sign in sign up
<<
Home , Ibn Kathir

Journal of Critical Reviews

ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 7, Issue 5, 2020

Review Article THE SCIENTIFIC LEGACY OF ABU JA'FAR IBN JARIR IBN YAZID IBNKATHIR IBN GHALIB AT-TABARI AND THE IMPORTANCE OF TARIKH AR-RUSUL VAL-MULUK

1Agzamova Muhabbat Mirtoxirovna

1Lecturer, Islamic studies and ISESCO Chair for learning Islamic Civilization, International Islamic Academy оf Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. E-mail : [email protected]

Received: 14.01.2020 Revised: 04.02.2020 Accepted: 02.03.2020

Abstract The article deals with the life of the medieval historian Ibn Jarir al-Tabari, the works of the scholar, the role of the historically recognized work "Tarikh ar-rusul val-muluk" in the development of historical science, its importance in the field of historiography today. information about the method is given.

Keywords: Ibn Jarir at-Tabari, Tarikh ar-rusul val-muluk, anbiya, muarrikh, ayatlar, naql, faqih, sahih, naql, source, mukhtasar, mufassal, varizat , , , caliph, , sect, sharia, ahkam, tawil, sunnah. © 2019 by Advance Scientific Research. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.05.189

INTRODUCTION returned to his homeland, but did not stay there long. When he The great scientific legacy of the great medieval scholar Abu returned to Baghdad, he founded his own school of Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari is still used by orientalists jurisprudence. He named the school "Jaririya" after his father. Ibn and historians as one of the main sources. Jarir al-Tabari was a member of the Shafi'i school before he reached the level of mujtahid and founded the Jaririya school. Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir ibn Yazid ibn Ghalib al- Tabari was born at the end of 224 AH or the beginning of 225 AH, MATERIALS AND METHODS in 839 AD, in Amul, the capital of Tabaristan. He belonged to a Abu Sa'id ibn said: Ibn Jarir al-Tabari was one of the great wealthy local Iranian family and did not lose contact with his jurists. When he came to Egypt in 263, he wrote several books. hometown until the end of his life. When he returned to Baghdad, he classified several works based At-Tabari received a multifaceted traditional Oriental education. on the knowledge he had acquired. He traveled to various cities of the . He moved from his Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Ahmad al-Farghani in his History, hometown to Ray. The education he received here played an Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, completed the book Jame'ul important role in the formation of his scientific knowledge. In bayan fi tafsirul Qur'an, which contains the content of the ahkam Ray, he was deeply involved in religious education. His teachers verses, the rulings of scholars and translators, and the were Muhammad ibn Humaydah ar-Razi al-Musanna ibn Ibrahim differences between them, and the words of those who interpret al-Ubulli and Ahmad ibn Hammada ad-Dawlabi. Tabari recorded them correctly. , various stories, information about nations, more than a hundred thousand that he heard from al- messages about the Day of Judgment. Razi. In his lectures, Ibn Hammada wrote Muhammad 's Kitab al-Mubtada 'wa'l-Maghazi, quoted by Salam ibn al- At-Tabari died in Baghdad on February 16, 923 (Sunday, Mufaddal. Shawwal, 310 AH). His school of jurisprudence did not function for long. "A lot of people came to his funeral," he said. They Al-Tabari later came to Baghdad to listen to the lectures of prayed at the top of the grave for months and days. ” Ahmad ibn Hanbal, but Ahmad ibn Hanbal had died before he arrived. (241 AH-855 AD). After Baghdad, al-Tabari moved to At-Tabari was one of the most famous scholars and among his Basra and then to Kufa. In Kufa, he studied the science of hadith contemporaries there was no scholar equal to him. He was a from the famous Abu Qurayba Muhammad ibn al-Ana al- highly enlightened, sharp-witted scholar who memorized the Hamadani (died 863). When he returned to Baghdad, he began to word of , understood its content, knew the rulings well, study jurisprudence and the Qur'an. By the time he decided to go knew the Sunnahs of the Prophet, his authentic and non- to Egypt, he had already gained popularity in these fields of authentic ones, and the distinction between the followers and science. Along the way, he visited Syrian centers, coastal cities, their rulings. where he recorded the hadiths he heard from local . In 867, al-Tabari arrived in Egypt and soon gained the respect of all Ibn Nadim Al-Waraq's book "Fihrist" about Al-Tabari's life and there. In Baghdad, he studied at the school of jurisprudence of work, Al-Khatib's book "History of Baghdad", Ibn Asakira's book Imam Shafi'i. It was at this time that his views on jurisprudential "History of ", Ahmad 's book "Akhbar Abu matters began to take shape. The basis for this is al-Tabari's Ja'far at-Tabari", Abulaziz bin Muhammad Information is given in argument with al-Muzani, a student of Imam al-Shafi'i in Egypt, al-Tabari's book Sirat Abu Ja'far at-Tabari. which is mentioned in the sources. Then al-Tabari was educated At-Tabari's work is extremely productive and multifaceted. He is in and went to Egypt. the author of more than twenty works, including Commentaries At-Tabari then left Egypt completely and returned to Baghdad. on the Qur'an, Kitab al-Fuqaha, Jame'ul bayan fi tafsir ul-Qur'an, He was engaged in scientific activity and teaching. He soon Tarikh ul-umam val muluk, Qiraat, and Ulama '. “Son and Qur’an”,

Journal of critical reviews 923

THE SCIENTIFIC LEGACY OF ABU JA'FAR MUHAMMAD IBN JARIR IBN YAZID IBNKATHIR IBN GHALIB AT-TABARI AND THE IMPORTANCE OF TARIKH AR-RUSUL VAL-MULUK

“History of the Companions and Subordinates”, “Rules of Islamic this work is unique in its abundance of historical information, Sharia”, “Book of Sunnah Commentary”, “Deep Look at the and its sources are important in that it allows us to determine the Method of Religion”, “Adabul Manasik”, “Adabul Nufus”, “Latiful history of the origin of an event and how close it is to reality. Qawl fi Ahkam Shara’il ” , “Basitul qawl fi ahkami sharai'ul islami” are among them. Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari's Tarikh ar-rusul val- muluk is one of the most important sources created in the Middle Ibn Jarir at-Tabari, like Tarikh ar-rusul val-muluk, systematically Ages and gives us a lot of information about the history of the cites the sources in his book Jame'ul bayan fi tafsir ul-Qur'an. At- peoples of the Near and Middle East. In this play, the author uses Tabari paid great attention to the historical events described in a variety of sources, covering historical events from the creation the Qur'an. One of the researchers even said that al-Tabari paid of the world to 915 years. Much of the information on the history more attention to history in his book Tafsir than to Tarikh, and of the Arab Caliphate between the 7th and 10th centuries relates this is true. to historical events in the Caucasus and the Caucasus, Central Asia and adjacent regions, such as Khorasan and northern Tabari's field of knowledge is very wide, and he has classified Afghanistan. This information is extremely valuable to us. several books in various fields of science. According to his ijtihad, Because they shed light on the pages of the past history of us and he wrote the books Latiful-Qawl and Kitabi Khafif. In these books, the neighboring nations. the rules of Islamic Sharia are explained in detail. Tabari began writing Ihtiloful Fuqaho, but was unable to complete it. It Tabari wrote Jewish and Christian narrations, the Sassanid describes the contradictions between the faqihs and the views of chronicle (224-615), the Khwadai Namak (King's Book), al- the faqihs. Waqidi's (747-823) Kitab ul-Maghazi (Books on the Battles). , al- Madoini's "History of the Caliphs" ("History of the Caliphs"). But The book "Qiraat" contains a lot of information, from which the in many cases, especially in the parts of the work devoted to words of the faqihs, the method of , furu'ul fiqh and other ancient history, he used facts and information from other sources issues are distinguished. He classified the book Tahzibul Osar. without consideration and verification. However, the parts of the This book is one of his great books. It began with hadiths and work that deal with ancient history also have a certain scientific narrations narrated from Abu Bakr Siddiq. This book describes value, because in these parts the information, fragments the scholars' disagreements, their arguments, their opposition to contained in sources that have not reached us (narrations, atheists, their denials, and their errors. There are authentic "Khwaday namak", "Tarikh al-khulafo", etc.) are preserved. hadiths narrated from our Prophet. In short, Tarikh ar-rusul val-muluk is one of the main sources on Tabari's book, Basitul Qawl fi Ahkami Shara'i'ul Islami, is divided the history of Muslim countries, as well as Central Asia in the into several chapters, all of which are one book. The book begins VIII-IX centuries. There were two Arabic editions of this century with a chapter called Kitab at-taharat and is 1,500 pages long. In (detailed and abbreviated), but only an abbreviated version has this book, the Companions and the followers and others have survived to our time. chosen the methods of ablution, the evidence, and the evidence they have presented for their sects, as well as the evidence and Abu Rayhan Beruni's Osarul-Baqiya, Abu Ahmad ibn Muhammad documents of the Shafi'i and the Messenger of Allah at the end of ibn 's Kitab tajarib ul-Ulum, Abulhasan ibn each chapter. In addition, the book "Basitul qawl fi ahkami Muhammad ibn Asir's Al-kamil fit-tarikh, Alisher Navoi's sharai'ul islami" includes "Book of Prayer", "Book of Zakat", Tarikhul-anbiya val-hukamo For example, Alisher Navoi in his "Book of Adabul Quzzot", "Kitabul bayan a'n usulil ahkam", work "Tarihi muluki ajam" states that Khushang was a wise, just, "Adabul hukkam", "Mukhozaratul sijjilat", compiled books and learned king. book classification, fat He writes that he cut entitled. boards from hunger, built doors for houses, dug mines, dug ditches, and did beautification, and that he received this Among Tabari's books are some of his unfinished books, information from Ibn Jarir at-Tabari. He also mentions that Ibn including Musnad al-Muhraj, which he did not fully classify. In Jarir used the information of al-Tabari to narrate the story of this book, Tabari cites the authentic and weak hadiths narrated Zahhak's tyranny and his punishment. about the Companions and our Prophets. Tabari met Abu Bakr ibn Dawud Sijistani, talked to him about RESULT AND DISCUSSION fabricated hadiths, and wrote a book on Shiite fabricated hadiths Ibn Jarir at-Tabari's book, Tarikh ar-rusul val-muluk, has been about Ali ibn Talib, Kitab al-Fazail. This book begins with the recognized as invaluable for the following reasons. virtues of the four caliphs. The virtues of Ali ibn Talib and - The first perfect history book created on its own. fabricated hadiths about them are given. But this book is not over - The most perfect source in Arab history. Because Tabari was either. the first to describe the events of the period from the creation of the world to his own time. Ibn Jarir al-Tabari's work is extremely productive and - This book is an excellent source that sheds light on all the multifaceted, and his works Jame'ul bayan fi tafsir ul-Qur'an and events that took place in the third century AH. Tarikh ar-rusul val-muluk are reliable sources in the field of - Tabari used other sciences in his book "History". Islamic studies. This book is named differently in different - Ibn Nadim recalls in the Fihrist that before the first half of the I- sources, and scholars have called it by different names in their II-III centuries there were more than a thousand books of works. This work earlier historians. All of these books are lost. Tabari's book is an encyclopedic source that contains all these books. • “Tarixul umam val muluk” - Tabari narrates several narrations to one reality in his book. • “Tarix ar-rusul val-muluk” But it does not bring complete disgrace to the narrators. Tabari • “Tarixul rusul val anbiyau val muluk” tried to clarify the events. At the end of his speech, he gave • Also used as "Akhbar rusul val muluk". information about whether the narrator was sahih or not. Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir at-Tabari's book, Tarikh ar-rusul "Tarikh ar-rusul val-muluk" is a work written in the general type val-muluk, is valuable not only for its rich history, but also for its of history. But with its perfection and richness of factual material, reasons for its occurrence and the extent to which it is true. . it is completely different from other works. The play tells the Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir at-Tabari's Tarikh ar-rusul val- story of socio-political events that took place in Arabia, Rome muluk is a huge collection of works from various sources. For us,

Journal of critical reviews 924

THE SCIENTIFIC LEGACY OF ABU JA'FAR MUHAMMAD IBN JARIR IBN YAZID IBNKATHIR IBN GHALIB AT-TABARI AND THE IMPORTANCE OF TARIKH AR-RUSUL VAL-MULUK

(Asia Minor), Iran and the countries enslaved by the Arab Caliphate, as well as in Central Asia. Tabari's History covers the period from the creation of the creature to 302 AH (915 CE). In the introductory part of the book, it is stated that Allah is the Creator of all beings, that everything happens by His power, and the story of man and the devil. .A.V.) Prophets and their biographies, the period of the caliphate Rashidin-Choryar, the historical events of the Umayyad period, the description of the historical events of the Abbasids up to 302 AH ilgan. At the beginning of the work, Tabari introduces the purpose and brief content of the work, and devotes the first hadith to the interpretation of the term "time" in Arabic, which means "time", "century", "time", and "time". In his description of historical processes, Tabari uses the Muslim calendar months. When he showed the days of the month, he counted the fifteenth day of the month from the beginning, and the next fifteen days from the end of the month. He used the serial number to indicate the date. For example, about the solar eclipse in 203, Tabari says: "On this Sunday (203), two days before the end of the month of Dhu'l- Hijjah, there was a lunar eclipse, and the light of the sun dimmed and one-third disappeared." He narrated the incident at the beginning of the month as follows: "According to Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, al-Ma'mun went to Hasan ibn Sahl to Famas- Silh on the eighth day of Ramadan."

CONCLUSION The study of chronological data in the work "Tarikh ar-rusul val- muluk" allows us to imagine the level of historiographical development in the IX-X centuries. This book is the most ancient historical work that has survived to the present day, describing the historical processes from the earliest medieval period to the period in which the author lived. The author lived and worked in Baghdad, the capital of the Arab Caliphate at the turn of the IX-X centuries - the center of cultural and scientific life of that time. A comprehensive study of the information in the work is important in solving the problems of historiography, including proving the accuracy of the facts, showing the order of citation of various events in the sources.

REFERENCES 1. Abu Ja'far Muhammad Ibn Jarir at-Tabari “Tariul Tabari” Tarikhul umam val muluk. (Volumes I-VI) Dorul Kitab ilmiya, Beirut. 1997. 2. V.I.Belyaev. "History" at-Tabari izbrannyy otryvki. T .: Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR Institute of Oriental Studies. Abu Rayxana Beruni. 1987. 3. Noor Kamil, Saba Kamil. "Global Cancer Incidences, Causes and Future Predictions for Subcontinent Region." Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 6.1 (2015), 13- 17. Print. doi:10.5530/srp.2015.1.4 4. Abduaziz Salom. Attarix val muvarrixul arab. Bayrut- Lubnan. 2003 5. Muhammad Abu Fazil Ibrahim. Preliminary research Tarikhul Tabari. Dorul enlightenment. Egypt. 1999.

Journal of critical reviews 925