Identification and Control of Common Weeds: Volume 3 Zhenghao Xu • Le Chang Identification and Control of Common Weeds: Volume 3 Zhenghao Xu Le Chang Zhejiang University Zhejiang University Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China ISBN 978-981-10-5402-0 ISBN 978-981-10-5403-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-5403-7 The print edition is not for sale in China Mainland. Customers from China Mainland please order the print book from: Zhejiang University Press, Hangzhou. Library of Congress Control Number: 2017950669 © Zhejiang University Press, Hangzhou and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publishers, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publishers, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishers nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publishers remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface There are 253 species of weeds introduced in the book. The introduced weeds, mostly herbaceous, often occur in the fields or in the ruderal components of a com- munity, terrestrially or aquatically. The illustrated species include 197 dicotyledon- ous flowering plants, along with two parasitic species in the Convolvulaceae family, and 54 monocotyledous flowering herbaceous plants, along with 2 species of liver- wort and moss, Marchantia polymorpha and Funaria hygrometrica. The dicotyledonous weeds illustrated in the book belong to 20 different families, mostly herbaceous, except for several species of shrubs, such as Vitex negundo var. cannabifolia in the Vitex genus within the Lamiaceae family and Buddleja lindley- ana in the Buddleja genus within the Buddlejaceae family. More than 70 percent of weeds in the dicotyledonous class are within six families, including Apiaceae or Umbelliferae, Primulaceae, Convolvulaceae, Lamiaceae, Plantaginaceae, and Asteraceae, with 11, 10, 14, 24, 11, and 76 species, respectively. Five families, con- sisting of Buddlejaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Orobanchaceae, Mazaceae, and Campanulaceae, have only one or two species illustrated, and the other nine fami- lies, including Apocynaceae, Boraginaceae, Verbenaceae, Solanaceae, Linderniaceae, Acanthaceae, Rubiaceae, Capribitaceae, and Cucurbitaceae, have three to nine species arranged. Many species of dicotyledonous weeds are common ones appearing in paddy fields, such as Lindernia procumbens, Lindernia antipoda, and Bidens frondosa. Meanwhile, the majority of species in the dicotyledonous class are the weeds in wheat or rape fields, for example, Bothriospermum tenellum, Trigonotis peduncu- laris, Lamium amplexicaule, Salvia plebeian, Veronica peregrina, Lindernia crusta- cea, and Galium aparine var. tenerum. In addition, Androsace umbellata, Cuscuta japonica, Cuscuta chinensis, Calystegia sepium, Ipomoea nil, Salvia plebeia, and Solanum nigrum are usually the common upland weeds in corn or soybean fields. Nine species of weeds introduced in the book, consisting of Cuscuta japonica, Cuscuta chinensis, Solanum torvum, Solanum carolinense, Solanum rostratum, Xanthium chinense, Xanthium occidentale, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, and Lactuca serriola, are known as quarantine weeds in many countries and regions in the world nowadays, which are carried or spread mainly by food importation or seed v vi Preface ­transportation. Meanwhile, there are 28 species, including 2 species, Daucus carota and Cyclospermum leptophyllum, in the Apiaceae family; 4 species, Ipomoea tri- loba, Ipomoea hederifolia, Ipomoea purpurea, and Ipomoea nil, in the Convolvulaceae family; 1 species, Lantana camara, in the Verbenaceae family; 3 species, Physalis pubescens, Nicandra physalodes, and Datura stramonium, in the Solanaceae family; 5 species, Plantago virginica, Veronica arvensis, Veronica pol- ita, Veronica persica, and Veronica hederifolia, in the Plantaginaceae family; and 14 species, Ageratum conyzoides, Solidago canadensis, Aster subulatus, Erigeron ann- uus, Erigeron philadelphicus, Conyza canadensis, Conyza bonariensis, Conyza sumatrensis, Helianthus tuberosus, Bidens frondosa, Bidens pilosa, Soliva anthemi- folia, Sonchus asper, and Sonchus oleraceus, in the Asteraceae family, that are com- monly known as invasive weeds in some countries and regions in the world. Three species, Glehnia littoralis in the Apiaceae family, Lysimachia congesti- flora in the Primulaceae family, and Gynostemma pentaphyllum in the Cucurbitaceae family, are regarded as rare and valuable plants for their important economical and scientific research values. Fifty-four species of monocotyledonous plants illustrated in the book, dispersed in 20 different families, occurring terrestrially or aquatically, are mostly the herba- ceous plants in ruderal environments and sometimes in paddy fields or upland areas. Pistia stratiotes, Eichhornia crassipes, Lemna minor, and Spirodela polyrhiza are aquatic floating plants, with the former two being common in water places of lakes and ponds or sometimes in ditches and the latter two in paddy fields or other aquatic cultivated plant areas. Some monocotyledonous weeds, such as Sagittaria pygmaea, Sagittaria trifolia, Murdannia triquetra, Monochoria vaginalis and Juncus alatus, are the common weeds in paddy fields or other shallow aquatic cultivated areas, which are always the troublesome ones, relying on the heavy usage of herbicides for effective management. Others, such as Pinellia ternata, Pinellia pedatisecta, Commelina communis, Commelina benghalensis, Allium macrostemon, Barnardia japonica, Dioscorea bulbifera, Dioscorea polystachya, Dioscorea japonica and Spiranthes sinensis, occur frequently in upland fields, and sometimes appear in gar- dens or in ruderal habitats. Several species of monocotyledonous plants, such as Potamogeton crispus, Hydrilla verticillata, and Vallisneria natans, are common submerged plants, which are distributed in many regions in the world and widely used in the eutrophic resto- ration of water bodies nowadays. Some species of monocotyledonous plants, such as Typha orientalis, Typha angustifolia, Alisma orientale, Hydrocharis dubia, Acorus gramineus, Pontederia cordata, and Thalia dealbata, are employed as emer- gent plants in many districts in the world for the removal of water eutrophication and also for ornamental purposes, and sometimes some of them become the weeds because of intentional introduction. Tradescantia ohiensis, Setcreasea purpurea, Juncus effusus, Reineckea carnea, Hemerocallis fulva, Liriope spicata, Liriope muscari, Ophiopogon japonicus, Lycoris radiata, Zephyranthes candida, Tulbaghia violacea, Sisyrinchium rosulatum, and Hedychium coronarium are usually culti- vated for ornamental purposes, and some of them become plants or weeds in aquatic surroundings, grasslands, wetlands, or ruderal communities. Preface vii Two common aquatic floating species in the monocotyledonous class, namely, Pistia stratiotes, in the Araceae family, and Eichhornia crassipes, in the Pontederiaceae family, are frequently regarded as invasive species worldwide. With the help of morphological description and the accurate, clear pictures of the plants at different stages, many species in the book can be recognized immediately, especially in the flowering stage, while some species can be confused with each other because of their analogous appearances. Two species in the Primulaceae fam- ily, namely, Lysimachia parvifolia and Lysimachia candida, belonging to the same genus, are very similar to each other, with the main differences being that the former has a slender stem and its sterile branchlets are usually stretching and pendulous. Two species in different families, namely, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, in the family of Cucurbitaceae, and Cayratia japonica, in the family of Vitaceae, are extremely alike, both with 5–9 leaflets (pedate-like), and can always perplex if recognition is only based on vegetative plants; however, they can be distinguished from each other by inspecting the flower and inflorescence. Many examples can be given in species of the same genus or in different genera in the same family or in different families. There are more than 10000 species of moss in about 700 genera distributed worldwide, which do not receive much attention due to their small or inconspicuous featureserent, but they do play important roles in reducing erosion, in conserving moisture, or even in maintaining