Identification and Control of Common Weeds: Volume 3 Zhenghao Xu • Le Chang

Identification and Control of Common Weeds: Volume 3 Zhenghao Xu Le Chang Zhejiang University Zhejiang University Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

ISBN 978-981-10-5402-0 ISBN 978-981-10-5403-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-5403-7

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This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface

There are 253 species of weeds introduced in the book. The introduced weeds, mostly herbaceous, often occur in the fields or in the ruderal components of a com- munity, terrestrially or aquatically. The illustrated species include 197 dicotyledonous flowering plants, along with two parasitic species in the Convolvulaceae family, and 54 monocotyledous flowering herbaceous plants, along with 2 species of liver- wort and moss, Marchantia polymorpha and Funaria hygrometrica. The dicotyledonous weeds illustrated in the book belong to 20 different families, mostly herbaceous, except for several species of shrubs, such as Vitex negundo var. cannabifolia in the Vitex genus within the Lamiaceae family and Buddleja lindleyana in the Buddleja genus within the Buddlejaceae family. More than 70 percent of weeds in the dicotyledonous class are within six families, including Apiaceae or Umbelliferae, Primulaceae, Convolvulaceae, Lamiaceae, Plantaginaceae, and Asteraceae, with 11, 10, 14, 24, 11, and 76 species, respectively. Five families, consisting of Buddlejaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Orobanchaceae, Mazaceae, and Campanulaceae, have only one or two species illustrated, and the other nine families, including Apocynaceae, Boraginaceae, Verbenaceae, Solanaceae, Linderniaceae, Acanthaceae, Rubiaceae, Capribitaceae, and Cucurbitaceae, have three to nine species arranged. Many species of dicotyledonous weeds are common ones appearing in paddy fields, such as Lindernia procumbens, Lindernia antipoda, and Bidens frondosa. Meanwhile, the majority of species in the dicotyledonous class are the weeds in wheat or rape fields, for example,Bothriospermum tenellum, Trigonotis peduncularis, Lamium amplexicaule, Salvia plebeian, Veronica peregrina, Lindernia crustacea, and Galium aparine var. tenerum. In addition, Androsace umbellata, Cuscuta japonica, Cuscuta chinensis, Calystegia sepium, Ipomoea nil, Salvia plebeia, and Solanum nigrum are usually the common upland weeds in corn or soybean fields. Nine species of weeds introduced in the book, consisting of Cuscuta japonica, Cuscuta chinensis, Solanum torvum, Solanum carolinense, Solanum rostratum, Xanthium chinense, Xanthium occidentale, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, and Lactuca serriola, are known as quarantine weeds in many countries and regions in the world nowadays, which are carried or spread mainly by food importation or seed

v vi Preface

transportation. Meanwhile, there are 28 species, including 2 species, Daucus carota and Cyclospermum leptophyllum, in the Apiaceae family; 4 species, Ipomoea triloba, Ipomoea hederifolia, Ipomoea purpurea, and Ipomoea nil, in the Convolvulaceae family; 1 species, Lantana camara, in the Verbenaceae family; 3 species, Physalis pubescens, Nicandra physalodes, and Datura stramonium, in the Solanaceae family; 5 species, Plantago virginica, Veronica arvensis, Veronica polita, Veronica persica, and Veronica hederifolia, in the Plantaginaceae family; and 14 species, Ageratum conyzoides, Solidago canadensis, Aster subulatus, Erigeron annuus, Erigeron philadelphicus, Conyza canadensis, Conyza bonariensis, Conyza sumatrensis, Helianthus tuberosus, Bidens frondosa, Bidens pilosa, Soliva anthemifolia, Sonchus asper, and Sonchus oleraceus, in the Asteraceae family, that are com- monly known as invasive weeds in some countries and regions in the world. Three species, Glehnia littoralis in the Apiaceae family, Lysimachia congestiflora in the Primulaceae family, and Gynostemma pentaphyllum in the Cucurbitaceae family, are regarded as rare and valuable plants for their important economical and scientific research values. Fifty-four species of monocotyledonous plants illustrated in the book, dispersed in 20 different families, occurring terrestrially or aquatically, are mostly the herbaceous plants in ruderal environments and sometimes in paddy fields or upland areas. Pistia stratiotes, Eichhornia crassipes, Lemna minor, and Spirodela polyrhiza are aquatic floating plants, with the former two being common in water places of lakes and ponds or sometimes in ditches and the latter two in paddy fields or other aquatic cultivated plant areas. Some monocotyledonous weeds, such as Sagittaria pygmaea, Sagittaria trifolia, Murdannia triquetra, Monochoria vaginalis and Juncus alatus, are the common weeds in paddy fields or other shallow aquatic cultivated areas, which are always the troublesome ones, relying on the heavy usage of herbicides for effective management. Others, such as Pinellia ternata, Pinellia pedatisecta, Commelina communis, Commelina benghalensis, Allium macrostemon, Barnardia japonica, Dioscorea bulbifera, Dioscorea polystachya, Dioscorea japonica and Spiranthes sinensis, occur frequently in upland fields, and sometimes appear in gar- dens or in ruderal habitats. Several species of monocotyledonous plants, such as Potamogeton crispus, Hydrilla verticillata, and Vallisneria natans, are common submerged plants, which are distributed in many regions in the world and widely used in the eutrophic resto- ration of water bodies nowadays. Some species of monocotyledonous plants, such as Typha orientalis, Typha angustifolia, Alisma orientale, Hydrocharis dubia, Acorus gramineus, Pontederia cordata, and Thalia dealbata, are employed as emer- gent plants in many districts in the world for the removal of water eutrophication and also for ornamental purposes, and sometimes some of them become the weeds because of intentional introduction. Tradescantia ohiensis, Setcreasea purpurea, Juncus effusus, Reineckea carnea, Hemerocallis fulva, Liriope spicata, Liriope muscari, Ophiopogon japonicus, Lycoris radiata, Zephyranthes candida, Tulbaghia violacea, Sisyrinchium rosulatum, and Hedychium coronarium are usually cultivated for ornamental purposes, and some of them become plants or weeds in aquatic surroundings, grasslands, wetlands, or ruderal communities. Preface vii

Two common aquatic floating species in the monocotyledonous class, namely, Pistia stratiotes, in the Araceae family, and Eichhornia crassipes, in the Pontederiaceae family, are frequently regarded as invasive species worldwide. With the help of morphological description and the accurate, clear pictures of the plants at different stages, many species in the book can be recognized immediately, especially in the flowering stage, while some species can be confused with each other because of their analogous appearances. Two species in the Primulaceae family, namely, Lysimachia parvifolia and Lysimachia candida, belonging to the same genus, are very similar to each other, with the main differences being that the former has a slender stem and its sterile branchlets are usually stretching and pendulous. Two species in different families, namely, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, in the family of Cucurbitaceae, and Cayratia japonica, in the family of Vitaceae, are extremely alike, both with 5–9 leaflets (pedate-like), and can always perplex if recognition is only based on vegetative plants; however, they can be distinguished from each other by inspecting the flower and inflorescence. Many examples can be given in species of the same genus or in different genera in the same family or in different families. There are more than 10000 species of moss in about 700 genera distributed worldwide, which do not receive much attention due to their small or inconspicuous featureserent, but they do play important roles in reducing erosion, in conserving moisture, or even in maintaining the diversity of forests, shrubs, and ruderal environments. Mosses often anchor to plants through their rhizoids and reproduce mainly by means of spores with the help of water and often form aggressively dense masses when the situation is suitable. Funaria hygrometrica, the only species of moss illustrated in the book, usually becomes a troublesome weed in vegetable fields, economical forests, and other humid cultivated areas and cannot be eradi- cated easily for a long time in such areas. Just like mosses, the liverworts also reproduce by way of spores generated in a capsule, with distinct gametophyte and sporophyte phases, usually thriving in moist, damp surroundings, and become a weed in moist or wet forests, grasslands, or vegetable fields. One species of liver- wort, Marchantia polymorpha, in the Marchantiaceae family, is usually a common weed in wet or moist cultivated sites, which cannot be cleaned up easily once its population is established. Based on the emblematical characteristics of the species, the communities of weeds in fields can be effectively established, and the suitable themes of weed management can surely be made. The weeds introduced in the book also can be annual and perennial, and the themes of weed management should be employed according to the biology of the weeds, especially in chemical control. It is always very difficult to clean up the perennial weeds when they establish a population in the fields, as they can only be managed by chemical herbicides.

Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China Zhenghao Xu Le Chang Contents

Part I 197 Species in Dicotyledonous Class Within 20 Families 1 Apiaceae or Umbelliferae...... 3 1.1 Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban...... 4 1.2 Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC...... 8 1.3 Torilis scabra (Thunb.) DC...... 12 1.4 Daucus carota Linn...... 16 1.5 Coriandrum sativum Linn...... 23 1.6 Cyclospermum leptophyllum (Pers.) Sprague ex Britton et P.Wilson...... 25 1.7 Oenanthe javanica (Blume.) DC...... 29 1.8 Cryptotaenia japonica Hassk...... 35 1.9 Cnidium monnieri (Linn.) Cuss...... 38 1.10 Glehnia littoralis Fr. Schmidt ex Miq...... 42 1.11 Angelica polymorpha Maxim...... 47 2 Primulaceae...... 51 2.1 Primula merrilliana Schltr...... 51 2.2 Androsace umbellata (Lour.) Merr...... 55 2.3 Anagallis arvensis Linn...... 58 2.4 Anagallis arvensis Linn. f. coerulea (Schreb.) Baumg...... 60 2.5 Lysimachia christiniae Hance...... 62 2.6 Lysimachia congestiflora Hamsl...... 67 2.7 Lysimachia fortunei Maxim...... 69 2.8 Lysimachia barystachys Bunge...... 74 2.9 Lysimachia parvifolia Franch. ex Hemsl...... 76 2.10 Lysimachia candida Lindl...... 79 3 Buddlejaceae ...... 83 3.1 Buddleja lindleyana Fort...... 83

ix x Contents

4 Apocynaceae...... 87 4.1 Trachelospermum jasminoides (Lindl.) Lem...... 87 4.2 Metaplexis japonica (Thunb.) Makino...... 91 4.3 Cynanchum chinense R. Br...... 94 5 Convolvulaceae...... 99 5.1 Cuscuta japonica Choisy...... 100 5.2 Cuscuta chinensis Lam...... 103 5.3 Dichondra micrantha Urban...... 105 5.4 Porana racemosus (Wallich) Sweet...... 108 5.5 Calystegia sepium (Linn.) R. Br...... 111 5.6 Calystegia hederacea Wall. ex Roxb...... 113 5.7 Merremia hederacea (Burm.f.) Hall. f...... 116 5.8 Ipomoea aquatica Forsk...... 120 5.9 Ipomoea triloba Linn...... 125 5.10 Ipomoea hederifolia Linn...... 129 5.11 Ipomoea lacunosa Linn...... 131 5.12 Ipomoea purpurea (Linn.) Roth...... 136 5.13 Ipomoea nil (Linn.) Roth...... 140 5.14 Ipomoea quamoclit Linn...... 144 6 Boraginaceae...... 149 6.1 Lithospermum zollingeri DC...... 149 6.2 Symphytum offincinale Linn...... 152 6.3 Bothriospermum zeylanicum (J. Jacq.) Druce...... 154 6.4 Trigonotis peduncularis (Trev.) Benth. ex Baker et Moore...... 158 7 Verbenaceae...... 163 7.1 Verbena officinalis Linn...... 163 7.2 Verbena hybrida Voss...... 166 7.3 Verbena bipinnatifida Nutt...... 169 7.4 Verbena tenera Spreng...... 173 7.5 Lantana camara Linn...... 176 8 Lamiaceae...... 181 8.1 Caryopteris incana (Thunb. ex Hout.) Miq...... 182 8.2 Vitex negundo Linn. var. cannabifolia (Sieb. et Zucc.) Hand. –Mazz...... 184 8.3 Ajuga decumbens Thunb...... 188 8.4 Scutellaria indica Linn...... 191 8.5 Glechoma longituba (Nakai) Kupr...... 194 8.6 Prunella vulgaris Linn...... 199 8.7 Phlomis umbrosa Turcz...... 202 8.8 Leonurus japonicus Houttuyn...... 205 8.9 Leonurus artemisia (Lour.) S.Y.Wu var. albiflorus (Migo) S.Y.Wu...... 209 8.10 Lamium amplexicaule Linn...... 213 Contents xi

8.11 Lamium barbatum Sieb. et Zucc...... 217 8.12 Stachys japonica Miq...... 220 8.13 Salvia plebeia R. Br...... 224 8.14 Salvia japonica Thunb...... 227 8.15 Clinopodium gracile (Benth.) Matsum...... 231 8.16 Clinopodium confine (Hance) O. Ktze...... 234 8.17 Clinopodium chinense (Benth.) O. Ktze...... 238 8.18 Clinopodium urticifolium (Hance) C.Y.Wu et Hsuan ex H.W.Li...... 241 8.19 Mentha canadensis Linn...... 245 8.20 Lycopus lucidus Turcz...... 250 8.21 Perilla frutescens (Linn.) Britt...... 253 8.22 Mosla scabra (Thunb.) C.Y.Wu et H.W.Li...... 257 8.23 Elsholtzia argyi Lévl...... 260 8.24 Elsholtzia splendens Nakai ex F.Maekawa...... 263 9 Solanaceae...... 267 9.1 Physalis angulata Linn...... 267 9.2 Physalis pubescens Linn...... 271 9.3 Nicandra physalodes (Linn.) Gaertn...... 276 9.4 Solanum torvum Sw...... 279 9.5 Solanum nigrum Linn...... 280 9.6 Solanum carolinense Linn...... 284 9.7 Solanum rostratum Dunal...... 286 9.8 Solanum lyratum Thunb...... 289 9.9 Datura stramonium Linn...... 292 10 Scrophulariaceae...... 297 10.1 Siphonostegia chinensis Benth...... 298 10.2 Siphonostegia laeta S. Moore...... 300 11 Orobanchaceae...... 303 11.1 Rehmannia chingii H.L.Li...... 303 12 Linderniaceae...... 307 12.1 Lindernia procumbens (Krock.) Philcox...... 307 12.2 Lindernia crustacea (Linn.) F. Muell...... 311 12.3 Lindernia antipoda (Linn.) Alston...... 314 13 Mazaceae...... 319 13.1 Mazus miquelii Makino...... 319 13.2 Mazus caducifer Hance...... 324 14 Acanthaceae...... 329 14.1 Hygrophila ringens (Linn.) R. Br. ex Spreng...... 329 14.2 Rostellularia procumbens (Linn.) Nees...... 332 14.3 Peristrophe japonica (Thunb.) Bremek...... 336 xii Contents

15 Plantaginaceae...... 339 15.1 Plantago virginica Linn...... 339 15.2 Plantago major Linn...... 344 15.3 Plantago asiatica Linn...... 346 15.4 Plantago depressa Willd...... 348 15.5 Veronica peregrina Linn...... 350 15.6 Veronica arvensis Linn...... 353 15.7 Veronica polita Fr...... 357 15.8 Veronica persica Poir...... 361 15.9 Veronica hederaefolia Linn...... 365 15.10 Veronica undulata Wall...... 368 15.11 Digitalis purpurea Linn...... 372 16 Rubiaceae...... 375 16.1 Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr...... 375 16.2 Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. var. tomentosa (Bl.) Hand. -Mazz...... 379 16.3 Paederia cavaleriei Lévl...... 383 16.4 Hedyotis diffusa Willd...... 385 16.5 Hedyotis chrysotricha (Palib.) Merr...... 388 16.6 Rubia cordifolia Linn...... 391 16.7 Galium aparine var. tenerum (Gren. et Godr.) Rehb...... 394 16.8 Galium bungei Steud. var. trachyspermum (A. Gray) Cuf...... 398 16.9 Galium bungei Steud...... 401 17 Caprifoliaceae ...... 405 17.1 Sambucus chinensis Lindl...... 405 17.2 Lonicera japonica Thunb...... 410 17.3 Patrinia villosa (Thunb.) Juss...... 413 18 Cucurbitaceae ...... 417 18.1 Actinostemma tenerum Griff...... 417 18.2 Thladiantha nudiflora Hemsl. ex Forbes et Hemsl...... 421 18.3 Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino...... 425 18.4 Zehneria indica (Lour.) Keraudren...... 429 19 Campanulaceae ...... 433 19.1 Wahlenbergia marginata (Thunb.) A. DC...... 433 19.2 Lobelia chinensis Lour...... 436 20 Asteraceae...... 441 20.1 Ageratum conyzoides Linn...... 441 20.2 Ageratum houstonianum Mill...... 445 20.3 Eupatorium japonicum Thunb...... 448 20.4 Solidago canadensis Linn...... 451 20.5 Dichrocephala auriculata (Thunb.) Druce...... 456 20.6 Heteropappus arenarius Kitam...... 458 Contents xiii

20.7 Heteropappus hispidus (Thunb.) Less...... 462 20.8 Kalimeris indica (Linn.) Sch.Bip...... 465 20.9 Symphyotrichum subulatum (Michx.) G.L.Nesom...... 468 20.10 Symphyotrichum ageratoides Turcz...... 472 20.11 Erigeron annuus (Linn.) Pers...... 477 20.12 Erigeron philadelphicus Linn...... 480 20.13 Erigeron canadensis (Linn.) Cronq...... 483 20.14 Erigeron bonariensis (Linn.) Cronq...... 490 20.15 Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) E.Walker...... 494 20.16 Sheareria nana S.Moore...... 497 20.17 Xanthium strumarium Linn...... 499 20.18 Xanthium chinense Mill...... 502 20.19 Xanthium occidentale Bertoloni...... 504 20.20 Ambrosia artemisiifolia Linn...... 506 20.21 Siegesbeckia orientalis Linn...... 510 20.22 Siegesbeckia pubescens Makino...... 514 20.23 Eclipta prostrata (Linn.) Linn...... 516 20.24 Rudbeckia hirta Linn...... 520 20.25 Helianthus tuberosus Linn...... 522 20.26 Coreopsis lanceolata Linn...... 526 20.27 Bidens frondosa Linn...... 529 20.28 Bidens tripartita Linn...... 534 20.29 Bidens pilosa Linn...... 537 20.30 Bidens alba (Linn.) DC...... 542 20.31 Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr. et Sherff...... 546 20.32 Bidens bipinnata Linn...... 551 20.33 Bidens maximowicziana Oett...... 554 20.34 Galinsoga parviflora Cav...... 557 20.35 Chrysanthemum indicum Linn...... 561 20.36 Centipeda minima (Linn.) A. Br. et Aschers...... 564 20.37 Soliva anthemifolia (Juss.) R. Br...... 567 20.38 Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit...... 570 20.39 Artemisia annua Linn...... 573 20.40 Artemisia anomala S.Moore...... 578 20.41 Artemisia anomala S.Moore var. tomentella Hand.-Mazz...... 580 20.42 Artemisia lactiflora Wall. ex DC...... 582 20.43 Artemisia argyi Levl. et Vant...... 584 20.44 Artemisia lavandulaefolia DC...... 588 20.45 Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S.Moore...... 592 20.46 Emilia sonchifolia (Linn.) DC...... 598 20.47 Syneilesis aconitifolia (Bunge) Maxim...... 603 20.48 Senecio scandens Buch. -Ham. ex D.Don...... 605 20.49 Sinosenecio oldhamianus (Maxim.) B.Nord...... 610 20.50 Cirsium japonicum Fisch. ex DC...... 615 20.51 Cirsium maackii Maxim...... 620 xiv Contents

20.52 Cirsium setosum (Willd.) MB...... 622 20.53 Hemistepta lyrata (Bunge) Bunge...... 626 20.54 Gnaphalium affine D.Don...... 631 20.55 Gnaphalium hypoleucum DC...... 635 20.56 Gnaphalium pensylvanicum Willd...... 640 20.57 Inula japonica Thunb...... 646 20.58 Carpesium abrotanoides Linn...... 651 20.59 Carpesium cernuum Linn...... 654 20.60 Carpesium divaricatum Sieb. et Zucc...... 657 20.61 Lapsanastrum apogonoides (Maxim.) Pak et K.Bremer...... 660 20.62 Taraxacum mongolicum Hand. -Mazz...... 663 20.63 Sonchus asper (Linn.) Hill...... 667 20.64 Sonchus oleraceus Linn...... 670 20.65 Lactuca indica Linn...... 676 20.66 Pterocypsela laciniata (Houtt.) Shih...... 679 20.67 Pterocypsela formosana (Maxim.) Shih...... 685 20.68 Lactuca serriola Linn...... 690 20.69 Paraprenanthes pilipes (Miq.) Shih...... 693 20.70 Youngia japonica (Linn.) DC...... 695 20.71 Youngia erythrocarpa (Vant.) Babc. et Stebb...... 699 20.72 Ixeris japonica (Burm.f.) Nakai...... 704 20.73 Ixeris polycephala Cass...... 707 20.74 Ixeris chinensis (Thunb.) Kitagawa...... 710 20.75 Crepidiastrum sonchifolium (Maximowicz) Pak et Kawano...... 715 20.76 Crepidiastrum denticulatum (Houttuyn) Pak et Kawano...... 719

Part II 54 Species in Monocotyledonous Class Within 20 Families 21 Typhaceae...... 725 21.1 Typha orientalis Presl...... 725 21.2 Typha angustifolia Linn...... 728 22 Potamogetonaceae ...... 733 22.1 Potamogeton crispus Linn...... 733 23 Alismataceae...... 739 23.1 Sagittaria pygmaea Miq...... 739 23.2 Sagittaria trifolia Linn...... 743 23.3 Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juzep...... 747 24 Hydrocharitaceae...... 753 24.1 Hydrocharis dubia (Bl.) Backer...... 753 24.2 Hydrilla verticillata (Linn. f.) Royle...... 757 24.3 Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara...... 760 Contents xv

25 Araceae...... 765 25.1 Pistia stratiotes Linn...... 765 25.2 Amorphophallus konjac K.Koch...... 768 25.3 Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott...... 770 25.4 Arisaema heterophyllum Blume...... 772 25.5 Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit...... 774 25.6 Pinellia pedatisecta Schott...... 778 25.7 Lemna minor Linn...... 780 25.8 Spirodela polyrhiza (Linn.) Schleid...... 783 26 Acoraceae...... 787 26.1 Acorus gramineus Soland...... 788 27 Commelinaceae...... 791 27.1 Tradescantia ohiensis Raf...... 791 27.2 Murdannia triquetra (Wall. ex C.B.Clarke) Bruckn...... 793 27.3 Tradescantia pallida (Rose) D.R.Hunt...... 798 27.4 Commelina communis Linn...... 800 27.5 Commelina bengalensis Linn...... 803 28 Pontederiaceae...... 807 28.1 Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) Presl ex Kunth...... 807 28.2 Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms...... 813 28.3 Pontederia cordata Linn...... 817 29 Juncaceae...... 821 29.1 Juncus effusus Linn...... 821 29.2 Juncus setchuensis Buch...... 825 29.3 Juncus alatus Franch. et Sav...... 829 30 Asparagaceae...... 835 30.1 Reineckea carnea (Andr.) Kunth...... 835 30.2 Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques...... 838 30.3 Liriope spicata Lour...... 841 30.4 Liriope muscari (Decne.) L.H.Bailey...... 844 30.5 Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl...... 848 30.6 Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua...... 852 30.7 Polygonatum sibiricum F.Delaroche...... 855 30.8 Barnardia japonica (Thunb.) Schult. et Schult. f...... 856 31 Nartheciaceae...... 861 31.1 Aletris spicata (Thunb.) Franch...... 861 32 Smilacaceae...... 865 32.1 Smilax china Linn...... 866 32.2 Smilax glabra Roxb...... 869 xvi Contents

33 Asphodelaceae...... 873 33.1 Hemerocallis fulva (Linn.) Linn...... 873 34 Amaryllidaceae...... 877 34.1 Lycoris radiata (L’ Her.) Herb...... 877 34.2 Lycoris sprengeri Comes ex Baker...... 880 34.3 Zephyranthes candida (Lindl.) Herb...... 882 34.4 Tulbaghia violacea Harv...... 884 34.5 Allium macrostemon Bunge...... 886 35 Liliaceae...... 891 35.1 Lilium brownii F.E.Brown ex Miellez...... 891 36 Dioscoreaceae...... 895 36.1 Dioscorea bulbifera Linn...... 895 36.2 Dioscorea polystachya Turcz...... 899 36.3 Dioscorea japonica Thunb...... 901 37 Iridaceae...... 905 37.1 Sisyrinchium rosulatum Bickn...... 905 38 Zingiberaceae ...... 909 38.1 Hedychium coronarium Koen...... 909 39 Marantaceae ...... 913 39.1 Thalia dealbata Fraser ex Roscoe...... 914 40 Orchidaceae ...... 917 40.1 Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames...... 917

Part III 1 Species of Liverworts Within 1 Family 41 Marchantiaceae ...... 925 41.1 Marchantia polymorpha Linn...... 925

Part IV 1 Species of Mosses Within 1 Family 42 Funariaceae...... 933 42.1 Funaria hygrometrica Hedwig...... 933

References...... 939

Index...... 941 Authors

Main Authors

Zhenghao Xu (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China) Le Chang (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China)

Other Authors

Hangying Qi (Zhejiang Zhuji Agricultural Technology Extension Centre, Zhuji, China) Yuechang Xu (College of Science and Arts, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China) Zhefeng Gu (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China) Junfei Lü (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China) Guojun Shen (Shaoxing Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office, Shaoxing, China) Guoning Zhou (Hangzhou Bluesky Landscape Design Institute Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China) Hongwei Zhang (Zhejiang Qingliangfeng National Nature Reserve Administration, Hangzhou, China) Yingchao Dai (Zhejiang Qingliangfeng National Nature Reserve, Hangzhou, China) Hong Xia (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China) Jun Meng (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China) Weidong Ji (Zhejiang Changshan Agricultural Bureau, Changshan, China) Xiang Shi (Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China) Xuefang Yang (China Agricultural University, Beijing, China) Meihua Deng (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China) Kiran Yasmin Khan (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China) Barkat Ali (National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan) Haoran Shen (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China)

xvii xviii Authors

Zhongxiang Xiao (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China) Liqing Zhu (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China) Yingpin Zhu (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China) Tianchun Xu (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China) Yuan Wang (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China) Yiyao Zhang (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China) Teng Zhang (Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China)