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Local Case-Marking in Kalasha

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Local Case-Marking in Kalasha Local case-marking in Kalasha Maps and appendices Jan Heegård Petersen PhD thesis June 2006 Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics University of Copenhagen List of maps and appendices MAP 1: ”PERISTAN” (“HINDU KUSH”) AND CENTRAL ASIA .......................................... 3 MAP 2: CHITRAL AND EASTERN NURISTAN...................................................................... 4 MAP 3: THE HINDU KUSH AREA WITH LANGUAGE FAMILIES AND A SELECTION OF LARGER LANGUAGES......................................................................................................... 5 MAP 4: SOUTHERN CHITRAL.................................................................................................. 6 APPENDIX 1. CLASSIFICATION OF NURISTANI AND DARDIC LANGUAGES, FOLLOWING STRAND (1997-2004)........................................................................................... 7 APPENDIX 2. THE DARDIC LANGUAGES - FOLLOWING BASHIR (2003)..................... 8 APPENDIX 3. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE PRONOMINAL PARADIGM ................... 9 APPENDIX 4. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE POSSESSED KINSHIP TERMS/PERSONAL SUFFIXES .............................................................................................. 11 APPENDIX 5. LIST OF INFORMANTS................................................................................... 13 APPENDIX 6. GLOSSED AND TRANSLATED NARRATIVE: “THE FOX AND THE LION”............................................................................................................................................ 14 APPENDIX 7. LIST OF STIMULUS MATERIAL................................................................... 27 APPENDIX 8. QUANTIFIERS AND DISTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES ................................. 32 APPENDIX 9. NOTES ON MORPHOPHONOLOGY AND CASE-MARKING .................. 33 APPENDIX 10. A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF TRAIL (1996) .......................................... 40 APPENDIX 11. NOTES ON THE VOCATIVE CASE............................................................. 41 APPENDIX 12. TEMPORAL CASE ENDINGS ....................................................................... 42 APPENDIX 13. NOMINATIVE PLURAL MARKING WITH -an AND -án......................... 45 APPENDIX 14. WORDS WITH OBLIQUE PLURAL -ón ...................................................... 46 APPENDIX 15. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON REDUPLICATION........................................... 48 APPENDIX 16. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE INSTRUMENTAL CASE ....................... 49 APPENDIX 17. SURVEY OF LOCATIVE-MARKING IN NEIGHBOURING LANGUAGES ....................................................................................................................... 52 APPENDIX 18. THE BOWPED-BOOK TEST ......................................................................... 58 APPENDIX 19. THE PUT AND TAKE PROJECT TEST - LOCATIVE ANSWERS.......... 75 APPENDIX 20. THE CONTAINMENT PICTURE SERIES (CPS)........................................ 80 APPENDIX 21. THE SUPPORT PICTURE SERIES (SPS) .................................................... 85 APPENDIX 22. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF LOC1-a ................ 90 APPENDIX 23. ABLATIVE RESPONSES TO THE PUT AND TAKE PROJECT. ............ 91 APPENDIX 24. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON PLACE NAMES AND LOCAL CASE ENDINGS .................................................................................................................................... 101 APPENDIX 25. THE EXPERIENCER (‘DATIVE SUBJECT’) CONSTRUCTION IN NIA AND KALASHA......................................................................................................................... 103 APPENDIX 26. VERBS TAKING OBLIQUE OBJECTS...................................................... 104 1 APPENDIX 27. OTHER POSTPOSITIONS OR ADPOSITIONAL EXPRESSIONS ........ 105 APPENDIX 28. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON báti .................................................................... 108 APPENDIX 29. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON hátya ................................................................. 110 APPENDIX 30. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON kái ..................................................................... 117 APPENDIX 31. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON pi ....................................................................... 121 APPENDIX 32. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON som.................................................................... 123 APPENDIX 33. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON thára.................................................................. 128 APPENDIX 34. THE POSTPOSITION ásta gri/hásta gri ’ALONG WITH’ ........................ 131 APPENDIX 35. HISTORICAL NOTES ON PARTICIPLES AS ADPOSITIONS AND COMPLEMENTIZERS IN INDO-ARYAN............................................................................. 132 APPENDIX 36. RELATIONAL NOUNS IN KALASHA ....................................................... 133 2 Map 1: ”Peristan” (“Hindu Kush”) and Central Asia (From Cacopardo and Cacopardo 2001, with Alberto Cacopardo’s permission.) 3 Map 2: Chitral and Eastern Nuristan (From Cacopardo and Cacopardo 2001, with Alberto Cacopardo’s permission. National borders accentuated with red, the Chitral/Kunar River with yellow.) 4 Map 3: The Hindu Kush area with language families and a selection of larger languages (From Mørch and Heegaard 1997.) 5 Map 4: Southern Chitral and eastern-most Nuristan (From Mørch and Heegaard 1997.) 6 APPENDIX 1. CLASSIFICATION OF NURISTANI AND DARDIC LANGUAGES, FOLLOWING STRAND (1997-2004) Appendix 1. Classification of Nuristani and Dardic languages, following Strand (1997-2004) (http://users.sedona.net/~strand/index.html) Strands phoneme-near spelling ignored - traditional denominations used. Nuristani languages Southern Group Ashkunu Ashkunu-viri (3 variants) Sanu-viri Gramsana-viri KalaSa-ala (Waigali) (2 major dialect groups) Tregami Northern Group Kamkata-viri Kata-vari (Kati) Mum-viri Kam-viri Vasi-vari (Prasun, Paruni, Wasi-veri, Veron) Dardic group of Indo-Aryan Pashai Western (4 variants) Eastern (5 variants) Pech Group Grangali Shumashti Gawar-báti Chitral Group Kalasha (2 dialects, remaining) Khowar Tirahi Kohistani Group Western (2 languages) Eastern (5 languages) Indus Kohistani (”Maiya”) (2 dialects) Gowro Cilisso Bhate-sazib Torwali Shina Chilasi (several dialects and variants, including Palula) Gilgiti Kashmiri (several dialects and variants 7 APPENDIX 2. THE DARDIC LANGUAES - FOLLOWING BASHIR (2003) Appendix 2. The Dardic languages - following Bashir (2003: 824-825) I Pashai Eastern dialects Northeastern group (2 dialects) Southeastern group (5 or more dialects) Western dialects Southwestern group (5 dialects) Northwestern group (17 dialects) II Kunar Group Gawarbáti type Gawarbáti Shumashti Grangali Dameli III Chitral Group Khowar Kalasha Northern (2 varieties) Southern (Utsund) Eastern (at least 4 varieties) IV Kohistan Group Tirahi Dir-Swat Dir Kohistani (2 dialects) Kalam Kohistani Torwali Wotapuri-Katarqalai Indus Kohistan Indus Kohistani (“Maiyā~”) Inner varieties (4 varieties) Outer varieties (5 varieties) V Shina Kohistan Group (4 dialects) Astor Group (4 dialects) Gilgit Group (4 dialects Palula (2 varities) Sawi VI Kashmiri 8 APPENDIX 3. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE PRONOMINAL PARADIGM Appendix 3. Additional notes on the pronominal paradigm The 3rd person pronouns are identical to the demonstrative pronouns. They differ from the paradigm of 1st and 2nd person pronouns in two respects: (a) they have an accusative case, and (b) they come in three sets denoting location of the referent person as near, distal and absent (or remote). TABLE APP. 3.1: PRONOMINAL SYSTEM, 3RD PERSON. Near Distal Absent (remote) Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative ía émi ása éLi se te Accusative áma émi aLa éLi to te Genitive-oblique ísa ísi ása ási tá.a/tása tá.i/tási Functions The accusative of the 3rd person pronouns marks the direct object of transitive verbs. Nominative and genitive-oblique cases are used as described for nouns. Structure of paradigms The category ‘Near’ implies visibility, ‘Distal’ can refer to visible or non-visible location, and ‘Absent’ (‘Remote’) implies non-visibility, not present. An emphatic form sh- can be applied to the 3rd (and demonstrative) pronouns, as well as to a subset of the local adverbs, but not to the 1. and 2. person pronouns. sh- implies that the referent is already mentioned or present in the discourse (EB88: 43). The three-way distinction is not unusual for the Hindu Kush language area (Edelman 1983, EB03). Morgenstierne sees an obvious “derivation from the Sanskrit types sa, ayam, asau” (GM73: 217). He gives as examples áma < asma, émi < ime, ása < asau, isa < ata (< eta-), and others. By comparing the OIA paradigms for demonstrative pronouns there are clearly obvious formal similarities, for example te < te (masc.nom.pl), but it is not clear how the OIA system has come to be reflected in the Kalasha system, i.e. whether it is the masculine or feminime, or singular or plural forms that have survived. For example, OIA ime is masc.nom.du/pl, ásau is fem.nom.pl, and asma (= asmai?) is the dative singular of masculine and neutrum. Segmental built-up of forms There are certain paradigm-internal patterns to observe for 3. person personal (and demonstrative) pronouns. Such generalizations are not explicitly formulated by GM73, EB88, Tr96 and TC99. (a) Nominative and accusative cases, except nom.sg.distal, are distinguished from the genitive-oblique case by the fact that the case forms of the latter all have intervocal -s-. (b) Singular is distinguished from plural in the near and distal sets. All
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