Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 1 Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 2 Workshop Websites

Session 2 Highway Types: • Truck Weight and Size Limits List of Restrictions http://www.transportation.wv.gov/highways/maintenance/hauling_permits/Documents/ SELECTED%20ROUTES.pdf • Gross Vehicle Weights http://www.transportation.wv.gov/highways/programplanning/preliminary_engineering/ Pages/GrossVehicleWeights.aspx

Session 3 Limits: • Hauling Permits http://www.transportation.wv.gov/highways/maintenance/hauling_permits/Pages/defaul t.aspx • Requirements for Manufacturers of Motor Vehicles https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/49/567.4 • Bridge Weight Formula Table https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/Freight/publications/brdg_frm_wghts/bridge_formula_all_rev.p df

Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 3 Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 4 Weight, size and load reference sheet Width limits (17C-17-2) *96 inches –OR- *102 inches on vehicles or equipment that operate on bi-directional roadways, if the lane widths are 10 feet or greater. 96 inch vehicles or trailers cannot haul 102 inch wide loads. Height and length limits (17C-17-4) *Height = 13 foot 6 inches

*Length *Single motor vehicle = 40 feet (including load) *Combinations on National Network = no limit *Combinations on other U.S. and State routes = 70 feet (no limit on National network). *Combinations on County routes = 70 feet (*changed in the spring of 2014) *Saddle mounts = 97 feet on National Network. State Routes = 75 feet. #Pole trailers are exempt to the above when transporting poles or pipes or structural material which cannot be dismembered: Provided, if over 80 feet, a permit must be obtained. Special load limits (17C-17-5) *Front overhang = 3 feet beyond foremost part of vehicle *Rear overhang = 6 feet beyond bed or body of vehicle Note: digger/derrick line are allowed 6 feet in the front and 9 feet in the rear #Pole trailers = same exemption as listed above in the length limit section.

Weight limits – Interstate highways (National Network) *Single = 20,000 pounds (steering or back axle) (17C-17-8) *Tandem axle = 34,000 pounds (17C-17-8a) *Tri-axle, inner bridge, outer bridge = see chart in 17C-17-9 *80,000 weight limit on the Interstate highway system

#Weight limits – U.S. & State Routes (Not Interstate) *Single axle = 20,000 pounds (steering or back axle) (17C-17-8) *Tandem axle truck = 60,000 pounds + a 10% tolerance (66,000 pounds) (vehicle must be registered for at least 60,000 to receive the tolerance) 17C-17-9a (b) (1) *Tri-axle truck = 70,000 pounds + a 10% tolerance (77,000) (must be registered for at least 70,000 to receive the tolerance) 17C-17-9a (b) (2) *Quad axle truck = 73,000 pounds + a 10 % tolerance (80,300) (must be registered for at least 73,000 to receive the tolerance) 17C-17-9a (b) (3) *Truck and pup trailer, *tractor-semitrailer combo with five , *tractor-semitrailer combo with six axles = 80,000 pounds + a 10% tolerance (88,000) (must be registered for 80,000 to receive the tolerance) (17C-17-9a (b) (4)

#Note: some state may have a 65,000 pound weight limit, with a 10% tolerance (71,500 pounds). Check your weight load limit map. Individual county maps, with more routes can be found at: http://www.transportation.wv.gov/highways/programplanning/preliminary_engineering/ Documents/Gross%20Weight%20Limit.PDF

Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 5 Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 6 Workshop Topics Truck Weights: Know Your • Types of routes with different load limits Limits • Legal truck weight capacity Workshop • Determining weight limits for a route • Examples and exercises Session 1 Introduction

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Training Objective Goals

• Communicate weight limits allowed on West Virginia highways • To empower truck owners and operators to comply with Truck Weight Limitations in West Virginia • Load limits vary by Highway type • Preserve infrastructure • • Pavement • Truck • Bridges • Type • Avoid over stressing the trucks • Axle • Safety concerns •

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Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 7 Audience Preserve Infrastructure

• Drivers Pavements Bridges • Loaders • Owners/Fleet managers • Private • WVDOH

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Bridges are designed to support a wide variety of vehicles Pavement Damage Factor and their expected loads. As trucks grew heavier in the Myth 1950s and 1960, something had to be done to protect • It takes twice the weight to do twice the damage bridges. The solution for interstate For non‐interstate highways, bridges Fact highways was to link allowable are protected by defining weight • An axle overloaded 20% causes over twice the damage weights to the number and limits for specific vehicle types. of a legally loaded axle spacing of axles. • Twice the weight causes 16x the damage =

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Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 8 Vehicle Damage Increased Risk of Rollover

http://i106.photobucket.com/albums/m254/Trainworm/trucking/009.jpg 1‐ 9 1‐10 http://www.sdtrucksprings.com/what‐the‐world‐would‐be‐like‐without‐suspension‐upgrades http://static.lakana.com/media.fox10phoenix.com/photo/2017/03/15/cementtruck_1489587378575_2887460_ver1.0.JPG

Stopping Distance What Were They Thinking????

1‐11 1‐12 https://i.ytimg.com/vi/5lIG4mvLfQc/hqdefault.jpg http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/03222/TRUCK1_3222397c.jpg

Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 9 What Were They Thinking???? They Called This an Accident?????

• It’s not just big trucks!

http://www.ctsblog.net/2011_01_01_archive.html 1‐13 1‐14 http://charlottelegal.net/truck‐accidents‐north‐carolina/

Exception • §17C‐17‐1. FAST Act • (b) The provisions of this article governing size, weight, and load shall not apply to fire apparatus, machinery, or to implements of husbandry, including farm tractors, temporarily Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act moved upon a highway, or to a vehicle operated under the terms of a special permit issued as herein provided. Emergency Vehicles –a vehicle designed to be used under emergency conditions

• suppression of fires • mitigation of other hazardous situations.

Gross Vehicle Weight – 86,000 lb.

Single Steering Axle – 24,000 lb. Single Drive Axle – 33,500 lb. Tandem Rear Drive Steer Axle – 52,000 lb. Interpreted to provide exception for salt Tandem Axle – 62,000 lb. and plow trucks when responding to snow events. Section 1410 of the FAST Act amended 23 U.S.C. 127 by including new vehicle weight limits for Emergency Vehicles on http://www.njfirepictures.com/WESTVIRGINIAFIREAPPARATUS/West‐Virginia‐Fire‐Apparatus/i‐vKjFsFJ/1/L/DSC_0689‐L.jpg 1‐15 http://thelaughingstork.com/wp‐content/uploads/2009/10/Fireman.jpg 1‐16 http://www.smeal.com/wp‐content/uploads/20160310_134141.jpg http://www.wvgazettemail.com/apps/pbcsi.dll/storyimage/CH/20140303/DM0101/303039965/EP/1/3/EP‐303039965.jpg the Interstate Highway System.

Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 10 Let Us Not Forget Summary

• Truck accident litigation can • Operating trucks with in legal present unique problems limits is important: “If you are ever in a truck • Protect the infrastructure accident, it is critical to find as • Pavements many defendants as possible. • Bridges Often times this will include the • Prevent excess vehicle damage driver, the owner of the truck, • Safety contractors, employers and • Potential legal liability insurance companies.”

http://www.yrchlaw.com/blog/2015/12/truck‐accident‐litigation‐can‐present‐unique‐problems.shtml http://photos.gograph.com/thumbs/CSP/CSP647/k6479215.jpg 1‐17 1‐18

Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 11 Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 12 Bridge Weight Limit Signs Supersede Everything Truck Weights: Know Your Limits Workshop

Session 2 Highway Types

• These are placed for bridges which cannot handle standard loads

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Weight and Size Limits Nice Bridge • List of Restrictions can be found at: A weight limit sign???? http://www.transportation.wv.gov /highways/maintenance/hauling_p ermits/Documents/WEIGHT%20A What is the DOH thinking??? ND%20CLEARANCE%20RESTRICTIO NS%202014.pdf Sign must be a mistake. I’ll use the bridge fully loaded. • This list is used when issuing blanket permits. Hopefully there is • It is not all inclusive of the bridges with weight an alternative route restrictions. • The only way sure to determine if a route has weight restricted bridge is to drive the route.

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Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 13 Weight and Size Limits Single unit vehicles with two axles

Single unit vehicles with three axles

Limits on this list apply Single unit vehicles with four to the largest truck type. or more axles Other truck types have Combination vehicles with four axles

lower limits. Combination vehicles with five or more axles

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CRTS Weight Limit Sign Applies to All Trucks Note: CRTS Routes Use Different Weight Limit Signs

Standard bridge weight limit sign Bridge weight limit sign for CRTS (Coal haul routes)

All single unit vehicles with four or more axles

All combination vehicles with five or more axles

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Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 14 Highway Types

• Interstates Weight restricted by bridge weight formula

• US Routes Weight restricted by WV code • WV Routes • Designated County Routes

Other County Routes Weight restricted by WV code, • lower weight limits • Home Access Route Program (HARP)

Coal Resource Transportation System Weight restricted by WV code, • Select truck types, coal haul only CRTS covered in separate 2‐ 9 session if needed 2‐ 10 http://www.overdriveonline.com/23‐year‐old‐trucker‐destroys‐historic‐indiana‐bridge‐blames‐conversion‐math/

Highway Types specifically in the WV code Weight Limits Based on Highway Type:

Interstate US, WV, and Designated County Routes • US Routes • 20,000 lb. Single Axle Weight Limit Weight restricted by WV code • 20,000 lb. Single Axle Weight Limit • WV Routes • 34,000 lb. Tandem Axle Weight Limit • Gross Vehicle Weight • Designated County Routes Referred to as 80,000 lb. routes based on the maximum allowable weight • Gross Vehicle Weight Weight restricted by WV code, • Bridge Weight Formula County Routes (Non‐Designated) • Other County Routes lower weight limits • 20,000 lb. Single Axle Weight Limit • HARP Referred to as 65,000 lb. routes based on the maximum allowable weight • Gross Vehicle Weight (Lower)

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Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 15 Weight, size and load reference Truck Weight Limits are controlled by : sheet at the end of the workbook Interstate Highways Axle Weight Restrictions Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) Bridge Weight Formula • National Interstate and Defense Highways

2‐ 13 2‐ 14 http://www.massload.com/images/xAxle‐Pads.jpg.pagespeed.ic.yt6hTjjcOx.jpg

Roads Governed by WV Code US Routes

US Numbered Highways (US 50) Badge with Route Number US Numbered Highways (US 50) Badge with Route Number

WV Numbered Highways (WV 7) Square with Route Number

Select WV County Numbered Routes (CR 65 & CR 9/1) Circle with Route Number

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Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 16 WV Routes County Routes

WV Numbered Highways County Routes (CR 65 & CR 9/1) (WV 7) Circle with Route Number Square with Route Number Some County Routes may be designated to have the same load limits as US and WV routes

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Designated WV County Routes East Monongalia County Routes

• For designated county routes, truck weight limits are the same as US and WV numbered state routes • The select county routes are not identified with signs • Maps available from WVDOT internet showing the designated routes http://www.transportation.wv.gov/highways/programplanning/prelimi nary_engineering/Pages/GrossVehicleWeights.aspx

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Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 17 Example Changing Weight Limits on a County Route Highway Type Summary

CR 857 PA line Weight restricted by federal code, bridge weight formula applies to Pierpont • Interstates Intersection with I68 CR 857 select • US routes Higher weight • WV routes Weight restricted by WV code limits apply • Designated county routes

Weight restricted by WV code, • County routes (non‐designated) lower weight limits CR 857 • HARP Lower weight limits apply 2‐ 21 2‐ 22

Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 18 Overweight Permits Workshop for Truck Weight Limits in the State of West Virginia • Special Hauling Permits can be issued over the weight limit for trucks or routes • The load must be indivisible

Session 3 Vehicle Weight Limits • Information for these permits can be found at:

http://www.transportation.wv.gov/highways/maintenance/hauling_permits/Pages/default.aspx

• Or contact:

Wayne Kessinger, Permit Section Administrator Building Five, Room 356 1900 Kanawha Boulevard East

3‐ 1 Charleston WV, 25305‐0430 3‐ 3 Phone: 304‐558‐0384

Session Content Indivisible Load

• Overweight permits • Terminology A load is indivisible if dividing it would diminish the value of the load or if would require more than 8 working hours to disassemble. • Vehicles • Axles • Rules for the roads • WV • Interstate • • Examples

3‐ 2 3‐ 4 http://www.wyg.com/uploads/images/services/abnormal‐indivisible‐load‐route‐assessments‐760x240.jpg

Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 19 Session Content Truck Manufacture Weight Ratings GVWR Code of Federal Regulations • Overweight permits 45,023 49 CFR 567.4 ‐ Requirements for • Terminology • manufacturers of motor vehicles • Vehicles GAWR • Label required on all vehicles • Axles • Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) • Rules for the roads GAWR • Gross Axle Weight Rating (GAWR) • WV 19,000 • Interstate Not enforceable weight limits • Tires But remember the lawyers • Examples

3‐ 5 3‐ 7 https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/49/567.4

Truck and Axle Terminology • Manufacturer Limits Overloading is the No. 1 Danger Facing Your Fleet • Vehicle Weight Terms • Tire Load Rating • Overloading is the scourge of • Overloading shortens a truck's fleets. It creates an unsafe service and increases operating Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) – • Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) • vehicle that can cause injuries expenses. In fact, fleet • Gross Combination Weight Rating • Gross Combination Weight and fatalities, which will maintenance surveys (GCWR) (GCW) invariably result in a lawsuit. consistently show that • Gross Axle Weight Rating (GAWR) • Statistics show that overloaded overloading is the No. 1 cause of and improperly loaded trucks unscheduled maintenance for are among the leading causes of trucks. Total Weight on a scale Manufacturer Weight recommendations truck accidents. • premature wear‐and‐tear on tires and suspension component

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Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 20 Interstate Front axle 20,000 lb. Axle Rear axle 20,000 lb. limits External Bridge 40,000 lb. control

>10 ft.

Truck overloading is not a new problem Minimum tire rating Front – 13200/2 = 6,600 lb. Tandem – 23000/4 = 5,750 lb.

https://books.google.com/books?id=SWkgAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA388&lpg=PA388&dq=excess+truck+wear+due+to+o verload&source=bl&ots=dBYSIC5NWJ&sig=5nSjJ_fNBDFyZ54OdcLyBtBScNU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1j‐ 3‐ 9 3‐ ORusfTAhXDQCYKHXPfDscQ6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q&f=false

Interstate Axle Terms Front axle 20,000 lb. Axle Tandem 34,000 lb. limits External Bridge 54,000 lb. control • Steering Axle –The axle that controls the direction of the vehicle • Drive Axle or Live Axle –An axle in which the shaft also transmits >23 ft. power to the wheels lb. • Dead Axle –An axle that supports the vehicle and does not transmit any drive • Single Axle –Side view of truck shows single wheel on the truck Minimum tire rating • Dual ‐ Side view of truck shows single wheel on the truck with two tires on each side Front – 18180/2 = 9090 lb. Tandem – 23000/4 = 5750 lb. of the axle • Single ‐ Side view of truck shows two wheels on the truck front to back with a spacing between the center of the wheels less than 40 inches or greater than 96 inches

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Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 21 Axle Terminology Axle Terms (Cont.) Single Axles • Tandem Axle –Side view of truck shows two or more consecutive axles whose centers are more than 40 and less than 96 inches apart (Used on Interstate) • Tridem Axle ‐ Side view of truck shows three consecutive axles Single Axle with Single Tires Single Tires If the spacing between the axles (Used off Interstate) is less than 40” the axle is • Quadem Axle ‐ Side view of truck shows four consecutive axles treated as a single axle (Used off Interstate)

• Lift axles –axles installed ahead of (pusher) or behind (tag) the Single Axle with driving tandem axles on a straight truck or tractor. Single Tires Dual Tires

• Split Axle –Two or more consecutive axles whose centers are more http://www.drive‐ awayspecialist.com/photos/undefined/Box%20Truck%202‐1.jpg

http://www.georgiamadetrailers.com/wp‐ than 96 inches apart 3‐ 13 3‐ 15 content/uploads/2016/06/BS‐8.5x24TA2L‐Wh‐R‐RV‐Right‐3‐ 1024x768.jpg

Axle Terms Used in WV Code Tandem Axles Axle Terminology §17C‐17‐8. Single‐axle load limit. • Tandem defined in code for Interstate (a) The gross weight imposed on the • More than 40 inches and less highwaybythewheelsofanyoneaxleofa than 96 inches Single Tires Tandem Axle with dual tires vehicle shall not exceed twenty thousand pounds. • The WV code does not include an axle load limit for tandems (b) For the purpose of this article an axle on the US, WV, and County load shall be defined as the total load Route systems. Single Tires Tandem Axle with super single tires transmitted to the road by all wheels whose Tridem and Quadem are used centers are included between two parallel • transverse vertical planes forty inches apart, in the code but are undefined. extending across the full width of the vehicle. Spacing must be more than 40” 3‐ 14 and less than 96” 3‐ 16 https://c1.staticflickr.com/8/7394/13987647729_de184b714e_b.jpg

Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 22 Axle Terminology Axle Terminology Split Axle –Two single axles due to spacing between centers of axles Lift Axles Lazy (Tag) Axle ‐ lift axle at the Axle spacing > 96 inches (8 feet) rear of a truck

Pusher Axle – lift axle ahead of The allowable truck load same as fixed axles provided lift axle fully engaged 11 feet 8 inches the driving tandem axle

3‐ 17 http://www.carnationconstruction.com/images/CadmanCementTruck500.jpg 3‐ 19 http://www.jetcompany.com/images/trailers/Drop‐Deck‐trailers/53ft‐Steel‐Drop‐Deck‐Spread‐Slant.jpg

Axle Terminology Tridem Arrangement Quadem Arrangement Session Content

• Overweight permits Three load carrying axles Four load carrying axles • Terminology • Vehicles Maximum GVW and tolerance specified in WV Code • Axles • Rules for the roads • WV • Interstate • Tires • Examples

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Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 23 Highway Types US and WV Routes • Five truck types in WV code

• Interstates Weight restricted by federal code, bridge weight formula applies • To be eligible for the 10% tolerance, the truck must be registered for the • US routes maximum GVW for the vehicle type • WV routes Weight restricted by WV code • Designated county routes NO TOLERANCE ON SINGLE AXLE TWENTY Weight restricted by WV code, THOUSAND POUND WEIGHT LIMIT! • County routes (non‐designated) lower weight limits • HARP ‐except T3 Single unit vehicle with three axles allowed 10% tolerance = 66,000 lb.

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Highway Types US and WV Routes

• Interstates Weight limit with tolerance 66,000 lb. • US routes 77,000 lb. • WV routes Weight restricted by WV code 80,300 lb. • Designated county routes 88,000 lb.

Weight restricted by WV code, • County routes (non‐designated) lower weight limits • HARP Vehicles carrying more than the manufacture’s GVWR may have legal problems if involved in an accident WV code does not limit the registration weight of a vehicle to the rated 3‐ 22 gross vehicle weight 3‐ 24

Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 24 County Routes Designated County Routes • Five truck types in WV code

• To be eligible for the 10% tolerance, Same load limits as US and WV Routes the truck must be registered for the maximum GVW for the vehicle type NO TOLERANCE ON SINGLE AXLE TWENTY THOUSAND POUND WEIGHT LIMIT! NO TOLERANCE ON SINGLE AXLE TWENTY ‐ except T3 THOUSAND POUND WEIGHT LIMIT! Designated County Routes are not ‐except T3 identified with road signs! See session 2

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County Routes Trucks not identified in WV Code • Single Unit Trucks with more than four load carrying axles have the same limits as a SU5 Weight Limit with tolerance 66,000 lb. • Semi trucks 3x20,000 = 60,000 lb. 71,500 lb. • Limited by 20,000 lb. per axle No tolerance 71,500 lb. • Any Semi with 5 or more axles 71,500 lb. is treated as a 3S2 GVW = 80,000 lb.* 10% tolerance

3‐ 26 * 65,000 plus 10% on non‐designated county3 ‐routes28

Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 25 SU4 Truck H‐ Truck Single unit truck Single drive axle and tridem axle Single unit truck US, WV and Designated County Routes 2 –Axles Maximum of 20,000 lb. per single axle Maximum of 20,000 lb. per axle Maximum Gross Vehicle Weight of Maximum Gross Vehicle Weight of 70,000 lb. (10% Tolerance) 40,000 lb. (No Tolerance) 77,000 lb. with Tolerance

Limit applies to all US, WV, and County Routes County Routes Maximum of 20,000 lb. per single axle Maximum Gross Vehicle Weight of 65,000 lb. (10% Tolerance) 71,500 lb. with Tolerance http://gobondar.com/wp‐content/uploads/2014/07/straight‐truck.jpg 3‐ 29 3‐ 31 http://www.schellvacequipment.com/images/inventory/tridem‐hydrovac‐3.jpg

SU5 Truck (plus all single unit vehicles with more than five axles) T‐3 Truck Single unit truck Single driving axle and quadem axle Single unit truck Single drive axle and tandem axle US, WV and Designated County Routes Maximum of 20,000 lb. per single axle Maximum of 20,000 lb. per single axle Maximum Gross Vehicle Weight of Maximum Gross Vehicle Weight of 60,000 lb. (10% Tolerance) 73,000 lb. (10% Tolerance) 66,000 lb. with Tolerance 80,300 lb. with Tolerance County Routes • Typically SU5 trucks have lift axles Limit applies to all US, WV, and County Maximum of 20,000 lb. per single axle • For weight limit purposes the lift Routes Maximum Gross Vehicle Weight of axles must be fully engaged 65,000 lb. (10% Tolerance) • If the lift axles are not engaged the weight limits for a T3 would apply http://www.bigmacktrucks.com/uploads/1307048539/gallery_8734_1028_243699.jpg 3‐ 30 71,500 lb. with Tolerance 3‐ 32 http://illinoistruckcops.org/wp‐content/uploads/2015/02/5axle.jpg

Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 26 3S2 Truck plus all combination vehicles with more than five axles • These signs are posted in tons Semi or Tractor and trailer truck Single driving axle and tandem axle on tractor as well as a tandem axle on trailer US, WV and Designated County Routes Weight Limit Maximum of 20,000 lb. per single axle Weight Limit Maximum Gross Vehicle Weight of 80,000 lb. with tolerance (10% Tolerance) 32,000 lb. 40,000 lb. 88,000 lb. with Tolerance 52,000 lb. 66,000 lb. County Routes Maximum of 20,000 lb. per single axle 52,000 lb. 77,000 lb. Maximum Gross Vehicle Weight of 65,000 lb. 54,000 lb. 80,300 lb.

(10% Tolerance) https://www.strikeforcehobbies.com/media/PETERBILT3885AXLEDUMPTRUCK.JPG 71,500 lb. with Tolerance https://s‐media‐cache‐ak0.pinimg.com/736x/40/29/a9/4029a9d5c7894b08a7a20ddd4d7df823.jpg 74,000 lb. 88,000 lb.

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Do Not Forget About Weight Restricted Bridges!!!! WV Code complete ‐ • These signs supersede any route weight limits

• No tolerance on posted weights for bridges

• These signs are posted in tons!!! (1 ton = 2000 lb.)

3‐ 34 3‐ 36 http://www.winnebagocountyiowa.gov/wp‐content/uploads/2013/11/IMG_1130.jpg

Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 27 Session Content Examples of Truck Bridges

• Overweight permits • Terminology • Vehicles • Axles • Rules for the roads • WV • Interstate This truck has one bridge • Tires This is an external bridge • Examples

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Interstates –Bridge Weight Formula Examples of Truck Bridges Quiz What is a bridge? This truck has two bridges A. A structure for carrying traffic External bridge ‐ center of the The bridge weight formula was steering axle to the center of implemented to limit damage to the rear axle in the tandem bridges due to truck loads. B. A group of axles on a truck The tandem is an internal Grouping of truck axles are also bridge called bridges. distance is from the center of the first and last wheels of the tandem

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Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 28 Examples of Truck Bridges Examples of Truck Bridges This truck has five bridges This truck has two bridges The external bridge goes from the center of the steering axle to the center of the External bridge ‐ center of the rear axle in the rear tandem steering axle to the center of the rear axle in the tridem The steering axle to the rear of the front tandem is an internal bridge The front wheel of the front tandem to The tridem is an internal the rear wheel of the rear tandem is an bridge internal bridge distance is from the center of Each tandem axle is an internal bridge the first and last wheels of the tridem Measured from the center of the wheels on the tandems 3‐ 41 3‐ 43

Examples of Truck Bridges Interstates –Bridge Weight Formula • Single Axle Limit = 20,000 lb. • Tandem Axle Limit = 34,000 lb. This truck has two bridges • Gross Vehicle Weight Limit = 80,000 lb. External bridge ‐ center of the steering axle to the center of • Bridge Weight Formula governs axle the rear axle in the quadem • W = Overall Gross Weight of any weight limits two or more consecutive axle rounded to the nearest 500 lb. The quadem is an internal bridge • L = spacing THERE IS NO TOLERANCE FOR WEIGHT LIMITS ON INTERSTATE distance is from the center of • N = number of axles the first and last wheels of the quadem

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Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 29 This calculation is repeated Tabular form of Bridge Weight Formula for each bridge of a truck

See Bridge Weight L = 10 feet Formula Table at back of workbook

W = 500[10*2/(2‐1)+12*2+36] = 40,000 pounds

When using the formula instead of the table,

http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/Freight/publications/brdg_frm_wghts/bridge_formula_all_rev.pdf if the value is ends in 250 or 750, round down 3‐ 45 3‐ 47

Note: Single axle limit.

12’

L = 1012’ feet

W = 500[12*2/(2‐1)+12*2+36] = 42,000 pounds 20,000 pounds per axle 40,000 lb. controls.

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Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 30 External bridge is 70 feet. Maximum length in 20’ 40’ table is 60 feet. 20’ 40’ 70 feet, 5 axles Use 60 feet for Full Truck 80,000 lb. analysis Front 3 Axles 54,500 lb. Per bridge weight formula 50 feet, 4 axles Full Truck 85,500 lb. Rear 4 axles 75,500 lb. But a permit is required to haul more than 80,000 lb.

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20’ 40’ 20’ 40’

Full Truck 80,000 lb. Full Truck 80,000 lb.

Front 3 Axles 54,500 lb. 25 feet, 3 axles Rear 4 axles 75,500 lb. Front 3 Axles 54,500 lb. Steering Axle 20,000 lb. (maximum for single axle)

If tandem axles are fully loaded Steering Axle = 80,000 – 2X34,000 = 12,000 lb.

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Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 31 An Exception Time For a Break!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

20’ 36 to 40’39 feet

Two TANDEM axles spaced 36 feet apart can each carry 34,000 lb.

20’ 40’36’ 9’

No exemption –not a tandem axle on trailer

3‐ 53 http://weknowmemes.com/wp‐content/uploads/2012/04/hang‐on‐guys‐i‐gotta‐stretch‐first.jpg 3‐ 55 https://i.ytimg.com/vi/h2TmF_JIFN4/hqdefault.jpg

Bridge Weight Formula Session Content

• Overweight permits NO TOLERANCES PERMITTED • Terminology • Vehicles • Axles • Rules for the roads • WV • Interstate • Tires • Examples

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Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 32 Tires Tire Load Limits Tire Load Ratings Example tire load capacities

Historically based on number of • The load on each tire plies to define load ratings cannot exceed the rated capacity for the tire. • Major safety issue!!!!

Load capacity varies with tire pressure

3‐ 57 3‐ 59 http://i106.photobucket.com/albums/m254/Trainworm/trucking/009.jpg

Tires Tires Tire Load Ratings Tire Load Ratings • Manufacturer limits • Tire Load Rating –maximum safe weight a tire can carry at a specified • GVW • In the US tire load ratings are molded into the sidewall pressure, stated on the side of each tire • Tire Load Rating • Rating varies for single vs dual axle

6175 lb.

5675 lb.

• Load rating is for single and dual application 3‐ 58 • Tire pressure is specified 3‐ 60

Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 33 No motor vehicle shall be operated Tires Tire Load Ratings with tires that carry a weight Tire Limits vs Code GVW greater than that marked on the sidewall of the tire

Federal regulation applies Single Dual to Interstate loads

By reference this regulation is included in WV legislature GVW Applies to all loads on all Allowable Weight Based on Tire Ratings 12,350 lb. 22,700 lb. 35,050 lb. roads! Allowable Weight Based on Code Interstate 40,000 lb. Over loaded tires is justification US, WV, and Designated County Routes 40,000 lb. for an “out of service” citation County Routes 40,000 lb.

3‐ 61 Tires Control 3‐ 63

Tires Tires Tires • Rating varies for single vs dual axle • Manufacturer Limits • GVW • Tire Load Rating Single Tandem with Dual tires

Single Dual

6175 lb. 6175 lb. 5675 lb. 2 x 6175 lb. 8 x 5675 lb. 5675 lb. 6175 lb. 5675 lb. Allowable Weight Based on Tire Ratings 12,350 lb. 45,400 lb. 2 x 6175 lb. 4 x 5675 lb. Allowable Weight Based on Tire Ratings 12,350 lb. 22,700 lb. 3‐ 62 3‐ 64

Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 34 Tires Tires Tire Limits vs GVW Tire Limits vs GVW

Single Tandem with Dual tires Single Tridem with Dual tires

GVW GVW Allowable Weight Based on Tire Ratings 12,350 lb. 45,400 lb. 57,750 lb. Allowable Weight Based on Tire Ratings 12,350 lb. 68,100 lb. 80,450 lb. Interstate 47,000 lb. Interstate 55,500 lb. US, WV, and Designated County Routes 66,000 lb. US, WV, and Designated County Routes 77,000 lb. County Routes 66,000 lb. County Routes 71,500 lb. Bridge Formula controls on Interstate and Tires control all other roads Bridge Formula controls on Interstate and WV Code control all other roads 3‐ 65 3‐ 67

Tires Tires

Single Tridem with Dual tires Single Quadem with Dual tires

6175 lb. 5675 lb. 6175 lb. 5675 lb. 2 x 6175 lb. 12 x 5675 lb. 2 x 6175 lb. 16 x 5675 lb. Allowable Weight Based on Tire Ratings 12,350 lb. 68,100 lb. Allowable Weight Based on Tire Ratings 12,350 lb. 90,800 lb. 3‐ 66 3‐ 68

Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 35 Tires Tire Limits vs GVW Tires Tire Limits vs GVW

20’ 40’ Single Quadem with Dual tires Single Two pairs of tandem axles

GVW GVW Allowable Weight Based on Tire Ratings 12,350 lb. 90,800 lb. 103,150 lb. Allowable Weight Based on 12,350 lb. 45,400 lb. 45,400 lb. 103,150 lb. Tire Ratings Interstate 63,500 lb. Interstate 80,000 lb. US, WV, and Designated County Routes 80,300 lb. US, WV, and Designated County Routes 88,000 lb. County Routes 71,500 lb. County Routes 71,500 lb. Bridge Formula controls on Interstate and WV Code control all other roads Bridge Formula controls on Interstate and WV Code control all other roads 3‐ 69 3‐ 71

Tires Comparison of Tire Rating with and without lift axles

20’ 40’ Single Two pairs of tandem axles Rear Four Axles of a Rear Four Axles of a Quadem (No Lift Axles) Quadem (2 Lift Axles)

6175 lb. 5675 lb. 5675 lb. 2 x 6175 lb. 8 x 5675 lb. 8 x 5675 lb. Allowable Weight Based on Tire Ratings 12,350 lb. 45,400 lb. 45,400 lb. 16 x 5675 lb. 4 x 6175 lb. + 8 x 5675 lb. 3‐ 70 Allowable Weight Based on Tire Ratings 90,800 lb. 70,100 lb. 3‐ 72

Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 36 Tires 11,000 lb. Session Content

Super Single Tires –a tire with • Overweight permits a load rating of approximately two times the rating for a • Terminology conventional tire • Vehicles • Axles Single Tandem with super single tires • Rules for the Roads • WV • Interstate • Tires 6175 lb. 11,000 lb. 2 x 6175 lb. 4 x 11,000 lb. • Examples Allowable Weight Based on Tire Ratings 12,350 lb. 44,000 lb.

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Time to refresh yourself. Examples DOH trucks • Your turn to workout examples next. • Ford F550 – Class H –2 axle • Hino 380 – Class H–2 axle • Mac – Class T3 – 3 axle

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Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 37 ROAD RULES FRONT Interstate Front axle 20,000 lb. Axle Rear axle 20,000 lb. limits External Bridge 40,000 lb. control

TIRE LIMITS Front single 3,640 lb. Rear dual 3,415 lb.

LOAD LIMIT ON AXLE DUE TO TIRE LIMITS REAR Front single 2 x 3,640 = 7,280 lb. Rear dual 4 x 3,415 = 13,660 lb.

Front axle 20,000 lb.

MAXIMUM LOAD MANUFACTURE LIMITS LOAD LIMIT ON AXLE DUE TO TIRE LIMITS (SELECT MINIMUM) GVWR 17,950 lb. Front GAWR 7,000 lb. Front single 2 x 3,640 = 7,280 lb. Front 7,000 lb. Rear GAWR 13,660 lb. Rear dual 4 x 3,415 = 13,660 lb. Rear 13,660 lb. TOTAL 20,660 lb. NOTE GVWR 17,950 lb. so the axles cannot be fully loaded

MANUFACTURE LIMITS GVWR 17,950 lb. Front GAWR 7,000 lb. Rear GAWR 13,660 lb.

Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 38 COMPARE VEHICLE AND TIRE LIMITS TO ROAD RULES ROAD RULES Truck Type H (SU 2, 2 axle) Interstate Axle 20,000 lb. single axles GVW 40,000 lb. Bridge Weight formula

West Virginia Regulations MANUFACTURE LIMITS Same limits apply to all H trucks for all roads GVWR 33,000 lb. in West Virginia other than Interstate Axle 20,000 lb. Front GAWR 13,200 lb. GVW 40,000 lb. Rear GAWR 23,000 lb. Vehicle limits: Front 7,000 lb. Vehicle limits are Rear 13,660 lb. below roads rules. GVWR 17,950 lb. .

ROAD RULES FRONT Interstate Front axle 20,000 lb. Axle Rear axle 20,000 lb. limits External Bridge 40,000 lb. control TIRE LIMITS REAR Front single 6,610 lb. Rear dual 6,005 lb.

LOAD LIMIT ON AXLE DUE TO TIRE LIMITS Front axle 20,000 lb. Front single 2 x 6,610 = 13,220 lb. GVW 40,000 lb Rear dual 4 x 6,005 = 24,020 lb.

Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 39 MAXIMUM LOAD COMPARE VEHICLE AND TIRE LIMITS TO ROAD RULES MANUFACTURE LIMITS LOAD LIMIT ON AXLE DUE TO TIRE LIMITS (SELECT MINIMUM) GVWR 33,000 lb. ROAD RULES Front GAWR 13,200 lb. Front single 2 x 6,610 = 13,220 lb. Front 13,200 lb. Truck Type H (SU 2, 2 axle) Interstate Rear GAWR 23,000 lb. Rear dual 4 x 6,005 = 24,020 lb. Rear 23,000 lb. Axle 20,000 lb. single axles TOTAL 36,200 lb. GVW 40,000 lb. Bridge Weight formula

West Virginia Regulations Same limits apply to all H trucks for all roads in West Virginia other than Interstate Axle 20,000 lb. GVW 40,000 lb. Vehicle limits: Front axle and GVWR ear NOTE Front 13,200 lb. below roads rules. GVWR 33,000 lb. so the axles cannot be fully loaded Rear 23,000 lb. Rear axle is greater than GVWR 33,000 lb. single axle limit. Allowable loads for all limits Front 13,200 lb. Rear 20,000 lb. GVW 33,200 lb.

ROAD RULES Interstate Front axle 20,000 lb. Axle Tandem 34,000 lb. limits External Bridge 54,000 lb. control >23 ft. lb. MANUFACTURE LIMITS GVWR 64,180 lb. Front GAWR 18,180 lb. Rear GAWR 2 x 23,000 = 46,000 lb.

Front axle 20,000 lb.

GVW limit 66,000 lb. 3‐

Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 40 COMPARE VEHICLE AND TIRE LIMITS TO ROAD RULES FRONT ROAD RULES Vehicle and Tire Limits Combined Limits Interstate Front Axle 20,000 lb. Front 18,180 lb. Front 18,180 lb. Tandem 34,000 lb. Rear 46,000 lb. Rear 34,000 lb. TIRE LIMITS GVW 54,000 lb. BWF TOTAL 64,180 lb. TOTAL 52,180 lb. Front single 10,000 lb. Rear dual 6,005 lb. REAR West Virginia Regulations Truck Type T3 (SU 3, 3 axle) Same limits apply to all T3 trucks for all roads in West Virginia other than Interstate Vehicle limits: Allowable weights Front Axle 20,000 lb. Front 18,180 lb. Front 18,180 lb. GVW 66,000 lb. Rear 46,000 lb. Rear 46,000 lb. TOTAL 64,180 lb. TOTAL 64,180 lb. LOAD LIMIT ON AXLE DUE TO TIRE LIMITS Front axle and GVWR are Front single 2 x 10,000 = 20,000 lb. below roads rules. Rear axle is greater than Rear dual tandem 8 x 6,005 = 48,040 lb. axle limit.

MAXIMUM LOAD MANUFACTURE LIMITS LOAD LIMIT ON AXLE DUE TO TIRE LIMITS (SELECT MINIMUM) Route Example GVWR 64,180 lb. Front GAWR 18,180 lb. Front single 2 x 10,000 = 20,000 lb. Front 18,180 lb. Rear GAWR 2 x 23,000 = 46,000 lb. Rear dual tandem 8 x 6,005 = 48,040 lb. Rear 46,000 lb. A. Know Your Truck TOTAL 64,180 lb. 1. Axle Configuration

NOTE 2. Tire Rating GVWR and GAWR control B. Know Your Route 1. What is the lowest limit Highway? 2. Are there any Load Restricted Bridges? C. Axle Limitations 1. Interstate 2. Tires

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Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 41 (1) Know Your Truck Route Example (1) Axle Configuration (2) Tire Rating (2) Know Your Route • Need to haul horse manure from (1) What is the lowest limit Highway? K n M Quarter Horses in Mooresville WV to Rich’s Farms (2) Are there any Load Restricted Bridges? past the state line on Rt 857. (3) Axle Limitations (1) Interstate (2) Tires

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(1) Know Your Truck (1) Axle Configuration Starting point (blue) and ending point (red) (2) Tire Rating WV –PA State Line (2) Know Your Route (1) What is the lowest limit Highway? K n M Horse Farm (2) Are there any Load Restricted Bridges? (3) Axle Limitations G Rated Tires (1) Interstate Single Tires on Steering Axle and (2) Tires Dual Tires for rear 3 Axles

6175 lb.

56753‐ 94 lb. 3‐ 96

Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 42 From the State Line on 857 to Mooresville WV

Start on Rt. 29 at K n M Quarter Horses Drive on Rt. 29 until WV7 Drive on Rt. 29 until WV7 Drive on WV7 until Load Limited Bridge Load Limited Bridge on WV7 Undesignated County Route! Continue on WV7 until I79 (Exit 155) Drive on I79 until I68 Drive on I68 until Rt. 857 (Exit 10) Drive on Rt. 857 until State Line End at State Line

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Start on Rt. 29 at K n M Quarter Horses Drive on WV7 until Load Limited Bridge

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Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 43 Load Limited Bridge on WV7 Drive on I79 until I68

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Continue on WV7 until I79 (Exit 155) Drive on I68 until Rt. 857 (Exit 10)

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Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 44 (1) Know Your Truck Designated County Route! County Route is the Lowest Restricted (1) Axle Configuration (Non Interstate) Route… (2) Tire Rating (2) Know Your Route Drive on Rt. 857 until State Line (1) What is the lowest limit Highway? (2) Are there any Load Restricted Bridges? (3) Axle Limitations (1) Interstate (2) Tires

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(1) Know Your Truck (1) Axle Configuration (2) Tire Rating (2) Know Your Route End at State Line (1) What is the lowest limit Highway? (2) Are there any Load Restricted Bridges? (3) Axle Limitations (1) Interstate (2) Tires

26 T = 52,000 lb. so Bridge Limit Controls GVW

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Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 45 (1) Know Your Truck … But on Interstate … 52,000 lb. from the Restricted Bridge Limit governs (1) Axle Configuration (2) Tire Rating this route from K n M Quarter Horses to the State Line. (2) Know Your Route (1) What is the lowest limit Highway? (2) Are there any Load Restricted Bridges? (3) Axle Limitations (1) Interstate (2) Tires

55,500 lb. is the GVW!!!

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(1) Know Your Truck (1) Axle Configuration Summary (2) Tire Rating • Vehicle Weight Limits: • Maximum weight (2) Know Your Route Tire Limit • Vehicle – Vehicles Tag identifies: the truck can carry (1) What is the lowest limit Highway? Front Axle = 2 x 6175 = 12,350 lb. • Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) • Minimum of (2) Are there any Load Restricted Bridges? Rear Tridem = 12 x 5675 = 68,100 lb. • Gross Combination Weight Rating (GCWR) • Total loads on axles (3) Axle Limitations • Gross Axle Weight Rating (GAWR) • GVWR or GCWR (1) Interstate • Tires (2) Tires • Load rating molded into tire side wall • Axle load • Minimum of: • Number or tires on axle times tire load rating • GAWR

3‐ 110 3‐ 112

Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 46 Example Exercise 1 Solution • On Interstate • Tandem Limit = 34,000 lb. On Interstate • Single Axle Limit = 20,000 lb. Single Tandem with Dual tires Tire Info: Use Table to determine GVW L = 10 + 5 = 15 Dual Tires on Rear • N = 3 Single Tandem with Dual tires • Rated for 6065 lb. Dual • GVW = 47,000 lb. 2 tires 8 tires Rated for 6610 lb. Single • Tire Limit • Front Axle = 2 x 6610 = 13,220 lb. Tire Info: • Rear Tandem = 8 x 6065 = 48,520 lb. Rated for 6610 lb. Single • Total = 13,220 + 48,520 = 61,740 lb. Rated for 6065 lb. Dual GVW limit of 47,000 lb. controls 3‐ 113 3‐ 115

Solution Exercise 1 • On Interstate • Tandem Limit = 34,000 lb. • Single Axle Limit = 20,000 lb. On Interstate Use Table to determine GVW Tire Info: L = 10 + 5 = 15 15’ • Dual Tires on Rear N = 3 • Single Tandem with Dual tires • GVW = 47,000 lb. Rated for 6125 lb. Dual Rated for 6750 lb. Single

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Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 47 Solution Solution • Interstate • On County Route 15’ • Tandem Limit = 34,000 lb. • Single Axle Limit = 20,000 lb. • Single Axle Limit = 20,000 lb. • 3S2 Use Table to determine GVW • GVW = 65,000 + 10% = 71,500 lb. • L = 15 + 5 = 20 • N = 3 • GVW = 51,000 lb.

• Tire Limit • Front Axle = 2 x 6610 = 13,220 lb. • Rear Tandem = 8 x 6065 = 48,520 lb. • Total = 13,220 + 48,520 = 61,740 lb. GVW limit of 51,000 lb. controls 3‐ 117 3‐ 119

Example Exercise 2 Solution

• On County Route • Single Axle Limit = 20,000 lb. On County Route • 3S2 (not designated) • GVW = 65,000 + 10% = 71,500 lb. Tire Limit Tire Info: • • Front Axle = 2 x 6610 = 13,220 lb. Dual Tires on Rear 4 Axles • Rear Tractor Tandem = 8 x 6065 = 48,520 lb. 2 tires 8 tires 8 tires Rated for 6065 lb. Dual • Rear Trailer Tandem = 8 x 6065 = 48,520 lb. • Total = 13,220 + 48,520 + 48,520 = 110,260 lb. Tire Info: Rated for 6610 lb. Single Dual Tires on Rear 4 Axles Rated for 6065 lb. Dual GVW limit of 71,500 lb. controls Rated for 6610 lb. Single

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Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 48 Exercise 2 Exercise 3

On WV7 On Interstate 20’ 40’ Tire Info: Tire Info: Dual Tires on Rear 4 Axles Super Single Tires on Rear Axle Rated for 6247 lb. Dual Rated for 6065 lb. Dual Rated for 6522 lb. Single Rated for 6610 lb. Single Rated for 11,000 lb. Super Single

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Solution Solution • On Interstate • On County Route • GVW = 40,000 lb. • Single Axle Limit = 20,000 lb. 20’ 40’ Single Axle Limit = 20,000 lb. • 3S2 • • GVW = 65,000 + 10% = 71,500 lb. • Tire Limit • Tire Limit • Front Axle = 2 x 6610 = 13,220 lb. • Front Axle = 2 x 6610 = 13,220 lb. • Rear Axle = 2 x 11,000 = 22,000 lb. • Rear Tractor Tandem = 8 x 6065 = 48,520 lb • Total = 13,220 + 22,000 = 35,220 lb. • Rear Trailer Tandem = 8 x 6065 = 48,520 lb • Total = 13,220 + 48,520 + 48,520 = 110,260 lb. GVW limit of 71,500 lb. controls Limits Front Axle 13,220 lb. (tires) Rear Axle 20,000 lb. in BWF limits Total 13,220 + 20,000 = 33,220 lb

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Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 49 Exercise 4 Exercise 5

On Designated County Route On Interstate Tire Info: Tire Info: Super Single Tires on Rear 4 Axles Dual Tires on Rear 3 Axles Rated for 6065 lb. Dual Rated for 6065 lb. Dual Rated for 6610 lb. Single Rated for 6610 lb. Single Rated for 11,000 lb. Super Single

3‐ 125 3‐ 127

Solution Solution • On Interstate • On Designated County Route • Single Axle Limit = 20,000 lb. • GVW = 80,000 + 10% = 88,000 lb. • Tandem Axle Limit = 34,000 lb. • Single Axle Limit = 20,000 lb. • GVW = 62,000 lb. • Tire Limit • Tire Limit • Front Axle = 2 x 6610 = 13,220 lb. • Front Tractor Axle = 2 x 6610 = 13,220 lb. • Rear Tractor Tandem = 4 x 11,000 = 44,000 lb. • Rear Tractor Axle = 4 x 6065 = 24,260 lb. • Rear Trailer Tandem = 4 x 11,000 = 44,000 lb. • Trailer Rear Axles = 2x(4 x 6065) = 48,520 lb. • Total = 13,220 + 44,000 + 44,000 = 101,220 lb. • Total = 13,220 + 24,260 + 48,520 = 86,000 lb. Limits GVW of 88,000 lb. controls Front Axle 13,220 lb. Tires limit Rear Single Axle 20,000 lb. in BWF limits Rear Tandem Axle 34,000 lb. in BWF limits Total 67,220 lb. GVW max = 62,000 lb. 3‐ 126 3‐ 128

Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 50 Exercise 6 Session Content Analyze for axle in raised and in load carrying positions • Overweight permits On US Route • Terminology • Vehicles Tire Info: 18’ 9’ • Axles Dual Tires on Rear • Rules for the Roads Rated for 6065 lb. Dual Lift Axle with single tires • WV Rated for 6610 lb. Single Single Tandem with Dual tires • Interstate • Tires • Examples 2 2 tires tires 8 tires 3‐ 129 3‐ 131 http://www.survivorfever.net/images28/s28_press_images_ep12/s28_press_images_ep12_0026.JPG

Solution • On US Route • GVW = 77,000 lb. (lowered position) • GVW = 66,000 lb. (raised position) • Single Axle Limit = 20,000 lb. • Tire Limit • Front Axle = 2 x 6610 = 13,220 lb. • Lift Axle = 2 x 6610 = 13,220 lb. • Rear Axles = 8 x 6065 = 48,520 lb. • Total (lowered) = 13,220 + 13,220 +48,520 = 74,960 lb. • Total (raised) = 13,220 + 48,520 = 61,740 lb. Limits Tires limit lowered position to 74,960 lb. Tires limit raised position to 61,740 lb. 3‐ 130

Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 51 Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 52 Highway Types Truck Weights: Know Your Limits Workshop

• Interstates Weight restricted by bridge weight formula

• US Routes Session 4 Coal Resource • WV Routes Weight restricted by WV code Transportation System • Designated County Routes Weight restricted by WV code, • Other County Routes • HARP lower weight limits

• Coal Resource Transportation Weight restricted by WV code, System Select truck types, coal haul only

4‐1 4‐2

West Virginia Sign Routes Types Exceptions CRTS Designated Routes

Coal Resource Transportation System • Coal Haul Trucks Trucks with a coal haul permit can operate with heavier loads on • Must have permit to haul at special weight limits designated routes • Permit only for hauling coal, no other materials • Permit only available for certain truck configurations And when hauling coal!! • Other Trucks – without coal haul permit • Route designation weight limits apply

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Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 53

1 CRTS Signs CRTS Routes In West Virginia

4‐5 4‐6

Highway types grouped by truck weight limits Example CRTS map Upshur County

• Interstate • US Route System • WV Numbered County CRTS route • WV Numbered Highways Routes (All Others) • WV Numbered County Routes (Designated)

May be designated as CRTS

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Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 54

2 CRTS CRTS Coal Haul Trucks Permitted Coal Haul Trucks

• Specific Truck types that operate by permit on the • Single axle load limit of 20,000 lb. does not apply Coal Resource Transportation System • Tire load limits can be adjusted based on speed

With Tolerance 84,000 lb. 94,500 lb. 115,500 lb. 126,000 lb.

https://www.iisengineering.com/images/stories/flexicontent/xl_img_7467.jpg.pagespeed.ic.hwAmjDz4ji.jpg 4‐9 4‐10

CRTS • SU40 –single unit truck with single steering Tires axle and tandem load axle. Permitted to have Assume tires are G load rated a GVW of 80,000 lb. (40 tons)

• SU45 –single unit truck with single steering axle and tandem load axle. Permitted to have a GVW of 90,000 lb. (45 tons) Single Tandem with Dual tires • 3S55 –Semi truck with single steering axle and tridem load axle on tractor and tandem axle on trailer. Permitted to have a GVW of 110,000 lb. (55 tons) 6175 lb. 5675 lb. • 3S60 –Semi truck with single steering axle and tandem load axle on tractor and tridem 2 x 6175 lb. 8 x 5675 lb. axle on trailer. Permitted to have a GVW of 120,000 lb. (60 tons) Allowable Weight Based on Tire Ratings 12,350 lb. 45,400 lb.

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Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 55

3 Tires Tires Tire Limits vs GVW Assume steering tires are G load rated Load tires are L load rated

Assume tires are G load rated Single Tandem with Dual tires Single Tandem with Dual tires

GVW Allowable Weight Based on Tire Ratings 12,350 lb. 45,400 lb. 57,750 lb. CRTS 84,000 lb. Tire Ratings 6175 lb. 8270 lb. 2 x 6175 lb. 8 x 8270 lb. Allowable Weight Based on Tire Ratings 12,350 lb. 66,160 lb.

Tires Control 4‐13 4‐14

Tires Tires Assume all tires are L load rated Tire Limits vs GVW 315/80/R22.5 Assume steering tires are G load rated Load tires are L load rated Single Tandem with Dual tires Single Tandem with Dual tires

Steering axles generally limited GVW to 12,000 to 13,500 lb. max. Allowable Weight Based on Tire Ratings 12,350 lb. 66,160 lb. 78,510 lb. (not a legal limit.) CRTS 84,000 lb. 9090 lb. 8270 lb. 2 x 9090 lb. 8 x 8270 lb. Allowable Weight Based on Tire Ratings 18,180 lb. 66,160 lb. Tires control 4‐15 4‐16

Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 56

4 Tires Tires Assume steering tires are G load rated Tire Limits vs GVW Load tires are L load rated Assume all tires are L load rated 315/80/R22.5 Single Tandem with Dual tires Single Tridem with Dual tires

GVW Allowable Weight Based on Tire Ratings 18,180 lb. 66,160 lb. 84,340 lb. CRTS 84,000 lb. 6175 lb. 8270 lb. 2 x 6175 lb. 12 x 8270 lb. Allowable Weight Based on Tire Ratings 12,350 lb. 99,240 lb. CRTS Code controls, but high load capacity tires are required! 4‐17 4‐18

Tires CRTS Tire Limits vs GVW

Assume steering tires are G load rated Assume tires are G load rated Load tires are L load rated Single Two pairs of tandem axles Single Tridem with Dual tires

GVW 6065 lbs Allowable Weight Based on Tire Ratings 13,220 lb. 99,240 lb. 112,460 lb. Individual Tire Ratings 6610 lbs 6065 lbs CRTS 94,500 lb. 2 x 6610 lbs 8 x 6065 lbs 8 x 6065 lbs

Allowable Weight Based on Tire Ratings 13,220 lbs 48,520 lbs 48,520 lbs

CRTS Code controls GVW based on Tire and Axle Limits 110,260 lbs Tire limits restrict 4‐19 CRTS GVW legal limit 115,500 lbs load capacity 4‐20

Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 57

5 CRTS CRTS Tire Limits vs GVW

Assume tires are G load rated Assume tires are G load rated Single Two pairs of tandem axles Single Two pairs of tandem axles

GVW Allowable Weight Based on 12,350 lb. 45,400 lb. 45,400 lb. 103,150 lb. 6175 lb. 5675 lb. 5675 lb. Tire Ratings CRTS 115,500 lb. 2 x 6175 lb. 8 x 5675 lb. 8 x 5675 lb. Allowable Weight Based on Tire Ratings 12,350 lb. 45,400 lb. 45,400 lb. Tire limits control

4‐21 4‐22

CRTS CRTS Assume steering tires are G load rated Tire Limits vs GVW Load tires are H load rated Assume steering tires are G load rated Single Two pairs of tandem axles Single Two pairs of tandem axles Load tires are H load rated

GVW Allowable Weight Based on 12,350 lb. 55,520 lb. 55,520 lb. 123,390 lb. 6175 lb. 6940 lb. 6940 lb. Tire Ratings CRTS 115,500 lb. 2 x 6175 lb. 8 x 6940 lb. 8 x 6940 lb. Allowable Weight Based on Tire Ratings 12,350 lb. 55,200 lb. 55,520 lb. CRTS Code controls 4‐23 4‐24

Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 58

6 CRTS Tire Limits vs GVW CRTS Assume tires are G load rated Assume tires are G load rated

Single One tandem and one tridem Single One tandem and one tridem

GVW 6610 lb. 6065 lb. 6065 lb. Allowable Weight Based on 12,350 lb. 48,520 lb. 72,780 lb. 133,650 lb. 2 x 6610 lb. 8 x 6065 lb. 12 x 6065 lb. Tire Ratings CRTS 126,000 lb. Allowable Weight Based on Tire Ratings 13,220 lb. 48,520 lb. 72,780 lb.

CRTS Code controls 4‐25 4‐26

Bridge Weight Limit Signs Note!!! NOTE: Weight limit signs define the maximum gross vehicle weight allowed on the bridge for different truck configurations.

There is NO tolerance!!!

54,000 lb. 60,000 lb. This silhouette applies 64,000 lb. to 3S‐55 trucks. 66,000 lb.

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Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 59

7 Note!!! Hughes bridge Bridge truck weight limit signs for coal haul Bridge truck weight limit signs for other trucks on CRTS sections have 4 silhouettes trucks on other highways have 5 silhouettes

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CRTS Weight Posted Bridges Exercise 1 On CRTS Route hauling sand Tire Info: Dual Tires on rear 5 Axles Rated for 6065 lb. Dual Rated for 6610 lb. Single

Example from Boone County Maps Available at: http://www.transportation.wv.gov/highways/programplanning/preliminary_engineering/Pages/CRTSMAPSANDDIRECTORIES.aspx

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Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 60

8 Solution Exercise 2

On CRTS Route • Truck is hauling sand, CRTS weight limits do not apply. hauling coal • Legal GVW is 88,000 pounds. Tire Info: • Front (steering) axle limit 20,000 lb. Dual Tires on rear 5 Axles • Tire limits Rated for 6065 lb. Dual • Front axle = 2 x 6610 = 13,220 lb. Rated for 6610 lb. Single • Tractor tandem = 8 x 6065 = 48,520 lb. • Trailer tridem = 12 x 6065 = 72,780 lb. Total = 134,520 lb. GVW limit of 88,000 lb. controls

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Solution Exercise 3

• Truck is hauling coal, CRTS weight limits do apply. On WV State Route • Legal GVW is 126,000 pounds. Tire Info: • Front (steering) axle limit 20,000 lb. Dual Tires on rear 2 Axles • Tire limits Rated for 6065 lb. Dual • Front axle = 2 x 6610 = 13,220 lb. Rated for 6610 lb. Single • Tractor tandem = 8 x 6065 = 48,520 lb. • Trailer tridem = 12 x 6065 = 72,780 lb. Total = 134,520 lb. GVW limit of 126,000 lb. controls

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Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 61

9 Solution Exercise 4

On CRTS Route • Truck is not on CRTS route Tire Info: • WV State Route limits apply Single Tires • Cargo type does not matter Rated for 6065 lb. Dual • Legal GVW is 66,000 lb. Rated for 6610 lb. Single • Front (steering) axle limit 20,000 lb. • Tire limits • Front axle = 2 x 6610 = 13,220 lb. Tire limits of 61,740 lb. controls • Rear tandem = 8 x 6065 = 48,520 lb. Total = 61,740 lb.

4‐37 4‐38

Solution

• Truck is not certified to carry larger weight • WV State Route limits apply • Cargo type does not matter • Legal GVW is 40,000 lb. • Front (steering) axle limit 20,000 lb. • Tire limits • Front axle = 2 x 6610 = 13,220 lb. • Tractor tandem = 2 x 6610 = 13,220 lb. Tire limits of 26,440 lb. controls Total = 26,440 lb.

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Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 62

10 Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 63 Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 64 Bridge Weight Formula for Interstate Highways

Distance in feet between the extremes of any group Axles of 2 or more consecutive axles L 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4 34,000 ………. ………. ………. ………. ………. ………. ………. 5 34,000 ………. ………. ………. ………. ………. ………. ………. 6 34,000 ………. ………. ………. ………. ………. ………. ………. 7 34,000 ………. ………. ………. ………. ………. ………. ………. 8 34,000 34,000 ………. ………. ………. ………. ………. ………. More than 8/ 38,000 42,000 ………. ………. ………. ………. ………. ………. Less than 9 9 39,000 42,500 ………. ………. ………. ………. ………. ………. 10 40,000 43,500 ………. ………. ………. ………. ………. ………. 11 ………. 44,000 ………. ………. ………. ………. ………. ………. 12 ………. 45,000 50,000 ………. ………. ………. ………. ………. 13 ………. 45,500 50,500 ………. ………. ………. ………. ………. 14 ………. 46,500 51,500 ………. ………. ………. ………. ………. 15 ………. 47,000 52,000 ………. ………. ………. ………. ………. 16 ………. 48,000 52,500 58,000 ………. ………. ………. ………. 17 ………. 48,500 53,500 58,500 ………. ………. ………. ………. 18 ………. 49,500 54,000 59,000 ………. ………. ………. ………. 19 ………. 50,000 54,500 60,000 ………. ………. ………. ………. 20 ………. 51,000 55,500 60,500 66,000 ………. ………. ………. 21 ………. 51,500 56,000 61,000 66,500 ………. ………. ………. 22 ………. 52,500 56,500 61,500 67,000 ………. ………. ………. 23 ………. 53,000 57,500 62,500 68,000 ………. ………. ………. 24 ………. 54,000 58,000 63,000 68,500 74,000 ………. ………. 25 ………. 54,500 58,500 63,500 69,000 74,500 ………. ………. 26 ………. 55,500 59,500 64,000 69,500 75,000 ………. ………. 27 ………. 56,000 60,000 65,000 70,000 75,500 ………. ………. 28 ………. 57,000 60,500 65,500 71,000 76,500 82,000 ………. 29 ………. 57,500 61,500 66,000 71,500 77,000 82,500 ………. 30 ………. 58,500 62,000 66,500 72,000 77,500 83,000 ………. 31 ………. 59,000 62,500 67,500 72,500 78,000 83,500 ………. 32 ………. 60,000 63,500 68,000 73,000 78,500 84,500 90,000 33 ………. ………. 64,000 68,500 74,000 79,000 85,000 90,500 34 ………. ………. 64,500 69,000 74,500 80,000 85,500 91,000 35 ………. ………. 65,500 70,000 75,000 80,500 86,000 91,500 36 ………. ………. 66,000 70,500 75,500 81,000 86,500 92,000

37 ………. ………. 66,500 71,000 76,000 81,500 87,000 93,000 Twoconsectutive 38 ………. ………. 67,500 71,500 77,000 82,000 87,500 93,500 39 ………. ………. 68,000 72,500 77,500 82,500 88,500 94,000 40 ………. ………. 68,500 73,000 78,000 83,500 89,000 94,500 Exception: carry each can cxles tandem lb. 34,000 41 ………. ………. 69,500 73,500 78,500 84,000 89,500 95,000 42 ………. ………. 70,000 74,000 79,000 84,500 90,000 95,500 43 ………. ………. 70,500 75,000 80,000 85,000 90,500 96,000 44 ………. ………. 71,500 75,500 80,500 85,500 91,000 96,500 45 ………. ………. 72,000 76,000 81,000 86,000 91,500 97,500 46 ………. ………. 72,500 76,500 81,500 87,000 92,500 98,000 47 ………. ………. 73,500 77,500 82,000 87,500 93,000 98,500 48 ………. ………. 74,000 78,000 83,000 88,000 93,500 99,000 49 ………. ………. 74,500 78,500 83,500 88,500 94,000 99,500 50 ………. ………. 75,500 79,000 84,000 89,000 94,500 100,000

ft, use the the limits 60 ftuse ft, 51 ………. ………. 76,000 80,000 84,500 89,500 95,000 100,500 52 ………. ………. 76,500 80,500 85,000 90,500 95,500 101,000 53 ………. ………. 77,500 81,000 86,000 91,000 96,500 102,000 54 ………. ………. 78,000 81,500 86,500 91,500 97,000 102,500 55 ………. ………. 78,500 82,500 87,000 92,000 97,500 103,000 56 ………. ………. 79,500 83,000 87,500 92,500 98,000 103,500 57 ………. ………. 80,000 83,500 88,000 93,000 98,500 104,000 58 ………. ………. ………. 84,000 89,000 94,000 99,000 104,500 59 ………. ………. ………. 85,000 89,500 94,500 99,500 105,000

Bridges Longer than than 60 Longer Bridges 60 ………. ………. ………. 85,500 90,000 95,000 100,500 105,500

Truck Weight: Know Your Limits 2017 65