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Energetický Profil Teritoria – Srí Lanka

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Energetický Profil Teritoria – Srí Lanka Energetický profil teritoria – Srí Lanka 1. Skladba energetického mixu (v měrných jednotkách a v procentech): 1.1. Celková nabídka primárních zdrojů energie – TPES Výroba elektřiny na Srí Lance je řízena především vodními a tepelnými elektrárnami, další zdroje energie jako je geotermální a jaderná energie, využívání břidlic a rašeliny, solární energie nebo energie z vln nejsou užívány v národní rozvodné síti. Hydroenergie je nejstarším a nejdůležitějším zdrojem elektrické energie na Srí Lance, která se na celkovém objemu podílí téměř 60% (2013). Momentálně je v provozu deset velkých vodních elektráren, největší z nich je Victoria Dam. Vláda Srí Lanky v současné době pracuje nejen na dalším rozvoji a investicích do velkých vodních děl, ale vydává i povolení pro malá vodní díla pro soukromý sektor a projekty do celkové instalované kapacity 10 MW. Státem provozované vodní elektrárny se dělí do tří hlavních geografických oblastí: Laxapana Complex se skládá ze šesti velkých přehrad s přidanými vodními elektrárnami - Broadlands, Canyon, Castlereigh, Laxapana, Maskeliya a Norton Mahaweli Complex se skládá z osmi velkých přehrad s přidanými vodními elektrárnami: Bowatenna, Kotmale, Moragahakanda, Polgolla, Randenigala, Rantembe, Upper Kotmale a Victoria Samanala Complex se skládá z vodních děl Gal Oya, Kukule Ganga, Samanala a Udawalawe Tepelné elektrárny tvořily v roce 2013 cca 40% celkové kapacity výrovy elektrické energie. Hlavními zdroji jsou diesel a nafta nebo uhlí. Norocholai uhelná elektrárna (300 MW) je v současnosti jediná uhelná elektrárna v zemi, která byla uvedena do provozu v roce 2011. Do budoucna je plánována výstavba druhé a třetí celkem 900 MW fáze Norocholai (Norocholai Lakwijaya Coal Power Plant), která byla spuštěna v září 2014 s financováním China Exim Bank. Vláda LK také připravuje projekt Sampur Coal Power Station v Trincomalee, který by měl být spuštěn v první polovině roku 2017. Solární energie – je na Srí Lance relativně novým zdrojem, jediné v komerčním měřítku funkční zařízení je Buruthakanda Solar Park (1,2 MW), který provozuje Srílanský úřad pro udržitelnou energii (Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority, SLSEA). Geotermální energie - geotermální energie je ve fázi výzkumu, žádné elektrárny tohoto typu nejsou v provozu. Jaderná energie – Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) zařadila 600MW jadernou elektrárnu do dlouhodobého plánu rozvoje energetiky do roku 2031. 1.2. Podíl jednotlivých zdrojů na celkové výrobě elektřiny Výroba energie LK (GWh) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 CEB Hydro 4988,482 3972,672 2726,723 6010,099 3649,721 Thermal, CEB, IPP and Hired 5063,32 6884,01 8416,47 4819,72 7944,3 CEB Wind 2,996 2,662 2,32 2,321 2,128 New Renewable Energy 728,474 722,262 733,34 1168,715 1215,361 Net-metered Projects 0 0 0 4,6923 18,6002 Self-Generation By Customers 0 0 0 0 0 Off-Grid, Conventional 0 0 0 0 0 Off-Grid, Non-Conventional 17,47 18,26 18,77 18,77 18,77 Gross Generation Sri Lanka 10800,74 11599,87 11897,62 12024,32 12848,88 Celková spotřeba elektrické energie (GWh) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Celková spotřeba elektrické energie (GWh) 9208,48 9989,94 10409,23 10554,47 10996,92 Palivo užívané pro výrobu el.energie 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Fuel Oil (HSFO 180 CST) - mn l 490,72 489,66 561,77 295,38 301,05 Coal 0 395,184 624,857 677,633 1363,59 Residual Fuel (HSFO 380 CST) - mn l 257,52 275,25 268,46 159,21 186,58 Diesel (million litres) 210,25 349,5 429,96 89,67 302,21 Fuel Oil (LSFO 180 CST)-million litres 120,46 208,369 267 95,8 122,74 Naphtha (million litres) 77,79 62,97 90,89 104,53 132,68 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total Installed Capacity in the Grid (MW) 2817,59 3140,68 3368,09 3293,89 4043,56 System Peak Demand (MW) 1954,7 2163,1 2146 2164,2 2100,5 System Load Factor (%) 62,974746 61,120673 63,188881 63,301017 69,626332 System Reserve Margin (%) 44,14437 45,193472 56,947344 52,198965 92,504642 Share of NRE in Grid Generation (%) 6,7446675 6,2264663 6,1637538 9,7233939 9,4725992 Zdroj: http://www.info.energy.gov.lk/ 1.3. Přiměřenost výroby (rovnováha mezi nabídkou a poptávkou a výrobní dostatečností elektrické energie) Podle Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority roste poptávka po energii stálým tempem a je poháněná především zvyšující se životní úrovní obyvatel. Trend ukazuje na cca 3 % ročního tempa růstu, což ukazuje na zdvojnásobení současné celkové poptávky do roku 2046. Elektrárenský sektor je ovládán státními institucemi sektoru, konkrétně Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) a Lanka Electricity Company (Pvt) Ltd (LECO). Vláda plánuje CEB do budoucna reformovat v horizontální i vertikální rovině, aby vytvořil společnost zajišťující jednotně transmisi a hromadné obchodování s elektrickou energií a s dceřinými distribučními společnostmi. Regulační struktura pro všechna odvětví infrastruktury, včetně odvětví elektřiny a ropy, je představována Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka (PUCSL). LPG průmysl je ve vlastnictví soukromého sektoru s výjimkou asi 15% z celkové dodávky LPG ze strany státního Ceylon Petroleum Corporation (CEYPETCO), který je v současné době jediným hráčem v ropném zpracovatelském průmyslu. CEYPETCO soutěží s Lanka Indian Oil Company (Lanka IOC) v distribuci ropy. Vstup dalších subjektů byl dočasně pozastaven vládou kvůli nedostatku očekávaných výhod pro místní spotřebitele prostřednictvím liberalizace a privatizace části navazujícího zpracovatelského ropného průmyslu. 2. Legislativní rámec 2.1. Existence strategického rámcového dokumentu v energetice National Energy Policy and Strategies of Sri Lanka (NEPS) se skládá ze tří programových dokumentů: • Energy Policy Elements obsahuje základní principy, jimiž se řídí vývoj a budoucí směr na energetiky na LK • Implementing Strategies uvádí implementační rámec pro dosažení jednotlivých cílů • Specific Targets, Milestones and Institutional Responsibilities stanovuje národní cíle, plánování a institucionální odpovědnost k realizaci strategie. Zvýšené využívání domácích zdrojů energie, snížení spotřeby fosilních paliv a diverzifikace spotřeby levnějších pohonných hmot jsou některé z možností utváření energetické koncepce Srí Lanky do budoucna. NEPS přijatá v roce 2006 stanovila cíle pro rozvoj obnovitelných zdrojů energie (renewable energy, RE) a pro zlepšení poptávky v oblasti energetické účinnosti jako hlavních strategických pilířů národní koncepce. Desetiletý plán NEPS si klade za cíl: • zvýšit procento elektrifikovaných domácností prostřednictvím dodávek off-grid z původních 4% na 10% do roku 2016, • zvýšení podílu obnovitelných zdrojů energie on-grid z původních 4,1% na 10,7% do roku 2016, • přidat 500 MW výkonu obnovitelných zdrojů energie do roku 2016, • zavést označování energetické účinnosti spotřebičů do roku 2010, • zavést závazná označení energeticky úsporných staveb do roku 2009. Ministerstvo pro energetiku (Ministry for Power and Energy) vydalo v roce 2015 ambiciózní plán poskytnout přístup k elektřině každému občanovi a do roku 2030 dosáhnout plné energetické soběstačnosti. Tyto závazky byly vtěleny do dokumentu - Sri Lanka Energy Sector Development Plan for a Knowledge-based Economy 2015-2025. Nově představená „energy road map“ vytyčuje další cíle, které zahrnují zvýšení podílu energie získávané z obnovitelných zdrojů až na 60% do roku 2020 a zvýšit kapacitu výroby elektrické energie až na 6 400 MW do roku 2025. Dalšími cíli jsou redukování spotřeby ropy zejména v dopravním sektoru o 5% nebo podpora alternativních způsobů dopravy (např. elektrobusy) do roku 2020. Cílem nové energetické strategie je dosáhnout rovnováhy mezi energetickou poptávkou a produkcí z dlouhodobého hlediska a zároveň obojí skloubit se zvyšujícím se ekonomickým rozvojem země. Desetiletý plán také míří na zvýšení možností investic ve srílanském energetickém sektoru také prostřednictvím dluhopisů, public-private partnerships a dalších finančních instrumentů a snížit produkci CO2 o 5% do 2025. 2.2 Způsob jejich naplňování (jsou- li naplňovány cílové hodnoty v daných termínech) a 2.3 Legislativa ke státní pomoci pro podporované energetické zdroje The Sri Lanka Electricity Act, No. 20 of 2009 (Act) byl přijat dne 8. dubna 2009. Tento zákon zrušil Electricity Act z roku 1950 a Electricity Reform Act z roku 2002 a jeho prostřednictvím byl také novelizován Ceylon Electricity Board Act z roku 1969, aby vyhověl novým nárokům na reformy v energetice. Dříve byly regulační a politické pravomoci soustředěné pouze do rukou Ministerstva pro energetiku (Ministry of Power and Energy). Ministry for Power and Energy Ministry for Power and Energy (MOPE, www.mope.gov.lk) nese odpovědnost za provádění vládní politiky vztahujících se k odvětví elektřiny a energie. Podřízené organizace a statutární orgány MOPE jsou: • Ceylon Electricity Board, • Energy Conservation Fund, • Lanka Electricity Company (Pvt) Ltd, • Lanka Transformers Ltd • Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority Vládní agentury Sustainable Energy Authority (SEA) K posílení institucionálního rámce k dosažení cílů NEPS, vláda přijalo novou legislativu pro převod prostředků z Energy Conservation Fund, který je spravován MOPE, do statutárního orgánu s názvem the Sustainable Energy Authority (SEA, www.energy .gov.lk). Mandát SEA k vytváření a provádění politiky pro rozvoj obnovitelných zdrojů energie a zlepšení energetické účinnosti zahájen dne 1. října 2007. The Energy Conservation Fund byl založen ve stejném roce s cílem financovat a podporovat projekty týkající se úspory energie a energetické účinnosti. Regulační orgány Vláda založila Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka (PUCSL, www.pucsl.gov.lk) v roce 2002 jako
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