DOCSLIB.ORG

Renewable Energy in China Transiting to a Low-Carbon Economy DBS Asian Insights SECTOR BRIEFING 31 02

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Renewable Energy in China Transiting to a Low-Carbon Economy DBS Asian Insights SECTOR BRIEFING 31 02 SECTOR BRIEFING number DBS Asian Insights DBS Group31 Research • November 2016 Renewable Energy in China Transiting to a Low-Carbon Economy DBS Asian Insights SECTOR BRIEFING 31 02 Renewable Energy in China Transiting to a Low-Carbon Economy Patricia YEUNG Equity Analyst DBS Vickers (Hong Kong) [email protected] Addison DAI Equity Analyst DBS Vickers (Hong Kong) [email protected] Tony WU CFA Equity Analyst DBS Vickers (Hong Kong) [email protected] Produced by: Asian Insights Office • DBS Group Research go.dbs.com/research @dbsinsights [email protected] Chien Yen Goh Editor-in-Chief Jean Chua Managing Editor Geraldine Tan Editor Martin Tacchi Art Director DBS Asian Insights SECTOR BRIEFING 31 03 05 Introduction The Green Master Plan 06 Market-Oriented Energy Reform Wind Power – The Long Game 10 Brief History China’s 13th FYP and 2030 Wind-Capacity Targets The Era of UHV Transmission Wind-Power Production Bases China’s Wind-Power FIT Cuts IRR Study on China’s Wind-Power Projects Offshore Wind Sector Solar Power – Bright Sparks and Dark Spots 21 Solar Power Is Expected to Surge Centralised Versus Distributed Systems The Current Tariff System and Development Curtailment Risks in Certain Regions Subsidy Delay Hydropower – 33 More Opportunities for Small Plants Waste-to-Energy – 36 Grate Furnace or Fluidised Bed? Nuclear Power – 45 On the Verge of Take-Off DBS Asian Insights SECTOR BRIEFING 31 04 DBS Asian Insights SECTOR BRIEFING 31 05 Introduction China is actively rolling out its renewable energy plan which will bring about abundant growth opportunities for renewable energy plays. The energy reform is also an important part of the Chinese government’s plan to go green because the reform will bring out a more efficient power network and allow more interactive matching of supply and demand through intelligent energy networks. This will in turn facilitate the usage of renewable energy. Cumulative installed capacity is expected to exceed 210 gigawatts (GW) and 110 GW for wind and solar power by 2020, respectively. Curtailment has been a key challenge for the industry, but we expect the curtailment rate to improve due to the guaranteed purchase utilisation hours, the Renewable Portfolio Standard, and the roll-out of Ultra High Voltage power transmission lines from 2017 onwards. After consulting with top wind industry consultants on a study on internal rates of return (IRR), we have a differentiated view that new wind installation growth in 2016-17 will temporarily shift towards Zone IV. We believe installation will eventually skew back again to Zone I and II, where the wind is strongest. We also believe that the downward adjustment in solar feed-in-tariff will have minimum impact on project IRR because the continuous downtrend in construction cost can offset the negative impact. DBS Asian Insights SECTOR BRIEFING 31 06 The Green Master Plan China’s 13th Five-Year Plan (FYP) (2016 -2020) is believed to be the country’s greenest ever, under which the government is shifting the economy away from fossil fuels and towards renewable and clean energy. This is positive for renewable-energy companies because of the enormous business opportunities offered under the plan. In particular, installed capacity of hydropower, wind power, solar power, and nuclear power is expected to grow around 6%, more than 45%, more than 156%, and 115%, respectively during the 13th FYP. Although waste-to-energy accounts for a small part of power production, increasing demand for municipal waste treatment will also drive robust growth for the sector. After decreasing carbon intensity (i.e. amount of carbon emitted per unit of GDP) by 20% during the 12th FYP (versus its target of 17-18%), the government is aiming to lower it by another 18% in the 13th FYP. China also beat its energy intensity reduction target (16- 17%) by lowering the amount of energy consumed per unit of GDP by 18.2% during the 12th FYP. The target is set at 15% for the 13th FYP. These targets are vital in achieving China’s pledges for the Paris Agreement, including: 1. Peaking of carbon dioxide emission around 2030 and making best efforts to peak early; 2. Reducing carbon intensity by 60-65% from the 2005 level; 3. Increasing non-fossil energy to 20% of its energy consumption by 2030; and 4. Increasing the forest stock volume by around 4.5 billion cubic metres from the 2005 level. Diagram 1. Breakdown of electricity production in China (2015) Source: CEIC DBS Asian Insights SECTOR BRIEFING 31 07 Diagram 2. 13th FYP targets 12th FYP 13th FYP Water use intensity (%) (30) (23) Energy consumption intensity (%) (17) (15) Non-fossil energy (as percentage of total 12 15 energy consumption) (%) Carbon intensity (%) (18) (18) Air quality Proportion of days reaching good air quality in 76.7 >80 prefecture level cities (%) Emission of PM2.5 (%) n.a. -18 Surface water Water body reaching category III or above (%) 66 >70 Below category V water body (%) 9.7 <5 Emission amount (%) Chemical oxygen demand -8 -10 Ammonia nitrogen -10 -10 Sulphur dioxide -8 -15 Nitrogen oxide -10 -15 2015 13th FYP Installed capacity (GW) Hydropower 320 340 Wind power 145 >210 Solar power 43 >110 Nuclear power 27 58 Source: National Development and Reform Commission According to data from CEIC, non-fossil energy accounted for about 26% of total electricity production in 2015. A majority came from hydropower, accounting for 19% of total electricity production. The National Energy Administration (NEA) has released “Guiding Opinion on Establishing Renewable Portfolio Standards” which requires each independent power producer to have non-hydro renewable-energy output of no less than 9% of the total output in 2020. These targets are underpinned by plans drafted by various provinces. For instance, Beijing aims to further increase the percentage of clean energy from 86% of primary energy consumption in 2015 to at least 90% by 2020, of which renewable energy will be around 8%. Gansu has set the percentage at about 19% while Jiangsu, Jiangxi, and Ningxia have a lower target of about 10%. Beijing aims to further increase the percentage of clean energy from 86% of primary energy consumption in 2015 to at least 90% by 2020 DBS Asian Insights SECTOR BRIEFING 31 08 Diagram 3. Forecasting China’s carbon emissions Source: US Energy Information Administration, International Energy Agency (IEA), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Tsinghua University Diagram 4. China’s carbon intensity reduction, relative to 2005 levels Source: US Energy Information Administration, International Energy Agency (IEA), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Tsinghua University DBS Asian Insights SECTOR BRIEFING 31 09 In fact, the International Energy Agency, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Tsinghua University projected that China would be able to meet or exceed its commitment for both the Copenhagen Summit in 2009 and the Paris Agreement in 2015, with accelerated effort and new energy policies. A slower pace in energy consumption under the new economic norm is also positive for the Chinese government in its shift towards renewable energy. Market-Oriented Energy Reform The energy reform is also an important part of the Chinese government’s plan to go green because the reform will bring out a more efficient power network and allow more interactive matching of supply and demand through intelligent energy networks. This will in turn facilitate the usage of renewable energy. After the Chinese government broke up the monopoly of the country’s two power-grid companies on power supply, there are now more players in the wholesale power market. Following a trial period of two years for power-pricing reform in selected regions, the reform will be expanded nationwide in 2017, with an aim to remove official interference in price- setting and allow for the market to set prices. Power will be sold through direct negotiation between generators and large users. After the country’s power reform, direct power supply now accounts for around 20% of coal-fired independent power producers’ (IPPs) electricity sales; renewable energy IPPs are following suit. For instance, Longyuan Power and Huaneng Renewables, China’s two largest wind-farm operators, supply power directly to the customers. We estimate the direct power-supply ratio could reach 5-10% in 2016-17. These reforms should result in lower electricity prices, particularly for industrial and commercial users. Inter-province electricity exchanges would also be encouraged. DBS Asian Insights SECTOR BRIEFING 31 10 Wind Power – The Long Game Brief History China’s wind power industry started its large-scale development ten years ago, with policies in 2005 (for example, wind turbines need to have 70% domestic content) and 2009 (introduced feed-in-tariff, or FIT, for onshore wind-farm projects) that increased cumulative installed and grid-connected wind capacity to 114.6 GW and 96.4 GW, respectively, by the end of 2014. The strong grid-connected wind capacity in 2009 led directly to turbine failures caused by technical malfunction (mainly transformer breakdowns). This in turn was due to an absence of low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability in wind turbines. This resulted in an industry downturn in 2011 and 2012 as the government tightened the approval for wind-power projects. The industry began to recover in 2013 after the LVRT issues were solved. China’s 13th FYP and 2030 Wind-Capacity Targets China targets cumulative installed wind capacity to exceed 210 GW by 2020 and 450 GW by 2030. As of end-2015, China’s installed wind capacity and grid-connected wind capacity was 145 GW and 129 GW, respectively. In 2015, China installed 30.5 GW of wind power capacity and connected 32.6 GW of wind capacity. If history is any guidance, China usually over-delivers on its wind-capacity installation target (2010: actual 45 GW versus target of 10 GW; 2015: actual 145 GW versus target of 100 GW).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Can Brazil Replicate China's Successful Solar Industry?
    Can Brazil replicate China’s successful solar industry? He Nuoshu and Fabio Couto Jr. A solar power station in Xuzhou, Jiangsu province, southeast China (Image: Zhiyong Fu / Greenpeace) China’s booming solar market offers many lessons for other emerging economies This report examines the shared experiences of China and Brazil in both nations’ efforts to develop domestic solar industries. The report, which synthesises two articles and includes policy recommendations borrowed from the Chinese experience, first appeared on Diálogo Chino and is published in partnership with Instituto Clima e Sociedade (ICS). History China’s solar power sector started to boom in recent years – not only in manufacturing, but also in domestic installations – thanks to strong government backing and a favourable policy environment. The rate of growth has stunned the world, as has the falling cost, beating expectations even of industry insiders. By the end of 2015, China had 43 gigawatts of installed solar power, and had overtaken Germany, another country that saw strong industrial policy supporting solar power, as the global leader. Last year, eight of the top-10 solar PV module manufacturers were Chinese. But the history is a longer one. The Chinese government has supported research and development (R&D) on solar PV since the 1950s, mainly for its uses in space. A PV module manufacturing industry developed during the 1990s. It remained small and of variable quality but became a crucial part of providing energy access to remote communities. The Brightness Programme, launched in 1996, was the first national policy to bring electricity access to off-grid areas of western China using renewable energy.
    [Show full text]
  • Clean Energy Development in China --The Real Potential and Real Challenge
    Clean energy development in China --the real potential and real challenge Include a relevant picture or December 04, Tsinghua University event theme banner to make the slide more interesting Lixiao ZHANG, Professor School of Environment Beijing Normal University Today’s Topics 1 The resource potential and development status of China’s CE 2 Renewability of biomass energy in China 3 MFA/LCA/EA of wind power development in China Clean energy development in China Date and Location Pre-talk questions Why for clean production and recycling? What’s the difference between the concepts of clean energy, renewable energy, non-fossil energy? Do you think or believe clean energy will play a big role in future energy mix in China as well as at worldwide? Clean energy development in China Date and Location Changes of focus for sustainable development in China Xu, 2019 Clean energy development in China Date and Location Cleaner production and clean energy Clean energy development in China Date and Location Cleaner production and clean energy Clean energy development in China Date and Location The resource potential and development status of China’s CE Clean energy development in China Date and Location Clean energy family Hydroenergy Wind Energy Solar Energy Biomass Energy Geothermal Energy Nuclear energy Clean energy development in China Date and Location The resource potentialGLOBAL WIND ATLAS estimation MEAN WIND POWER DENSITY MAP CHINA Hydro energy resource Wind resource Solar resource Technical exploitation Explored capacity Type This map is printed using the Global Wind Atlas online application website (v.3.0) owned by the Technical University of Denmark.
    [Show full text]
  • LCOE Analysis of Tower Concentrating Solar Power Plants Using Different Molten-Salts for Thermal Energy Storage in China
    energies Article LCOE Analysis of Tower Concentrating Solar Power Plants Using Different Molten-Salts for Thermal Energy Storage in China Xiaoru Zhuang, Xinhai Xu * , Wenrui Liu and Wenfu Xu School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; [email protected] (X.Z.); [email protected] (W.L.); [email protected] (W.X.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 11 March 2019; Accepted: 8 April 2019; Published: 11 April 2019 Abstract: In recent years, the Chinese government has vigorously promoted the development of concentrating solar power (CSP) technology. For the commercialization of CSP technology, economically competitive costs of electricity generation is one of the major obstacles. However, studies of electricity generation cost analysis for CSP systems in China, particularly for the tower systems, are quite limited. This paper conducts an economic analysis by applying a levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) model for 100 MW tower CSP plants in five locations in China with four different molten-salts for thermal energy storage (TES). The results show that it is inappropriate to build a tower CSP plant nearby Shenzhen and Shanghai. The solar salt (NaNO3-KNO3, 60-40 wt.%) has lower LCOE than the other three new molten-salts. In order to calculate the time when the grid parity would be reached, four scenarios for CSP development roadmap proposed by International Energy Agency (IEA) were considered in this study. It was found that the LCOE of tower CSP would reach the grid parity in the years of 2038–2041 in the case of no future penalties for the CO2 emissions.
    [Show full text]
  • Examining Solar Energy Policy in China and India: a Comparative Study of the Potential for Energy Security and Sustainable Development
    Master thesis in Sustainable Development 237 Examensarbete i Hållbar utveckling Examining Solar Energy Policy in China and India: A Comparative Study of the Potential for Energy Security and Sustainable Development. Sarah Kok DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES INSTITUTIONEN FÖR GEOVETENSKAPER Master thesis in Sustainable Development 237 Examensarbete i Hållbar utveckling Examining Solar Energy Policy in China and India: A Comparative Study of the Potential for Energy Security and Sustainable Development. Sarah Kok Supervisor: Ashok Swain Evaluator: Gloria Gallardo Copyright © Sarah Kok and the Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University Published at Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University (www.geo.uu.se), Uppsala, 2015 Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Background 3 2.1 Climate Change Background 3 2.2 Advantages of Renewable Energy 5 2.3 Advantages of Solar Energy 6 3. Solar Energy Policy and Deployment Background 7 4. The Chinese and Indian Context 8 4.1 The Context of Solar Energy Policy in China 9 4.2 The Solar Energy Sector in China 10 4.3 The Context of Solar Energy Policy in India 11 4.4 The Solar Energy Sector in India 12 5. Methodology 12 5.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Case Studies 14 6. Justification 16 7. Policy Framework Assessment Criteria 18 7.1 Effectiveness 19 7.2 Efficiency 19 7.3 Equity 20 7.4 Institutional Feasibility 21 8. Results of the Comparative Case Studies 22 8.1 Case Study 1: Periods of Solar Energy Policy Development and Investment to Expand Domestic Installed Capacity 22 8.1.1 Analysis of Case Study
    [Show full text]
  • Blue Book for Industry Development of Chinese Concentrated Solar Power and Solar Heating in 2016
    Blue Book for Industry Development of Chinese Concentrated Solar Power and Solar Heating in 2016 China National Solar Thermal Energy Alliance March, 2017, Beijing，CHINA Editor IN Chief: Zhifeng Wang, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Editors: Zhifeng Wang, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Concentrated Solar Power) Ming Yang, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Solar Heating) Jing Zhan, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Industrial Policy and Data Statistics of CSP) Proofreader: For English Version Alina Gilmanova, UNICAMP, Brazil Bei Yang, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences For Chinese Version Jianhan Zhang, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences This book can be free downloaded from the following website: http://www.cnste.org/ Contents A introduction About China National Solar Thermal Energy Alliance. ................ 2 1. Development of Concentrated Solar Power in China ........................................ 3 1.1 Overview of enterprises and production capacity in CSP sector .............. 7 1.1.1 Overview of enterprises related to CSP industry ............................ 7 1.1.2 Newly emerged enterprises during the 12th FYP period ............... 10 1.1.3 Number of production lines .......................................................... 12 1.2 Economic overview ................................................................................ 13 1.2.1
    [Show full text]
  • Mass Internment Camp Implementation, Abuses
    CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA ANNUAL REPORT 2020 ONE HUNDRED SIXTEENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION DECEMBER 2020 Printed for the use of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China ( Available via the World Wide Web: https://www.cecc.gov 2020 ANNUAL REPORT CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA ANNUAL REPORT 2020 ONE HUNDRED SIXTEENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION DECEMBER 2020 Printed for the use of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China ( Available via the World Wide Web: https://www.cecc.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 40–674 PDF WASHINGTON : 2020 CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA LEGISLATIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS House Senate JAMES P. MCGOVERN, Massachusetts, MARCO RUBIO, Florida, Co-chair Chair JAMES LANKFORD, Oklahoma MARCY KAPTUR, Ohio TOM COTTON, Arkansas THOMAS SUOZZI, New York STEVE DAINES, Montana TOM MALINOWSKI, New Jersey TODD YOUNG, Indiana BEN MCADAMS, Utah DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California CHRISTOPHER SMITH, New Jersey JEFF MERKLEY, Oregon BRIAN MAST, Florida GARY PETERS, Michigan VICKY HARTZLER, Missouri ANGUS KING, Maine EXECUTIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS To Be Appointed JONATHAN STIVERS, Staff Director PETER MATTIS, Deputy Staff Director (II) CONTENTS Page Section I. Executive Summary ................................................................................ 1 a. Statement From the Chairs ......................................................................... 1 b. Overview ....................................................................................................... 3 c. Key
    [Show full text]
  • Policy and Market Drivers for Advancing Clean Energy
    Policy and market drivers for advancing clean energy Chapter submission for edited book “Advances in Clean Energy Technologies” Steven Dahlke1 John Sterling2 Colin Meehan2 Working draft, last updated 10/8/2019 Abstract This chapter reviews important policies and market trends shaping the global development of clean energy technologies. Stimulus policies in the form of feed-in tariffs, tax relief, and renewable portfolio standards along with substantial research & development enabled clean energy projects to overcome early commercialization barriers. As a result, clean energy project costs are now competitive with or lower than conventional fossil fuels in most markets around the world. Policymakers and energy consumers are responding by increasing clean energy targets to high levels approaching 100% in a growing number of jurisdictions. Business models are adapting to this new environment and energy market structures are evolving to enable successful operations of high renewable energy systems. Markets structures, policies, and technologies that enhance system flexibility for efficient renewable energy integration represent the most promising future area of research in this field. Keywords: energy policy, energy economics, clean energy, renewable energy, wind, solar. 1 US Department of Energy Solar Energy Innovator Research Fellow 2 First Solar 1 1. Introduction Clean energy technologies have advanced at a remarkable pace in recent decades. Despite significant progress, an acceleration is desired by many to address today’s multi-dimensional global challenges including climate change mitigation, poverty reduction, ecological degradation, economic growth, and national security [1]. The policy environment and market design surrounding clean energy have been among the most important factors determining where early-stage clean energy technologies are deployed.
    [Show full text]
  • TACR: PRC: Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Development
    Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report Project Number: 43356 / TA 7402 Capacity Development Technical Assistance (CDTA) January 2012 People’s Republic of China: Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Development (Financed by the Climate Change Fund) Prepared by: Team Leader: Jorge Servert; Co-Team Leader: Wang Zhifeng; International Technical Expert: Diego Martinez; International Financial Expert: Zhu Li; Coordinator: Hu Jicai; National Technical Experts: Ma Chongfan, Huan Dongfeng, Lu Zhenwu, Zhang Suhua, Lin Bao, lui Huaiquan, Chen Changzheng. Revisions: Revision Date Comment Signatures Originated Checked Approved by by by ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank AEBIOM – European Biomass Association AEEG – Gas and Electric Energy Authority ARRA – American Recovery and Reinvestment Act CAPEX – Capital Expenditures CAS – Chinese academy of Sciences CHEC – China Huadian Engineering Company CO – Coordinator CNRS – Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CRS – Power Towers or Central Receiver Systems CSIRO – Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization CSP – Concentrating Solar Thermal CSP – Concentrating Solar Power CTL – Co-Team Leader DE – Dish/engine Systems DLR – Germany's national research center for aeronautics and space DNI – Direct Normal Irradiation DSG – Direct Steam Generation EA – Environmental Analyst EEC – Energy Economist EGEC – European Geothermal Energy Council EIRF – Environmental Impact Registration Form EIS – Environmental Impact Statement ENEA – Ente Nazionale per l’Energia, l’Ambiente e le Nuove
    [Show full text]
  • ANNUAL REPORT 2015 168-200 Connaught Road Central, Hong Kong ANNUAL 2015 REPORT
    UNITED PHOTOVOLTAICS GROUP LIMITED GROUP UNITED PHOTOVOLTAICS UNITED PHOTOVOLTAICS GROUP LIMITED Hong Kong Stock Code: 00686 UNITED PHOTOVOLTAICS GROUP LIMITED Unit 1012, 10/F, West Tower, Shun Tak Centre ANNUAL REPORT 2015 168-200 Connaught Road Central, Hong Kong www.unitedpvgroup.com ANNUAL REPORT 2015 ANNUAL United Photovoltaics Group Limited • Annual Report 2015 2 Letter to Investors Contents 8 Company Profile 9 Corporate Information 10 Biographies of Directors and Senior Management 16 2015 Highlights 18 2015 Awards 22 Investor Relations 26 Management Discussion and Analysis 38 Report of Corporate Governance 57 Directors’ Report 73 Independent Auditor’s Report 75 Consolidated Statement of Profit or Loss 77 Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income 78 Consolidated Statement of Financial Position 80 Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity 82 Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows 84 Notes to the Financial Statements 163 Five-year Financial Summary 164 Information for Investors 2 United Photovoltaics Group Limited • Annual Report 2015 Letter to Investors Dear valued investors, The year 2015 witnessed the end of China’s “12th Five-year Plan” and the formulation of the “13th Five-year Plan”. In this year, China implemented its “economical, clean and secure” energy strategy and accelerated the transformation of energy consumption structure. United Photovoltaics Group Limited (“United PV” or the “Company”, together with its subsidiaries, the “Group”) closely followed the national development policies on the new energy industry, further consolidated the fundamentals of the Group. In 2015 the Group accelerated the acquisition and development of solar power plants, proactively broadened our financing channels, enhanced the smart management level of solar power plants with the aid of advanced technology, and built a talent team.
    [Show full text]
  • Accelerating Innovation in China's Solar, Wind and Energy Storage
    Public Disclosure Authorized Accelerating Innovation in Public Disclosure Authorized China’s Solar, Wind and Energy Storage Sectors Public Disclosure Authorized Smita Kuriakose, Joanna Lewis, Jeremy Tamanini and Shahid Yusuf Trade and Competitiveness Global Practice Public Disclosure Authorized Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 4 Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... 5 Role of Government and Policy Recommendations .................................................................................. 5 Increase support for early-stage innovation .......................................................................................... 6 Design the domestic venture capital market to avoid pitfalls experienced by foreign peers ............... 6 Further leverage strong record at commercializing cleantech innovations ......................................... 7 Continue to focus on dynamic cost innovation ....................................................................................... 7 Take a more comprehensive approach to measuring innovation ......................................................... 7 Strengthen the political, regulatory and business environment for innovators ................................... 8 Connect China with global innovation networks ...................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Pao-Yu Ching's from Victory to Defeat
    From Victory to Defeat China's Socialist Road and Capitalist Reversal Pao-yu Ching Foreign Languages Press Foreign Languages Press Collection “New Roads” #1 A collection directed by Christophe Kistler Contact – [email protected] https://foreignlanguages.press Paris, 2019 1st Edition ISBN: 978-2-491182-01-4 This book is under license Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Contents Preface 1 J. Moufawad-Paul Introduction 9 Question I. Karl Marx anticipated that socialist revolution 15 was likely to occur first in countries where capitalism had reached a more advanced stage. Why did socialist revolution occur first in Russia and then in China where capitalism was only in the early stage of development? Question II. How do we determine if China’s development 19 from 1956 to 1978 was socialist? Question II. (A) How were the relations of production changed 20 in the state-owned industrial sector? Question II. (B) How did the relations of production change in 30 the collectively-owned agricultural sector? Question III. How did the superstructure change from feu- 39 dal and capitalist to socialist from 1949 to 1978, and how important was the Cultural Revolution to this change? Question IV. What were some additional achievements 51 made during China’s socialist development? Question V. What was China’s socialist development strat- 59 egy? How was China’s socialist development different from colonial and semi-colonial countries pursuing capitalist development? Question VI. What Challenges and Difficulties did China 70 Face During Socialist Construction? Question VII.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Transition in the Power Sector in China: State of Affairs in 2016
    Energy Transition in the Power Sector in China: State of Affairs in 2016 Review on the Developments in 2016 and an Outlook ANALYSIS * * RES-Share on power consumption Energy Transition in the Power Sector in China: State of Affairs in 2016 IMPRINT ANALYSIS MANY THANKS TO: Energy Transition in the Power Sector in China: Sandra Retzer and Xinnan Wang (GIZ) State of Affairs in 2016 Review on the Developments in 2016 and an Outlook COMMISSIONED BY: China National Renewable Energy Centre Room B2204-2209 Guohong Mansion Mu xidi Beili, Jia No. 11 Xicheng District | Beijing 100038 | China www.cnrec.org.cn Agora Energiewende Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Straße 2 10178 Berlin | Germany www.agora-energiewende.de AUTHORS: Energy Brainpool Brandenburgische Str. 86/87 10713 Berlin | Germany Simon Göß Please cite as: Marie-Louise Niggemeier Energy Brainpool (2017): Energy Transition in the Power Sector in China: State of Affairs in 2016. Review on the Developments in 2016 and an Layout: UKEX GRAPHIC, Germany Urs Karcher Outlook. Analysis on behalf of Agora Energie- Cover image: own illustration wende and China National Renewable Energy Centre. 116/06-A-2017/EN Publication: June 2017 www.agora-energiewende.de Revised version www.cnrec.org.cn Preface Dear readers, Last year, China overtook Germany as the world’s the Paris climate agreement, despite the USA’s recent leader for installed solar capacity. In 2016 alone, volte-face. 34 GW solar PV were installed in China, while Germany merely added a single GW. This is not In this annual review, we provide a more compre- China’s only distinction.
    [Show full text]