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CLAUDIA REGINA BOSA.Pdf UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARANÁ CLÁUDIA REGINA BOSA DETECÇÃO E IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE Cryptosporidium spp. Tyzzer, 1907 EM FEZES DE ANIMAIS E EM ÁGUA DO ZOOLÓGICO MUNICIPAL DE CURITIBA, PARANÁ, BRASIL CURITIBA 2014 i UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARANÁ SETOR DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Departamento de Patologia Básica Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Parasitologia e Patologia DETECÇÃO E IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE Cryptosporidium spp. Tyzzer, 1907 EM FEZES DE ANIMAIS E EM ÁGUA DO ZOOLÓGICO MUNICIPAL DE CURITIBA, PARANÁ, BRASIL Tese apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Doutor pelo Programa de Pós- graduação em Microbiologia, Parasitologia e Patologia, Setores de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Paraná. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Edilene Alcântara de Castro Co-Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Adriana Oliveira Costa CURITIBA 2014 ii iii iv Dedico este trabalho A minha filha amada Maria Luiza, pelo seu amor incondicional e alegria de todos os dias. A minha mãe Cândida, pelo carinho e auxílio em todos os momentos, principalmente nas minhas ausências. v AGRADECIMENTOS A Deus, por ter me dado serenidade, conforto e saúde para a realização deste trabalho. À Universidade Federal do Paraná e ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia, Parasitologia e Patologia pela oportunidade em poder aprimorar meus estudos. Ao Corpo docente do Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia, Parasitologia e Patologia, pelas aulas apaixonantes e pela amizade. À Professora Profa. Dra. Edilene Alcântara de Castro, por me aceitar como sua aluna, pelo respeito e acima de tudo por servir como exemplo para a minha vida profissional. À Profa. Dra. Adriana Oliveira Costa por me iniciar no mundo das técnicas moleculares, pela amizade, dedicação, chamadas de atenção, pela paciência, por me receber em sua casa e também pela sua retidão de caráter, mais um exemplo profissional a ser seguido. À Profa. Dra. Magda Costa Ribeiro, pela amizade, conselhos, apoio e simpatia de sempre. À Profa. Dra. Giseli Klassen pela dedicação sem igual para com todos os alunos e pelo auxílio na realização deste trabalho, principalmente nos ensaios de sequenciamento das amostras. À Profa. Dra. Rosângela C. Paulino, pelos conselhos, amizade e empréstimos de literaturas. Aos amigos do mestrado e doutorado do Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia, Parasitologia e Patologia, em especial: Juliana Seger, Déberli Ruiz Fernandes, Sandra “Sandrinha”, André Gonçalves, Liliane Klassen, Alessandra Becker Finco, Maurício Baum. Ao meu companheiro de todos os momentos Dr. Vinícius Abilhoa pelo carinho, incentivo, amor, tolerância, por entender minhas constantes ausências, muito obrigada, se este trabalho se finaliza você tem grande participação nisso. Ao Dr. Marcos Elias Traad da Silva por permitir a realização deste trabalho no Zoológico Municipal de Curitiba e ao meu chefe direto e amigo Juan Ramon Soto Franco. vi Ao Alfredo Vicente de Castro Trindade por apoiar este projeto enquanto Diretor do Departamento de Pesquisa e Conservação da Fauna da Secretaria Municipal do Meio Ambiente. Aos tratadores que auxiliaram nas coletas de fezes e água e que foram meus guarda-costas, em especial aos queridos “Tamandaré” e “Paulo Cabana”. A equipe da Divisão de Educação para a Conservação da Fauna, por me apoiar e suprir minhas ausências. Muito obrigada a Cris, Dani, Fernando e Lu Popp e a todos os queridos estagiários. A farmacêutica e bioquímica Cynthia Castro Correa Malaghini, da Unidade de Serviço de Avaliação de Conformidades (USAV) da SANEPAR pela realização de parte das análises físicas, químicas e biológicas da água coletada neste estudo. A Fundação Araucária e ao CNPq por darem suporte financeiro para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa. vii SUMÁRIO LISTA DE FIGURAS ..................................................................................................... x LISTA DE QUADROS E TABELAS ............................................................................. xiii RESUMO....................................................................................................................... xiv ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... xv 1 INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................................... 1 2 OBJETIVOS ............................................................................................................... 4 2.1. OBJETIVO GERAL ................................................................................................ 4 2.2. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS....... ........................................................................... 4 3 REVISÃO DA LITERATURA ..................................................................................... 5 3.1. BREVE HISTÓRICO DA CRIPTOSPORIDIOSE .................................................... 5 3.2. CLASSIFICAÇÃO TAXONÔMICA .......................................................................... 6 3.3. BIOLOGIA .............................................................................................................. 10 3.4. ANÁLISE MOLECULAR E FILOGENIA.................................................................. 13 3.5. PATOGENIA, SINTOMATOLOGIA E TRATAMENTO ........................................... 16 3.6. DIAGNÓSTICO PARA Cryptosporidium................................................................. 18 3.7. EPIDEMIOLOGIA E PREVENÇÃO ........................................................................ 22 3.8. CRIPTOSPORIDIOSE EM ANIMAIS DE PRODUÇÃO E CRIAÇÃO ..................... 27 3.9. CRIPTOSPORIDIOSE EM ANIMAIS SILVESTRES .............................................. 28 3.10. CRIPTOSPORIDIOSE EM ANIMAIS MANTIDOS EM CENTROS DE TRIAGEM E ZOOLÓGICOS DO MUNDO ...................................................................................... 31 4. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS ......................................................................................... 35 4.1. CARACTERIZAÇÃO DA ÁREA DE ESTUDO ........................................................ 35 4.2. COLETA DAS AMOSTRAS DE FEZES ................................................................. 38 4.3. COLETA DAS AMOSTRAS DE ÁGUA................................................................... 41 4.4. PROCESSAMENTO DAS AMOSTRAS ................................................................. 44 4.4.1. Amostras de oocistos usados como controle positivo e de fezes ........................ 44 viii 4.4.2. Amostras de água ............................................................................................... 45 4.5. IDENTIFICAÇÃO MOLECULAR ............................................................................ 46 4.5.1. Extração de DNA ................................................................................................. 46 4.5.2. PCR1 ................................................................................................................... 47 4.5.3. Nested – PCR para detecção de Cryptosporidium .............................................. 47 4.5.4. PCR2 ................................................................................................................... 47 4.5.5. Eletroforese ......................................................................................................... 48 4.6. PURIFICAÇÃO DOS PRODUTOS DE AMPLIFICAÇÃO ....................................... 48 4.7. SEQUENCIAMENTO DAS AMOSTRAS POSITIVAS ............................................ 49 4.8. ANÁLISE DO SEQUENCIAMENTO ....................................................................... 49 4.9. COMITÊ DE ÉTICA EM PESQUISA ANIMAL ........................................................ 52 5. RESULTADOS .......................................................................................................... 53 5.1. DETECÇÃO DE Cryptosporidum EM FEZES DE ANIMAIS ................................... 53 5.1.1. Coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen modificada .............................................................. 53 5.1.2. PCR e N-PCR ..................................................................................................... 54 5.2. DETECÇÃO DE Cryptosporidum EM ÁGUA DO PARQUE ................................... 55 5.2.1. Parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos das amostras de água. ..................... 55 5.2.2. Detecção de Cryptosporidium pela coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen modificada e PCR ............................................................................................................................... 57 5.3. ANÁLISE DO GENÓTIPO PELO SEQUENCIAMENTO DO GENE 18S rDNA ...... 58 6. DISCUSSÃO ............................................................................................................. 60 7. CONCLUSÕES ......................................................................................................... 72 8. PERSPECTIVAS E RECOMENDAÇÕES ................................................................. 73 REFERÊNCIAS ............................................................................................................. 75 ANEXOS ....................................................................................................................... 102 ix LISTA DE FIGURAS FIGURA 1. A - ASPECTO GERAL DE UM REPRESENTANTE DO FILO APICOMPLEXA. B – ESTRUTURA DO COMPLEXO APICAL .................. 07 FIGURA 2. OOCISTOS DE Cryptosporidium 1000X. A – COLORAÇÃO DE ZIEHL- NEELSEN MODIFICADA. B – OBSERVAÇÃO MICROSCÓPICA EM CONTRASTE DE FASE. C – IMUNOFLUORESCÊNCIA.
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