DOCSLIB.ORG

Stipa Pennata</Itali

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Stipa Pennata</Itali Declining Genetic Diversity and Increasing Genetic Isolation toward the Range Periphery of Stipa pennata, a Eurasian Feather Grass Author(s): Viktoria Wagner, Jan Treiber, Jiři Danihelka, Eszter Ruprecht, Karsten Wesche, and Isabell Hensen Reviewed work(s): Source: International Journal of Plant Sciences, Vol. 173, No. 7 (September 2012), pp. 802-811 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/666663 . Accessed: 19/09/2012 15:37 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to International Journal of Plant Sciences. http://www.jstor.org Int. J. Plant Sci. 173(7):802–811. 2012. Ó 2012 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. 1058-5893/2012/17307-0006$15.00 DOI: 10.1086/666663 DECLINING GENETIC DIVERSITY AND INCREASING GENETIC ISOLATION TOWARD THE RANGE PERIPHERY OF STIPA PENNATA, A EURASIAN FEATHER GRASS Viktoria Wagner,1,* Jan Treiber,y Jirˇi Danihelka,z Eszter Ruprecht,§ Karsten Wesche,y and Isabell Hensen* *Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, D-06108 Halle, Germany; ySenckenberg Museum of Natural History, Go¨rlitz, P.O. Box 300 154, D-02806 Go¨rlitz, Germany; zDepartment of Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Lidicka´ 25/27, CZ-60200 Brno, Czech Republic, and Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotla´rˇska´ 2, CZ-61137 Brno, Czech Republic; and §Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Babesx-Bolyai University, Str. Republicii 42, RO-400015 Cluj Napoca, Romania A common assumption in ecology and evolutionary biology is that genetic diversity declines and differentiation increases toward the edge of a species’ geographic range, where populations tend to be smaller and more isolated. We tested these predictions in a characteristic Eurasian steppe plant, Stipa pennata,by inspecting 230 AFLP bands in 26 populations (345 individuals) along a 3300-km longitudinal gradient from the range core, in Russia, to the range periphery, in central Europe. Overall, our study species showed low genetic diversity within populations (mean proportion of polymorphic bands ¼ 21:2%) and moderately high genetic differentiation among them (mean FST ¼ 0:29). As predicted, genetic diversity declined significantly from the range core to the periphery but was not correlated with population size. Pairwise genetic dif- ferentiation was significantly higher among peripheral populations than central populations but did not show a pronounced relationship with geographic distance. Our results indicate that peripheral populations may experience higher genetic drift and lower gene flow than their central counterparts, possibly because of smaller population sizes, spatial isolation, and a more complex landscape structure. In addition, historic range fluctuations and the mixed breeding system could have enhanced the observed patterns in our study species. Keywords: abundant-center model, AFLP, fragmentation, geographic distribution range, range center. Online enhancements: appendix tables. Introduction at the range edge could lead to bottleneck events and, conse- quently, to decreased genetic diversity and increased genetic Genetic variation forms the basis for evolutionary pro- differentiation (Hewitt 1996; Hampe and Petit 2005). cesses and shapes a species’ adaptive potential and popula- Although the hypothesis of lower genetic diversity and tion viability (Reed and Frankham 2003; Boulding 2008). It higher genetic differentiation at the range edge has been sup- is commonly assumed that genetic variation is not evenly ported by theoretical considerations, it has received only distributed across a species’ geographic distribution range: mixed empirical support in the past (Eckert et al. 2008; Har- at the range edge, genetic diversity is expected to be smaller die and Hutchings 2010). Results that diverge from expecta- and genetic differentiation higher than in the range core tions have been explained by the fact that species do not (Hoffmann and Blows 1994; Eckert et al. 2008; Hardie and show an abundant-center distribution to begin with (Yaki- Hutchings 2010). Such a pattern could arise as a consequence mowski and Eckert 2008). Indeed, it has been pointed out of an abundant-center distribution, in which population size that the abundant-center model does not apply to a variety and abundance decline toward the range periphery because of organisms (Sagarin and Gaines 2002). However, even if of unfavorable environmental conditions and/or interactions species naturally show an abundant-center distribution, an- with new competitors, pathogens, or parasites at the range thropogenic fragmentation in the range core could increase edge (Brown 1984; Lawton 1993; Gaston 2009). The decline genetic drift, inbreeding, and genetic isolation among popula- in population size and stronger spatial isolation should in tions and distort the expected pattern. Meanwhile, biological turn lead to inbreeding, high genetic drift, and hampered traits, such as a species’ longevity and ability for long-distance gene flow (Ellstrand and Elam 1993; Vucetich and Waite dispersal, could counteract diversity loss and dampen genetic 2003). Furthermore, repeating expansions and contractions differentiation. We tested the hypothesis of decreasing genetic diversity 1 Author for correspondence; current address: College of Forestry and increasing genetic differentiation toward the range edge and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, in Stipa pennata, one of the most characteristic plants of the U.S.A.; e-mail: [email protected]. western Eurasian steppes (Lavrenko 1970; Nosova 1973). Manuscript received December 2011; revised manuscript received April 2012. Dry grassland plants have received considerable attention by 802 WAGNER ET AL.—GENETIC DIVERSITY AND ISOLATION IN STIPA PENNATA 803 population geneticists in the past, given that many of these is not known. Caryopses are enclosed in the lemma and are plants are red-listed in Europe, including Anthericum liliago dispersed by wind or in animal fur. (Peterson et al. 2008), Astragalus exscapus (Becker 2003), Stipa pennata is native to the temperate zone of Europe and Iris aphylla (Wro´ blewska and Brzosko 2006), Silene chloran- Asia (fig. 1). In its geographic range core, at ;50°–55° latitude tha (Lauterbach et al. 2011), Silene otites (Lauterbach et al. in Russia (fig. 1), it grows in steppes, meadow steppes, and 2012), and Stipa capillata (Hensen et al. 2010). However, forest steppes (Nosova 1973). Steppes occur naturally in this few studies covered large areas across the species’ distribu- region (Adams and Faure 1997), but nomadic tribes have ex- tion range (but see Bylebyl et al. 2008; Wro´ blewska 2008). tended the steppe area since the Eneolithic Age by logging ad- Many dry grassland plants occur at the edge of their distribu- jacent forests, mowing, and livestock grazing (Chibilyov 2002; tion in central Europe but are more frequent in the steppes of Sarychev 2003). In the Middle Ages, when Slavic settlers intro- eastern Europe and Asia. Only one study has used a Eurasian duced agriculture in the region, steppes still covered vast areas dry grassland plant to directly compare genetic variation in (Sarychev 2003). It is only since the eighteenth century that the range core and periphery (Wagner et al. 2011, for S. ploughing resulted in a massive decline of steppe vegetation capillata). The categorical sampling scheme of this study has (Chibilyov 2002; Boonman and Mikhalev 2005). Given the been favored by the majority of other population genetic dramatic habitat loss, S. pennata and many other steppe spe- studies because of its cost-effectiveness and logistic feasibility cies are today red-listed even in their distribution core in Rus- (Eckert et al. 2008). However, it did not allow for broader sia (Golovanov 1988). generalizations beyond the two regions that were compared. At its western geographic periphery, in central Europe, S. To obtain more comprehensive results, we used a continuous pennata is confined to small dry grassland fragments that are sampling scheme across the distribution range of S. pennata, embedded in a matrix of forests, arable fields, and settlements. spanning a 3300-km longitudinal gradient from the geographic Steppe communities used to be naturally distributed during the range core in Russia to the range periphery in central Europe. late Pleistocene in Slovakia and the Czech Republic (Jankov- We expected genetic diversity to be higher and genetic differen- ska´ and Pokorny´ 2008). Macrofossils of S. pennata s. lat. have tiation lower toward the range core in Russia, where the spe- been found as early as from the Holocene, but populations cies has historically been widely distributed. However, recent may have been subject to oscillations in the following millen- transformation of steppe habitats in Russia has resulted in in- nia
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Habitat Complexity of the Pannonian Forest-Steppe Zone and Its Nature Conservation Implications
    Ecological Complexity 17 (2014) 107–118 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ecological Complexity jo urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ecocom Original Research Article Habitat complexity of the Pannonian forest-steppe zone and its nature conservation implications a, a a a ´ a a a L. Erdo˝ s *, Cs. To¨lgyesi , M. Horzse , D. Tolnay , A. Hurton , N. Schulcz , L. Ko¨rmo¨czi , A. b a Lengyel , Z. Ba´tori a Department of Ecology, University of Szeged, Ko¨ze´p fasor 52, Szeged H-6726, Hungary b Department of Plant Taxonomy and Ecology, Eo¨tvo¨s Lora´nd University, Pa´zma´ny Pe´ter se´ta´ny 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Eurasian forest-steppes are among the most complex ecosystems in the northern temperate zone. Received 8 May 2013 Alternating forest and grassland patches form a mosaic-like landscape, stretching in a stripe from eastern Received in revised form 24 October 2013 Europe almost to the Pacific coast. Although the edges (contact zones between woody and herbaceous Accepted 12 November 2013 vegetation) may play an important ecological role, their study has been neglected in the forest-steppes. Available online 8 December 2013 In this study, we aimed to perform a comprehensive analysis on the components of a sandy forest-steppe in the Pannonian ecoregion (Hungary), with special regard to the edges. 2 m  1 m coenological releve´s Keywords: were made in forest interiors, in edges and in grassland interiors.
    [Show full text]
  • Poaceae: Pooideae) Based on Plastid and Nuclear DNA Sequences
    d i v e r s i t y , p h y l o g e n y , a n d e v o l u t i o n i n t h e monocotyledons e d i t e d b y s e b e r g , p e t e r s e n , b a r f o d & d a v i s a a r h u s u n i v e r s i t y p r e s s , d e n m a r k , 2 0 1 0 Phylogenetics of Stipeae (Poaceae: Pooideae) Based on Plastid and Nuclear DNA Sequences Konstantin Romaschenko,1 Paul M. Peterson,2 Robert J. Soreng,2 Núria Garcia-Jacas,3 and Alfonso Susanna3 1M. G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, Tereshchenkovska 2, 01601 Kiev, Ukraine 2Smithsonian Institution, Department of Botany MRC-166, National Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, District of Columbia 20013-7012 USA. 3Laboratory of Molecular Systematics, Botanic Institute of Barcelona (CSIC-ICUB), Pg. del Migdia, s.n., E08038 Barcelona, Spain Author for correspondence ([email protected]) Abstract—The Stipeae tribe is a group of 400−600 grass species of worldwide distribution that are currently placed in 21 genera. The ‘needlegrasses’ are char- acterized by having single-flowered spikelets and stout, terminally-awned lem- mas. We conducted a molecular phylogenetic study of the Stipeae (including all genera except Anemanthele) using a total of 94 species (nine species were used as outgroups) based on five plastid DNA regions (trnK-5’matK, matK, trnHGUG-psbA, trnL5’-trnF, and ndhF) and a single nuclear DNA region (ITS).
    [Show full text]
  • Poaceae) Author(S): Raúl Gonzalo , Carlos Aedo , and Miguel Ángel García Source: Systematic Botany, 38(2):344-378
    Taxonomic Revision of the Eurasian Stipa Subsections Stipa and Tirsae (Poaceae) Author(s): Raúl Gonzalo , Carlos Aedo , and Miguel Ángel García Source: Systematic Botany, 38(2):344-378. 2013. Published By: The American Society of Plant Taxonomists URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1600/036364413X666615 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Systematic Botany (2013), 38(2): pp. 344–378 © Copyright 2013 by the American Society of Plant Taxonomists DOI 10.1600/036364413X666615 Taxonomic Revision of the Eurasian Stipa Subsections Stipa and Tirsae (Poaceae) Rau´ l Gonzalo,1,2 Carlos Aedo,1 and Miguel A´ ngel Garcı´a1 1Real Jardı´n Bota´nico, CSIC, Dpto. de Biodiversidad y Conservacio´n. Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain. 2Author for correspondence ([email protected]) Communicating Editor: Lucia G. Lohmann Abstract—A comprehensive taxonomic revision of Stipa subsects.
    [Show full text]
  • Stipa Pennata Subsp. Ceynowae (Poaceae, Pooideae), a New Taxon from Central Europe
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal PhytoKeysStipa 83: 75–92 pennata (2017) subsp. ceynowae (Poaceae, Pooideae), a new taxon from Central Europe 75 doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.83.12797 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://phytokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Stipa pennata subsp. ceynowae (Poaceae, Pooideae), a new taxon from Central Europe Ewelina Klichowska1, Marcin Nobis1 1 Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 27, PL-31-501 Krakow, Poland Corresponding author: Marcin Nobis ([email protected]) Academic editor: C. Morden | Received 30 March 2017 | Accepted 22 June 2017 | Published 17 July 2017 Citation: Klichowska E, Nobis M (2017) Stipa pennata subsp. ceynowae (Poaceae, Pooideae), a new taxon from Central Europe. PhytoKeys 83: 75–92. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.83.12797 Abstract Based on numerical analyses of macromorphological characters, scanning electron microscopy observa- tion of leaves and lemma micromorphology, as well as field observations, Stipa pennata subsp. ceynowae was described here as a new taxon from Poland. It differs from the most similar S. pennata subsp. pen- nata and S. borysthenica mainly by its longer ligules of vegetative shoots. The affinities of this taxon are discussed and a morphological comparison with related species is provided. Illustrations and images of the micromorphological structures, as well as information about its distribution, habitat and conservation status are given. Keywords feather grasses, micromorphology, numerical analyses, Poland, taxonomy Introduction Stipa Linnaeus (1753) is one of the largest genera in the family Poaceae, subfamily Pooideae (Soreng et al. 2015). In the narrow approach, it comprises over 150 species distributed in open grasslands and steppes, with the highest species diversity in the warm temperate regions of the Old World (Roshevitz 1934, Tzvelev 1968, 1976, Bor 1970, Martinovský 1980, Freitag 1985, Wu and Phillips 2006, Nobis 2013).
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological and Evolutionary Significance of Genomic GC Content
    Ecological and evolutionary significance of genomic GC PNAS PLUS content diversity in monocots a,1 a a b c,d e a a Petr Smarda , Petr Bures , Lucie Horová , Ilia J. Leitch , Ladislav Mucina , Ettore Pacini , Lubomír Tichý , Vít Grulich , and Olga Rotreklováa aDepartment of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, CZ-61137 Brno, Czech Republic; bJodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey TW93DS, United Kingdom; cSchool of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; dCentre for Geographic Analysis, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; and eDepartment of Life Sciences, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy Edited by T. Ryan Gregory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada, and accepted by the Editorial Board August 5, 2014 (received for review November 11, 2013) Genomic DNA base composition (GC content) is predicted to signifi- arises from the stronger stacking interaction between GC bases cantly affect genome functioning and species ecology. Although and the presence of a triple compared with a double hydrogen several hypotheses have been put forward to address the biological bond between the paired bases (19). In turn, these interactions impact of GC content variation in microbial and vertebrate organ- seem to be important in conferring stability to higher order isms, the biological significance of GC content diversity in plants structures of DNA and RNA transcripts (11, 20). In bacteria, for remains unclear because of a lack of sufficiently robust genomic example, an increase in GC content correlates with a higher data. Using flow cytometry, we report genomic GC contents for temperature optimum and a broader tolerance range for a spe- 239 species representing 70 of 78 monocot families and compare cies (21, 22).
    [Show full text]
  • Succession Model with Corynephorus Canescens in Abandoned Sandy Fields (W Slovakia)
    HACQUETIA 11/1 • 2012, 5–15 DOI: 10.2478/v10028-012-0001-6 Succession model wIth Corynephorus CanesCens In AbAndoned sandy fIeldS (w Slovakia) Milan VALACHOVIČ1 Abstract The succession of vegetation on acidic sandy fields after abandonment was studied and obtained results were compared with similar data from eastern part of Europe. The vegetation changes head towards oligotrophic Corynephorus-grasslands, because nutrients from the upper layer of soils are gradually washed out. Dry, oc- casionally blowing sand enables the growth of psammophytes very well. The paper compares the succession models on abandoned sandy fields, and semi-natural acidic sandy dunes in western part of Slovakia, southern Moravia, Hungary and Croatia. In spite of amazing similarities, some differences are displayed using spectra of life forms and presentation of weeds. Keywords: arable land, inland sand dunes, weed, Corynephorion, Borská nížina Lowland. Izvleček: Proučevali smo sukcesijo vegetacije na opuščenih kislih peščenih poljih in primerjali rezultate s podobni- mi podatki iz vzhodne Evrope. Spremembe vegetacije so usmerjene proti oligotrofnim traviščem z vrsto Co- rynephorus, saj se hranila postopomo izperejo iz zgornjih talnih plasti. Suh pesek, ki ga občasno prinese veter omogoča uspevanje psamofitom. V članku smo primerjali sukcesijske modele na opuščenih peščenih poljih in polnaravnih kislih peščenih Dinah v zahodnem delu Slovaške, južne Moravske, Madžarske in Hrvaške. Kljub veliki podobnosti smo izpostavili določene razlike s spektrom življenskih oblik in prisotnostjo plevelnih vrst. Ključne besede: obdelana tla, celinske peščene dine, pleveli, Corynephorion, Borská nížina. 1. Introduction omously regulate the soil pH by its root system (Rychnovská 1963). The Corynephorus-grassland represents widespread Beside dominant Corynephorus, another psam- pioneer vegetation on active mobile dunes along mophytes with constant frequency are present, the exposed Atlantic coasts from Portugal to such as Acetosella vulgaris, Agrostis tenuis, A.
    [Show full text]
  • Root Capacitance Measurements Allow Non-Intrusive In-Situ Monitoring of the Seasonal Dynamics and Drought Response of Root Activity in Two Grassland Species
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repository of the Academy's Library Plant Soil (2020) 449:423–437 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-020-04505-4 REGULAR ARTICLE Root capacitance measurements allow non-intrusive in-situ monitoring of the seasonal dynamics and drought response of root activity in two grassland species Imre Cseresnyés & Kálmán Rajkai & Katalin Szitár & László Radimszky & Gábor Ónodi & György Kröel-Dulay Received: 29 October 2019 /Accepted: 18 March 2020 /Published online: 26 March 2020 # The Author(s) 2020 Abstract root activity in both species. Stipa borysthenica Background and aims In this study, the potential of non- displayed great plasticity in root activity, including intrusive root electrical capacitance (CR) measurements quick post-treatment recovery during the rainy autumn. for monitoring the seasonal changes and drought re- The changes observed in root activity were similar to sponse of root activity was tested on two grassland those previously recorded using conventional root in- species in a climate change experiment. vestigation techniques (i.e. destructive, minirhizotron, Methods CR was detected between a ground electrode ingrowth core) in temperate grasslands. inserted into the soil and a plant electrode attached to the Conclusions Root capacitance measurements proved to stem of the perennial grass Stipa borysthenica and the be adequate for monitoring root activity in situ in natural biennial herb Crepis rhoeadifolia in control and drought grassland. The method could be particularly useful in plots throughout two growing seasons. A pilot study studies where plant injury or soil disturbance need to be revealed that CR was strongly correlated with root bio- avoided.
    [Show full text]
  • Stipa (Poaceae) and Allies in the Old World: Molecular Phylogenetics
    Plant Syst Evol (2012) 298:351–367 DOI 10.1007/s00606-011-0549-5 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Stipa (Poaceae) and allies in the Old World: molecular phylogenetics realigns genus circumscription and gives evidence on the origin of American and Australian lineages Hassan R. Hamasha • K. Bernhard von Hagen • Martin Ro¨ser Received: 30 June 2011 / Accepted: 18 October 2011 / Published online: 9 November 2011 Ó Springer-Verlag 2011 Abstract The tribe Stipeae with an estimated number of American and Australian lineages, (d) a Himalayan to E ca. 600 species is part of the grass subfamily Pooideae and Asian clade and (e) the single species Achnatherum splen- has near worldwide distribution. Its species are often domi- dens. The large ‘‘Transcontinental Stipeae Clade’’ contained nant constituents of steppe vegetation and other grasslands, several lineages of Eurasian Stipeae different from the Stipa especially in Eurasia, the Americas and Australia. The tax- core (a), i.e., genera Aristella, Celtica, Oloptum gen. nov., onomy of Old World Stipeae has been studied to date pri- Stipella stat. et. gen. nov., species of Achnatherum, and the marily on the basis of morphology and anatomy, while species-rich lineages of Nassella/Jarava in America and of existing molecular phylogenetic investigations have mainly Austrostipa in Australia. In our circumscription Ptilagrostis dealt with New World or Australian taxa. We studied 109 was nested in (d), a clade (which included some species of new ingroup taxa with a focus on Old World Stipeae (in Achnatherum and poorly studied Himalayan species ascri- addition with an extensive outgroup sampling) using chlo- bed to either Stipa or Orthoraphium) and whose internal roplast and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences (30trnK structure remained unclear.
    [Show full text]
  • Red List of Vascular Plants of the Czech Republic: 3Rd Edition
    Preslia 84: 631–645, 2012 631 Red List of vascular plants of the Czech Republic: 3rd edition Červený seznam cévnatých rostlin České republiky: třetí vydání Dedicated to the centenary of the Czech Botanical Society (1912–2012) VítGrulich Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic, e-mail: [email protected] Grulich V. (2012): Red List of vascular plants of the Czech Republic: 3rd edition. – Preslia 84: 631–645. The knowledge of the flora of the Czech Republic has substantially improved since the second ver- sion of the national Red List was published, mainly due to large-scale field recording during the last decade and the resulting large national databases. In this paper, an updated Red List is presented and compared with the previous editions of 1979 and 2000. The complete updated Red List consists of 1720 taxa (listed in Electronic Appendix 1), accounting for more then a half (59.2%) of the native flora of the Czech Republic. Of the Red-Listed taxa, 156 (9.1% of the total number on the list) are in the A categories, which include taxa that have vanished from the flora or are not known to occur at present, 471 (27.4%) are classified as critically threatened, 357 (20.8%) as threatened and 356 (20.7%) as endangered. From 1979 to 2000 to 2012, there has been an increase in the total number of taxa included in the Red List (from 1190 to 1627 to 1720) and in most categories, mainly for the following reasons: (i) The continuing human pressure on many natural and semi-natural habitats is reflected in the increased vulnerability or level of threat to many vascular plants; some vulnerable species therefore became endangered, those endangered critically threatened, while species until recently not classified may be included in the Red List as vulnerable or even endangered.
    [Show full text]
  • (Poaceae) and Characterization
    EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF VEGETATIVE ARCHITECTURE: BROAD SCALE PATTERNS OF BRANCHING ACROSS THE GRASS FAMILY (POACEAE) AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN SETARIA VIRIDIS L. P. BEAUV. By MICHAEL P. MALAHY Bachelor of Science in Biology University of Central Oklahoma Edmond, Oklahoma 2006 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE July, 2012 EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF VEGETATIVE ARCHITECTURE: BROAD SCALE PATTERNS OF BRANCHING ACROSS THE GRASS FAMILY (POACEAE) AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN WEEDY GREEN MILLET ( SETARIA VIRIDIS L. P. BEAUV.) Thesis Approved: Dr. Andrew Doust Thesis Adviser Dr. Mark Fishbein Dr. Linda Watson Dr. Sheryl A. Tucker Dean of the Graduate College I TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. Evolutionary survey of vegetative branching across the grass family (poaceae) ... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Plant Architecture ........................................................................................................ 2 Vascular Plant Morphology ......................................................................................... 3 Grass Morphology ....................................................................................................... 4 Methods .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Flora and Phytogeography of the Czech Republic
    Preslia 84: 505–573, 2012 505 Flora and phytogeography of the Czech Republic Flóra a fytogeografie České republiky Dedicated to the centenary of the Czech Botanical Society (1912–2012) Zdeněk K a p l a n Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic, e-mail: [email protected] Kaplan Z. (2012): Flora and phytogeography of the Czech Republic. – Preslia 84: 505–573. A review of the flora and phytogeography of the Czech Republic is given. The diversity of plants in this country reflects its geographic position in the centre of Europe, local natural conditions and the effect of intense human activity on the landscape. The Czech flora includes 148 families, 916 gen- era, 3557 species (plus 194 additional subspecies) and 609 hybrid vascular plants. Families richest in species are Asteraceae (662 species), Rosaceae (316), Poaceae (275), Fabaceae (170), Brassicaceae (148), Cyperaceae (127), Lamiaceae (112), Caryophyllaceae (108) and Apiaceae (100). Most of these species are native and 36.0% are alien. The spectrum of life-forms is dominated by hemicryptophytes (45.7%), followed by therophytes (22.3%), phanerophytes (14.4%), geophytes (9.3%), chamaephytes (5.1%) and hydrophytes (3.2%), while the percentage of epiphytes is negligible (only two species). Several species that occur in the Czech Republic are relicts from glacial and early postglacial periods. Examples of arctic, boreal, alpine, steppe and other sorts of relicts are listed. Because of the relatively small size of this country and the consider- able climatic and vegetational changes caused by glaciations, which repeatedly eliminated the local flora, endemism is relatively low in the Czech Republic.
    [Show full text]
  • Poaceae: Stipa Sect. Stipa)
    Plant Syst Evol (2016) 302:137–153 DOI 10.1007/s00606-015-1243-9 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Multivariate morphometric analysis of the Stipa turkestanica group (Poaceae: Stipa sect. Stipa) 1,3 1 2 3 Marcin Nobis • Ewelina Klichowska • Arkadiusz Nowak • Polina D. Gudkova • Kaja Rola1 Received: 16 February 2015 / Accepted: 25 August 2015 / Published online: 13 October 2015 Ó The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Based on numerical analyses of macromorpho- taxa, and, as supplementary information, a list of the speci- logical characters (cluster analysis, principal coordinate mens examined is also presented. analysis and principal component analysis), scanning electron microscopy observation of lemma and lamina micromor- Keywords Distribution Á Identification key Á phology, as well as field observations, five taxa belonging to Micromorphology Á Middle Asia Á Nomenclature Á the Stipa turkestanica grouphavebeenrecognizedinthe Numerical analysis Á Stipeae Á Typification mountain area of Central Asia. They are S. turkestanica subsp. turkestanica, S. turkestanica subsp. trichoides, S. macro- glossa subsp. macroglossa, S. macroglossa subsp. kazach- Introduction stanica and S. kirghisorum. As a result of this study, we propose one new combination, S. macroglossa var. pubescens, The mountains of Central Asia have been recognized as and designate lectotypes for S. turkestanica subsp. trichoides being among the world’s top 34 biodiversity hotspots and S. macroglossa var. pubescens, and an epitype for S. (Mittermeier et al. 2005). There are more than 8000 vas- kirghisorum. Illustrations of micromorphological structures cular plant species but, despite this, it contains several of the lemma, patterns of leaf hairiness and an identification regions that are still significantly underexplored (Kamelin key are provided.
    [Show full text]