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Uma Arquitetura Outra: O Processo De Ruptura Entre Forma E Função

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Uma Arquitetura Outra: O Processo De Ruptura Entre Forma E Função UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS FACULDADE DE ENGENHARIA CIVIL, ARQUITETURA E URBANISMO Uma arquitetura outra: o processo de ruptura entre forma e função Patrícia Pereira Martins Campinas, SP 2011 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS FACULDADE DE ENGENHARIA CIVIL, ARQUITETURA E URBANISMO Patrícia Pereira Martins Uma arquitetura outra: o processo de ruptura entre forma e função Tese de Doutorado apresentada à Comissão de Pós-Graduação da Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutor em Engenharia Civil, na área de concentração de Arquitetura e Construção. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Leandro Medrano Co-orientadora: Profa. Dra. Silvia A. Mikami G. Pina Campinas, SP 1 FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA ELABORADA PELA BIBLIOTECA DA ÁREA DE ENGENHARIA E ARQUITETURA - BAE - UNICAMP Martins, Patrícia Pereira M366a Uma arquitetura outra: o processo de ruptura entre forma e função / Patrícia Pereira Martins. --Campinas, SP: [s.n.], 2011. Orientadores: Leandro Silva Medrano, Silvia Aparecida Mikami Gonçalves Pina. Tese de Doutorado - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo. 1. Arquitetura - Sec. XXI. I. Medrano, Leando Silva. II. Pina, Silvia Aparecida Mikami Gonçalves. III. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo. IV. Título. Título em Inglês: An another architecture: the process of rupture between form and function Palavras-chave em Inglês: Architecture - Sec. XXI Área de concentração: Arquitetura e Construção Titulação: Doutor em Engenharia Civil Banca examinadora: Gentil Alfredo Magalhães Duque Porto Filho, Mônica Junqueira de Camargo, Marcelo Tramontano, Regina Andrade Tirello Data da defesa: 27/05/2011 Programa de Pós Graduação: Engenharia Civil 2 3 4 Aos meus pais, Maria Elisa e Francisco. 5 6 Agradecimentos À FAPESP pelo apoio dado à pesquisa. Ao Prof. Dr. Leandro Medrano e à Profa. Dra. Silvia A. Mikami G. Pina pelo apoio e orientação. Ao Prof. Dr. Gentil Porto Filho pelas valiosas contribuições feitas no Exame de Qualificação. À Maria Elisa Quissak Pereira Martins pela dedicada revisão do texto. Ao arquiteto Alcides Barbosa, companheiro de teoria e prática da arquitetura. Aos meus pais, Maria Elisa e Francisco, e ao meu marido, Paulo Henrique, pela paciência e apoio incondicional, que tornaram este trabalho além de possível, muito prazeroso. 7 8 RESUMO MARTINS, P. P. Uma arquitetura outra: o processo de ruptura entre forma e função. Campinas, 2011. Tese de Doutorado - Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Universidade Estadual de Campinas – UNICAMP, 2011. Esta pesquisa procura demonstrar o desenvolvimento da relação estabelecida pela equação “a forma segue a função” a partir do movimento Moderno, evidenciando mudanças determinantes para os processos de projeto contemporâneos. Observa-se que a relação moderna entre forma e função vai pontualmente sendo questionada, na medida em que se faz necessário aproximar a arquitetura da realidade cotidiana. Como resultado desta aproximação, a conexão entre o usuário e seu contexto urbano e social é intensificada e a arquitetura reconquista seu poder enquanto equipamento cultural indispensável para a metrópole contemporânea. Por meio da análise de teorias, obras e projetos contemporâneos, a pesquisa objetiva demonstrar a importância de tal mudança como propiciadora do fenômeno metropolitano, pressupondo metodologias alternativas onde a forma atua como um envelope responsável pela interface entre usuário e cidade e a função atua como um programa de alta complexidade, procurando resituar a arquitetura como uma relevante manifestação da cultura contemporânea. O trabalho parte da hipótese de que ao configurar o envelope e o programa, formas específicas são associadas a metodologias projetuais possibilitando a prevalência da forma não enquanto imagem detentora de significados, mas enquanto facilitadora do acontecimento arquitetônico. Para a verificação dessa hipótese teórica, a pesquisa discute possibilidades de engajamento entre arquitetura e realidade como referência para novos processos de projeto. É também proposto um paralelo entre a discussão teórica e o cenário brasileiro, por meio de exemplos da arquitetura paulista. Assim, no embate teórico entre forma e função na arquitetura – marca inconteste do século XX – a pesquisa procura os argumentos que conceituem a produção contemporânea no Brasil e no mundo. Palavras-chave: arquitetura do séc. XXI, teoria da arquitetura, metodologia de projeto, relação entre forma e função. 9 10 ABSTRACT MARTINS, P. P. An another architecture: the process of rupture between form and function. Campinas, 2011. PhD Thesis – Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism Faculty. Campinas Campinas State Universisity – UNICAMP, 2011. This research attempts to show the development of the established relationship defined by the equation “form follows function” from the Modern Movement onward, making evident decisive changes to the contemporary design processes. As the research unfolds, the modern relationship between form and function is systematically questioned, so as to bring architecture closer to the daily reality. As a result of this movement, the connection between the user and his/hers urban and social context is strengthen and so architecture regains its power as cultural indispensable equipment to the contemporary metropolis. Further to the analysis of theories, buildings and contemporary projects, the research examines the importance of this form/function relationship against the metropolitan phenomena, assuming alternative methodologies where the form acts as an envelope interfacing the user and the city and the function acts as a highly complex program, which reestablishes architecture as a relevant manifestation of contemporary culture. The research departs from the hypothesis that in order to shape the envelope and the program, specific forms are associated to design methodologies which enables the prevalence of form not as an image holding meanings but as a facilitator of the architectonic happening. The theoretical hypothesis is verified through the discussion of possibilities of engagement between architecture and reality as a reference to new design processes. A parallel between the theoretical discussion and the Brazilian scenery is also proposed through examples of the architecture of São Paulo. Therefore, in the theoretical clash between form and function in architecture – undisputed brand of the XXth century – the research searches for arguments to evaluate the contemporary production in Brazil and in the world. Key Words: 21st century architecture, theory of architecture, design methodology, relationship between form and function. 11 12 LISTA DE FIGURAS fig. 1. MARTINS, P. Nuvens ...............................................................................................25 fig. 2. DURAND, J. N. Desenho de arcadas usando o sistema de grelha. ............................38 KRUFT, Hanno-Walter. A History of Architectural Theory. London: Princeton Architectural Press, 1994, il.154. fig. 3. VIOLLET- LE - DUC, E. Construção em metal e tijolo. ...............................................39 Idem., il. 156. fig. 4. SULLIVAN, L. Desenvolvimento de formas ornamentais a partir de figuras geométricas básicas. ............................................................................................................................40 Idem., il. 172. fig. 5. SMITHSONS, A. e P. Hunstanton School, Inglaterra, 1950 - 54.. ..............................43 Disponível em: <http://www.flickr.com/photos/25831000@N08/3007464075/sizes/z/in/photostream/> Acesso em: janeiro 2011. fig. 6. LE CORBUSIER. Modulor. ........................................................................................48 KRUFT, Hanno-Walter. A History of Architectural Theory. London: Princeton Architectural Press, 1994, il.187. fig. 7. GROPIUS, W. Teatro Total. .....................................................................................49 Disponível em: <http://www.vitruvius.com.br/revistas/read/arquitextos/08.087/215>. Acesso em: março 2011. fig. 8. JUCKER, K. e WAGENFELD, W. ................................................................................50 DROSTE, M. Bauhaus. Berlin: Taschen, 1993, p.80. fig. 9. VAN DER ROHE, M. Casa de tijolos..........................................................................51 Disponível em: <http://www.answers.com/topic/ludwig-mies-van-der-rohe>. Acesso em: março 2011. fig. 10. WRIGHT, F. Lloyd. Edifício Johnson & Son, Racine, EUA, 1936-39..........................53 RILEY, T. e REED, P. (edit.) Frank Lloyd Wright Architect. New York: MoMA, 1994, p. 247. fig. 11. ROSSI, Aldo. A cidade análoga. .............................................................................60 Disponível em: <http://humanscribbles.blogspot.com/2010_05_01_archive.html> Acesso em: abril 2011. 13 fig. 12. VENTURI, Robert. Capa do livro ............................................................................63 VENTURI, Robert. Complexidade e Contradição em Arquitetura. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 1995. fig. 13. KAHN, Louis. Esquema de projeto .........................................................................67 SCULLY Jr., Vincent. Modern Architecture and Other Essays. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2003. fig. 14. CONSTANT. New Babylon, fotomontagem. ...........................................................72 van SCHAIK, Martin /
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