DOCSLIB.ORG

TINGKAT KEMATANGAN GONAD IKAN KERLING (Tor Tambroides) DI DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI JAMBAK MEUREUBO KECAMATAN PANTE CEUREUMEN: PENDEKATAN HISTOLOGI

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
TINGKAT KEMATANGAN GONAD IKAN KERLING (Tor Tambroides) DI DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI JAMBAK MEUREUBO KECAMATAN PANTE CEUREUMEN: PENDEKATAN HISTOLOGI TINGKAT KEMATANGAN GONAD IKAN KERLING (Tor tambroides) DI DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI JAMBAK MEUREUBO KECAMATAN PANTE CEUREUMEN: PENDEKATAN HISTOLOGI SKRIPSI AGUSRIANA 10C10432041 PROGRAM STUDI PERIKANAN FAKULTAS PERIKANAN DAN ILMU KELAUTAN UNIVERSITAS TEUKU UMAR MEULABOH 2014 TINGKAT KEMATANGAN GONAD IKAN KERLING (Tor tambroides) DI DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI JAMBAK MEUREUBO KECAMATAN PANTE CEUREUMEN: PENDEKATAN HISTOLOGI HASIL PENELITIAN AGUSRIANA 10C10432041 Diajukan Sebagai Salah Satu Syarat Untuk Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Perikanan Pada Fakultas Perikanan Dan Ilmu Kelautan Universitas Teuku Umar PROGRAM STUDI PERIKANAN FAKULTAS PERIKANAN DAN ILMU KELAUTAN UNIVERSITAS TEUKU UMAR MEULABOH 2014 1 I. PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Perikanan merupakan suatu bidang ilmu yang terus berubah dan berkembang. Budidaya perikanan adalah salah satu sektor dalam bidang perikanan selain penangkapan dan pengolahan. Budidaya perikanan merupakan suatu kegiatan untuk memproduksi biota (organisme) perairan di dalam suatu lingkungan terkontrol (Effendi, 2004). Di Indonesia tidak sedikit hewan air tawar, payau dan laut yang dikenal sebagai komoditas ekonomis penting. Usaha budidaya perikanan sebenarnya sudah dikenal sejak lama sejalan dengan kegiatan penangkapan dan pengumpulan dialam. Hanya saja usaha budidaya perikanan saat itu masih sangat sederhana, namun saat ini dengan kemajuan teknologi sudah mulai dilakukan pengembangan berbagai sistem budidaya yang kesemuanya itu untuk menunjang keberhasilan budidaya (Khordi, 2003). Ikan Kerling merupakan salah satu ikan liar yang hidup di sungai jambak meureubo yang mempunyai nilai ekonomis tinggi. Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir ikan ini menjadi perhatian para peneliti dan dimasa mendatang diharapkan menjadi salah satu komoditi yang berkontribusi untuk meningkatkan produksi akuakultur. Permintaan daging ikan Kerling terus meningkat, walaupun harganya sangat mahal. Sebaliknya aspek budidayanya belum berhasil dan bahkan belum banyak diteliti. Oleh karena itu tingkat eksploitasinya di alam terus meningkat yang berakibat pada semakin kritisnya populasi di habitat aslinya. Kottelat (1993) 2 dan Rupawan (1999) menyatakan bahwa ikan dari marga Tor termasuk jenis yang terancam punah akibat penangkapan yang berlebihan dan kerusakan habitat berupa penggundulan hutan. Gonad adalah organ reproduksi yang terdapat dalam tubuh individu ikan, pada ikan gonad berada disamping kiri dan kanan gelembung renang, dibawah vertebrae dan diatas saluran pencernaan. Jumlahnya sepasang dan menggantung pada selaput mesorchia dan mesovaria yaitu tergantung pada bentuk tubuh dan rongga tubuh individu ikan itu sendiri. Pada spesies ikan dari ordo Siluriformes memiliki bentuk testes yang berbeda dengan bentuk testes pada ikan dari ordo Cypriniformes. Peninjauan terhadap perkembangan gonad pada ikan dilakukan dari berbagai aspek termasuk proses- proses yang terjadi didalam gonad baik terhadap individu maupun populasi. Perkembangan gonad didalam tubuh ikan sangat dipengaruhi oleh kuantitas dan kualitas makanan yang dimakan juga kondisi lingkungan seperti suhu, yaitu pada saat gonad sedang dalam proses perkembangannya, sehingga mempelajari tahapan-tahapan perubahan perkembangan gonad dari suatu spesies ikan sangat penting dalam mendalami aspek biologi ikan. Dengan diketahuinya rekaman data tentang pentahapan testes dan ovary pada individu ikan maka kita dapat membandingkan antara individu ikan yang belum dewasa dengan yang sudah dewasa, antara individu yang sudah matang gonad dengan yang belum matang gonad, antara individu yang belum bereproduksi dengan yang sudah pernah bereproduksi, selain itu dapat diketahui pada ukuran berapa individu dari spesies ikan itu pertama kali megalami matang gonad dan mijah, untuk mengetahui perubahan yang terjadi pada gonad tersebut 3 secara kuantitatif dapat dinyatakan dengan suatu indeks yang dinamakan indeks kematangan gonad, yaitu nilai dalam persen sebagai hasil perbandingan antara berat gonad dengan berat tubuh ikan termasuk gonadnya. Pengamatan tentang tahap- tahap kematangan gonad ikan dapat dilakukan secara: Morfologi Histology Cara histologi dilakukan di Laboratorium. Sedangkan cara morfologi dapat dilakukan di laboratorium dan di lapangan. Dari penelitian secara histologi akan diketahui anatomi perkembangan gonad menjadi lebih jelas dan mendetail, Sedangkan hasil pengamatan secara morfologi tidak akan sedetail cara histologi (Effendi, 2002). 1.2 Rumusan Masalah Kajian - kajian dasar tentang ikan apalagi ikan lokal yang berpotensi dan memiliki nilai ekonomis yang cukup tinggi yang kelestariannya mulai terancam sangat diperlukan, ditambah lagi Indonesia mempunyai spesies air tawar yang cukup tinggi namun belum begitu banyak yang diekspos. Dalam kaitannya dengan pengembangbiakan ikan (budidaya ataupun ikan liar) kendala yang sering muncul dalam prakteknya adalah terhambatnya perkembangan gonad. Kemudian dalam menghadapi tuntutan akuakultur kedepannya, dimana produksi tidak lagi bergantung pada alam, maka kajian reproduksi mutlak diperlukan. Zairin (2003) menyebutkan bahwa kegiatan budidaya ikan tidak terlepas dari suplai benih baik dari segi kualitas, kuantitas dan kontinuitas, untuk 4 mencapai hal tersebut kontrol terhadap siklus reproduksi ikan dalam sistem budidaya sangat diperlukan. Disisi lain, tingginya tingkat pemanfaatan ikan dari perairan umum dikhawatirkan akan menyebabkan kepunahan populasi sedangkan kestabilan populasi sangat ditentukan oleh siklus reproduksi untuk melestarikan keturunannya. Mengingat tingginya permintaan dan makin kritisnya populasi di alam serta belum ada kegiatan budidaya ikan Kerling, maka dilakukan penelitian yang mengarah pada upaya pemanfaatan secara berkelanjutan melalui proses domestikasi. Untuk mencapai keberhasilan proses domestikasi diperlukan data dasar di antaranya aspek biologi. Pengelolaan terhadap ikan Kerling (Tor tambroides) dapat dilihat dari beberapa aspek seperti pertumbuhan, reproduksi, genetik, makanan, pola migrasi, dan lain-lain. Namun, penelitian ini difokuskan untuk menelaah Tingkat Kematangan Gonad Ikan Kerling dengan pendekatan histologi. 1.3 Tujuan Penelitian Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat kematangan gonad ikan Kerling jantan yaitu dengan melihat anatomi gonadnya. 1.4 Manfaat Penelitian Penulis mengetahui Tingkat Kematangan Gonad Pada Ikan Kerling Secara Histologis dan juga diharapkan dapat digunakan sebagai dasar pendekatan dalam usaha budidaya ikan ini serta sebagai dasar strategi konservasi sumberdaya perairan. 5 II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1 Klasifikasi Ikan Kerling (Tor tambroides) Ikan Kerling merupakan salah satu ikan air tawar yang ada di Aceh Barat khususnya di Daerah Aliran Sungai Jambak Meureubo Kecamatan Pante Ceureumen, Ikan Kerling memiliki daging yang tebal, rasanya enak, manis dan kaya minyak ikan, serta harganya sangat mahal. Ukuran tubuh ikan kerling sangat eksotik karena dapat mencapai di atas 30 kg dengan panjang tubuh lebih dari 1 m (Smith, 1945). Gambar 1. Ikan Kerling Menurut (Rainboth, 1996) klasifikasi Ikan Kerling adalah sebagai berikut: Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum: Chordata, Class: Teleostomi, Superordo: Ostariophysi, Ordo: Cypriniformes, Subordo: Cyprinoidei, Family: Cyprinidae, Subfamily: Cyprininae, Genus: Tor, Spesies : Tor tambroides. 2.2 Habitat Ikan Kerling (Tor tambroides) Habitat Ikan Kerling (Tor tambroides) dapat dideskripsikan sebagai berikut: dasar perairan umumnya berupa batuan, substrat kerikil dan pasir, warna air jernih, arus air lambat sampai deras, dan lingkungan sungai sebagian besar 6 berupa hutan primer. Kondisi perairan seperti diatas merupakan karakteristik dari hulu sungai. 2.3 Aspek Reproduksi 2.3.1 Tingkat Kematangan Gonad Tingkat kematangan gonad adalah tahapan perkembangan gonad sebelum dan sesudah ikan memijah. Pengamatan tingkat kematangan gonad dilakukan dengan cara histologis dan morfologi. Anatomi perkembangan gonad dapat terlihat lebih jelas dan akurat dengan menggunakan pengamatan secara histologis sedangkan dengan cara morfologi tidak terlihat lebih jelas. Namun cara morfologi banyak dan mudah dilakukan dengan dasar mengamati morfologi gonad antara lain ukuran panjang gonad, bentuk gonad, berat gonad, dan perkembangan isi gonad (Effendie, 1997). Ukuran panjang ikan saat pertama kali matang gonad berhubungan dengan pertumbuhan ikan dan faktor lingkungan yang mempengaruhinya terutama ketersediaan makanan, oleh karena itu ukuran ikan pada saat pertama kali matang gonad tidak selalu sama (Effendie, 1997). Perkembangan gonad dipengaruhi oleh dua faktor, yaitu faktor lingkungan dan hormon (Tang 2000). Adanya kecenderungan semakin tinggi TKG maka kisaran panjang dan berat tubuh semakin tinggi. Selain itu dijumpai pula ikan dengan ukuran kisaran panjang dan berat yang sama tidak mempunyai TKG yang sama. Hal ini dapat disebabkan oleh kondisi lingkungan dimana ikan tersebut hidup, ada tidaknya ketersediaan makanan, suhu, salinitas dan kecepatan pertumbuhan ikan itu sendiri (Syandri H 1996 dalam Yusnita & Arnentis 2002). 7 Menurut Effendie (2002) penentuan TKG dapat dilakukan secara morfologi dan histologi. Penentuan secara morfologi dilihat dari bentuk, panjang dan warna, serta perkembangan isi gonad. Penentuan TKG secara histologi dapat dilihat dari anatomi perkembangan gonadnya. Dalam proses reproduksi, awalnya ukuran gonad kecil, kemudian membesar dan mencapai maksimal pada waktu akan memijah, kemudian menurun kembali selama pemijahan berlangsung sampai selesai. Tingkat kematangan gonad diperlukan untuk mengetahui perbandingan ikan ikan yang akan melakukan reproduksi dan yang tidak melakukan
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Malaysian Mahseer: New Candidate for Asian Aquaculture? « Global Aquaculture Advocate
    8/22/2019 Malaysian mahseer: New candidate for Asian aquaculture? « Global Aquaculture Advocate (https://www.aquaculturealliance.org) ANIMAL HEALTH & WELFARE (/ADVOCATE/CATEGORY/ANIMAL-HEALTH-WELFARE) Malaysian mahseer: New candidate for Asian aquaculture? Friday, 2 March 2012 By Ehsan Ramezani-Fard, Ph.D. and Mohd Salleh Kamarudin, Ph.D. Species holds value for food, ornamentals markets Tor tambroides is a highly valued game, food and ornamental sh found throughout Southeast Asia. https://www.aquaculturealliance.org/advocate/malaysian-mahseer-new-candidate-for-asian-aquaculture/?headlessPrint=AAAAAPIA9c8r7gs82oWZB 8/22/2019 Malaysian mahseer: New candidate for Asian aquaculture? « Global Aquaculture Advocate The Malaysian mahseer (Tor tambroides), is a sought-after and highly valued game, food and ornamental sh found throughout Southeast Asia from Indonesia to southern China. This sh is part of an important group of freshwater cyprinids collectively known as mahseers that inhabit mountainous rivers and lakes of the Himalayan belt from Afghanistan to Indonesina and Myanmar. Mahseers form a signicant stock of indigenous sh in India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan with potential for the freshwater aquaculture industry. Malaysia’s three species of mahseer – T. tambroides, T. douronensis and T. tambra – live in headwaters and the fast- owing, cool and clear water of upland rivers. As with mahseers in other countries, the natural stock of Malaysian mahseers has rapidly declined in recent years due to environmental changes, human disturbance of aquatic ecosystems and overshing. Following the decline in populations of this species in the wild, its market prices rose as high as $80 and $240/kg when sold as food or ornamental sh, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Bleeker, 1854) (Cyprinidae) and Its Probiotics Potential
    UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA METAGENETIC ANALYSIS OF GUT MICROBIAL COMMUNITY OF MALAYSIAN MAHSEER Tor tambroides (BLEEKER, 1854) (CYPRINIDAE) AND ITS PROBIOTICS POTENTIAL TAN CHUN KEAT FP 2018 53 METAGENETIC ANALYSIS OF GUT MICROBIAL COMMUNITY OF MALAYSIAN MAHSEER Tor tambroides (BLEEKER, 1854) (CYPRINIDAE) AND ITS PROBIOTICS POTENTIAL UPM By TAN CHUN KEAT COPYRIGHT Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in © Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science December 2017 COPYRIGHT All material contained within the thesis, including without limitation text, logos, icons, photographs and all other artwork, is copyright material of Universiti Putra Malaysia unless otherwise stated. Use may be made of any material contained within the thesis for non-commercial purposes from the copyright holder. Commercial use of material may only be made with the express, prior, written permission of Universiti Putra Malaysia. Copyright © Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM COPYRIGHT © Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science METAGENETIC ANALYSIS OF GUT MICROBIAL COMMUNITY OF MALAYSIAN MAHSEER Tor tambroides (BLEEKER, 1854) (CYPRINIDAE) AND ITS PROBIOTICS POTENTIAL By TAN CHUN KEAT December 2017 UPM Chair: Natrah Fatin Mohd Ikhsan, PhD Faculty: Agriculture Gut microbiota in vertebrate is complex and contains abundant of diverse beneficial microorganisms important for a dynamic host-microbe interaction. Some of these bacteria may have probiotics properties. In this study, the gut microbiota in wild and captive T. tambroides was identified through metagenetic sequencing of 16S rDNA V3-V4 hypervariable regions using Illumina MiSeq. The sequencing data were analyzed using Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology (QIIME).
    [Show full text]
  • Microsatellite Characterization of Malaysian Mahseer (Tor Spp.) for Improvement of Broodstock Management and Utilization
    animals Article Microsatellite Characterization of Malaysian Mahseer (Tor spp.) for Improvement of Broodstock Management and Utilization Poh Chiang Chew 1,2 , Annie Christianus 1,3,* , Jaapar M. Zudaidy 2, Md Yasin Ina-Salwany 1,3 , Chou Min Chong 1,3 and Soon Guan Tan 4 1 Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; [email protected] (P.C.C.); [email protected] (M.Y.I.-S.); [email protected] (C.M.C.) 2 Freshwater Fisheries Research Division, Fisheries Research Institute Glami Lemi, Jelebu 71650, Malaysia; [email protected] 3 Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia 4 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +60-3-8947-4884 Simple Summary: The Malaysian mahseer (Tor ssp.) of the family Cyprinidae are indigenous large riverine cyprinids that occur only in Southeast Asia. They are the popular freshwater fish for food, ornamental and recreational fishing. However, their wild populations are now ecologically threatened as their numbers decline drastically over the years due to over-exploitation, natural habitat degradation and water pollution. With successful hatchery production, readily accepted artificial feed and fetched high market value, Malaysian mahseer is now considered a perspective for aquaculture. Stocks were collected from various sources for broodstock development to establish an appropriate base population with desirable characteristics that harbour adequate genetic diversity. Citation: Chew, P.C.; Christianus, A.; Information on the genetic status is essential to formulate appropriate strategies for genetic resources Zudaidy, J.M.; Ina-Salwany, M.Y.; protection and its utilization.
    [Show full text]
  • App 10-CHA V13-16Jan'18.1.1
    Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report (ESIA) – Appendix 10 Project Number: 50330-001 February 2018 INO: Rantau Dedap Geothermal Power Project (Phase 2) Prepared by PT Supreme Energy Rantau Dedap (PT SERD) for Asian Development Bank The environmental and social impact assessment is a document of the project sponsor. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “Terms of Use” section of this website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of or any territory or area. Rantau Dedap Geothermal Power Plant, Lahat Regency, Muara Enim Regency, Pagar Alam City, South Sumatra Province Critical Habitat Assessment Version 13 January 2018 The business of sustainability FINAL REPORT Supreme Energy Rantau Dedap Geothermal Power Plant, Lahat Regency, Muara Enim Regency, Pagar Alam City, South Sumatra Province Critical Habitat Assessment January 2018 Reference: 0383026 CH Assessment SERD Environmental Resources Management Siam Co. Ltd 179 Bangkok City Tower 24th Floor, South Sathorn Road Thungmahamek, Sathorn Bangkok 10120 Thailand www.erm.com This page left intentionally blank (Remove after printing to PDF) TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 PURPOSE OF THE REPORT 1 1.2 QUALIFICATIONS
    [Show full text]
  • National Report on the Fish Stocks and Habitats of Regional, Global
    United Nations UNEP/GEF South China Sea Global Environment Environment Programme Project Facility NATIONAL REPORT on The Fish Stocks and Habitats of Regional, Global, and Transboundary Significance in the South China Sea THAILAND Mr. Pirochana Saikliang Focal Point for Fisheries Chumphon Marine Fisheries Research and Development Center 408 Moo 8, Paknum Sub-District, Muang District, Chumphon 86120, Thailand NATIONAL REPORT ON FISHERIES – THAILAND Table of Contents 1. MARINE FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT........................................................................................2 / 1.1 OVERVIEW OF THE FISHERIES SECTOR ...................................................................................2 1.1.1 Total catch by fishing area, port of landing or province (by species/species group).7 1.1.2 Fishing effort by gear (no. of fishing days, or no. of boats) .......................................7 1.1.2.1 Trawl ...........................................................................................................10 1.1.2.2 Purse seine/ring net....................................................................................10 1.1.2.3 Gill net.........................................................................................................12 1.1.2.4 Other gears.................................................................................................12 1.1.3 Economic value of catch..........................................................................................14 1.1.4 Importance of the fisheries sector
    [Show full text]
  • Annex J: Fish Species & Migration
    Annex H: Forest & VegetationEAMP Annexes Types Annex J: Fish Species & Migration Table J.1: Distribution of fish species in the Xe Bang Fai & Nam Theun basins by river sector (source: Kottelat, 1998, updated with Kottelat, 2001 and Kot- telat, 2002) Xe Bang Fai Nam Theun Distribution Outside the Xe Bang Fai & Nam FAMILY (Species) Theun Lower Lower Upper Upper Middle Middle Plateau NOTOPTERIDAE Chitala blanci (d’Aubenton, 1965) • Mekong Basin Chitala ornata (Gray, 1831) • Mekong and Chao Phraya basins Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) • South and Southeast Asia CLUPEIDAE Clupeichthys aesarnensis Wongratana, 1983 • Mekong Basin Clupeoides borneensis Bleeker, 1851 • Southeast Asia Tenualosa thibaudeaui (Durand, 1940) • Mekong Basin SUNDASALANGIDAE Sundasalanx mekongensis Britz & Kottelat, 1999 • Mekong basin CYPRINIDAE Bangana elegans Kottelat, 1998 • • • • Nam Theun endemic, possibly in Nam Ngum basin Barbichthys laevis (Valenciennes, 1942) • Mekong and Chao Phraya basins Barbonymus altus (Günther, 1868) • Mekong and Chao Phraya basins Barbonymus gonionotus (Bleeker, 1850) • Southeast Asia Barbonymus schwanefeldii (Bleeker, 1853) • Southeast Asia Cirrhinus microlepis Sauvage, 1878 • Mekong and Chao Phraya basins Cirrhinus molitorella (Valenciennes, 1844) • • • Mekong and Chao Phraya basins, China Crossocheilus atrilimes Kottelat, 2000 • • Mainland Southeast Asia Crossocheilus reticulatus (Fowler, 1934) • • Mekong and Chao Phraya basins Cyclocheilichthys armatus (Valenciennes, 1842) • • Southeast Asia Cyclocheilichthys repasson (Bleeker, 1853) • • • • Southeast Asia Cyprinus rubrofuscus La Cepède, 1803 • Xiangkhouane, N.Vietnam and China Annex Danio fangfangae Kottelat, 2000 • • • Mekong basin Laos Discherodontus ashmeadi (Fowler, 1937) • Mekong basin Epalzeorhynchos frenatum (Fowler, 1934) • Mekong and Chao Phraya basins J Epalzeorhynchos munense (Smith, 1934) • Mekong basin Esomus metallicus Ahl, 1924 • Mainland Southeast Asia Folifer brevifilis (Peters, 1881) • Mekong, Chao Phraya, Salween and Red River basins, S.
    [Show full text]
  • Aquatic Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Services Ecological Research Monographs
    Ecological Research Monographs Shin-ichi Nakano · Tetsukazu Yahara Tohru Nakashizuka Editors Asia-Pacific Biodiversity Observation Network Aquatic Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Services Ecological Research Monographs Asia-Pacific Biodiversity Observation Network Series editor Yoh Iwasa More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8852 Shin-ichi Nakano • Tetsukazu Yahara • Tohru Nakashizuka Editors Aquatic Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Services Editors Shin-ichi Nakano Tetsukazu Yahara Center for Ecological Research Department of Biology Kyoto University Kyushu University Otsu, Shiga Fukuoka, Japan Japan Tohru Nakashizuka Graduate School of Life Sciences Tohoku University Sendai, Japan ISSN 2191-0707 ISSN 2191-0715 (electronic) Ecological Research Monographs ISBN 978-981-10-0778-1 ISBN 978-981-10-0780-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-0780-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016939121 © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for Broodstock Management, Propagation and Culture
    Artificial propagation of semah, Tor douronensis and empurau, Tor tambroides, two species of commercial and conservation value to Sarawak, Malaysia Guidelines for broodstock management, propagation and culture NOVEMBER 2007 i Acknowledgements Preparation of this material was coordinated by Prof. Sena De Silva, Director General of the Network of Aquaculture Centre in Asia-Pacific (NACA), Honorary Professor of Deakin Univeristy, Australia with assistance from other Project Team members: Dr. Thuy T. T. Nguyen and Dr. Sih Yang Sim of NACA, Dr. Brett Ingram and Mr. Geoff Gooley of the Primary Industry Research, Victoria (PIRVic), Australia, Dr. Stephen Sungan and Mr. David Tinggi of the Indigenous Fisheries Research and Production Centre (IFRPC), Sarawak, Malaysia. This material was produced as part of the report for the project Artificial Propagation of empurau, Tor tambroides and semah, T. douronensis, two species of commercial and conservation value to Sarawak, Malaysia; funded by the State Government of Sarawak. Special thanks are due to the former Minister of Agriculture and Food Industries, State Government of Sarawak, Dato Sri Haji Adenan Haji Satem; - the Director of Agriculture, Datu Hj Mohd. Sepuan Bin Hj Anu, for their continued interest and support; Mr. Joseph Wei - the Head of Inland Fisheries Division, Department of Agriculture, and Mr. Boniface Anat Litis. A special thank to Mr. Chong Ee Hook the former Head of Inland Fisheries Division for initiating this project. The help of all staff at the IFRPC, Tarat is also gratefully acknowledged. Finally, our thanks are also due to Prof. Uthairat Na-Nakorn for permitting the use of the facilities of the Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand, and Ms.
    [Show full text]
  • Improving the Phylogenetic Resolution of Malaysian and Javan Mahseer (Cyprinidae), Tor Tambroides and Tor Tambra: Whole Mitogeno
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.19.440536; this version posted April 20, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Improving the phylogenetic resolution of Malaysian and Javan mahseer (Cyprinidae), Tor tambroides and Tor tambra: Whole mitogenomes sequencing, phylogeny and potential mitogenome markers Leonard Whye Kit Lima*, Hung Hui Chunga*, Melinda Mei Lin Lau a, Fazimah Aziza and Han Ming Ganb,c aFaculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia. bGeneSEQ Sdn Bhd, Bukit Beruntung, 48300 Rawang, Selangor, Malaysia cCentre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia *Corresponding authors: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract The true mahseer (Tor spp.) is one of the highest valued fish in the world due to its high nutritional value and great unique taste. Nevertheless, its morphological characterization and single mitochondrial gene phylogeny in the past had yet to resolve the ambiguity in its taxonomical classification. In this study, we sequenced and assembled 11 complete mahseer mitogenomes collected from Java of Indonesia, Pahang and Terengganu of Peninsular Malaysia as well as Sarawak of East Malaysia. The mitogenome evolutionary relationships among closely related Tor spp. samples were investigated based on maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree construction. Compared to the commonly used COX1 gene fragment, the complete COX1, Cytb, ND2, ND4 and ND5 genes appear to be better phylogenetic markers for genetic differentiation at the population level. In addition, a total of six population- specific mitolineage haplotypes were identified among the mahseer samples analyzed, which this offers hints towards its taxonomical landscape.
    [Show full text]
  • Fishes of the Xe Kong Drainage in Laos, Especially from the Xe Kaman
    1 Co-Management of freshwater biodiversity in the Sekong Basin Fishes of the Xe Kong drainage in Laos, especially from the Xe Kaman October 2011 Maurice Kottelat Route de la Baroche 12 2952 Cornol Switzerland [email protected] 2 Summary The fishes of the Xe Kaman drainage in Laos have been surveyed between 15 and 24 May 2011. Fourty-five fish species were observed, bringing to 175 the number of species recorded from the Xe Kong drainage in Laos, 9 of them new records for the drainage. Twenty-five species (14 %) have been observed from no other drainage and are potentially endemic to the Xe Kong drainage. Five species observed during the survey are new to science (unnamed); they belong to the genera Scaphiodonichthys, Annamia, Sewellia and Schistura (2 species). Three of them have been discovered during the survey, the others although still unnamed were already known for some time, under an erroneous name. In the Xekong drainage, a total of 19 (11 %) fish species are still unnamed or their identity is not yet cleared and they are potentially also new to science. The survey focused on Dakchung district. Eleven species were collected on Dakchung plateau and 3 are apparently new to science (and thus 27 % of the fish fauna of the plateau is endemic there). Most of the endemic species (and all the new species discovered by the survey) are from rapids and other high gradient habitats. This reflects the limited distribution range of rheophilic species, but may also partly result from a sampling bias. Acknowledgements The author wishes to thank the WWF – Co-management of Freshwater Biodiversity in the Sekong Basin Project funded by the Critical Ecosystem Partnership FUND (CEPF) for supporting and organising this survey, especially Dr Victor Cowling who originally developed the survey activity and Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary 1
    Supplementary 1 List of selected complete COX1 gene sequences of Tor and Neolissochilus species samples obtained from NCBI No Accession No. Species Name Sequence Origin of Authors Ref. Length and Sample Size or Position 1. AP011372.1 T. tambroides Complete Unknown Miya, M. [1] (bases 6408 to 7958) 2. KJ880044.1 T. tambra Complete Malaysia Mohamed [2] (bases 6408 Yunus, N., to 7958) Mohd Nor, S.A., Mat Isa, M.N., Lay Kek, T. and Salleh, M.Z. 3. KP795444.1 T. tor Complete India Sahoo, P.K., [3] (bases 5479 Goel, C., to 7029) Kumar, R. and Barat, A. 4. KC914620.1 T. putitora Complete India Patiyal, R.S., [4] (bases 5480 Sati, J., Barat, to 7030) A., Sahoo, P.K., Singh, V.K. and Goel, C. 5. KJ880045.1 T. douronensis Complete Malaysia Mohamed [5] (bases 6410 Yunus, N., to 7960) Mohd Nor, S.A., Mat Isa, M.N., Lay Kek, T. and Salleh, M.Z. 6. KF305826.1 T. sinensis Complete China Huang, F.J. [6] (bases 5482 to 7032) 7. JX444718.1 T. tambroides Complete Malaysia Norfatimah, [7] (bases 6677 M.Y. to 7954) 8. MN378521.1 N. hexastichus Complete Unknown Shubra, S., [8] (bases 5479 Pavan-Kumar, to 7029) A., Archana, M. and Nagpure, N.S. 9. MN598560.1 N. benasi Complete China Gu, W., Xu, G., [9] (bases 5481 Huang, T. and to 7031) Wang, B. 10. NC_031555.1 N. stracheyi Complete Unknown Miya, M. [10] (bases 5481 to 7031) 11. AP011314.1 N. soroides Complete Unknown Miya, M. [10] (bases 5479 to 7029) 12.
    [Show full text]
  • Impacts of Sulfide Exposure on Juvenile Tor Tambroides: Behavioral Responses and Mortality 1Azimah Apendi, 1Teck Y
    Impacts of sulfide exposure on juvenile Tor tambroides: behavioral responses and mortality 1Azimah Apendi, 1Teck Y. Ling, 1Lee Nyanti, 1Siong F. Sim, 2Jongkar Grinang, 3Karen S. Ping Lee, 3Tonny Ganyai 1 Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Malaysia Sarawak University, Sarawak, Malaysia; 2 Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Malaysia Sarawak University, Sarawak, Malaysia; 3 Research and Development Department, Sarawak Energy Berhad, Sarawak, Malaysia. Corresponding author: T. Y. Ling, [email protected] Abstract. Construction of hydroelectric reservoirs had been reported to be the cause of increased sulfide levels resulting from the decomposition of organic matter. As more dams are being built, a better understanding of the impact of sulfide on indigenous species is required. In Sarawak, Tor tambroides is a highly valuable and sought after species which is facing declining population. This study aimed to determine the behavioral responses and mortality of juvenile T. tambroides exposed to sulfide. The three exposure experiments were gradual sulfide exposure, gradual sulfide exposure under lowering DO and gradual sulfide exposure under lowering pH. A modified flow-through design was used to expose the juveniles in containers to sulfide of different concentrations. Actual total sulfide in containers was determined according to standard method. During the duration of the experiment, behavioral responses, DO and pH were monitored. Experimental results show that negative controls recorded no behavioral response and no mortality was observed in all control experiments. However, under all sulfide exposure experiments, the juveniles displayed at least one behavioral response in the progression of huddling together, aquatic surface respiration, loss of equilibrium and turning upside down except for the gradual sulfide exposure experiment where no response was observed with the lowest total sulfide concentration tested (82 µg L-1).
    [Show full text]