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Effects of Truck Size and Weights on Highway Infrastructure and Operations: a Synthesis Report

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Effects of Truck Size and Weights on Highway Infrastructure and Operations: a Synthesis Report Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. FHWA/TX-0-2122-1 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date March 2001 EFFECTS OF TRUCK SIZE AND WEIGHTS ON HIGHWAY INFRASTRUCTURE AND OPERATIONS: A SYNTHESIS REPORT 7. Author(s) 6. Performing Organization Code David M. Luskin, and C. Michael Walton 8. Performing Organization Report No. Research Report 0-2122-1 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Center for Transportation Research The University of Texas at Austin 11. Contract or Grant No. 3208 Red River, Suite 200 Austin, TX 78705-2650 Research Project 0-2122 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Research Report (9/2000 to 3/2001) Texas Department of Transportation Research and Technology Implementation Office 14. Sponsoring Agency Code P.O. Box 5080 Austin, TX 78763-5080 15. Supplementary Notes Project conducted in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, and the Texas Department of Transportation. 16. Abstract The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) calls for harmonization of truck standards among the trade partners. Combined with the desire of U.S. industry to reduce freight costs, this aspect of NAFTA has stimulated interest in how liberalization of truck size and weight limits in the U.S. would affect highway infrastructure and safety. This report distills the findings from the extensive literature on this topic, to which a major recent addition was the Comprehensive Truck Size and Weight study prepared by the U.S. Department of Transportation. Allowing extra weight for a given type of truck can cause substantial pavement damage because of the increase in the weights of the axles. However, the truck size and weight liberalizations that have received most attention in the literature would encourage a switch from the dominant type of heavy truck, the 5-axle tractor semitrailer, to trucks that have higher payloads and additional axles. Such reforms do not necessarily create substantial pavement costs: estimates of their effect on pavement costs are generally modest and sometimes negative. More likely, they will create substantial costs for upgrading bridges to accommodate the increases in gross vehicle weights. The effects on safety are especially hard to predict. Improvements in driver performance and vehicle design can offset the safety drawbacks of larger, heavier trucks. In addition, since higher payloads reduce the number of trips required to transport a given volume of freight, allowing heavier trucks could even reduce the number of accidents. Estimation of the overall effect on safety is not possible with available data on crash rates for heavy trucks. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement truck size and weight, regulations, vehicle No restrictions. This document is available to the public through the characteristics National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161. 19. Security Classif. (of report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 82 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized EFFECTS OF TRUCK SIZE AND WEIGHTS ON HIGHWAY INFRASTRUCTURE AND OPERATIONS: A SYNTHESIS REPORT by David Luskin and C. Michael Walton Research Report 0-2122-1 Research Project 0-2122 Synthesis Study of the Effects of Overweight/Oversize Trucks Conducted for the TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION in cooperation with the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION by the CENTER FOR TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH Bureau of Engineering Research THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN March 2001 iv DISCLAIMERS The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the Federal Highway Administration or the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. There was no invention or discovery conceived or first actually reduced to practice in the course of or under this contract, including any art, method, process, machine, manufacture, design or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, or any variety of plant, which is or may be patentable under the patent laws of the United States of America or any foreign country. NOT INTENDED FOR CONSTRUCTION, BIDDING, OR PERMIT PURPOSES C. Michael Walton, P.E. Research Supervisor ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In preparing this report, the authors benefited from discussions with the TxDOT project monitoring committee and with colleagues at the Center for Transportation Research: Zhanmin Zhang, Kara Kockelman, and Robert Harrison. We also benefited from talking with staff of the U.S. Federal Highway Administration — Jim March, Karen White, and Jim Sacklas — and with Jerry Stephens of Montana State University. We thank all these individuals, whose views are not necessarily reflected in this report. v vi TABLE OF CONTENTS PROJECT BACKGROUND..................................................................................................... 1 WEIGHT REGULATIONS IN TEXAS................................................................................... 3 Federal Regulations.......................................................................................................... 3 Weight Limits.......................................................................................................... 3 Length Limits .......................................................................................................... 3 State Regulations..............................................................................................................4 Load Posted Limits.................................................................................................. 4 Permits..................................................................................................................... 5 Special Allowances and Exemptions ...................................................................... 6 REVIEW OF LITERATURE: SYNTHESIS OF FINDINGS .................................................. 9 Freight Distribution Patterns ............................................................................................ 9 Finding 1................................................................................................................. 9 Finding 2............................................................................................................... 11 Pavements....................................................................................................................... 11 Finding 3............................................................................................................... 11 Finding 4............................................................................................................... 12 Finding 5............................................................................................................... 13 Finding 6............................................................................................................... 14 Finding 7............................................................................................................... 14 Finding 8............................................................................................................... 15 Finding 9............................................................................................................... 16 Bridges ........................................................................................................................... 17 Finding 10............................................................................................................. 17 Finding 11............................................................................................................. 17 Safety.............................................................................................................................. 18 Finding 12............................................................................................................. 18 Finding 13............................................................................................................. 20 Finding 14............................................................................................................. 20 REFERENCES........................................................................................................................ 23 APPENDIX: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHHY................................................................. 27 Traffic Patterns............................................................................................................... 27 Bridges ........................................................................................................................... 30 Truck Routing................................................................................................................ 37 Regulatory ...................................................................................................................... 38 Pavements....................................................................................................................... 39 Geometric Design..........................................................................................................
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