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Kia hiwa rā! The influence of tikanga and the language revitalisation agenda on the practices and perspectives of Māori journalists working in reo-Māori news Atakohu Julie Maree Middleton A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) April 2020 School of Communication Studies Abstract Many aspects of Māori society, both public and private, are structured and influenced by tikanga, a system of values, beliefs, rituals, obligations and cultural practices developed and reinforced through intergenerational transmission and social validation (Mead, 2003). Tikanga – which we can describe as Māori ways of seeing, being and doing – shapes the outlook of Māori working as news and current affairs journalists in te reo Māori, who, like indigenous journalists in colonised countries elsewhere, have adapted the Anglo-American journalism tradition to reflect indigenous perspectives (Grixti, 2011; Hanusch, 2014). However, there is limited evidence on the ways in which tikanga manifests in journalistic practice and output. In addition, Māori journalism is funded as a vehicle for language revitalisation under a national strategy to rejuvenate and protect te reo. This strategy views reo-Māori news as an important component of the languagescape, and requires journalists to broadcast stories that are 70-100% in te reo. This presents a challenge for reporters when just 10.6% of the Māori population, or some 50,000 people, speak te reo “very well or “well”, but many more are learning (Statistics New Zealand, 2014, p. 8). This study, which combines video ethnography with semi-structured qualitative interviews and document analysis, examines the interplay of newswork, tikanga and the language revitalisation agenda to explicate what Māori journalism is. It is novel, ethnographic, qualitative insider research rooted in a Kaupapa Māori paradigm (Cram, 2001; L. T. Smith, 2012; Walker, Eketone, & Gibbs, 2006). Analytical approaches were drawn from thematic and textual analysis, critical discourse studies, conversation analysis and non-verbal analysis. The findings are that tikanga, newswork and the language revitalisation agenda are indelibly entwined. Tikanga forms an important part of these journalists’ toolkits for life, and they carry cultural practices into their professional lives as much as they are able, particularly in spaces where tikanga governs practical and spiritual activities. Given the necessity to maintain relationships in an interrelated community, manaakitanga, or care and concern for others, and whanaungatanga, or building and maintaining relationships, appear to have the most wide-reaching influence. Language and tikanga go hand-in-hand, and this study details the extent to which journalists i weave aspects of Māori oral culture, such as oratory, proverbs and figures of speech, into their newswork. However, the time-bound, output-oriented nature of news and the human-centred, process-oriented nature of Māori life exist in tension at times; journalists may find themselves making compromises between what they would normally do as Māori and what they have to do as journalists, producing cognitive dissonance (Festinger, 1957). Journalists often feel the need to take personal responsibility for assuaging this dissonance, often through incantations called karakia. Tension also arises between the need to find a balance between quality information to serve journalism and quality language to help meet revitalisation goals. Journalists are realistic about the quality of language they are able to secure, and often help interviewees to use what reo they have. They prioritise the conveying of information over linguistic perfection, presenting te reo as living language in which to discuss everyday subjects. ii Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................... i Table of figures ............................................................................................................. ix Attestation of authorship .............................................................................................. x Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... xi Te reo Māori in this thesis.......................................................................................... xiii Glossary .................................................................................................................. xiv Acronyms................................................................................................................. xv Chapter 1: Introduction..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Approach ............................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Researcher background and motivation ............................................................ 3 1.3 Structure of this thesis ....................................................................................... 4 Chapter 2: Literature review ............................................................................................. 6 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 6 2.2 The Māori worldview ......................................................................................... 6 2.3 Creation, its messages and journalism ............................................................... 7 2.4 Māori ways of knowing and doing ..................................................................... 9 2.5 The 19th-century Māori newspapers ............................................................... 10 2.6 The suppression of te reo and tikanga ............................................................. 11 2.7 Māori-language news on state radio ............................................................... 12 2.8 Iwi radio ............................................................................................................ 14 2.9 Māori-language news on state television ........................................................ 17 2.10 Māori Television ........................................................................................... 18 2.11 What about print? ........................................................................................ 18 2.12 Te Māngai Pāho and Māori news funding .................................................... 19 2.13 Finding fluent speakers for interview ........................................................... 21 2.14 A shortage of bilingual reporters .................................................................. 22 2.15 Language quality concerns ........................................................................... 22 2.16 Clarity of te reo versus extension of the language ....................................... 23 2.17 Tikanga in journalism: What the literature records ..................................... 23 2.18 The Māori approach to talk .......................................................................... 24 2.19 Time, ceremonial events and meetings ........................................................ 25 2.20 Aroha and whanaungatanga......................................................................... 26 2.21 Mana and manaakitanga .............................................................................. 27 2.21.1 Challenging Māori institutions and leaders .............................................. 29 2.21.2 The Kōhanga Reo National Trust and Native Affairs ................................ 29 2.22 Reporting on your own community .............................................................. 34 2.23 Tapu and noa ................................................................................................ 34 2.23.1 Negotiating breaches of tapu ................................................................... 35 iii 2.24 Features of te reo Māori in journalism ......................................................... 35 2.25 Anglo-American news values ........................................................................ 36 2.26 News values and the Māori perspective ...................................................... 42 2.27 News ethnography: A global overview ......................................................... 47 2.28 News ethnography in Aotearoa New Zealand .............................................. 50 2.29 Research into the influence of cultural forces on journalism ...................... 51 2.30 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 54 Chapter 3: Methodology ................................................................................................. 56 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 56 3.2 An indigenous research paradigm: Kaupapa Māori ......................................... 56 3.3 The interpretative researcher .......................................................................... 60 3.4 Ethics and values .............................................................................................. 61 3.5 Qualitative research design .............................................................................. 63 3.5.1 Observer as participant ............................................................................

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