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The Case of Algeria Under Houari Boumedienne, 1965-1978

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The Case of Algeria Under Houari Boumedienne, 1965-1978 Ideologised Foreign Policy and the Pragmatic Rationale: The Case of Algeria under Houari Boumedienne, 1965-1978. Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Radia Kesseiri, B.A., MA. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. The candidate confirms that the work submitted is her own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. The Department of Arabic and Middle Eastern Studies The University of Leeds November 2005 Dedication I dedicate this work to my lovely parents, Mohamed and Zohra Kesseiri . 11 Acknowledgements Firstly I would like to thank Dr Hussein Sirriyeh for his supervision, patience and support over the last years. I must also extend my gratitude to Dr Zahia Salhi who has been of continuous support and encouragement to me. I would like to thank Dr Yahiyaoui, Director of the Centre of Research and Studies on the Movement of the First of November in Algiers, Mr Karim Alt Arkoub, Departmental Director at the Presidency, Mr Y oucef Shebli, Director of Financial Services, and Mr Ghezali from SONATRACHI Algiers and staff at the National Library of Algiers. Special thanks must go to Mr Abdelkrim Belarbi for his warm welcome and valuable assistance every time I needed to obtain material for my research. I must thank all the members of the 'Centre of National Archives' in Algiers and the staff at the Centre of Research and Studies on the Movement of the First of November, and the people at the National Union of Algerian Youths. I have had the great fortune to interview Dr Muhyi al-Deen Amimour, Media Adviser of President Houari Boumedienne, who did not hesitate a second to share his knowledge with me. And I had the honour of talking to Mrs Anissa Boumedienne, widow of President Houari Boumedienne, who wished me the best and encouraged me to say the truth about President Houari Boumedienne. I must of course thank all my family for being there when I needed them through this time but most of all I must thank my father, Mohamed Kesseiri, without whose support this work would not have been possible. I am very grateful for his encouragement over the years and for his generous financial support. I am grateful to my mother Zohra Kesseiri for her unique love and tremendous support, for nursing me from the' lows' on many an occasion. I must thank Dr Scott Dalgarno, for his moral support and valuable assistance and for all his efforts, including the editing of my thesis. This extended into the late nights and weekends, he truly has been family to me at Leeds. I am indebted to both Samy and Nina who have been great friends and sisters to me when things were far less than great and who have listened to my rants on many an occaSIOn. I also extend my thanks to the staff of Leeds University Library, the Library of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, the British Library and the Bibliotheque Nationale in Algiers, for their assistance during my research. 111 Abstract The role of ideology in foreign policy making and implementation has been a subject of study by international relations specialists, especially during the period of the Cold War. The study of Algerian foreign policy under President Houari Boumedienne rule (1965-1978) makes a good case study because of the particular role that ideology played in the making and implementation of foreign policy during this period. Other studies on Algeria's foreign policy have not directly addressed ideology and pragmatism as themes. The majority of these studies covered only parts or aspects of this period, not taking it as a subject of their total focus. This study investigates the role ideology has played in the making and implementation of Algeria's foreign policy under President Houari Boumedienne's regime (1965-1978). It assesses the factors behind the ideological stances of the regime as well as the underlying causes behind the pragmatic foreign policy postures that the leadership adopted at that time. The study is divided into nine chapters. Chapter one presents a critical review of literature and outlines the research methodology adopted. Chapter two traces the historical background of the pre-Boumediennist era. Chapter three concentrates on the study of the state-level of analysis, it focuses on the domestic aspects of the Algerian decision-making process and seeks to give an account of the ideological influences on Algeria's economic policy. Chapter four looks into President Houari Boumedienne's policy-making process towards the Maghrib. Chapter five is devoted to Algeria's position on inter-Arab politics, including the Palestinian Question. Chapter six is a thorough analysis of Algeria's oil diplomacy. Chapters seven and eight examine Algeria's interaction with the Third World and its posture between East and West, respectively. The last chapter provides us with an insight into the impact of ideology on Boumedienne himself and on his decision making. This study believes that President Houari Boumedienne's ideological proclamations and pragmatic motivations were blurred. Although some policy actions appeared to be ideologically motivated, they were, in fact, taken because they were considered to be in the best interest of the state and the regime in power. The study is based on a documentary analysis of available material in Arabic, French and English. This has been supplemented with a number of interviews with personalities who were close to President Houari Boumedienne. IV Table of Contents Page Dedication. ii Acknowledgements. iii Abstract. iv Table of Contents. v PART I: Historical and Conceptual perspectives. Introduction. 1 Chapter One: Foreign Policy and the Role of Ideology: A critical review of literature. 5 1. Major Factors in the Making of Foreign Policy. 5 1.1 The Making of Foreign Policy and the Domestic Environment. 5 1.1.1 - Constants: 5 i The Conceptual framework and the bureaucratic needs. 5 ii Geographical features. 7 iii Topographical features. 7 1.1.2 -Variables: 8 i Population and social structure. 8 ii Social needs. 9 iii Domestic Instability. 9 iv The Country's leadership and the level of development. 10 v Public opinion. 10 vi Military capabilities. 11 1.2 The External environment. 11 2. The Role of Ideology in the Making and Implementation of Foreign Policy. 12 3. Major works on Algeria's Foreign Policy. 25 4. Methodology and data collection. 30 Chapter Two: The Evolution of Algeria's Foreign policy: origins and developments. 37 1. A Historical Background of the Pre-Boumedienne Era. 37 1.1 Ben Bella and the period of Independence. 39 2. The Context within which President Houari Boumedienne became leader. 45 ~. The Search for Foreign Policy. 48 Page PART TWO: The Study of the State-Level of Analysis. Chapter Three: Ideological Influences on Algeria's politics: The domestic dimension. 61 1. The Domestic Distribution of Power. 61 1.1 The Role of the National Liberation Front. 66 1.2. The Role of the Anny. 71 2. The Need for Economic Sovereignty and Development. 77 2.1 After the Transitional Period: The need for Economic readjustment. 77 2.1.1 - The Industrial Revolution. 81 2.1.2 - The Agricultural Revolution. 84 2.2. Ideological influences on Algeria's economic policy. 88 3. Cultural Independence in President Houari Boumedienne's Policies. 93 PART THREE: Systemic Influences on Algerian Foreign Policy. Chapter Four: Between National Interest and Geopolitics: Algeria and the Arab Maghrib. 106 1. The Importance of the Maghrib for Algeria. 106 1.1 The Question of identity. 108 1.2 The Emergence of the Maghrib and the historical ties between 111 Algeria and the other countries of the Maghrib. 2. President Houari Boumedienne's Policy towards the Maghrib. 115 3. Algerian Foreign Policy: between geopolitics and the dictates of ideology. 122 Chapter Five: Algeria, the Palestine Question and Inter-Arab Politics. 137 1. Algeria and the Palestine Question. 137 1.1 A Historical background. 138 1.2 Algeria's Politics towards the Palestinian Question. 139 2. Algeria and the Arab World. 144 2.1 Algeria and the Arab- Israeli Conflict. 144 2.2 Arab Integration in Algeria's politics. 148 2.3 Arab Disputes and the Algerian Position. 150 3. Algeria and Inter-Arab Cooperation. 156 VI page Chapter Six: 164 Algeria, OPEC, OAPEC and Oil Diplomacy. 1. Domestic detenninants of Algeria's oil policy. 164 2. Towards a Radical Oil Policy: Ideology in Algeria's oil policy. 166 3. Algeria's Pivotal Role in OPEC/OAPEC. 171 4. Oil as an Instrument in Boumedienne's Foreign Policy. 175 Chapter Seven: Third Worldism in Algeria's Foreign Policy. 183 1. The Thrust of Algeria's Third World Policy. 183 2. Algeria and the Non-Alignment Movement. 187 3. Algeria's efforts towards African Unity. 194 3.1 Algeria and the Organisation of African Unity. 194 3.2 Algerian Cooperation and Solidarity with African Countries. 200 Chapter Eight: Between East and West: Algeria, the Superpowers, Europe and the Cold 207 War. 1. The International Context of Boumedienne's East-West policy. 207 2. Algeria and the Superpowers: 210 2.1 Algeria and the United States. 213 2.1.1 Ideological influences on Algerian-American relations. 213 2.1.2 Pragmatism in Algeria's foreign policy. 217 2.2 Algeria and the Soviet Union. 218 3. Algeria and Western Europe. 222 P ART FOUR: The Individual Level of Analysis. Chapter Nine: Ideological Influences on President Houari Boumedienne. 228 1. Early Influences on Houari Boumedienne.
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