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Multimax Technical Summary Contents ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Copyright ® 1986 Encore Computer Corporation 257 Cedar Hill Street Marlboro, MA 01752 (617)460-0500 This document is the property of Encore Computer Corporation. Encore does not convey herewith any license under its proprietary rights, its patent rights, or under the patent rights of others. This document does not imply a commitment on the part of Encore to build the described products in any form or implementation. The information in this document is subject to change without notice, and should not be construed as a commitment by Encore Computer Corporation. Encore assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document. Annex, Encore Continuum, HostWindow, HostStation, Multimax, Nanobus, Resolution, and UMAX are trademarks of Encore Computer Corporation, ALLY is a trademark of Foundation Computer Systems, Inc., a subsidiary of Encore. 726-01759 Rev A First Printing May, 1985 Printed in the USA Contents PREFACE by C. Gordon Bell CHAPTER 1 THE SYSTEM Multimax Hardware Overview 1-1 Multimax Performance Advantage 1-2 Multimax Configurability Advantage 1-4 Multimax Reliability Advantage 1-4 Multimax Software Advantage 1-5 The Encore Computing Continuum 1-5 Preparing for the Future 1-7 The New Step Forward in Computing 1-7 CHAPTER 2 HARDWARE SUMMARY DESCRIPTION Multimax System Packaging 2-1 The Multimax System Cabinet 2-1 The Multimax Peripheral Cabinet 2-1 Multimax Functional Overview 2-1 Summary Specifications 2-2 TheNanobus 2-3 System Control Card 2-6 Dual Processor Card 2-8 Shared Memory Card 2-9 Ethernet/Mass Storage Card 2-11 Hardware Options 2-12 Mass Storage 2-12 Annex Network Communications Computers 2-13 Gateway Computers 2-14 HostStationllO 2-15 Band Printers 2-16 Cables and Connectors 2-16 Multimax Technical Summary Contents CHAPTER 3 SOFTWARE SUMMARY DESCRIPTION Introduction to UMAX 4.2 and UMAX V 3-1 Major features of UMAX 3-2 UMAX Performance 3-6 CHAPTER 4 PARALLEL PROGRAMMING ON THE MULTIMAX Opportunities for Applied Parallelism 4-1 Required Support Features 4-2 Types of Parallelism 4-2 Independent Parallelism 4-3 Very Coarse Grained Parallelism 4-3 Coarse Grained Parallelism 4-4 Medium Grained Parallelism 4-6 Parallelizing an Application: An Example 4-12 Fine Grained Parallelism 4-12 Conclusions 4-12 CHAPTER 5 MULTIMAX RELIABILITY AND MAINTAINABILITY Multimax Self-Test Capabilities 5-2 System Self-Test and Configuration 5-2 DPC and EMC Self-Tests 5-3 SMC Self-Tests 5-4 Annex Self-Tests 5-4 The Console Command Interpreter 5-4 The System Exerciser 5-4 Software Product Reliability 5-4 APPENDIX A THE NS32000 FAMILY PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE The Current Multimax Processor A-l NS32000 Architecture A-2 Data Types Supported A-2 Operators A-5 Register Set A-6 Instruction Set A-9 APPENDIX B UMAX 4.2 COMMAND SUMMARY General Purpose Utilities B-l System Administration Utilities B-6 User-Contributed Software B-7 Superceded Software B-8 APPENDIX C UMAX V COMMAND SUMMARY General Purpose Utilities C-l System Administration Utilities • C-5 TCP/IP Networking Utilities C-7 Distributed, but Not Supported, Utilities C-7 Multimax Technical Summary Contents APPENDIX D OPTIONAL SOFTWARE PRODUCTS FORTRAN Utilities D-l Pascal Utilities D-l EMACS Utilities D-2 GLOSSARY OF MULTIMAX TERMS INDEX Multimax Technical Summary Preface The Multi - A New Computer Class by C. Gordon Bell This document introduces a new computer - the Multimax - which we believe to be the best example of an entirely new class of computing structure - the Multi. The Multi (for multiple microprocessor) is an emerging computer class made possible by recent, powerful micros that have the speed and functionality of mid-range superminicomputers. A Multi is scalable, permitting a single computer to be built which spans a performance range, in contrast to computer families implemented from a range of technologies. The Multi is likely to impact traditional micros, minis, mainframes, and even supercomputers. Multis can be used today - without redesign or reprogramming of applications - because computer systems often operate on many independent processes. With Multis, it is possible to operate on many of these processes in a parallel fashion, each on an independent processor, transparent to the user. Most importantly, the Multi is likely to be the path to the Fifth Generation based on parallel processing. This Preface briefly summarizes the generic Multi - what it is, why it has come to be, and how it is applied - to better prepare those unfamiliar with this new concept for the Multimax design discussions which follow. THE MULTI - ITS HISTORICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL BASIS Computer systems with multiple processors have existed since the second generation (the Burroughs B5000, a dual symmetrical processor, was introduced in 1961). Most mainframe vendors and some minicomputer suppliers currently offer systems with up to four processors. However, these structures have been expensive to build - due to the high cost of typical processors - and hence have found application mostly for high-availability computing (e.g., communications, banking, airline reservations). The modern 32-bit microprocessor's function, performance, size, and negligible cost are creating a new potential for multiprocessors. In addition to 32-bit addressing, these microprocessors provide hardware support for paged and virtual memory - as well as complete instruction sets with integer, floating, decimal, and character Multimax Technical Summary 5 Preface operations. The result is performance levels comparable to that of mid-range superminis such as the VAX™-11/750. The Multi is a multiprocessor structure designed to use these new microprocessors to advantage. It employs an extended UNIBUS'"-type interconnect, whereby all arithmetic and input/output processor modules can access common memory modules. Cache memories attached to each processor handle approximately 95% of its requests, limiting traffic on the common bus. With these local caches, ten times as many processors can be attached before saturating the common bus. With proper attention to design of critical elements (e.g., the common bus), large Multis using current-technology micros can outstrip high-end superminis, and even some mainframes, in total performance. This advantage should continue to grow. The performance of MOS and CMOS microprocessors has improved (and is expected to continue to improve) at a 40% per year rate, while TTL and ECL bipolar tech­ nologies (on which most traditional minis are based) have shown roughly a 15% per annum improvement. Besides a bright performance future in leveraging the MOS microprocessor evolution, the Multi offers several other key advantages. • Configurability - through modular design, the Multi allows the user to "construct" the desired level of performance or price, without having to choose among a restricted set of computer family members, none of which may provide an exact match for the requirements. • Availability -The Multi has inherent reliability through redundancy because it is built from as few as four different module types. With appropriate software support, faulty modules which are replicated can be taken out of service - allowing continued operation with minimum downtime. • Designability and Manufacturability - Because the Multi contains multiple copies of few modules, instead of the many unique boards in a typical minicomputer, it is faster and less expensive to design. Moreover, individual module types are manufactured in larger volumes, producing improvements in manufacturing costs over older technologies. When compared to traditional uniprocessor designs, the Multi delivers improved performance, price, and price/performance. APPLYING THE MULTI Multis will be widely used for many applications because they can provide the most cost-effective computation unless the power of one large processor is required to run a single sequential program. Because of the rapid rate of microprocessor evolution, relatively few applications require single-stream performance greater than that delivered by each of the Multi's processors. This number will continue to shrink. We can better understand where Multis can be applied by classifying the degrees of parallelism achievable. Grain size is the period between synchronization events for VAX and UNIBUS are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation. 6 Multimax Technical Summary Preface Synchronization Encore Computer Construct for Grain Size Interval Structures to Parallelism (instructions) Support Grain Fine Parallelism inher­ <20 Specialized proces­ ent in single in­ sors (e.g., systolic or struction or data array processors) stream added to Multimax Medium Parallel processing 20-200 Multimax or multi-tasking within a single process Coarse Multiprocessing of 200-2000 Multimax concurrent pro­ cesses in a multi­ programming environment Very Coarse Distributed pro­ 2000-1M Multiple Multi- cessing across net­ maxes, worksta­ work nodes to tions, and other form single com­ machines, on puting environ­ Ethernet ment multiple processors or processing elements Synchronization is necessary in parallel processing to initialize a task, parcel out work, and merge results. The Multi exploits the coarse- or medium- grain parallelism within an application, not the Fine-Grain, which is the focus of pipelined machine designs. Groups of Multis can interact over networks to implement very coarse granularity. As all modern operating systems are multiprogrammed, whereby each job in the system is at least a single process, and many support multi-tasking
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