreach), Johannes Kiersch (Financial Expert). Information on ESPON and its projects can be found on www.espon.eu. The web site provides the possibility to download and examine the most recent documents produced by finalised and ongoing ESPON projects. This delivery exists only in an electronic version. © ESPON, 2017 Printing, reproduction or quotation is authorised provided the source is acknowledged and a copy is forwarded to the ESPON EGTC in Luxembourg. Contact: [email protected] PROFECY – Processes, Features and Cycles of Inner Peripheries in Europe Table of contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ iii List of Maps ............................................................................................................................... ix List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. xi Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... xiv 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Aims and tasks of analysis ........................................................................................ 1 1.2 Database of research tasks ...................................................................................... 2 1.2.1 Selection of regional typologies used in the analysis ...................................... 2 1.2.2 Presentation of socio-economic data used ...................................................... 6 1.2.3 Processing territorial units into analyses ......................................................... 8 1.3 Inner peripheries and areas at risk of becoming peripheral ...................................... 9 2 Analysing geographies of European inner peripheries compared to regional typologies on other territorial realities ............................................................................................... 11 2.1 Overlap between inner peripheries and EU regional typologies ............................. 11 2.2 Overlap between inner peripheries and EU lagging regions .................................. 31 2.3 Summary findings ................................................................................................... 38 3 Analysing characteristics of IPs in comparison with other regional typologies and lagging areas ................................................................................................................................ 42 3.1 Methodological considerations for the analysis and the interpretation of results ... 42 3.2 Database of analysis ............................................................................................... 44 3.3 Detailed analysis of the status of inner peripheries ................................................ 45 3.3.1 Demographic status ....................................................................................... 45 3.3.2 Labour market status ..................................................................................... 57 3.3.3 Economic performance status ....................................................................... 72 3.3.4 Entrepreneurship status ................................................................................. 84 3.3.5 Status in density of SGI ................................................................................. 94 3.4 Summary findings ................................................................................................. 104 4 Following changes of socio-economic characteristics of inner peripheries over time .. 106 4.1 Methodological considerations .............................................................................. 106 4.1.1 Analysing shifts of socio-economic status of inner peripheries within a period of time .......................................................................................................... 106 4.1.2 Analysing socio-economic dynamics of inner peripheries ........................... 107 4.1.3 Database of analysis .................................................................................... 108 4.2 Demographic tendencies ...................................................................................... 109 4.3 Labour market tendencies ..................................................................................... 119 4.4 Economic tendencies ............................................................................................ 131 4.5 Summary findings ................................................................................................. 139 5 Analysing the socio-economic status of European inner peripheries compared to economic characteristics and relative location within the framework of core–periphery patterns .......................................................................................................................... 142 5.1 Comparison of inner periphery’s characteristics regarding general accessibility patterns in comparison to lagging areas and EU typologies ................................. 142 5.2 Analysis of the relation of accessibility factors with other spatial and socio- economic characteristics in inner peripheral and European regions .................... 145 5.2.1 Analysis of the relation of accessibility indicators ........................................ 145 5.2.2 Analysis of the relation of SGI accessibility indicators with selected socio- economic characteristics .............................................................................. 150 ESPON 2020 i 5.3 Summary findings ................................................................................................. 166 6 Experimental analysis on characterising regional and socio-economic profiles of inner peripheral regions .......................................................................................................... 168 6.1 Exploratory investigation based on cluster analysis ............................................. 168 6.2 Introduction of qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) in the investigation of socio- economic typology of inner peripheries ................................................................ 177 6.3 Summary findings ................................................................................................. 179 7 Experiments refining the interpretation of status of inner peripheries ........................... 180 7.1 Comparison between the demographic status of inner peripheries and other regional typologies by the exclusion of overlapping cases ................................... 180 7.2 Analysing the degree of IP coverage and its relationship with socio-economic aspects .................................................................................................................. 188 References ............................................................................................................................ 199 ESPON 2020 ii List of Figures Figure 1.1: Lagging region typologies used in ESPON PROFECY project .............................. 5 Figure 1.2: Inner peripheries counted by different types and by the ‘union’ of different delineations ................................................................................................................................ 9 Figure 3.1: The interpretation of a box plot chart .................................................................... 43 Figure 3.2: Ratio of child age (0-14) population in Europe by IP delineations and EU regional typologies, 2015....................................................................................................................... 46 Figure 3.3: Ratio of working age (15–64) population in Europe by IP delineations and EU regional typologies, 2015 ......................................................................................................... 50 Figure 3.4: Old age dependency rate in Europe by IP delineations and EU regional typologies, 2015
Recommended publications
  • Fresh- and Brackish-Water Cold-Tolerant Species of Southern Europe: Migrants from the Paratethys That Colonized the Arctic

    Fresh- and Brackish-Water Cold-Tolerant Species of Southern Europe: Migrants from the Paratethys That Colonized the Arctic

    water Review Fresh- and Brackish-Water Cold-Tolerant Species of Southern Europe: Migrants from the Paratethys That Colonized the Arctic Valentina S. Artamonova 1, Ivan N. Bolotov 2,3,4, Maxim V. Vinarski 4 and Alexander A. Makhrov 1,4,* 1 A. N. Severtzov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; [email protected] 2 Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Phylogenetics, Northern Arctic Federal University, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia; [email protected] 3 Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 163000 Arkhangelsk, Russia 4 Laboratory of Macroecology & Biogeography of Invertebrates, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Analysis of zoogeographic, paleogeographic, and molecular data has shown that the ancestors of many fresh- and brackish-water cold-tolerant hydrobionts of the Mediterranean region and the Danube River basin likely originated in East Asia or Central Asia. The fish genera Gasterosteus, Hucho, Oxynoemacheilus, Salmo, and Schizothorax are examples of these groups among vertebrates, and the genera Magnibursatus (Trematoda), Margaritifera, Potomida, Microcondylaea, Leguminaia, Unio (Mollusca), and Phagocata (Planaria), among invertebrates. There is reason to believe that their ancestors spread to Europe through the Paratethys (or the proto-Paratethys basin that preceded it), where intense speciation took place and new genera of aquatic organisms arose. Some of the forms that originated in the Paratethys colonized the Mediterranean, and overwhelming data indicate that Citation: Artamonova, V.S.; Bolotov, representatives of the genera Salmo, Caspiomyzon, and Ecrobia migrated during the Miocene from I.N.; Vinarski, M.V.; Makhrov, A.A.
  • Reigniting Growth in Central and Eastern Europe Eastern and Central in Growth Dawn:A New Reigniting

    Reigniting Growth in Central and Eastern Europe Eastern and Central in Growth Dawn:A New Reigniting

    McKinsey Global Institute McKinsey Global Institute A new dawn: ReignitingA new dawn: growth in Central and Eastern Europe December 2013 A new dawn: Reigniting growth in Central and Eastern Europe The McKinsey Global Institute The McKinsey Global Institute (MGI), the business and economics research arm of McKinsey & Company, was established in 1990 to develop a deeper understanding of the evolving global economy. MGI’s mission is to provide leaders in the commercial, public, and social sectors with the facts and insights on which to base management and policy decisions. MGI research combines the disciplines of economics and management, employing the analytical tools of economics with the insights of business leaders. Its “micro-to-macro” methodology examines microeconomic industry trends to better understand the broad macroeconomic forces affecting business strategy and public policy. MGI’s in-depth reports have covered more than 20 countries and 30 industries. Current research focuses on six themes: productivity and growth; the evolution of global financial markets; the economic impact of technology and innovation; natural resources; the future of work; and urbanisation. Recent reports have assessed job creation, resource productivity, cities of the future, and the impact of the Internet. The partners of McKinsey fund MGI’s research; it is not commissioned by any business, government, or other institution. For further information about MGI and to download reports, please visit www.mckinsey.com/mgi. McKinsey in Central and Eastern Europe McKinsey & Company opened its first offices in Central and Eastern Europe in the early 1990s, soon after the momentous democratic changes in the region. McKinsey played an active role in the region’s economic rebirth, working with governments, nonprofits, and cultural institutions, as well as leading business organisations.
  • Biography and Curriculum Vitae

    Biography and Curriculum Vitae

    Biography and Curriculum Vitae Alice Newton Alice Newton Curriculum Vitae Biography of Alice Newton Marine Scientist, Oceanographer Dr Alice Newton holds the position of Professor in the Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences (DCMA), Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FCT) of the University of Algarve (UAlg, Portugal). She is a member of Portugal’s Institute of Marine Research (IMAR); the Marine and Environmental Research Center (CIMA); a Senior Scientist leading as the Principal Investigator on the coastal zone at the Norwegian Institute of Air Research (NILU) in the Department of Environmental Impacts and Economics (IMPEC); and of the High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment (FRAM), Norway; a Council member of the Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association (ECSA); and the European Engagement Partner of Future Earth Coasts, (FEC, formally LOICZ). An internationally known Chemical Oceanographer, Dr Newton has made an important contribution to the assessment of eutrophication in coastal lagoons. She has also formulated and successfully implemented 7 multinational post-graduate Master and PhD joint programmes. She has more than 26 years of experience in coordinating several international and national research programmes across a number of scientific disciplines. The author or co-author of 76 scientific and academic publications since 2003, Dr Newton has given numerous presentations at international conferences over the last 10 years, including 50 keynote papers as an invited speaker. Additionally, she has co-chaired or convened 188 scientific events. She is an active member of several science societies. Dr Newton advises various national, international and multinational governmental and non-governmental organisations as well as research funding agencies, on aspects of science-policy implementation, (e.g.
  • Spencer P. Boyer April 2009

    Spencer P. Boyer April 2009

    CENTER FOR AMERI FOR CENTER ca N PROGRESS/ N S UZI UZI E MMERLING Learning from Each Other The Integration of Immigrant and Minority Groups in the United States and Europe Spencer P. Boyer April 2009 WWW.AMERICANPROGRESS.ORG Learning from Each Other The Integration of Immigrant and Minority Groups in the United States and Europe Spencer P. Boyer April 2009 Cover photo: A mother walks her children home from school in the borough of Berlin called “Kreuzberg,” known for its large percentage of Turkish immi- grants. As of 2006, 31.6% of Kreuzberg’s inhabitants did not have German citizenship­­—one of the highest rates of anywhere in the country. Contents 1 Introduction and summary 5 Historical and current integration perspectives 5 The United States 7 Europe 13 European Union and integration policy 13 European Commission efforts on integration 14 European Commission antidiscrimination legislation 15 Analysis 18 German integration policy—a case study 20 Government integration structure and courses 20 Education 21 Employment 21 Housing 21 Antidiscrimination efforts in Germany 22 Analysis 24 U.S. immigration and integration policy 24 Federal immigration policy: Federal role and structure 26 Recent federal initiatives on integration 28 Analysis 29 Policy recommendations for the United States and the European Union 29 For the United States 31 For the European Union 32 Endnotes 35 About the author Introduction and summary The United States and the European Union share much in common, including a similar religious and cultural heritage, strong democratic institutions, and a commitment to civil society. One thing they do not share, however, is a common set of political atti- tudes and attendant policies on how best to integrate immigrant and minority groups into their larger societies.
  • Past and Current Trends of Balkan Migrations

    Past and Current Trends of Balkan Migrations

    ESPACE, POPULATIONS, SOCIETES, 2004-3 pp. 519-531 Corrado BONIFAZI Istituto di Ricerche sulla Popolazione e le Politiche Marija MAMOLO Sociali IRPPS via Nizza, 128 Roma Italie [email protected] Past and Current Trends of Balkan Migrations INTRODUCTION There is hardly another region of the world aspects of the Balkans [Prévélakis, 1994], where the current situation of migrations is affecting their specific nature also with still considerably influenced by the past his- regard to migration. However, the migration tory as in the Balkans. Migrations have been outlook of the Balkans does not just involve a fundamental element in the history of the these flows, which in some respects tend to Balkans, accompanying its stormy events reflect the movements de l’histoire de [Her√ak and Mesi´c, 1990] and obviously longue durée, but it is rather much more continuing to do so, even at the start of the structured and complex. Focusing for the new millennium. For centuries, invasions, moment on the most recent period, together wars, military defeats and victories have with the forced migrations caused by the been a more or less direct cause of popula- ethnic conflicts in the former Yugoslavia tion movements, in a continuous and still and the ethnic migrations followed by the ongoing transformation of the distribution collapse of the regimes created by “real and the overlapping of religions, languages, socialism”, we find both forms of labour ethnic groups and cultures [Sardon, 2001]. migration and transit migration. Therefore, Since the arrival of the Slav populations in the Balkans are also characterised by many the 7th century, the Ottoman expansion, the of the typical elements of the current forms extension of the Hapsburg domain, the rise of mobility in Eastern and Central Europe and growth of national states, the two World [Okólski, 1998; Bonifazi, 2003].
  • "Preserve Analysis : Saddle Mountain"

    "Preserve Analysis : Saddle Mountain"

    PRESERVE ANALYSIS: SADDLE MOUNTAIN Pre pare d by PAUL B. ALABACK ROB ERT E. FRENKE L OREGON NATURAL AREA PRESERVES ADVISORY COMMITTEE to the STATE LAND BOARD Salem. Oregon October, 1978 NATURAL AREA PRESERVES ADVISORY COMMITTEE to the STATE LAND BOARD Robert Straub Nonna Paul us Governor Clay Myers Secretary of State State Treasurer Members Robert Frenkel (Chairman), Corvallis Bill Burley (Vice Chainnan), Siletz Charles Collins, Roseburg Bruce Nolf, Bend Patricia Harris, Eugene Jean L. Siddall, Lake Oswego Ex-Officio Members Bob Maben Wi 11 i am S. Phe 1ps Department of Fish and Wildlife State Forestry Department Peter Bond J. Morris Johnson State Parks and Recreation Branch State System of Higher Education PRESERVE ANALYSIS: SADDLE MOUNTAIN prepared by Paul B. Alaback and Robert E. Frenkel Oregon Natural Area Preserves Advisory Committee to the State Land Board Salem, Oregon October, 1978 ----------- ------- iii PREFACE The purpose of this preserve analysis is to assemble and document the significant natural values of Saddle Mountain State Park to aid in deciding whether to recommend the dedication of a portion of Saddle r10untain State Park as a natural area preserve within the Oregon System of I~atural Areas. Preserve management, agency agreements, and manage­ ment planning are therefore not a function of this document. Because of the outstanding assemblage of wildflowers, many of which are rare, Saddle r·1ountain has long been a mecca for· botanists. It was from Oregon's botanists that the Committee initially received its first documentation of the natural area values of Saddle Mountain. Several Committee members and others contributed to the report through survey and documentation.
  • Alpine Sites and the UNESCO World Heritage Background Study

    Alpine Sites and the UNESCO World Heritage Background Study

    Alpine Convention WG UNESCO World Heritage Background study Alpine Sites and the UNESCO World Heritage Background Study 15 August 2014 Alpine Convention WG UNESCO World Heritage Background study Executive Summary The UNESCO World Heritage Committee encouraged the States Parties to harmonize their Tentative Lists of potential World Heritage Sites at the regional and thematic level. Consequently, the UNESCO World Heritage Working Group of the Alpine Convention was mandated by the Ministers to contribute to the harmo- nization of the National Tentative Lists with the objective to increase the potential of success for Alpine sites and to improve the representation of the Alps on the World Heritage List. This Working Group mainly focuses on transboundary and serial transnational sites and represents an example of fruitful collaboration between two international conventions. This background study aims at collecting and updating the existing analyses on the feasibility of poten- tial transboundary and serial transnational nominations. Its main findings can be summarized in the following manner: - Optimal forum. The Alpine Convention is the optimal forum to support the harmonisation of the Tentative Lists and subsequently to facilitate Alpine nominations to the World Heritage List. - Well documented. The Alpine Heritage is well documented throughout existing contributions in particular from UNESCO, UNEP/WCMC, IUCN, ICOMOS, ALPARC and EURAC. The contents of these materials are synthesized, updated and presented in the present study. - Official sources. Only official sources, made publicly available by the UNESCO World Heritage Cen- tre, were used in this study. The Tentative Lists are not always completely updated or comparable and some entries await to be completed or revised.
  • World Bank Document

    World Bank Document

    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Golden Aging Golden Aging Prospects for Healthy, Active, and Prosperous Aging in Europe and Central Asia Maurizio Bussolo, Johannes Koettl, and Emily Sinnott © 2015 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 18 17 16 15 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The fi ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily refl ect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifi cally reserved. Rights and Permissions This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions: Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: Bussolo, Maurizio, Johannes Koettl, and Emily Sinnott.
  • Outline for Final Paper

    Outline for Final Paper

    Egiziani-Italiani: Balancing Two Identities A Brief Ethnographic Exploration of Clash, Cultural Pluralism and Identity-Negotiation in Milan, Italy. An Honors Capstone Project by Amy `Aminah' Teachout General University Honors, Spring 2008 Advisor: Prof. David Vine Abstract: This project sought a nuanced understanding of migration and identity negotiation among Egyptian immigrants in Milan, Italy. The primary goal was to identify components of cultural pluralism and sources of cultural clash via ethnographic research. In this paper, I analyze the experience of immigration based on research conducted over three months among Egyptian-Italians with family-run businesses and native Milanese in two neighborhoods salient for their immigrant population. A thorough review of related literature preceded my research and is also provided for context. Findings show that there are critical differences in the immigration experience of Muslims and Non-Muslims and that language use is the primary means of identity negotiation. Additionally, standards and expectations relating to sexual activity, religious practices and social behavior are the definitive topics for clash or cultural pluralism. Analysis suggests that the existence of common Mediterranean values could form the basis of pluralism in Milan. Cultural clash in the communities studied could derive from a crisis of Italian identity as a result of changing demographics (European integration, low fertility rates, aging population, and high rates of immigration) and differences in norms of behavior
  • A Prototype System for Multilingual Data Discovery of International Long-Term Ecological Research (ILTER) Network Data

    A Prototype System for Multilingual Data Discovery of International Long-Term Ecological Research (ILTER) Network Data

    Ecological Informatics 40 (2017) 93–101 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ecological Informatics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ecolinf A prototype system for multilingual data discovery of International Long-Term Ecological Research (ILTER) Network data Kristin Vanderbilt a,⁎,JohnH.Porterb, Sheng-Shan Lu c,NicBertrandd,DavidBlankmane, Xuebing Guo f, Honglin He f, Don Henshaw g, Karpjoo Jeong h, Eun-Shik Kim i,Chau-ChinLinc,MargaretO'Brienj, Takeshi Osawa k, Éamonn Ó Tuama l, Wen Su f, Haibo Yang m a Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA b Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA c Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, 53 Nan Hai Rd., Taipei, Taiwan d Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environmental Centre, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK e Jerusalem 93554, Israel f Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China g U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA h Department of Internet and Multimedia Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea i Kookmin University, Department of Forestry, Environment, and Systems, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea j Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA k National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan l GBIF Secretariat, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark m School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai 200241, China article info abstract Article history: Shared ecological data have the potential to revolutionize ecological research just as shared genetic sequence Received 6 September 2016 data have done for biological research.
  • BREAKDOWN of SUB-REGIONS Americas

    BREAKDOWN of SUB-REGIONS Americas

    BREAKDOWN OF SUB-REGIONS Americas Atlantic Islands and Central and Canada Eastern US Latin America Southwest US Argentina Atlantic Canada Kansas City Boston Atlantic Islands British Columbia Nebraska Hartford Brazil A Canadian Prairies Oklahoma Maine Brazil B Montreal & Quebec Southwest US A New York A Central America Toronto Southwest US B New York B Chile St. Louis Philadelphia Colombia Pittsburgh Mexico Washington DC Peru Western New York Uruguay Midwest US Southeastern US Western US Chicago Florida Colorado Cleveland Greater Tennessee Desert US Indianapolis Louisville Hawaii Iowa Mid-South US Idaho Madison North Carolina Los Angeles Milwaukee Southern Classic New Mexico Minnesota Virginia Northern California Southern Ohio Orange County West Michigan Portland Salt Lake San Diego Seattle Spokane Asia Pacific Oceania Eastern Asia Southeastern Asia Southern Asia Brisbane Beijing Cambodia Bangladesh Melbourne Chengdu Indonesia India A New Zealand Hong Kong Malaysia India B Perth Japan Philippines India C Sydney Korea Singapore Nepal Mongolia Thailand Pakistan Shanghai Vietnam Sri Lanka Shenzhen A Shenzhen B Taiwan Europe, Middle East, and Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Eastern Europe Northern Europe Southern Europe Ethiopia Bulgaria Denmark & Norway Croatia Ghana Czech Republic Finland Cyprus Kenya Hungary Ireland Greece Mauritius Kazakhstan Sweden Israel Nigeria A Poland A Istanbul Nigeria B Poland B Italy Rwanda Romania Portugal South Africa Russia A Serbia Tanzania Russia B Slovenia Uganda Slovakia Spain Zimbabwe Ukraine A Ukraine B Middle East and Western Europe North Africa Austria Bahrain Benelux Doha France Egypt Germany Emirates Switzerland Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Morocco Oman Saudi Arabia .
  • Russia's Hostile Measures in Europe

    Russia's Hostile Measures in Europe

    Russia’s Hostile Measures in Europe Understanding the Threat Raphael S. Cohen, Andrew Radin C O R P O R A T I O N For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR1793 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-1-9774-0077-2 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2019 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface This report is the collaborative and equal effort of the coauthors, who are listed in alphabetical order. The report documents research and analysis conducted through 2017 as part of a project entitled Russia, European Security, and “Measures Short of War,” sponsored by the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, G-3/5/7, U.S.