Kritisches Verzeichniss Er Myrmekophil Und

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Kritisches Verzeichniss Er Myrmekophil Und Kritisches Verzeichniss er Myrmekophil und ... Erich Wasmann * HARVARD UNIVKRSITY. LIBEAR V OK Till'. MUSEUM OF OOMPARATIVE ZOÖLOGY. «JIFT OK ALEX. AGASSIZ. cj, wp- Digitized by Google Digitized by Google CjOoqIc KRITISCHES VERZEICHNIS PER MYRMEKOPHILEN UND TERMITOPHILEN ARTHROPODEN. MIT AN GAB PL DER LEBENSWEISE UNI) MIT BESCHREIBUNG NEUER ARTEN. VON E. WASMANN, S. J. BERLIN. VERLAG VON FELIX L. DAM ES. J KOCH -STHASS E 3. 1894. I Digitized by CjOOqIc Vorwort. Die Wechselbeziehungen, die zwischen den Ameisen, beziehentlich den Termiten, und ihren fremden Gesellschaftern in allen Welttheilen obwalten, sind eines der reichhaltigsten und dankbarsten Forschungs- gebiete der Biologie. Schon die abenteuerlichen Formen der Fühler, des Halsschildes, des Hinterleibes und andere Sonderbarkeiten des morphologischen Baues, die bei vielen Ameisengästen und Termitengästen sich finden, lassen mit Grund vennuthen, dass hinter diesen Bildungen interessante biologische Räthsel verborgen liegen. Die thatsächliche Beobachtung hat diese Vermuthung auch bereits für eine Reihe ein- heimischer Myrmekophilen bestätigt. Um dem wissenschaftlichen Studium jener Wechselbeziehungen eine feste Grundlage zu geben , ist es aber vor Allem nöthig, genau festzustellen, bei welchen Arten von Wirthen die einzelnen Gastarten ge setz massig vor- zukommen pflegen. Aus diesem Grunde ist ein möglichst um- fassendes, genaues und übersichtliches Verzeichniss der myrmekophilen und termitophilen Arthropoden , mit Angabe der betreffenden M irthe, schon lange ein dringendes Bedürfniss geworden. Aber ein wirklich gutes Verzeichniss dieser Art ist eine sehr schwierige Arbeit. Des- % halb konnte ich mich lange nicht entschliessen , das hiefür schon seit zehn Jahren gesammelte Material zu veröffentlichen. Wenn ich es hiemit dennoch thue, möchte ich meine Arbeit lieber bloss einen Versuch eines kritischen Verzeichnisses nennen , weil ich mir wohlbewusst bin, wie weit dieselbe davon entfernt ist, erschöpfend und allen Regeln der Kritik entsprechend zu sein. Unter den älteren Verzeichnissen der einheimischen myrmekophilen Insekten ist bekanntlich das erste und zweite Märkel'sche Verzeichniss (1841 und 1844) zu einer epochemachenden Leistung geworden, welche die Aufmerksamkeit vieler Forscher auf dieses Gebiet hinlenkte. Leider war die systematische Kenntniss der Ameisenarten damals noch sehr mangelhaft, zumal bei den Koleopterologen. Das erste Termitophilen- verzeichniss gab Kraatz 1857. Eine vortreffliche , in Bezug auf die Angabe der Wirthsameisen kritisch sorgfältige Arbeit über die ein- heimischen myrmekophilen Koleopteren veröffentlichte v. Hagens 1865. Von ausländischen Verzeichnissen verdienen die von E. A. Schwarz 1889 und 1890 herausgegebenen Verzeichnisse der termitophilen und der myrmekophilen Koleopteren des gemässigten Kordamerika besondere I* Digitized by Google IV Vorwort. Erwähnung. Dieselben haben mir auch, zugleich mit den von Schwarz und Pergande erhaltenen Sendungen für die vorliegende Arbeit wichtige Dienste geleistet. Ein allgemeines Verzeichniss der myrmekophilen Arthropoden besitzen wir von Ernest Andre" aus dem Jahre 1874. Dasselbe zählt 588 Arten als Mitbewohner der Ameisennester auf, darunter 584 Insekten, unter diesen 542 Käfer. Jedoch gehört, wie auch der Ver- fasser selbst bemerkt , eine grosse Zahl derselben zu den bloss zu- fälligen Besuchern und ist deshalb für das vorliegende Verzeichniss ausgeschieden worden. Beispielsweise sind von den 275 Staphyliniden- Arten, die Andr6 aufführt, kaum 70, also bloss 25°/0 , zu den gesetz- raässigen Gästen gehörig. Auch sind in jene Liste ziemlich viele der theilweise bereits früher durch v. Hagens berichtigten , irrthümlichcn älteren "Wirthsnamen übergegangen. Andererseits enthält dieselbe jedoch auch viele gute neue Angaben (von Rouget). Die bei einem solchen Verzeichnisse zu überwindenden Schwierig- keiten sind allerdings nicht gering. Es dürfen , wie schon bemerkt, als Myrmekophilen bezw. Termitophilen nur solche Arten aufgenommen werden , die in einer wirklich gesetzmässigen Ge- sellschaftsbeziehung zu den Ameisen resp. Termiten stehen, ähnlich wie man als Ameisenpflanzen (Myrmekophyten) nur jene Pflanzen bezeichnen darf, die in gesetzinässiger Symbiose mit den Ameisen leben. Ferner müssen nicht einfachhin die Namen der Ameisen- arten bei denen der betreffende Gast gefunden wurde aufgezählt , , sondern es muss wo möglich die normale Wirthsameise aus- gewählt werden; denn ebenso wie manche nicht -myrmekophile Arten oftmals zufällig in Ameisennestern sich finden, so trifft man manch- mal den gesetzmässigen Gast einer bestimmten Ameisenart ausnahms- weise auch bei anderen Ameisenarten , bei denen sein Vorkommen oft 1 rein zufällig ist. ) Eine dritte, noch grössere Schwierigkeit liegt in der Begrenzung des Gebietes: Was sollen wir unter die myrmekophilen und termito- philen Arthropoden zählen ? Nur die echten Gäste , die von ihren Wirthen eigentlich gastlich gepflegt werden oder auch die indifferent 2 geduldeten und die gewaltsam sich aufdrängenden Einmiether? ) Sollen wir die Parasiten ausschliessen , die an oder in den Ameisen (Termiten) oder ihrer Brat leben? Sollen wir nur jene Gesellschafter der Ameisen aufnehmen, die in deren Nestern vorkommen , oder auch jene, die ausserhalb der Nester gesetzmässig in Gesellschaft der Ameisen sich finden ? Die Schwierigkeit wächst dadurch, dass wir beispielsweise nicht sicher wissen, welche der von Ameisen besuchten Lycaeniden- l ) Vgl. Wasmann 18. und 20. (Siehe Literaturverzeichniss!). ») Vgl. v. Hagens 1, Wasm. 2. und 11. und Kmery 2. — Um Alissveret&ndnissen vorzubeugen, bemerke icli hier nochmals, dass Märkel 1. und 2. unter „echten Myrmokophilen" sämmtliche gesetzmäßige Myrmekophilen einbegreift, während ich diesen Terminus in einem anderen, viel engeren Sinne gebrauche, nilmheh nur für jene gesetzmässigen Gäste, die von ihren Wirthen eigentlich gastlich gepflegt,, d. h. gefuttert und beleckt, resp. wenigstens gefüttert oder beleckt werden. tized by Google Vorwort. V Raupen auf diese Symbiose angewiesen sind, welche nicht. Welche Form der gesetzmässigen Wechselbeziehung zwischen Ameisen und Arthropoden sollen wir als Myrmekophilie im weiteren Sinne gelten lassen ? Gehört hierzu auch die Vergesellschaftung von Ameisen verschiedener Arten, oder nur jeno von Ameisen mit anderen Glieder- füssern ? Sollen wir die gesetzmässigen Formen der zusammengesetzten Nester und gemischten Kolonien der Ameisen in das Verzeichniss auf- nehmen oder nicht, oder welche derselben? Da wir in vielen Fällen den Ursprung und die Natur der betreffenden Vergesellschaftung nicht s. , kennen, ob Parasitismus, Synoeketismus , Myrmekoxenie u. w. des- halb schien es mir — salvo meliori judicio — nach langer Ueberlegung unvermeidlich, von der uns vielfach noch unbekannten inneren Natur der betreffenden Symbiose völlig abzusehen und einfachhin die T h a t - sache der gesetzmässigen Symbiose zwischen Ameisen (bezw. Termiten) und Arthropoden fremder Arten zur Grundlage zu nehmen. Als Kriterium für die Gesetzmässigkeit der Symbiose kann nicht bloss das thatsächlich beobachtete, regelmässige Zusammenleben gelten, sondern auch unzweifelhafte „Anpassungscharaktere" bei einem der beiden Symbionten. Zu diesen Charakteren rechne ich z. B. die Dorsalöfthung des 11. Segmentes bei den myrmekophilen Lycaeniden- raupen. während ich die (irrthümlich) als Honigröhrchen" bezeichneten Organe der Blattläuse nicht hiefür gelten lassen kann. Der Umstand, dass die genannten Honigraupen von vielen Ameisenarten gleichmässig besucht werden, kann gegen die Gesetzmässigkeit der Symbiose nichts beweisen , da es ja auch Panmyrmekopbilen innerhalb der Ameisen- nester gibt (Platyarthrus, Beckia etc.). Das Myrmekophilen- und Tcrmitophilenverzeichniss so zu ver- einigen, dass bei den einzelnen Familien zuerst die Ameisengäste, dann sich die Termitengäste aufgezählt werden , rechtfertigt dadurch , dass nicht selten Arten derselben Gattung oder nahe verwandter Gattungen auf beide Verzeichnisse sich vcrtheilen. Bei den Mistenden erweist sich einstweilen eine scharfe Trennung der Myrmekophilen und Termito- philen überhaupt noch als unmöglich. Um die Citate des Artenverzeichnisses abzukürzen und zugleich eine Zusammenstellung der einschlägigen Literatur zu geben , ist ein Literatur verzeichniss vorgefugt. Dasselbe enthält nicht bloss jene Arbeiten, auf welche die Nummern im Artenvcrzeichniss verweisen, sondern auch andere biologische Mittheilungen über Ameisengäste und Termitengästc. Ebenso habe ich auch die Arbeiten über Parasiten der Ameisen und Termiten aus anderen Kreisen des Thierreiches z. B. Nematoden , Infusorien , in das Literaturverzeichniss aufgenommen. Andererseits sind manche kleine Fundortnotizen , die zerstreut in grösseren systematischen Arbeiten oder in Sammelberichten u. s. w. sich finden , im Literaturverzcichniss nicht eigens aufgeführt , sondern bloss im Artenverzeichniss. Bei Arten, deren normale Wirthsameisen allgemein bekannt und durch unzählige übereinstimmende Funde ver- bürgt sind (z. B. Myrmedonia funesta bei Lasius fuliginosus), habe ich Digitized by Google VI Vorwort. meist keine anderen Autoren citiert . sondern nur ein (Wasm !) bei- gefügt , zum Zeichen , dass ich die betreffende Angabe durch eigene Erfahrung bestätigt fand. Für die Gattungen ist eine annähernd systematische Reihenfolge gewählt , für die Arten innerhalb arten- reicherer Gattungen eine alphabetische, wo nicht biologische Gründe eine andere Reihenfolge empfahlen. In das alphabetische? Gattungs- verzeichniss am Schlüsse des Buches wurden
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