DOCSLIB.ORG

Remembering Ahmed Ben Bella, First President of Independent Algeria Who Passed Away on the 11Th April, 2012 at 96

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Remembering Ahmed Ben Bella, First President of Independent Algeria Who Passed Away on the 11Th April, 2012 at 96 Remembering Ahmed Ben Bella, first President of independent Algeria who passed away on the 11th April, 2012 at 96 Extrait du CADTM http://cadtm.org/Remembering-Ahmed-Ben-Bella-first Remembering Ahmed Ben Bella, first President of independent Algeria who passed away on the 11th April, 2012 at 96 Date de mise en ligne : Saturday 14 April 2012 CADTM Copyleft CADTM Page 1/4 Remembering Ahmed Ben Bella, first President of independent Algeria who passed away on the 11th April, 2012 at 96 Ahmed Ben Bella had spent more than 21 years of his life in jail: 6 years in French prisons (1956-1962) and 15 years after he was overthrown in Algeria on 19 June 1965 by a military coup led by Colonel Houari Boumedienne. I will straightaway recall some personal memories. Between 1994 and 2005 I met Ahmed Ben Bella on several occasions. The first time was in Geneva in 1994 at a lecture I had given on the issue of Third World debt. He spoke up from the audience without any ado, focusing on the need to struggle for the cancellation of Third World debt. I believe our first face-to-face conversation dates back to 2001. He had invited me to discuss the CADTM's work over a dinner with himself and his wife Zohra. He said he appreciated the numerous publications of our organisation and wanted them to be available to the Arab youth in North Africa. He also said that he was trying to convince Hugo Chavez (who had been President of Venezuela since 1999) to resume the issue of debt cancellation. In January 2002 we met in Bamako where we both attended the first African Social Forum. Attached is a photo taken at that time. Copyleft CADTM Page 2/4 Remembering Ahmed Ben Bella, first President of independent Algeria who passed away on the 11th April, 2012 at 96 From left to right are Zohra (Ahmed Ben Bella's wife), Eric Toussaint, Victor Nzuzi of CADTM DRC, and Ahmed Ben Bella (photo by Denise Comanne). He was very much involved in the Pan-Africanist struggle to bring about his socialist project. He had been linked with Modibo Keita, first President of independent Mali, who governed between 1960 and 1968 (he was ousted in a military coup and later murdered in prison in 1977). We talked about Mr. Keita during his stay in Bamako. Later, in 2004, at another meeting he proposed to financially support the translation and publication of the French book La Bourse ou la Vie in Arabic (the translation was done by Randa Baas and Imad Chiha, two Syrian activists closely connected with CADTM. Imad spent over 15 years in the prisons of Hafez el-Assad, the current Syrian President's father, and the book was published in 2006 by an independent Syrian publisher). We met in Caracas. He told me that he hoped that Chavez' experiments would go beyond speeches and the current reforms, and that they would result in a genuine revolutionary democratic change. Ben Bella was almost 90 in September 2005. He invited me to Tlemcen in Algeria (in his native Oran region) where the university had decided to create the Ben Bella chair. He had asked me to deliver one of the speeches on the inauguration of the chair that was going to bear his name. I remember his inaugural speech: he sharply criticised the university's programmes because they presented the capitalist discourse of a neoliberal ideology. The academic authorities did not appreciate this. We discussed his past activities: his friendship with Che Guevara, who stayed in Algiers during his presidency and delivered a fiery speech in February 1965 in which he exposed the crimes perpetrated by Belgium and France in their former colonies and criticised the Soviet Union's attitude ( www.dailymotion.com/video/xl...).. Ben Bella told me how he tried to develop workers' self-management (especially with the help of Michel Raptis, known as Pablo) from 1962 to his overthrow in 1965. He also spoke of his difficult relations with the Soviet President Nikita Khrushchev, with Broz Tito and many others. He was very much in love with his wife Zohra and he praised the Aloe Vera that she extracted herself and which was Copyleft CADTM Page 3/4 Remembering Ahmed Ben Bella, first President of independent Algeria who passed away on the 11th April, 2012 at 96 one of the secrets behind the good health they both enjoyed. A week later, after I had been back in Belgium for a couple of days, I was taken aback on receiving 4 litres of Aloe Vera extract, accompanied by a short message from Zohra and Ahmed Ben Bella, wishing me good health. With Ahmed Ben Bella we have lost a formidable activist fighting for the emancipation of the peoples and a form of socialism based on workers' self-management. Liege 12 April 2012 Post-scriptum : Translation: Sushovan Dhar in collaboration with Christine Pagnoulle Copyleft CADTM Page 4/4.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Connecticut Daily Campus Serving Storrs Since 1896
    Connecticut Daily Campus Serving Storrs Since 1896 VOL. LXVII, NO. 20 STORRS, CONNECTICUT THURSDAY, OCTOBER 17, 1963 Students Continue Tutorial Over 500 State Applicants In Hartford North End Last year a group of UConn stu- cational difficulties, the facilities of dents established a tutorial program the Education Library are open to Denied UConn Admission in the north end of the city of him, and members of UConn's Hartford, an area with a reputation School of Education faculty have By IACK CARLSON gret that it was necessary this year 1964 and 1965 are unusually large, for being "culturally deprived", been more than willing to lend their More than 500 resident applicants to refuse admission to the State Uni- taxing the facilities and staff at the whose residents are considered in aid. The original members attended of the University of Connecticut versity to many well-qualified Con- university. The vacancy left by the low economic and educational brack- briefing sessions concerning educa- who met all published requirements necticut applicants because of in- class of 1963 left little room for a ets, and are generally of minority tional and sociological problem; were turned away according to a adequate staff and facilities." large number of new students. groups, predominantly Negro and speakers included Mr. Neville of report given by Provost Albert President Babbidge pointed out Waugh added. Puerto Rican. Its schools are over- the Education Dept. and Dr. Weller Waugh at a Board of Trustees that this marks the first time that The large increase in the number cowded and its teachers over- of the Sociology Dept., as well as meeting yesterday morning.
    [Show full text]
  • Neil Macmaster
    1 Inside the FLN NEIL MACMASTER 2 Inside the FLN: the Paris massacre and the French Intelligence Service Neil MacMaster March 2013. The moral right of the author has been asserted. The author welcomes any e-mail comment: <[email protected]> Cover photograph: Mohamed Zouaoui. 3 Contents Introduction 4 1 “Operation Flore” and the arrest of Mohamed Zouaoui 10 2 The Zouaoui network: the role of the Contrôleurs 21 3 The European Support Network, Renault, and FLN Propaganda 33 4 The Problem of Violence and the Federation U-Turn 43 5 Assassination of police officers and the Federation crisis 54 6 At the grass-roots: Mohammed Ghafir and Amala 12 (13th Arrondissement) 66 7 Planning the demonstrations of 17-20 October 84 8 Abderrahmane Farès and the financial network 98 9 After the massacre: the impact of the crisis on the FLN 108 Conclusion 123 Jean-Luc Einaudi and the Sacralisation of Mohammedi Saddek: An Essay 127 Appendix 1 Who was Mohammedi Saddek? 132 Appendix 2 La guerre des chiffres: how many Algerians died? 140 Short bibliography of publications, 2006-2013 145 Note on the author 147 4 INTRODUCTION By 2006, when I and Jim House published Paris 1961. Algerians, State Terror, and Memory, a number of books, by Jean-Luc Einaudi, Jean-Paul Brunet, Alain Dewerpe, Linda Amiri, Rémy Valat, and others, meant that the main features of the Paris massacre and the demonstration of 17 October were quite well understood.1 Political controversy has continued to rage, mainly in relation to the contested issue of the numbers of Algerians that were killed, but in general the bulk of the publications that have appeared since Paris 1961 have had to do with the cultural, artistic and memorial aspects of the events, rather than with further research into primary archival sources.2 This shift from the further excavation of archives, to differing interpretations of cultural and political meanings, was exemplified by the debates surrounding Michael Haneke’s film Caché,3 and the commemoration of the 50th anniversary in October 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • August 17, 1964 Record of Conversation from Chairman Mao's
    Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified August 17, 1964 Record of Conversation from Chairman Mao’s Reception of the Algerian Ambassador to China Mohamed Yala Citation: “Record of Conversation from Chairman Mao’s Reception of the Algerian Ambassador to China Mohamed Yala,” August 17, 1964, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, PRC FMA 107- 01043-08. Translated by David Cowhig. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/118026 Summary: List of Mao and Yala's main points of discussion, including successful party building, battling imperialism, and suppressing counter-revolutions, as well as record of their conversation regarding the state of Algeria's foreign relations with Vietnam, the US, and others. Credits: This document was made possible with support from the Henry Luce Foundation. Original Language: Chinese Contents: English Translation Ministry of Foreign Affairs Document Record of Conversation from Chairman Mao’s Reception of the Algerian Ambassador to China Mohamed Yala (Not reviewed by the chairman) Time: August 17, 1964 afternoon Location: Beidaihe Attendance: Vice Minister Qiao Guanhua, Vice Minister Ma Zhenwu Interpreter: Huang Qi Notetaker: Li Tengzhi Chairman Mao's Main Points: 1. Imperialism is a paper tiger. The enemy has more troops and better equipment. The people's army is smaller and has poor equipment but it can nonetheless overcome difficulties and defeat the enemy. Don't be afraid to lose a lot of people, the population will grow rapidly after liberation. 2. Two intermediate zones. 3. Strive to win the moderate faction and suppress counter-revolution. 4. Knowledge: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs can organize visits with friendly and Foreign Affairs can organize tours for the envoys of friendly foreign nations, not necessarily together with other envoys.
    [Show full text]
  • 4.5 Algeria Airport Company Contact List
    4.5 Algeria Airport Company Contact List Airport Company Physical Address Email Phone Fax Description of Website Number Number Services (office) ALGIERS - Houari EGSA Alger Aéroport Houari Boumediene, Alger N/A 021 50 91 91 / 021 50 94 Public company www.egsa.dz Boumediene 021 50 91 00 72 managing the airports ALGIERS - Houari ENNA BP 73, Route des Dunes, Chéraga, Alger N/A +213 21 38 33 70 +213 21 38 National fuel www.naftal. Boumediene 19 19 company dz ALGIERS - Houari NAFTAL 1 Avenue de l’Indépendence - BP 383 – [email protected] / +(213) +213 21 38 Civil aviation agency enna.dz Boumediene Alger [email protected] 23 51 53 69 / 19 19 23 51 53 70 ORAN – Ahmed Ben Bella EGSA Oran EGSA Oran , Rond point de l'aéroport direction. +213 41 59 10 31 +213 41 Public company www. Es-Sénia Oran 31 000 , Algérie generale@egsaoran. to 40 59 10 77 managing the egsaoran. com airports com ADRAR - Touat-Cheikh Sidi EGSA Oran EGSA Oran , Rond point de l'aéroport direction. +213 41 59 10 31 +213 41 Public company www. Mohamed Belkebir Es-Sénia Oran 31 000 , Algérie generale@egsaoran. to 40 59 10 77 managing the egsaoran. com airports com ANNABA - Rabah Bitat EGSA Aéroport Mohamed Boudiaf, BP 582 RP, N/A +213 31 81 01 14 +213 31 81 Public company www.egsa- Constantine Constantine 25000, Algérie 00 01 managing the constantine. airports dz BEJAIA / Abane Ramdane EGSA Alger Aéroport Houari Boumediene, Alger N/A 021 50 91 91 / 021 50 94 Public company www.egsa.dz 021 50 91 00 72 managing the airports CONSTANTINE / Mohamed EGSA Aéroport Mohamed Boudiaf, BP 582 RP, N/A +213 31 81 01 14 +213 31 81 Public company www.egsa- Boudiaf Constantine Constantine 25000, Algérie 00 01 managing the constantine.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of the Causes of the Independent Movement of Algeria
    IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 19, Issue 6, Ver. V (Jun. 2014), PP 79-95 e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845. www.iosrjournals.org Analysis of the Causes of the Independent Movement of Algeria Rabeya Khatun Islamic History and Culture Department, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Abstract: The aim of this paper is to identify and analysis the different causes of the Algerian War of Independence 1954-1962. The analysis extends to include various aspects of French colonization’s policy and their determination to maintain direct control of Algeria because of its strategic location and how they pillaged the land, destroyed old cultures, displaced local languages, transformed ancient customs, devastation of traditional society, economy and military alliances and how they created new ones throwing up in their wake new historical opportunities. It represents the undermining of women's roles and rights, and the exploitation of their willingness to shelve their feminist agenda in favor of participation in the nationalist cause. This paper also looks at the role of nationalist parties and leaders to rise of Algerian nationalism. This paper is traced to the nature of the socio-political Circumstances of Algeria that took over the leadership of the anti-colonial struggle, war of independence and subsequently of the Algerian state. Keywords: Algeria, colony, nationalism, women, independence. I. Preface It was the century of colonialism. The principal colonial powers were the United Kingdom, France, Russia and the Netherlands. The nations of Europe fanned out across the globe in search of profits and in the process subjugated vast regions of the earth, pillaging the land, destroying old cultures, displacing local languages, transforming ancient customs.
    [Show full text]
  • Altérité and the FLN Chad R. Cussen …Had I Discovered the Algerian
    Fractured Fraternity: Altérité and the FLN Chad R. Cussen Chad R. Cussen is a graduate student from Roann, Indiana. He graduated with a B.A. in History and International Studies from Indiana University in 2008 and studied at the University of Strasbourg’s affiliate Institute of Human Rights in France. He wrote this paper for Dr. Beck’s History 5400, Imperialism, in the fall of 2008. Chad’s research interests include the cultural and political history of nineteenth and twentieth-century France. …Had I discovered the Algerian nation, I would be a nationalist and would not blush as if I had committed a crime…However, I will not die for the Algerian nation, because it does not exist.229 Ferhat Abbas …Par delà la légende politique et les fictions juridiques de l’Algérie « terre de France en Afrique », notre pays est une colonie, dont l’originalité est d’être à la fois d’exploitation et de peuplement.230 Hocine Aït Ahmed …Si la peur donne des ailes et fait perdre tout jugement, elle fait dire aussi des bêtises. C’est ainsi que la période héroïque de 1936, au cours de laquelle la conscience nationale a été éveillée par le venue de l’Étoile Nord-Africaine en Algérie, est qualifiée de période de lutte fratricide.231 Declaration by followers of Messali Hadj, spring 1954 In 1954, Algerian leaders of the Front de Libération National (FLN) joyously declared independence from metropolitan France and aspired for a unified Algeria. French colonialism, however, created deep divisions within the FLN. These divisions were not formed spontaneously in 1954, but through a long process and relationship with metropolitan France.
    [Show full text]
  • Renewable Energy Deployment and Other GHG-Mitigation for Airports in Africa
    Renewable Energy Deployment and other GHG-mitigation for Airports in Africa Naomi Gitau ACI World Environment Standing Committee Agenda • Greenhouse Gas Emissions at the Airport • Renewable Energy at Airports in Africa • AGES-Simulation • Airport Carbon Accreditation in Africa Greenhouse Gas Emissions at the Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions at the Airport • A majority of the GHG at the airport is not in control of the airport *Example of Munich Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions at the Airport • ACI’s manual on GHG management provides guidance for airports to appropriately measure their emissions * Some examples of possible emissions sources in the airport Airport Carbon Emissions and Reporting Tool (ACERT) • A simple IT solution designed by airports for airports • Calculates Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions at and around the airport • Produces a comprehensive emissions inventory and supporting information • Compatible with all levels of Airport Carbon Accreditation and provides relevant information required Renewable Energy at Airports in Africa ACI’s work on renewable energy at airports • Co-lead of ICAO CAEP WG2 Task O.08 Eco Airport Toolkit E-collection • E-publication on renewable energy at airports finalized (to be published soon) Case: Airports Company South Africa • Operator of 9 airports in South Africa • ACSA’s 2025 vision on environment • Minimize environmental impact and strive to be carbon neutral • Target: At minimum, 1 airport certified with Airport Carbon Accreditation Level 3: Optimization • Achievement so far: 4 airports certified at level 1: Mapping • Renewable Energy Deployment • 3 solar farms generate 1750 kW/day • 3 more solar farms planned for 2018 & 2019 • Energy Consumption • 22.8% energy reduction in 2017 • Considering the use of Trigen gas to precool or preheat ventilation systems and provide back-up electricity capacity Case: Moi International Mombasa, Kenya • The ICAO-EU project is a pilot project that will demonstrate the use of solar energy for the provision of ground power and preconditioning air to aircraft at the gate.
    [Show full text]
  • The 50Th Anniversary of Algerian Independence Is an Opportunity to Take Stock of the Country’S Recent Past and the Actions of Its Government
    blogs.lse.ac.uk http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2012/07/19/algeria-independence/ The 50th anniversary of Algerian independence is an opportunity to take stock of the country’s recent past and the actions of its government Jul 19 2012 Algeria recently celebrated its 50th year as an independent state. As part of EUROPP’s coverage of the European neighbourhood, Natalya Vince assesses the current regime’s track record and questions whether the celebrations still hold any relevance for Algerians in 2012. Commemorating half a century of independence was always going to be more problematic for the Algerian state than the 2004 celebrations marking the fiftieth anniversary of the outbreak of the War of Liberation. November 1, 1954 – when a series of coordinated bomb attacks, assassinations and acts of sabotage were carried out across Algeria by the newly-formed National Liberation Front (FLN) with the aim of ending more than a century of French rule – remains fairly consensual shorthand for idealistic courage and patriotism in contemporary Algeria. The circumstances of independence, officially declared on July 5, 1962, are far more controversial. The FLN splintered into its rival factions and the summer months were overshadowed by political and armed conflict. By autumn, the faction of army generals won out over the provisional government, installing Ahmed Ben Bella as the first president of Algeria. Ben Bella in turn fell prey to a coup led by his former ally Houari Boumediene on June 19, 1965. Current president Abdelaziz Bouteflika was Boumediene’s foreign minister and close collaborator. July 5, 1962 thus has multiple meanings within Algeria, alternately symbolising the liberation of the Algerian people from colonial domination, the confiscation of the fruits of independence by a self-serving politico-military elite, or, perhaps increasingly for younger generations, not meaning much at all.
    [Show full text]
  • CWW4.2 the Algerian War of Independence (1954-1962) (Page
    CWW4.2 The Algerian War of Independence (1954-1962) (Page 1 of 4) When the Algerian War of Independence broke out in 1954, Algeria had been a colony of France since 1830. Many French people had moved to the colony as settlers, or colons, who owned most of the good farmland in Algeria. When native Algerian nationalists began to demonstrate for independence from France, French leaders argued that Algeria was part of France and could never be independent. On the same day that the French celebrated their liberation from Germany, May 8, 1945, Algerian nationalists held a rally for independence in Setif, an Algerian town. French colonial troops fired on the crowd and killed hundreds of native Algerian civilians. Barricades set up during the Algerian War of Independence, January 1960. Street of Algiers. Photograph by Christophe Marcheux. Wikipedia, As the French colonial government tried to repress native licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share demonstrations, Ahmed Ben Bella and other native Algerian Alike 3.0 Unported licence; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Semaine_des_barricades nationalists formed a new nationalist party, the National _Alger_1960_Haute_Qualit%C3%A9.jpg Liberation Front or FLN (an acronym of its initials in French). The FLN used violent tactics, such as bombings and terrorist acts, to fight the French and led a full-scale rebellion after 1954. The French army used severe methods, including torture of rebel captives for information, against the rebels. The French government received no economic or military support from the US, because American leaders said that France should let Algeria become independent. Neither the US nor the Soviet Union supported the FLN.
    [Show full text]
  • I Jzti'ui"41-.Ey &D4 Pl.Tllli:Potebti.Ary ~ :Te.Tive Ot Al.Cer1• to Tbe L.Jd1tecl
    0(" . r I I PERMlNENT MISSION OF MOROCCO TO THE UNITED NATIONS New York Ref'. NU/7'47 18 October 1963 The Secretary-General 1 United Rations New York, N.Y. Sir, By' order of' His leJesty Hassan II, King of' Morocco, I have the honour to tranami.t to you herewith the text of the message which His MiJesty the King bas sent to His Excellency Mr. JAbmed Ben Bella, President of the Democratic and Popular Republic at Algeria, 1n consequence of the armed attack carried out on 18 October 1963 by the Algerian armed forces against Moroccan territory at the place called KSAR ICB. Accept, Sir, the assurances of' my highest consideration. ( Signed) .&billed Taibi Benbima Permanent Representative of )k)rocco to the United Rations ( SEAL OF THE mRMANENT MISSION) ' j ••• .. .l 63-22817 gws -2- Text of the message addressed by His lokjesty Hassan II, King ot Morocco to His Excellency Mr• .lbmed Ben Bella, President of the Democratic and Popular Republ.ic of AJ.geria Your Excellency, While talks were being held with the representative of your country on the distressing occurrences at BASSI BEIDI\ and TINJOUB, and while the Itt>rocco-Algerian delegation was trying to find a means of ending the armed conflict before it could spread to other areas, and thus stopping the bloodshed between two brother nations, whereas those talks were intended to enable our two Governments to establish a procedure for settling the frontier dispute 1 an official report bas Just reached us fran the province of OOJDA.. According to this report, the Algerian a~ bas infUtrated into the territory of this province and violently attacked the post of ICH, fifty kilometres north-east ot FIGUIG.
    [Show full text]
  • Secret Nedorecord Outgoing
    SECRET NEDORECORD OUTGOING /36/ FRP: , I I STAFF 1 CONF: NE/MAG-4 INFO: ODPD-D, VR, FILE, NEDORECORD, EUR/SA-3, DCNE/AIO, Cl/NE, (11/P) C 83 2827957 ASR PAGE 001 TOT: •070051Z DEC 83 DIRECTOR 767937 N .T E -C SECRET c STAFF 07001Z DIRV40fR 767937 A- C TO: .)INFO r_ _a DECLASSIFIED AND RELEASED BY C ( CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY E WNINTEL AJAJA E= =1 TRACE SOURCESMETHOOSEXEMPTION3820 NAZIWARCRIMESOISCLOSUREACT SUBJECT: TRACE REPLY ON MOHAMED ((LEBJAOUI)) DATE 2006 REFS: A. El _3 C B. E._ _.-.D U i T 1. PER REF A REQUEST, FOLLOWING ARE HQS TRACES ON MOHAMED G ((LEBJAOUI)) 0 I 2. IN AN APR 1965 REPORT (OSM 6729), A SPANISH GOVERNMENT N OFFICIAL MENTIONED MOHAMED ((LEBJAUI)) AS ONE OF BEN BELLAS REPS AND G CHIEF OF THE ALGERIAN SPECIAL SERVICES (SIC). THIS LEBJAUI MAY BE IDENTICAL TO MOHAMED LEBJAOUI. M E 3. MOHAMED ((LEBJAOUI)) IS IDENTICAL TO MOHAMED ((LEBDJAOUI)), S e_UBJECT oFel. AND ENCRYPTED IDENTITY. FOLLOWING IS A 1969 S DREPORT ON LEBDJA0U1: A G "ONE OF AHMED BEN BELLAS CLOSEST ADVISORS DURING THE E LATTERS REIGN AS ALGERIAN PRESIDENT AND A LEADER OF THE FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE, LUDJA0U1 REPORTEDLY HAS SUPPORT FROM THE BERBER POPULATION, FROM THE CITY OF ALGIERS, AND FROM ALGERIANS IN FRANCE. 0 "A DEFINITE SOCIALIST, LEBDJAOUI HAS, DURING THE PAST, PRAISED THE SOVIET UNION AND MARXISM. HE DOES NOT, HOWEVER, APPEAR TO BE A COMMUNIST. HE CLAIMS HE IS DETERMINED TO BRING DEMOCRATIC PROCEDURES BACK TO ALGERIA AND TO DO AWAY WITH THE POWER OF THE 0 ARMY.
    [Show full text]
  • People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
    PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ALGERIA Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of Tlemcen Faculty of Letters and languages Department of English Dissertation Submitted to the Department of English as Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of Master in English Language (Literature and Civilization) Presented by: Supervised by: - Mr. Mouade RAMDANE - Dr. Noureddine MOUHADJER Academic Year: 2015/2016 Acknowledgments First of all, I would like to thank all the people who contributed in some way to the work described in this Thesis. Primarily, I thank my advisor, Dr. Noureddine MOUHADJER, as well as the co supervisor Dr. Abd-el-Kader BENSAFA. I should like, also, to thank the Members of the Jury, Dr. Nawel BENMOSTEFA, Dr.Bassou Abderrrahmen. I would like also to thank all Algerian historians, all enlightened intellectuals who leads, their daily struggles against obscurantism and illusion, and promote the knowledge and rationalism, to go towards lucidity. I am grateful for the rich scientific sources obtained by them that, allowed me to pursue my graduate school studies. I must express my very profound gratitude and support.I would like to acknowledge the Department of Foreign Languages, Section of English. My graduate experience benefitted greatly from the courses I took, and the high quality Seminars that the department organized there. I Abstract This research, investigates the process of the Algerian culture through time, and seeks to give an evaluative review of it. Then this study will go over and will try to dig deeper and deeper, for the underlying causes of our cultural problems, focusing on the historical process of this problem, since Algeria when it was subjected to the ottoman rule and the French colonization until the aftermath of the independence, through an inductive approach.
    [Show full text]