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Volltext/Full Text (PDF) 10 Nachr. entomol. Ver. Apollo, N.F. 21 (1): 11–18 (2000) 11 Beobachtungen zur Biologie von Aglia tau (Linnaeus, 1758) im Freiland (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae, Agliinae) 1 Martin Beeke, Ulrich Brosch, Rudolf E. J. Lampe und Wolfgang A. Nässig Martin Beeke, Zum Wasserwerk 19, D-32479 Hille; E-Mail: [email protected] Ulrich Brosch, Mühlenstraße 22, D-32479 Hille; E-Mail: [email protected] Rudolf E. J. Lampe, Laufertorgraben 10, D-90489 Nürnberg Dr. Wolfgang A. Nässig, Entomologie II, Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt/Main; E-Mail: [email protected] Zusammenfassung: Details zur Präimaginalentwicklung Einleitung von Aglia tau (Linnaeus, 1758) im Freiland werden darge- stellt. Die Eiablage kann von der niedrigen Strauchschicht Beim Studium der umfangreichen Angaben über Aglia bis in die Kronen erfolgen; dementsprechend findet die Rau- tau (Linnaeus, 1758) in der Literatur, gerade in soge- penentwicklung in allen Waldschichten statt. Die Raupe nannten „Standardwerken“ der letzten 150 Jahre, fiel frißt auf allen möglichen Laubbäumen; ihre scheinbare uns auf, daß neben einer Vielzahl von mehr oder weni- Bindung an die Buche in Mitteleuropa ist nur eine postgla- ger detaillierten (und stets zutreffenden?) Angaben über ziale zufällige Übereinstimmung in allgemeinökologischen Freilandbeobachtungen der Imagines und teilweise auch Präferenzen. A. tau dürfte auch heute noch über die süd- liche boreale Taiga ein geschlossenes Verbreitungsgebiet Zuchten dieser auffälligen, auch teilweise tagaktiven vom Altantik bis zum Pazifik haben. Die Imagines sind strikt paläarktischen Saturniide kaum Beobachtungen zur Lar- getrennt in ihrer natürlichen Flugaktivität (♂♂ tagaktiv, valbiologie im mitteleuropäischen Freiland zu finden ♀♀ nachtaktiv); nur durch externe Störungen, insbesondere sind. Nach Warnecke (1934), der sich sehr ausführlich menschliche Einflüsse kommt es gelegentlich zu Ausreißern (und auch durchaus heute noch lesenswert) mit der ver- dabei. mutlichen postglazialen Einwanderung und der angebli- chen „Buchenstetigkeit“ von Aglia tau in Europa befaßt Notes on the life habits of Aglia tau (Linnaeus, 1758) in und auch etliche hochinteressante ökologische Angaben the wild (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae, Agliinae) bringt, waren es lediglich Bergmann (1953: 308), der Abstract: The live history of Aglia tau (Linnaeus, 1758) is berichtet, daß Raupen im Selketal bei Ballenstedt im discussed. Ova are probably deposited in all forest strata, from Harz gesammelt wurden, sowie besonders Ebert (1994), youngest trees and the bark of lower parts of old trees to twigs der detaillierte Angaben zu den verschiedenen Raupen- in the canopy. Larval development, therefore, can also take aufsammlungen in Baden-Württemberg macht. Die bei- place in all strata. Larval foodplants are deciduous trees; a few additions to the broad food spectrum from observations of den letzten Autoren geben auch präzise Hinweise, daß larvae on Ulmus (Ulmaceae) are provided. The larva is not at die Raupen nicht ausschließlich im kaum zugänglichen all dependent on Fagus (Fagaceae); in contrast, most of the Kronenbereich von Buchen zu finden sind, wie es von distribution area of A. tau is far outside the range of Fagus manchen anderen Autoren (zum Beispiel Sauer 1982: trees. Even in the southern parts of the boreal taiga (for exam- 115; eine ursprünglichere Quelle für diese in einer Publi- ple, in Finland up to the 64th degree of northern latitude) kation explizit ausgesprochene Vermutung konnten wir A. tau is able to maintain stable populations; therefore, we bisher nicht ausfindig machen, obwohl das viele Autoren think that the species still has a more or less continuous distri- bution range from the Pyrenees to the Pacific coast in East „zwischen den Zeilen“ vorauszusetzen scheinen) ange- Asia, in spite of the fact that the zone of deciduous forest nommen wird. Ebert zitiert außerdem noch mehrere is interrupted in Central Asia. Thus the Central European Funde von Eiern an der Stammbasis der Rotbuche Fagus combination of A. tau and Fagus forests is no more than a sylvatica L. Er bezweifelte jedoch, daß aus solchen Eiern non-essential postglacial coincidence caused by similar eco- geschlüpfte Räupchen überleben. logical abilities of both species. Under optimal conditions, the larvae have only three larval moults, i.e., four larval instars. Zu den von den Raupen im Freiland genutzten Nahrungs- However, when the conditions become suboptimal, there pflanzen sind bei Ebert (1994) für Baden-Württemberg appears to be a strong tendency towards an additional instar. die folgenden Arten aufgeführt: Imaginal activity is sexually dimorphic; under natural con- ditions, males fly during daytime only, when females excrete Salweide (Salix caprea L., Salicaceae), Hängebirke (Betula their pheromones and mating takes place; the females deposit pendula Roth, Betulaceae), Rotbuche (Fagus sylvatica their ova during the night. The presence of males at artificial L.), Stieleiche (Quercus robur L., beide Fagaceae), kulti- lights is caused only by the short-wavelength light of modern vierter Apfelbaum (Malus domestica Borkh.), Weißdorn collecting equipment and other anthropogenous disturbance (Crataegus spec.), Vogelkirsche (Prunus avium L., alle effects. No flight of ♂♂ and no pairings do occur at night Rosaceae), Bergahorn (Acer pseudoplantanus L., Acera- under natural conditions. ceae), Sommerlinde (Tilia platyphyllos Scop., Tiliaceae). Keywords: Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Saturniidae, Agliinae, Zusätzliche Literaturhinweise lagen ihm zu Seidelbast Aglia tau, Polygonia c-album, larval development, behaviour, (Daphne mezereum L., Thymelaeaceae) und Erle (Alnus forest stratum, diurnal flight pattern. spec., Betulaceae) vor. Marttila et al. (1990) fügen zu 1 52. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Saturniidae. 12 13 diesem Spektrum noch Sorbus (wohl aucuparia L., Rosa- der teilweise in einen Ahorn-Linden-Wald übergeht, auf ceae) hinzu. Wiehengebirgssandstein, Korallenoolith und Hersumer Schichten des oberen Juras (Malm). Die Hanglage weist Weitere, unter Zuchtbedingungen akzeptierte einheimi- zahlreiche Wärmeinseln auf. Dieser botanisch sehr inter- sche Raupenfutterpflanzen sind Öhrchenweide Salix( essante Bereich am äußersten nordwestlichsten Rande aurita L.), Bruchweide (Salix fragilis L., Salicaceae) und des Verbreitungebietes des Frauenschuhs (Cypripedium Hasel (Carpinus betulus L., Corylaceae) (cf. Friedrich calceolus L., Orchidaceae) hat sich in den vergangenen 1983, botanische Nomenklatur für einheimische Pflan- Jahrzehnten leider sehr negativ entwickelt, so daß auch zen in Anlehnung an Wisskirchen & Haeupler 1998). diese noch von Runge (1972) für den Wittekindsberg auf- Stone (1991) führt in seinem Werk über die Futterpflan- geführte Orchideenart im Untersuchungsgebiet schon zen der Saturniiden des weiteren die nicht in Deutsch- seit Jahren nicht mehr nachgewiesen werden konnte. land beheimateten Arten Alnus japonica, Alnus cremasto- Dennoch kann die entomologische und botanische gyne, Betula platyphylla (alles Betulaceae), Corylus hete- Bedeutung des Gebietes für die Region nicht hoch genug rophylla (Corylaceae), Castanea crenata, Fagus crenata, eingeschätzt werden. Fagus longipetiolata, Quercus dentata, Quercus serrata (alles Fagaceae), Juglans regia (Juglandaceae) sowie Ilex Im Rahmen der Untersuchungen wurde die Randvegeta- verticillata (Aquifoliaceae) auf, ohne zwischen Labor- tion des Wegesystems mehrfach im Jahr zu den Fortpflan- und Freilandbefunden zu unterscheiden, die Zuverläs- zungszeiten der verschiedenen Generationen systema- sigkeit der Angaben überhaupt zu charakterisieren und tisch auf Raupen von Polygonia c-album abgesucht. Diese die jeweiligen Überlebens- und Mortalitätsraten auf den durch Vogelkotmimese gut getarnten Raupen bevorzu- Futterpflanzen anzugeben. gen im Untersuchungsgebiet junge Bäume der Bergulme Ulmus glabra Huds. mit einer Höhe von maximal 3–4 Die folgenden Fragen — unter anderen — sind in der bis- m. Raupen des C-Falters sind aber auch an vereinzelt herigen Literatur nicht befriedigend geklärt: eingestreuten Feldulmen (Ulmus minor Mill., Ulma- 1. Wo erfolgt die Eiablage? ceae) sowie auf Hopfen (Humulus lupulus L., Cannaba- ceae) zu finden. Durch diese intensive Suche nachP. c-al- 2. Wo leben also die Raupen: im Kronenraum alter, bum wurden in den vergangenen Jahren auch mehrfach hoher Bäume oder in niedrigeren Höhen in Raupen von Aglia tau im 1. und 2. Raupenstadium gefun- Jungwuchs und Stammausschlägen? den, zum Teil sogar gemeinsam mit P. c-album auf der- 3. Wie breit ist das Nahrungsspektrum der Raupe, und selben Pflanze. Neben den beiden vorgenannten Ulmen- in welchen Biotoptypen kommt die Art vor (auch im arten konnte am Wittekindsberg lediglich die Rotbuche Zusammenhang mit der Größe des Gesamtverbrei- als weitere Futterpflanze unseres einheimischen Augen- tungsgebiets)? spinners belegt werden; auf Hopfen wurden keine Rau- 4. Wie viele Raupenstadien gibt es insgesamt, 4 oder 5? pen von A. tau gefunden. Die Raupensuche auf Blättern 5. Darüber hinaus sind noch Fragen zum diurnalen Flug- an den äußeren unteren Astbereichen älterer Ulmen rhythmus von Aglia tau wieder in die Diskussion und Buchen blieb bei beiden vorgenannten Arten bis- gekommen, weil in den letzten etwa 20–30 Jahren her erfolglos. Auch der obengenannte Hinweis auf einen vermehrt Beobachtungen über nachts an modernen Raupenfund auf Rotbuche bezieht sich auf einen jungen Lichtfangeinrichtungen anfliegende ♂♂ zusammenge- Baum (< 3 m
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