DOCSLIB.ORG

Landscape Report, Review of Strategies for Recovering Restoration and How These Relate to the Criteria

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Landscape Report, Review of Strategies for Recovering Restoration and How These Relate to the Criteria Cover design by Melissa Shavlik, NWPCC Photos by Eric Loudenslager, Erik Merrill, and Kentaro Morita Independent Scientific Advisory Board for the Northwest Power and Conservation Council, Columbia River Basin Indian Tribes, and National Marine Fisheries Service 851 SW 6th Avenue, Suite 1100 Portland, Oregon 97204 Contributors ISAB and Ad Hoc Members J. Richard Alldredge, Ph.D., Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Washington State University Peter A. Bisson, Ph.D., Senior Scientist at the Olympia (Washington) Forestry Sciences Laboratory of the U.S. Forest Service’s Pacific Northwest Research Station (ad hoc member) James Congleton, Ph.D., Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit and Professor, University of Idaho (retired) Nancy Huntly, Ph.D., Professor of Biology and Director of the Ecology Center, Utah State University Roland Lamberson, Ph.D., Emeritus Professor of Mathematics and Director of Environmental Systems Graduate Program at Humboldt State University Colin Levings, Ph.D., Scientist Emeritus at Centre for Aquaculture and Environmental Research, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Robert J. Naiman, Ph.D., Professor of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences at University of Washington William Pearcy, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences at Oregon State University Bruce Rieman, Ph.D., Research Scientist Emeritus, U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station Greg Ruggerone, Ph.D., Fisheries Scientist for Natural Resources Consultants, Affiliated Research Scientist Alaska Salmon Program, University of Washington Dennis Scarnecchia, Ph. D., Professor of Fish and Wildlife Resources at University of Idaho Courtland Smith, Ph. D., Professor Emeritus, School of Language, Culture, and Society, Oregon State University (ad hoc member) Peter Smouse, Ph.D., Professor of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources at Rutgers University Chris C. Wood, Ph.D., Conservation Biology Section, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada Support ISAB Ex Officios, Coordinators, and Staff Michael Ford, Ph.D., Director of the Conservation Biology Program at the Northwest Fisheries Science Center Erik Merrill, J.D., Independent Science Program Manager, Northwest Power and Conservation Council William Muir, M.S., Research Fishery Biologist at the Northwest Fisheries Science Center Laura Robinson, ISAB and Northwest Power and Conservation Council Intern Phil Roger, Ph.D., Fisheries Science Manager at the Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission James Ruff, M.S., P.H., Manager, Mainstem Passage and River Operations, Northwest Power and Conservation Council Using a Comprehensive Landscape Approach for More Effective Conservation and Restoration Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................. v List of Sidebars .............................................................................................................................................. v Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... vi Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................................... vii I. Introduction and Background ............................................................................................................... 1 Objective of the Report ............................................................................................................................. 1 Scope of the report ................................................................................................................................... 3 Structure of the report .............................................................................................................................. 3 II. Landscape Legacy of the Columbia River Basin .................................................................................... 5 Landscape Effects of Pre-settlement Resource Use by Native Americans ............................................... 6 Use of fire to manage habitat ............................................................................................................... 6 Use of aquatic resources ....................................................................................................................... 6 The Fur Trade: Agent of Landscape-Scale Change .................................................................................... 6 Habitat Conversion and Fragmentation: Railroads, Agriculture, Timber Harvest, and Roads ................. 8 Railroads................................................................................................................................................ 9 Grazing .................................................................................................................................................. 9 Farming ............................................................................................................................................... 11 Logging and forest management ........................................................................................................ 13 Roads ................................................................................................................................................... 14 Habitat Conversion and Fragmentation: River Channel Modification and Hydropower ....................... 14 Channel modification .......................................................................................................................... 17 Dams ................................................................................................................................................... 17 Habitat Conversion and Fragmentation: Urbanization and Exurbanization ........................................... 21 Consequences of Landscape Change for Fish and Wildlife Populations ................................................. 22 Consequences of Landscape Change for Fisheries-dependent Communities ........................................ 28 Future Trends .......................................................................................................................................... 28 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................. 29 Historical review ................................................................................................................................. 29 Agents of change ................................................................................................................................. 29 Non-random and cumulative change ................................................................................................. 30 Loss of Habitat and Connectivity ........................................................................................................ 30 Changing values .................................................................................................................................. 30 A challenging future ............................................................................................................................ 30 III. Foundations for a Comprehensive Landscape Approach ................................................................... 31 A Landscape Context ............................................................................................................................... 31 Biophysical processes.......................................................................................................................... 34 Socioeconomic processes ................................................................................................................... 39 Integration and an Interdisciplinary Process ...................................................................................... 42 Adaptive Capacity ............................................................................................................................... 43 Principles for a Comprehensive Landscape Approach to Conservation and Restoration ...................... 44 i Socioeconomic Principles .................................................................................................................... 46 Landscape Principles ........................................................................................................................... 46 Integrative Principles .......................................................................................................................... 47 Adaptive Capacity Principles ............................................................................................................... 48 Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 49 IV. Criteria to Evaluate Landscape Conservation and Restoration .......................................................... 51 Criteria and Examples ............................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ISAB Food Web Review: Fish Production & Restoration
    ISAB – Presentation to Columbia River Estuary Conference, Astoria, Oregon May 26, 2010 Independent Scientific Advisory Board for the Northwest Power and Conservation Council, Columbia River Basin Indian Tribes, and National Marine Fisheries Service 851 SW 6th Avenue, Suite 1100 Portland, Oregon 97204 J. Richard Alldredge, Ph.D., Professor of Statistics at Washington State University. *David Beauchamp, Ph.D, Cooperative Fish Research Unit at U of Washington James Congleton, Ph.D., Emeritus Fisheries Professor, University of Idaho *Charles Henny, Ph.D., Emeritus Scientist, USGS Nancy Huntly, Ph.D., Professor of Wildlife Biology at Idaho State University. Roland Lamberson, Ph.D., Professor of Mathematics and Director of Environmental Systems Graduate Program at Humboldt State University. Colin Levings, Ph.D., Scientist Emeritus and Sessional Researcher at Centre for Aquaculture and Environmental Research, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada. Robert J. Naiman, Ph.D., Professor of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences at U of Washington William Pearcy, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus of Oceanography at Oregon State University. Bruce Rieman, PhD, Research Scientist Emeritus, U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station *Greg Ruggerone, Ph.D., Fisheries Scientist for Natural Resources Consultants, Affiliated Research Scientist Alaska Salmon Program, U of Washington Dennis Scarnecchia, Ph. D., Professor of Fish and Wildlife Resources at University of Idaho. Peter Smouse, Ph.D., Professor of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources at Rutgers
    [Show full text]
  • The Ecology of the Earth's Grazing Ecosystems
    The Ecology of the Earth's Grazing Ecosystems Douglas A. Frank; Samuel J. McNaughton; Benjamin F. Tracy BioScience, Vol. 48, No. 7. (Jul., 1998), pp. 513-521. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0006-3568%28199807%2948%3A7%3C513%3ATEOTEG%3E2.0.CO%3B2-E BioScience is currently published by American Institute of Biological Sciences. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/aibs.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academic journals and scholarly literature from around the world. The Archive is supported by libraries, scholarly societies, publishers, and foundations. It is an initiative of JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community take advantage of advances in technology. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. http://www.jstor.org Mon Oct 29 19:30:32 2007 The Ecology of the Earth's brazing Ecosystems Profound functional similarities exist between the Serengeti and Yellowstone Douglas A.
    [Show full text]
  • Prof. Nancy Huntly Department of Biology, Utah State University, USA 11/05/2021, **16:00**, at Your Nearest Available Zoom Machine
    Understanding biodiversity, from mountains and deserts to people and cancer Prof. Nancy Huntly Department of Biology, Utah State University, USA 11/05/2021, **16:00**, at your nearest available Zoom machine Professor Burt Kotler and I started our journeys as ecologists together, as graduate students with similar research interests and adjacent office cubicles, and have remained friends and colleagues. We share interests in consumer-resource interactions and community ecology, and this talk will focus on my research in those areas. Burt’s work has advanced understanding of biodiversity, with many contributions on coexistence of mammals, their predators, and their prey, including on what has been called “the ecology of fear”. His approach has leaned to behavior, especially foraging ecology, and communities, mine more to population biology and communities, and I will describe my thoughts on integrating those two views to better understand coexistence in our big and wildly variable world. I will talk about biodiversity through two primary lenses, the mechanistic one of coexistence theory and a more phenomenological one on how people have formed the world around them through large-scale environmental change and some unique behavior as foragers. I will consider especially how the variability of nature, in time and in space, can and does affect biodiversity. Because we are in part observing the impacts of Burt’s career in this seminar series, I will end with some description of how my approach to working as an ecologist has evolved over my career, in particular by more explicitly considering people into ecological models, as collaborators in and beneficiaries of ecological research, and, recently, as ecosystems within which the ecology of cancer plays out.
    [Show full text]
  • Resource Pulses, Species Interactions, and Diversity Maintenance in Arid and Semi-Arid Environments
    Oecologia (2004) 141: 236–253 DOI 10.1007/s00442-004-1551-1 PULSE EVENTS AND ARID ECOSYSTEMS Peter Chesson . Renate L. E. Gebauer . Susan Schwinning . Nancy Huntly . Kerstin Wiegand . Morgan S. K. Ernest . Anna Sher . Ariel Novoplansky . Jake F. Weltzin Resource pulses, species interactions, and diversity maintenance in arid and semi-arid environments Received: 1 August 2003 / Accepted: 5 March 2004 / Published online: 7 April 2004 # Springer-Verlag 2004 Abstract Arid environments are characterized by limited we discuss physiological, morphological, and life-history and variable rainfall that supplies resources in pulses. traits that facilitate plant survival and growth in strongly Resource pulsing is a special form of environmental water-limited variable environments, outlining how spe- variation, and the general theory of coexistence in variable cies differences in these traits may promote diversity. Our environments suggests specific mechanisms by which analysis emphasizes that the variability of pulsed environ- rainfall variability might contribute to the maintenance of ments does not reduce the importance of species high species diversity in arid ecosystems. In this review, interactions in structuring communities, but instead provides axes of ecological differentiation between species P. Chesson (*) that facilitate their coexistence. Pulses of rainfall also Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, influence higher trophic levels and entire food webs. Davis, CA 95616, USA Better understanding of how rainfall affects the diversity, e-mail: [email protected] species composition, and dynamics of arid environments Tel.: +1-530-7523698 Fax: +1-530-7521449 can contribute to solving environmental problems stem- ming from land use and global climate change. R. L.
    [Show full text]
  • Hymenoptera: Apoidea), with an Emphasis on Perdita (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-2018 Foraging Behavior, Taxonomy, and Morphology of Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea), with an Emphasis on Perdita (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) Zachary M. Portman Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Portman, Zachary M., "Foraging Behavior, Taxonomy, and Morphology of Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea), with an Emphasis on Perdita (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)" (2018). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 7040. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7040 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FORAGING BEHAVIOR, TAXONOMY, AND MORPHOLOGY OF BEES (HYMENOPTERA: APOIDEA), WITH AN EMPHASIS ON PERDITA (HYMENOPTERA: ANDRENIDAE) by Zachary M. Portman A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Ecology Approved: _________________________ _________________________ Carol von Dohlen, Ph.D. Terry Griswold, Ph.D. Major Professor Project Advisor _________________________ _________________________ Nancy Huntly, Ph.D. Karen Kapheim, Ph.D. Committee Member Committee Member _________________________ _________________________ Luis Gordillo, Ph.D. Mark R. McLellan, Ph.D. Committee Member Vice President for Research and Dean of the School of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2018 ii Copyright © Zachary M. Portman 2018 All Rights Reserved1 1 Several studies have been published previously and others remain to be submitted to peer-reviewed journals. As such, a disclaimer is necessary.
    [Show full text]
  • Packet Materials for Dec 8-11, 2003 Council Meeting
    JUDI DANIELSON TOM KARIER CHAIR VICE-CHAIR Idaho Washington Jim Kempton Frank L. Cassidy Jr. Idaho "Larry" Washington Gene Derfler Oregon Ed Bartlett Montana Melinda S. Eden kOregon John Hines Montana Steve Crow Executive Director December 2, 2003 DECISION MEMORANDUM To: Council Members From: Erik Merrill and Steve Waste Subject: ISRP and ISAB Appointments Proposed Actions Council staff requests Council actions and discussion pertaining to Independent Scientific Review Panel (ISRP) and Independent Scientific Advisory Board (ISAB) member terms and appointments. Staff asks that the Council: 1) Appoint Dr. John Epifanio, Illinois Natural History Survey, as a member of the ISRP. 2) Approve extension of term limits for the current ISRP members through May 2005. 3) Initiate the process to rebuild the pool of potential ISRP and ISAB members for future appointments by reconvening the National Research Council nomination committee, and, with NOAA Fisheries and the Columbia River Indian Tribes, jointly sending a letter to the region requesting nominations for consideration by the NRC nomination committee. 4) Discuss ISAB member renewals and the appointment process for new ISAB members. The ISRP and ISAB have different responsibilities in the Council’s Fish and Wildlife Program, and the Council plays distinct roles in the administration of each group. To avoid confusion between the groups, this memo addresses decisions and background information related to each group separately, first the ISRP and then the ISAB. Independent Scientific Review Panel Background The Independent Scientific Review Panel (ISRP) consists of eleven members assisted by a number of Peer Review Group (PRG) members. The ISRP was created by amendment to the Northwest Power Act in 1996.
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Food Webs: Predators, Prey, and the People Who Feed Them
    Urban Food Webs: Predators, Prey, and the People Who Feed Them A prevailing image of the city is of the steel and ships and energy flows through natural habitats, they concrete downtown skyline. The more common ex‑ have not been applied to urban ecosystems until re‑ perience of urban residents, however, is a place of cently (Faeth et al. 2005). irrigated and fertilized green spaces, such as yards, gardens, and parks, surrounding homes and business‑ At a symposium presented at the 2006 Ecological es where people commonly feed birds, squirrels, and Society of America meeting, 10 speakers assembled other wildlife. Within these highly human-modified to present and discuss “The Urban Food Web: How environments, researchers are becoming increasingly Humans Alter the State and Interactions of Trophic curious about how fundamental ecological phenom‑ Dynamics,” in a symposium organized by Paige War‑ ena play out, such as the feeding relationships among ren, Chris Tripler, Chris Lepczyk, and Jason Walker. species. While food webs have long provided a tool A key feature of urban environments, as described in for organizing information about feeding relation‑ the symposium, is that human influence may be en‑ Fig. 1. A generalized model of trophic dynamics in urban vs. non-urban terrestrial systems (modified from Faeth et al. 2005). Humans alter both systems, but in urban environments, human influences are more profound and include (a) enhancement of basal resources like water and fertilizer, and (b) direct control of plant species diversity and primary productivity, leading to strong bottom-up controls. Humans also (c) directly subsidize resources for herbivores and predators either through intentional feeding or unintended consequences of other activities (e.g., garbage, landscape plantings), leading to enhanced top-down control for some taxa and reduced top-down controls on others (see Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • The Abiotic and Biotic Controls of Arctic Lake Food Webs: a Multifaceted Approach to Quantifying Trophic Structure and Function
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 12-2018 The Abiotic and Biotic Controls of Arctic Lake Food Webs: A Multifaceted Approach to Quantifying Trophic Structure and Function Stephen L. Klobucar Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons Recommended Citation Klobucar, Stephen L., "The Abiotic and Biotic Controls of Arctic Lake Food Webs: A Multifaceted Approach to Quantifying Trophic Structure and Function" (2018). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 7293. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7293 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC CONTROLS OF ARCTIC LAKE FOOD WEBS: A MULTIFACETED APPROACH TO QUANTIFYING TROPHIC STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION by Stephen L. Klobucar A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Aquatic Ecology Approved: ______________________ ______________________ Phaedra Budy, Ph.D. Jereme Gaeta, Ph.D. Major Professor Committee Member ______________________ ______________________ Nancy Huntly, Ph.D. Chris Luecke, Ph.D. Committee Member Committee Member ______________________ ______________________ Sarah Null, Ph.D. Laurens H. Smith, Ph.D. Committee Member Interim Vice President for Research and Dean of the School of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2018 ii Copyright © Stephen Klobucar 2018 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT The abiotic and biotic controls of arctic lake food webs: A multifaceted approach to quantifying trophic structure and function by Stephen L.
    [Show full text]
  • Winter Meeting of the California Pika Consortium
    WINTER MEETING OF THE CALIFORNIA PIKA CONSORTIUM UPDATES ON PIKAS IN THE SIERRA NEVADA, SOUTHERN CASCADES, AND GREAT BASIN Riverside Convention Center Riverside, CA February 11, 2011 Hosted by: US Forest Service – Pacific Southwest Research Station University of California, Berkeley California Department of Fish and Game The Wildlife Society – Western Section SUMMARY REPORT Prepared by: Scott Osborn (DFG) Deana Clifford (DFG) Randi Logsdon (DFG) Connie Millar (USFS) Toni Lyn Morelli (USFS) May 6, 2011 Contents Meeting Notes------------------------------ --------------------------------------------2 Meeting Evaluation Summary-------------- -------------------------------------------28 Agenda-------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------31 Prospectus----------------------------------- -------------------------------------------32 Facilitated Discussion Plan----------------- -------------------------------------------33 Cover photos by Constance I. Millar. Left to right: Virginia Lakes Canyon, CA; Buddy, Warren Fork, Lee Vining Canyon, CA; Pine Creek, Toquima Range, NV. 1 California Pika Consortium Winter Meeting February 11, 2011 – Riverside Convention Center Notes prepared by Scott Osborn, Deana Clifford, and Randi Logsdon Slide presentations are available for viewing on the CPC website at the 2011 Meeting Information page. Participants Andrew Smith Kim Fitts Brad Bauman Lindsay Cline Bob Roney Lyle Nichols Bob Westfall Mary Ellen Hannibal Connie Millar Mackenzie Jeffress Cody Massing Mary Peacock Chris
    [Show full text]
  • The Roles of Harsh and Fluctuating Conditions in the Dynamics of Ecological Communities Author(S): Peter Chesson and Nancy Huntly Source: the American Naturalist, Vol
    The University of Chicago The Roles of Harsh and Fluctuating Conditions in the Dynamics of Ecological Communities Author(s): Peter Chesson and Nancy Huntly Source: The American Naturalist, Vol. 150, No. 5 (November 1997), pp. 519-553 Published by: The University of Chicago Press for The American Society of Naturalists Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/286080 . Accessed: 31/03/2014 18:54 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press, The American Society of Naturalists, The University of Chicago are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The American Naturalist. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 129.123.125.251 on Mon, 31 Mar 2014 18:54:36 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Vol. 150, No. 5 The American Naturalist November 1997 THE ROLES OF HARSH AND FLUCTUATING CONDITIONS IN THE DYNAMICS OF ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES Peter Chesson1,* and Nancy Huntly2 1Ecosystem Dynamics Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Advanced Studies, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia; 2Department of Biological Sciences, Campus Box 8007, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho 83209-8007 Submitted February 28, 1996; Revised May 19, 1997; Accepted May 21, 1997 Abstract.ÐHarsh conditions (e.g., mortality and stress) reduce population growth rates directly; secondarily, they may reduce the intensity of interactions between organisms.
    [Show full text]
  • An Effective Resource-Competition Model for Species Coexistence
    An Effective Resource-Competition Model for Species Coexistence Deepak Gupta1;2,∗ Stefano Garlaschi1,∗ Samir Suweis1, Sandro Azaele1, and Amos Maritan1 1Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \Galileo Galilei", Universit`adegli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy and 2Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A1S6, Canada (Dated: April 6, 2021) Local coexistence of species in large ecosystems is traditionally explained within the broad frame- work of niche theory. However, its rationale hardly justifies rich biodiversity observed in nearly homogeneous environments. Here we consider a consumer-resource model in which effective spatial effects, induced by a coarse-graining procedure, exhibit stabilization of intra-species competition. We find that such interactions are crucial to maintain biodiversity. Herein, we provide conditions for several species to live in an environment with a very few resources. In fact, the model displays two different phases depending on whether the number of surviving species is larger or smaller than the number of resources. We obtain conditions whereby a species can successfully colonize a pool of coexisting species. Finally, we analytically compute the distribution of the population sizes of coex- isting species. Numerical simulations as well as empirical distributions of population sizes support our analytical findings. Our planet hosts an enormous number of species [1], in agreement with the empirical data [35{40]. However, which thrive within a variety of environmental condi- it lacks a convincing mechanism of coexistence, which is tions. The coexistence of this enormous biological diver- usually maintained only by an external source of indi- sity is traditionally explained in terms of local adaptation viduals.
    [Show full text]
  • Scale Ecology
    WHAT LAWMAKERS CAN LEARN FROM LARGE- SCALE ECOLOGY FRED BOSSELMAN* Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION: SCALE IN ECOLOGY .................. 207 A. Geographic Scale ............................ 208 B. Temporal Scale .............................. 214 C. A Greater Vision ............................. 219 II. PREMISES OF LARGE-SCALE ECOLOGY ............... 221 A. Ecosystems are Human-Generated Concepts ....... 222 B. Natural Areas Contain Internal Mechanisms for Change ................................. 228 C. Ecological Processes are as Important as Ecological Patterns ........................... 231 III. LEARNING FROM LARGE-SCALE PROCESSES ........... 236 A. Competition Doesn’t Always Cause Extinction ..... 236 B. Fragmentation Doesn’t Always Reduce Diversity ... 240 C. Disturbance of Ecological Systems Doesn’t Always Mean Destruction ..................... 252 D. Metastability May Exist Without Equilibrium ..... 272 IV. PROPOSALS FOR LAWMAKERS ...................... 294 A. Use Better Ecological Data in Implementing Laws . 294 B. Focus on Post-Disturbance Reorganization ........ 309 C. Counteract Unidirectional Environmental Change . 318 V. CONCLUSION .................................. 325 I. INTRODUCTION: SCALE IN ECOLOGY In the science of ecology, “scale” refers to both space and time. Today, ecological scientists have dramatically expanded their ability to study the natural world in large quantities, both spatially and temporally.1 The results of this research should lead us to * Professor of Law, Chicago-Kent College of Law. A shorter version of this article was presented as a lecture at The Florida State University College of Law, and the article has benefitted from the comments received from those in attendance and from my esteemed colleague, Dan Tarlock. The research has been supported by a grant from the Marshall Ewell Research Fund. This article is dedicated to May Thielgaard Watts. 1. For a summary of the way the term “scale” is used in ecology, see MONICA G.
    [Show full text]