DOCSLIB.ORG

Nematode Infection Induces Intestinal Pathology Associated With

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nematode Infection Induces Intestinal Pathology Associated With Intraepithelial NK Cell-Derived IL-13 Induces Intestinal Pathology Associated with Nematode Infection This information is current as Jacqueline R. McDermott, Neil E. Humphreys, Simon P. of September 29, 2021. Forman, Debra D. Donaldson and Richard K. Grencis J Immunol 2005; 175:3207-3213; ; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.5.3207 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/175/5/3207 Downloaded from References This article cites 52 articles, 20 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/175/5/3207.full#ref-list-1 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication by guest on September 29, 2021 *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2005 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Journal of Immunology Intraepithelial NK Cell-Derived IL-13 Induces Intestinal Pathology Associated with Nematode Infection1 Jacqueline R. McDermott,* Neil E. Humphreys,* Simon P. Forman,* Debra D. Donaldson,† and Richard K. Grencis2* IL-13 is a Th2-derived cytokine associated with pathological changes in asthma and ulcerative colitis. Moreover, it plays a major role in the control of gut nematode infection and associated immunopathology. The current paradigm is that these effects are due to T cell-derived IL-13. We show in this study that an innate source of IL-13, the intraepithelial NK cell, is responsible for the disruption of intestinal tissue architecture and induction of goblet cell hyperplasia that characterizes infection with the intestinal helminth Trichinella spiralis. IL-13 or IL-4R␣ (but not IL-4) null mice failed to induce intestinal pathology. Unexpectedly, SCID and athymic mice developed the same pathology found in immunocompetent mice following infection. Moreover, immunodeficient mice expressed IL-13 in the intestine, and abnormal mucosal pathology was reduced by in vivo administration of a soluble IL-13 Downloaded from antagonist. IL-13 expression was induced in non-T intraepithelial CD3؊ NK cells. Epithelial cells expressed the IL-13 signaling receptor, IL-13R␣1, and after infection, IL-4R␣. Furthermore, the soluble IL-13 decoy receptor IL-13R␣2, which regulates IL-13 responses, was also induced upon infection. These data provide the first evidence that intestinal tissue restructuring during helminth infection is an innate event dependent on IL-13 production by NK cells resident in the epithelium of the intestine. The Journal of Immunology, 2005, 175: 3207–3213. http://www.jimmunol.org/ any mucosal diseases are characterized by abnormal tinal tissue remodeling during these infections is poorly defined. In pathology, in which the tissue architecture is disrupted this study, we have sought to determine the role of IL-13 on enteric M by the actions of a variety of cytokines. Inflammatory pathology during infection with the intestinal nematode, bowel disorders induce intestinal pathology that is associated with Trichinella spiralis, in a mouse model. elevated proinflammatory cytokines (1, 2). Levels of TNF-␣ and T. spiralis occupies a niche within enterocytes of the jejunum IFN-␥ are high in Crohn’s disease (1), whereas IL-13, a Th2-type and elicits a well-characterized type 2 cytokine response orches- cytokine, drives the pathophysiology of oxazalone colitis, an ex- trated by CD4ϩ T cells (11). Following infection, CD4ϩ T cells perimental model with pathological features similar to ulcerative express IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-10 in the mesenteric lymph nodes by guest on September 29, 2021 colitis (1, 3). Further evidence points to IL-13 as the factor re- (11) and are subsequently recruited to the gut mucosa (12). In sponsible for the pathogenesis of asthma (4–7). For example, ad- addition, there is a marked eosinophilia in response to IL-5 (13) ministration of IL-13 to the airways of mice results in distinctive and a pronounced mastocytosis (14). Expulsion of the parasites asthmatic pathology of inflammatory cell infiltration, airway hy- from the intestine is dependent on mast cells recruited to the mu- perresponsiveness, and mucus hypersecretion (4, 5), while mice cosa in response to IL-4 and IL-9 (15–17). Furthermore, there are genetically deficient for IL-13 fail to develop this pathology when goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus hypersecretion that may provide challenged with model airway allergens (6). IL-13-secreting NKT mucosal protection for the host or create an inhospitable environ- cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of both experimen- ment for the parasite (18). Moreover, distinctive changes in villus tal asthma and ulcerative colitis models (3, 8), and NK cells have and crypt architecture occur that may also be an attempt by the been implicated in the development of allergen-induced airway host to drive out the parasite by diminishing the area available for inflammation in mice (9), although it is not known whether they habitation (18). T cells are required for worm expulsion from the contribute to the responses following Th2-inducing infection. gut, but this is not IL-4 dependent, because mice genetically de- Many pathological features associated with both asthma and in- ficient for IL-4 can expel normally (19). However, expulsion is flammatory bowel disorders are identical with those induced by inhibited in mice deficient in the IL-4/IL-13 signaling molecules intestinal nematode infection of both the small and large bowel (3, IL-4R␣ or STAT6, suggesting a role for IL-13 (19, 20). IL-13 is 7, 10). These parasites induce in the host a strong Th2 response certainly critical for expulsion of another gastrointestinal nema- (10), but the etiology, in particular the role of cytokines, in intes- tode, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, which inhabits the lumen of the small intestine (21), and resolution of Trichuris muris infection of the large bowel is also dependent on IL-13 via the production of *Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; ␣ and †Department of Respiratory Disease, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, MA 02140 TNF- (22). In addition, both T. muris (23) and N. brasiliensis Received for publication March 8, 2005. Accepted for publication June 9, 2005. (24) infection generate changes in mucosal tissue architecture, in- The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page cluding villus atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, and thickening of the charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance muscularis externa. The causative factor or factors for these with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. changes are unknown, although IFN-␥ has been implicated in en- 1 This work was supported by the British Medical Research Council and Wellcome terocyte proliferation during T. muris infection (23). IL-13 is also Trust. known to induce liver fibrosis in schistosomiasis (25), and is a 2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Richard K. Grencis, Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, major contributor to pulmonary granuloma in a mouse model of Manchester M13 9PT, U.K. E-mail address: [email protected] the same disease (26). Although T cells have been assumed to be Copyright © 2005 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. 0022-1767/05/$02.00 3208 NK-DERIVED IL-13 INDUCES INTESTINAL PATHOLOGY the source of IL-13 during helminth infection, this has not been mented with 10% FCS, EDTA (Sigma-Aldrich), and DTT (Sigma-Al- confirmed, and the possibility of an innate source of the cytokine drich). After 15 min, tissues were shaken vigorously and supernatant con- has not been addressed. Likewise, the cellular source and target for taining epithelium was removed. This was repeated once. Epithelia were washed in HBSS twice and passed through a 40-␮m cell strainer. Cells IL-13 in asthma have yet to be definitively identified. A funda- were resuspended in either RPMI 1640 (Invitrogen Life Technologies) for mental question relates to a possible role of IL-13 in tissue remod- flow cytometry or TRIzol (Invitrogen Life Technologies) for RNA eling during intestinal helminth infections. In this study, using T. extraction. spiralis infection as a model of Th2-induced inflammation in the RNA extraction and RT-PCR small intestine, we have investigated the effect of IL-13 on enteric tissue restructuring and attempted to identify its cellular source. Epithelia or sections of jejunum were homogenized in TRIzol, and total RNA was extracted, according to the manufacturers’ protocol. Reverse- We show that IL-13 is responsible for villus atrophy and crypt and transcriptase reaction was performed using ImProm-II (Promega). The fol- goblet cell hyperplasia, and that it is not driven by the adaptive lowing primers were used to determine the level of specific mRNA: IL-13, immune response, but rather by early innate responses to infection. sense, 5Ј-ctccctctgacccttaaggag-3Ј, and antisense, 5Ј-gaaggggccgtggcgaaa Ј ␣ Ј Ј Ј SCID and athymic mice that cannot mount adaptive immune re- cag-3 ; IL-13R 1, sense, 5 -gcacgataatatggacgtgg-3 , and antisense, 5 - ttgacgacttttctccaggc-3Ј; IL-13R␣2, sense, 5Ј-atggcttttgtgcatatcagatgct-3Ј, sponses exhibit the same enteropathy as immunocompetent mice. and antisense, 5Ј-gacaaatgcgtatctt-3Ј; IL-4R␣, sense, 5Ј-gagtgagtggagtc Following infection, IL-13 is up-regulated in the jejunum of these ctagcatc-3Ј, and antisense, 5Ј-gctgaagtaacagaacaggc-3Ј; TNF-␣, sense, 5Ј- mice and is localized to the epithelial layer.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 4L Eosinophilic Granuloma of Gastro-Intestinal Tract Caused by Herring Parasite Eustoma Rotundatum
    BsrrmsH 2 May 1964 MEDICAL JOURNAL 1141 4L Eosinophilic Granuloma of Gastro-intestinal Tract Caused by Herring Parasite Eustoma rotundatum B. STERRY ASHBY,* M.B., F.R.C.S.; P. J. APPLETONt M.B., B.S. IAN DAWSON,4 M.D., M.R.C.P. Brit. med.JY., 1964, 1, 1141-1145 For over 25 years sporadic reports have been appearing in the came from many countries in many different parts of the world. literature of cases of eosinophilic granuloma arising in various The essential details of these cases are recorded in Table I parts of the gastro-intestinal tract. Kaiiser (1937) described and Fig. 1. the first cases. In a search of the literature, which although The one feature common to all these case reports is the extensive is not claimed to be exhaustive, 47 papers were microscopical appearance of the lesion. No matter which part found, describing a total of 89 cases. They occurred through- of the alimentary tract is involved, the histological description out the alimentary tract from pharynx to rectum, though the is the same-an oedematous connective-tissue stroma with an majority were in the stomach and small intestine, and they increase of capillaries and lymphatics, and showing a massive diffuse eosinophil-cell infiltration, usually confined to the sub- * Surgical Registrar, Westminster Hospital and Medical School London. the muscularis mucosae and t House-Surgeon, Westminster Hospital and Medical School, Iondon. mucosa but sometimes splitting t Reader in Pathology, Westminster Hospital and Medical School, spreading into the muscle layer. The mucosa is almost always London. intact.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies of the Function of the Human Pylorus : and Its Role in The
    +.1 Studúes OlTlæ Ftrnctíon OJTIrc Humanfolonts And,Iß R.ole InTlæ Riegulø;tíon OÍ Cústríß Drnptging David R. Fone Departments of Medicine and Gastroenterology, Royal Adelaide Hospital University of Adelaide August 1990 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS . SUMMARY vil DECLARATION...... X DED|CAT|ON.. .. ... xt ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xil CHAPTER 1 ANATOMY OF THE PYLORUS 1.1 INTRODUCTION.. 1 1.2 MUSCULAR ANATOMY 2 1.3 MUCOSAL ANATOMY 4 1.4 NEURALANATOMY 1.4.1 Extrinsic lnnervation of the Pylorus 5 1.4.2 lntrinsic lnnervation of the Pylorus 7 1.5 INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF CAJAL 8 1.6 CONCLUSTON 9 CHAPTER 2 MEASUREMENT OF PYLORIC MOTILITY 2.1 INTRODUCTION 10 2.2 METHODOLOG ICAL CHALLENGES 2.2.1 The Anatomical Mobility of the Pylorus . 10 2.2.2 The Narrowness of the Zone of Pyloric Contraction 12 2.3 METHODS USED TO MEASURE PYLORIC MOTILITY 2.3.1 lntraluminal Techniques 2.3.1.1 Balloon Measurements. 12 t 2.3 1.2 lntraluminal Side-hole Manometry . 13 2.3 1.9 The Sleeve Sensor 14 2.3 1.4 Endoscopy. 16 2.3 1.5 Measurements of Transpyloric Flow . 16 2.3 'I .6 lmpedance Electrodes 16 2.3.2 Extraluminal Techniques For Recording Pyl;'; l'¡"r¡iit¡l 2.3.2.'t Strain Gauges . 17 2.3.2.2 lnduction Coils . 17 2.3.2.3 Electromyography 17 2.3.3 Non-lnvasive Approaches For Recording 2.3.3.1 Radiology :ï:: Y:1":'1 18 2.3.9.2 Ultrasonography . 1B 2.3.3.3 Electrogastrography 19 2.3.4 ln Vitro Studies of Pyloric Muscle 19 2.4 CONCLUSTON.
    [Show full text]
  • GI Motility-I (Deglutition and Motor Functions of Stomach)
    Lecture series Gastrointestinal tract Professor Shraddha Singh, Department of Physiology, KGMU, Lucknow GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY-1 (Deglutation and motor function of stomach) Mastication (Chewing) - the anterior teeth (incisors) providing a strong cutting action and the posterior teeth (molars), a grinding action – canine tearing - All the jaw muscles working together can close the teeth with a force as great as 25 Kg on the incisors and 90 Kg on the molars. - Most of the muscles of chewing are innervated by the motor branch of the 5th cranial nerve, and the chewing process is controlled by nuclei in the brain stem. - Stimulation of areas in the hypothalamus, amygdala, and even the cerebral cortex near the sensory areas for taste and smell can often cause chewing Chewing Reflex - The presence of a bolus of food in the mouth at first initiates reflex inhibition of the muscles of mastication, which allows the lower jaw to drop. ↓ - The drop in turn initiates a stretch reflex of the jaw muscles that leads to rebound contraction ↓ - raises the jaw to cause closure of the teeth ↓ - compresses the bolus again against the linings of the mouth, which inhibits the jaw muscles once again Chewing Reflex - most fruits and raw vegetables because these have indigestible cellulose membranes around their nutrient portions that must be broken before the food can be digested - Digestive enzymes act only on the surfaces of food particles - grinding the food to a very fine particulate consistency prevents excoriation of the GIT (Stomach) Swallowing (Deglutition)
    [Show full text]
  • The Arrest of Intestinal Epithelial ' Turnover' by the Use of X-Irradiation
    Gut, 1962, 3, 26 Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.3.1.26 on 1 March 1962. Downloaded from The arrest of intestinal epithelial ' turnover' by the use of x-irradiation G. WIERNIK, R. G. SHORTER, AND B. CREAMER From St. Thomas's Hospital and Medical School, London sYNoPsIs Mitotic activity and hence cell turnover has been abolished by x-irradiation with 1,000 r. in segments of the rat's gut. The whole stomach, the ascending colon, and 5 cm. of jejunum and ileum were irradiated and the changes observed histologically up to three days. Cessation of cell turnover in the small intestine is followed by cell death and desquamation within 24 hours, leading to denudation of the epithelium and collapse of villous structure. The pylorus and colon showed similar but less marked changes. In contrast the fundus and body of the stomach were unaffected by the absence of mitosis over a period of three days. It is concluded that cell turnover is, in part, necessary to maintain the mucosal structure, particularly the villous pattern in the small intestine. The gastro-intestinal epithelium is a dynamic METHODS structure. Although it appears an intact and lush Wistar rats of either sex weighing 200 g. were used. The membrane to histological examination, it is being animals were anaesthetized with intraperitoneal pento- continuously replaced and desquamated extremely barbitone sodium B.P. The segment of gut to be irradiated quickly. This replacement ofcells results from intense was delivered through an abdominal incision and its http://gut.bmj.com/ division in the crypts, the cells so formed migrating extent marked by fine silk loops.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gallbladder
    The Gallbladder Anatomy of the gallbladder Location: Right cranial abdominal quadrant. In the gallbladder fossa of the liver. o Between the quadrate and right medial liver lobes. Macroscopic: Pear-shaped organ Fundus, body and neck. o Neck attaches, via a short cystic duct, to the common bile duct. Opens into the duodenum via sphincter of Oddi at the major duodenal papilla. Found on the mesenteric margin of orad duodenum. o 3-6 cm aboral to pylorus. 1-2cm of distal common bile duct runs intramural. Species differences: Dogs: o Common bile duct enters at major duodenal papilla. Adjacent to pancreatic duct (no confluence prior to entrance). o Accessory pancreatic duct enters at minor duodenal papilla. ± 2 cm aboral to major duodenal papilla. MAJOR conduit for pancreatic secretions. Cats: o Common bile duct and pancreatic duct converge before opening at major duodenal papilla. Thus, any surgical procedure that affects the major duodenal papilla can affect the exocrine pancreatic secretions in cats. o Accessory pancreatic duct only seen in 20% of cats. 1 Gallbladder wall: 5 histologically distinct layers. From innermost these include: o Epithelium, o Submucosa (consisting of the lamina propria and tunica submucosa), o Tunica muscularis externa, o Tunica serosa (outermost layer covers gallbladder facing away from the liver), o Tunica adventitia (outermost layer covers gallbladder facing towards the liver). Blood supply: Solely by the cystic artery (derived from the left branch of the hepatic artery). o Susceptible to ischaemic necrosis should its vascular supply become compromised. Function: Storage reservoir for bile o Concentrated (up to 10-fold), acidified (through epithelial acid secretions) and modified (by the addition of mucin and immunoglobulins) before being released into the gastrointestinal tract at the major duodenal.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Chronic Ethanol Ingestion on Enterocyte Turnover in Rat Small Intestine
    Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.28.1.52 on 1 January 1987. Downloaded from Gut, 1987, 28, 52-55 Effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on enterocyte turnover in rat small intestine R MAZZANTI AND W J JENKINS From the Department of' Medicine, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, Rowland Hill Street, Londlon SUMMARY Whether chronic ethanol ingestion significantly damages the small intestine remains controversial. To clarify this we have analysed the morphology of the small intestinal epithelium and quantified its renewal in chronically ethanol fed rats. Twenty adult male rats were pair fed for 28 days a nutritionally adequate liquid diet containing either ethanol as 36% of total calories or an isocaloric diet in which fat substituted for ethanol. Crypt cell production rate was determined in the jejunum and ileum by the metaphase arrest method. Weight gain and small intestinal morphology were similar in ethanol fed and control rats, but enterocyte turnover was significantly reduced in the jejunum (p<O.05) and ileum (p<0.0l) of the ethanol fed rats. This effect of ethanol on the small intestine is probably systemic rather than local, because the changes in jejunum and ileum were similar, and it may contribute to the development of malnutrition in chronic alcoholics. A variety of changes in intestinal function have Methods been reported after acute or habitual alcohol consumption.' Impaired absorption of vitamins,25 ANIMALS sugars6 7 and amino acids8 9 has been shown in Twenty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, which http://gut.bmj.com/ the presence of ethanol, and the chronic consump- initially weighed between 210 g and 310 g, were tion of ethanol is often associated with malnutrition maintained in single cages on a 12 hour light-dark and diarrhoea, but whether these are caused by cycle at 21 ±1°C room temperature.
    [Show full text]
  • Digestive System of Goats 3 References
    ALABAMA A&M AND AUBURN UNIVERSITIES Digestive System of UNP-0060 Goats Introduction Mature goats are herbivorous ruminant animals. Their digestive tracts, which are similar to those of cattle, Esophagus sheep, deer, elk, bison, Large Intestine Cecum and giraffes, consist of the mouth, esophagus, four Rumen stomach compartments, (paunch) small intestine, cecum, and large intestine. A brief Reticulum description of the anatomy (honeycomb) and physiology of the mouth and the stomach Omasum Small Intestine Abomasum (manyplies) compartments of goats (true stomach) follows. Mouth: Like other ruminant animals, goats have no upper incisor or canine teeth. They depend on the rigid dental pad in front of the Figure 1. The digestive tract of goats. hard palate, the lower incisor the type of feed. It is absorbed through the rumen teeth, the lips, and the lined with small fingerlike wall and provide as much as tongue to take food into their projections called papillae, 80 percent of the animal’s mouths. which increase the total energy requirements. Microbial digestion in the Esophagus: This is a absorptive surface of the rumen is the reason that tubelike passage from the rumen. This compartment, ruminant animals effectively mouth to the stomach. The also known as the use fibrous feeds and are esophagus, which opens into paunch, contains many maintained primarily on the stomach at the junction microorganisms, such as roughages. of the rumen and reticulum, bacteria and protozoa, helps transport bothARCHIVE gases that supply enzymes to Rumen microorganisms also and cud. break down fiber and other feed parts. Microbiological convert components of the feed to useful products such Rumen: This is the largest activities in the rumen result as essential amino acids, of the four stomach in the conversion of the B-complex vitamins, and compartments of ruminant starch and fiber of feeds to vitamin K.
    [Show full text]
  • Normal Gastrointestinal Motility and Function Esophagus
    Normal Gastrointestinal Motility and Function "Motility" is an unfamiliar word to many people; it is used primarily to describe the contraction of the muscles in the gastrointestinal tract. Because the gastrointestinal tract is a circular tube, when these muscles contract, they close off the tube or make the opening inside smaller - they squeeze. These muscles can contract in a synchronized way to move the food in one direction (usually downstream, but occasionally upstream for short distances); this is called peristalsis. If you looked at the intestine, you would see a ring of contraction that moves along pushing contents ahead of it. At other times, the muscles in adjacent parts of the gastrointestinal tract squeeze more or less independently of each other: this has the effect of mixing the contents but not moving them up or down. Both kinds of contraction patterns are called motility. The gastrointestinal tract is divided into four distinct parts: the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine (colon). They are separated from each other by special muscles called sphincters which normally stay tightly closed and which regulate the movement of food and food residues from one part to another. Each part of the gastrointestinal tract has a unique function to perform in digestion, and as a result each part has a distinct type of motility and sensation. When motility or sensations are not appropriate for performing this function, they cause symptoms such as bloating, vomiting, constipation, or diarrhea which are associated with subjective sensations such as pain, bloating, fullness, and urgency to have a bowel movement.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Microflora on the Dimensions of Enterocyte Microvilli in the Rat J.-C
    Effects of microflora on the dimensions of enterocyte microvilli in the rat J.-C. Meslin, E. Sacquet, S. Delpal To cite this version: J.-C. Meslin, E. Sacquet, S. Delpal. Effects of microflora on the dimensions of enterocyte microvilli in the rat. Reproduction Nutrition Développement, 1984, 24 (3), pp.307-314. hal-00898154 HAL Id: hal-00898154 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00898154 Submitted on 1 Jan 1984 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Effects of microflora on the dimensions of enterocyte microvilli in the rat J.-C. MESLIN, E. SACQUET S. DELPAL Station de Recherches de Nutrition, /./V./7./! 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France. (*) Laboratoire des Animaux sans Germes, CNRS, lNRA, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France. Summary. The length and diameter of enterocyte microvilli at mid-villus position were measured on electron-micrographs. The duodenum, jejunum and ileum of axenic (germfree) and holoxenic (conventional) inbred rats fed the same diet have been studied. The microvilli were significantly shorter in all these intestinal regions when the microflora was present. The decrease in microvillus length (due to the presence of microflora), expressed as a percentage of the length in axenic rat, was 5 % in the duodenum, 9 % in the jejunum and 18 % in the ileum.
    [Show full text]
  • Distance Between Major and Minor Duodenal Papilla from Pylorus – a Cadaveric Study M
    International Journal of Anatomy and Research, Int J Anat Res 2018, Vol 6(2.2):5239-45. ISSN 2321-4287 Original Research Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2018.167 DISTANCE BETWEEN MAJOR AND MINOR DUODENAL PAPILLA FROM PYLORUS – A CADAVERIC STUDY M. Pairoja Sultana *1, C.K. Lakshmidevi 2. *1Assistant professor in Anatomy, ACSR Govt. medical college, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India. 2 Professor and Head of the department of Anatomy, ACSR Govt. medical college, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India. ABSTRACT Introduction: Without the knowledge of the normal pattern of the duct system and its variations, a radiologist can’t interpret an Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) picture. So it becomes important to study the anatomy of pancreatic ducts, their relation to each other, to common bile duct and to duodenum in the available human cadavers. The present paper is about the study of distance between minor and major duodenal papilla from pylorus which was carried out on 96 cadaveric specimens of human duodeno-pancreas. To visualise and to see distance between minor and major duodenal papillae is necessary for the endoscopist who aims to perform the dilation, stenting, or papillotomy of the minor papilla. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in 96 (64 male and 32 female) cadavers. Major and minor duodenal papillae were visualized through eosin dye installation in both common bile duct and the accessory pancreatic duct. The measurement of distance between the duodenal papillae and to pylorus was done in cm. Results: In the present work, the mean ± SD of the Distance between pylorus to MAP is 8.05 ± 1.71 cm, pylorus to MIP is 6.19 ± 1.49 cm, the major to minor duodenal papilla was on an average 2.02 ± 0.40 cm, these distances were more in males as compared to females.
    [Show full text]
  • Cell-Specific Gene Expression: Pylorus Morphogenesis and Hedgehog-Regulated Enhancers
    CELL-SPECIFIC GENE EXPRESSION: PYLORUS MORPHOGENESIS AND HEDGEHOG-REGULATED ENHANCERS by Aaron Mark Udager A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Cell and Developmental Biology) in the University of Michigan 2010 Doctoral Committee: Professor Deborah L. Gumucio, Chair Professor Gregory R. Dressler Professor Ronald J. Koenig Professor Linda C. Samuelson Associate Professor Deneen M. Wellik Assistant Professor Scott E. Barolo © Aaron Mark Udager 2010 To my wife Kara and my parents Mark and Anita ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I’d like to thank my mentor Deb Gumucio. Over the past four years, you have given me freedom to explore and opportunities to succeed (as well as fail). Without a doubt, these experiences have made me a better scientist. I’ll always admire your love of science and the dedication you show to teaching students, supporting your employees, and maintaining a family. I know we’ll remain good friends in the future. Second, I’d like to thank the members of my thesis committee. You challenged me when I needed to be and provided critical feedback at several key junctures in this project. Our meetings over the past several years have been an important part of my growth as a scientist. Third, I need to thank the extensive contributions made to this project by our collaborators, both here at the University and abroad. I’d like to thank Drs. Doug Engel and Kim-Chew Lim in this department for providing Gata3lacZ/+ mice and sharing a number of other resources. I’d also like to thank Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Narrow Band Imaging Helps Identify the Ectopic Opening of the Common Bile Duct During Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
    Turk J Gastroenterol 2017; 28: 69-70 Narrow band imaging helps identify the ectopic opening of the common bile duct during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography To the Editor, The ectopic opening of the common bile duct (CBD) into the stomach and pyloric canal is extremely rare, and it accounts for a mere 0.43% of patients undergo- ing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (1); however, when present, it often makes it dif- ficult to recognize the papilla during endoscopy. Here we present a case where narrow band imaging (NBI) was used to discover an ectopic opening of the CBD. A 56-year-old male who underwent cholecystectomy 6 months prior was referred to our hospital because of a two-week history of abdominal pain, nausea, jaundice, and pruritus. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancrea- tography (MRCP) showed a hook-shaped CBD and a Figure 1. Abdominal MRCP showed a hook-shaped CBD with a stone single stone (Figure 1). Written informed consent was MRCP: magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography; CBD: common bile duct obtained from the patient before ERCP. The major and minor papilla were not found from the slack pylorus to the pars horizontalis duodeni by a duodenoscope and then a gastroscope. The gastroscope was pulled back to the gastric antrum, where a small amount of bile ap- peared to adhere to the anterior wall. We switched to NBI for performing an examination, which depicts bile as red and blood as black. A bright red fluid was seen discharging from a slit, 3 mm in length, at the 9 o’clock position on the left side of the pylorus (Figure 2).
    [Show full text]