Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Prepared by: Prepared for:

RPS AUSTRALIA EAST PTY LTD CENTENNIAL AIRLY PTY LIMITED

241 Denison Street PO Box 92 Broadmeadow NSW 2303 Lithgow NSW 2790

T: +61 2 4940 4200 T: +61 2 6359 2107 F: +61 2 4961 6794 E: [email protected] E: [email protected] W: www.centennialcoal.com.au

Client Manager: Paul Hillier Report Number: 113007 Version / Date: Final / August 2014

rpsgroup.com.au Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Document Status

Version Purpose of Document Orig Review Review Date V1 Draft review for client LV/JS/DT PH 09/08/2013 V2 Draft review for client LV/JS/DT PH 16/09/2013 V3 Draft review for client AB/JS PH 17/02/2014 V4 Draft review for client AB/LV PH 06/03/2014 V5 Final for adequacy assessment JS PH 10/04/2014 V6 Final Draft for Review PH PH 21/07/2014 V7 Final for submission PH PH 14/08/2014

Approval for Issue

Name Signature Date

Paul Hillier 14/08/2014

113007; August 2014 Page ii Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Terms & Abbreviations

Abbreviation Description AKF Australian Koala Foundation API Aerial Photograph Interpretation CEEC Critically Endangered Ecological Community DEC NSW Department of Environment and Conservation – now known as OEH DECC NSW Department of Environment and Climate Change – now known as OEH NSW Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water– now known as DECCW OEH Commonwealth Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and Arts - now DEWHA known as SEWPaC DGR Director General’s Requirements DLWC Former NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation DoE Department of Environment EEC Endangered Ecological Community EIS Environmental Impact Statement EP&A Act 1979 NSW Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act EPBC Act 1999 1999 FM Act 1994 NSW Fisheries Management Act 1994 GDE Groundwater Dependant Ecosystem GIS Geographic Information System GPS Global Positioning System HBOC Hunter Bird Observers Club (Inc) KTP Key Threatening Process LGA Local Government Act MU Vegetation Map Unit NES National Environmental Significance NPWS NSW National Parks and Wildlife Services NSW Fisheries NSW Department of Industry & Investment - Fisheries OEH NSW Office of Environment and Heritage PFC Projected Foliage Cover ROTAP Rare or Threatened Australian Plants REA Reject Emplacement Area REF Review of Environmental Factors RPS RPS Australia East Pty Ltd SCA State Conservation Area SEPP State Environmental Planning Policy Commonwealth Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population SEWPaC and Communities – now known as Department of the Environment (DoE) TSC Act 1995 NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995

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Executive Summary

Introduction

This assessment examines the likelihood of the Project having a significant effect on any threatened species, populations or ecological communities listed under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act). This report recognises the relevant requirements of the NSW Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (EP&A Act) as amended by the NSW Environmental Planning and Assessment Amendment Act 1997. The Project is also being assessed as an 'Accredited Assessment' under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). A Referral was submitted under the EPBC Act (Ref: EPBC 2013/7076) and the Commonwealth Department of the Environment (DoE), previously known as the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPaC) and the Action was determined as a ‘Controlled Action’ under the EPBC Act.

Methods

Flora, fauna and habitat surveys have been undertaken over the Project Application Area from May 2012 to April 2014. A variety of field survey techniques were employed over the course of fieldwork for this assessment to record a representative sample of flora species and fauna guilds across the Project Application Area. The surveys included flora quadrats and rapid data points to record vegetation communities. Various fauna survey methods were used, including Elliott trapping, harp traps, hair tubes, cameras, bat echolocation, spotlighting, call playback, diurnal bird and herpetological surveys, opportunistic surveys and habitat assessments. Targeted searches for threatened flora and fauna species were also undertaken. Surveys were undertaken in accordance with DEC (2004) Threatened Biodiversity Survey and Assessment: Guidelines for Developments and Activities, Working Draft.

In addition to the ecological surveys undertaken by RPS, a review of surveys undertaken by the Centre for Mined land Rehabilitation, University of Queensland (CMLR) was undertaken. The methods, survey effort and results of CMLR works are considered throughout this report. Results

Nineteen vegetation communities were recorded and mapped within the Project Application Area in line with the vegetation descriptions detailed in DEC (2006a). Two Endangered Ecological Communities (EECs) were

113007; August 2014 Page iv Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment recorded, namely: Genowlan Point Allocasuarina nana Heathland (TSC Act); and White Box – Yellow Box – Blakely’s Red Gum Woodland (TSC Act) and White Box –Yellow Box – Blakely's Red Gum Grassy Woodland and Derived Native Grassland (EPBC Act). These two listed communities are herewith collectively referred to as 'Box-Gum Woodland'.

Consideration has been afforded to the potential for vegetation within the Project Application Area to constitute Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems (GDEs). Groundwater modelling undertaken by GHD (2014a) suggests that shallow alluvial aquifers are likely to be present. Therefore, facultative GDEs (partially groundwater dependant ecosystems) may occur within the Project Application Area. The vegetation communities which occur within the ‘shallow aquifer zones’ identified by GHD (2014a) include: Map Unit (MU) 3 Hillslope Talus Mountain Gum - Brown Stringybark - Grey Gum – Broad-leaved Hickory Moist Forest; MU 13 Tableland Gully Ribbon Gum - Blackwood - Apple Box Forest; MU 21 Capertee - Wolgan Slopes Red Box - Grey Gum - Stringybark Grassy Open Forest; and MU 40 Capertee Slopes Red Ironbark - Red Stringybark - Narrow-leaved Stringybark Shrubby Woodland.

A total of 394 flora species were recorded within the Project Application Area during field surveys undertaken for this report. These include three threatened flora species, namely: Eucalyptus cannonii (Vulnerable under the TSC Act); Prostanthera stricta (Vulnerable under both the TSC Act and EPBC Act); and Pultenaea sp. Genowlan Point (Critically Endangered under both the TSC Act and EPBC Act).

A total of 177 fauna species were detected within the Project Application Area, comprising 111 bird, 36 mammal, 20 reptile and 10 amphibian species. Of the 177 fauna species detected, 23 were listed under the TSC Act and or EPBC Act, namely: Rosenberg’s Goanna (Varanus rosenbergi) (Vulnerable under the TSC Act); Gang-gang Cockatoo (Callocephalon fimbriatum) (Vulnerable under the TSC Act); Glossy Black-Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami) (Vulnerable under the TSC Act); Little Lorikeet (Glossopsitta pusilla) (Vulnerable under the TSC Act); Powerful Owl (Ninox strenua) (Vulnerable under the TSC Act); Masked Owl (Tyto novaehollandiae) (Vulnerable under the TSC Act); Sooty Owl (Tyto tenebricosa) (Vulnerable under the TSC Act); Brown Treecreeper (eastern subspecies) (Climacteris picumnus victoriae) (Vulnerable under the TSC Act); Regent Honeyeater (Anthochaera phrygia) (Critically Endangered under the TSC Act and Endangered under the EPBC Act); Painted Honeyeater (Grantiella picta) (Vulnerable under the TSC Act); Black-chinned Honeyeater (eastern subspecies) (Melithreptus gularis gularis) (Vulnerable under the TSC Act); Grey-crowned Babbler (eastern subspecies) (Pomatostomus temporalis temporalis) (Vulnerable under the TSC Act);

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Varied Sittella (Daphoenositta chrysoptera) (Vulnerable under the TSC Act); Gilbert's Whistler (Pachycephala inornata) (Vulnerable under the TSC Act); Scarlet Robin (Petroica boodang) (Vulnerable under the TSC Act); Speckled Warbler (Chthonicola sagittatus) (Vulnerable under the TSC Act); Flame Robin (Petroica phoenicea) (Vulnerable under the TSC Act); Diamond Firetail (Stagonopleura guttata) (Vulnerable under the TSC Act); Spotted-tailed Quoll (Dasyurus maculatus maculatus); (Vulnerable under the TSC Act and Endangered under the EPBC Act); Squirrel Glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) (Vulnerable under the TSC Act); Large-eared Pied Bat (Chalinolobus dwyeri) (Vulnerable under the TSC Act); Eastern Bentwing-bat (Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis) (Vulnerable under the TSC Act); and Southern Myotis (Myotis macropus) (Vulnerable under the TSC Act).

Through desktop analysis and habitat assessments, additional threatened flora and fauna species have been considered as potentially occurring within the Project Application Area.

Broad habitat types throughout the Project Application Area include dry sclerophyll forest, wet sclerophyll forest, grassy woodlands, heath, dry rainforest, riverine forest and cleared and disturbed areas. Dry sclerophyll habitats dominate the Project Application Area, occurring across the Mount Airly-Genowlan Mountain mesa, the steep slopes surrounding the mesa and low-lying, undulated areas. Wet sclerophyll habitats are much more patchily distributed, occurring in sheltered locations on top of the mesa and in gullies surrounding it. Heath is generally restricted to the top of the Mount Airly-Genowlan Mountain mesa, occurring in small patches separated by dry sclerophyll forest. Grassy woodlands are sparsely distributed throughout the Project Application Area. A very small area of riverine forest occurs in association with Gap Creek in the north of the Project Application Area. Cleared and disturbed areas occur in the west of the Project Application Area, where vegetation has been largely cleared for agricultural purposes (primarily cattle grazing). The pit top and associated surface facilities are located in these areas.

The Project Application Area is located on the western margin of a large system of protected areas (including the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area). This huge expanse of continuous habitat facilitates the movement of many fauna species across the landscape.

Impact Assessment

In addressing the potential for impacts of the Project, the following causes of potential direct and indirect impacts were considered: habitat removal to accommodate surface facilities; subsidence related impacts; and mine water discharge, potentially affecting the quantity and chemistry of surface water.

The proposed surface facilities have the potential to remove habitats for threatened flora, threatened fauna and EECs. Most areas of proposed surface facilities occur within areas that are already cleared and offer limited habitat for threatened species and EECs.

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MU 38 Capertee Grey Gum - Narrow-leaved Stringybark - Scribbly Gum - Callitris - Ironbark Shrubby Open Forest and 3.27 ha of Box-Gum Woodland Derived Native Grassland (EEC). All remaining areas for surface facilities cover approximately 1.18 ha of disturbed/improved land. These areas provide marginal habitat for most threatened fauna and flora species.

REA 2 has a significant lack of species diversity and is in a highly modified state. Whilst large areas are dominated by native grasses, the species present are those that are favoured for and/or can tolerate grazing pressure, such as Microlaena stipoides and Poa labillardierei. Additionally, dense thickets of Rubus fruticosus (Blackberry) were recorded, particularly within the areas containing Box-Gum Woodland Derived Native Grassland. Therefore, whilst 3.27 ha of REA 2 has been mapped as Box-Gum Woodland Derived Native Grassland, the conservation value and importance of this example of the listed community is regarded as considerably low. Consequently, the loss of this area of Box-Gum Woodland Derived Native Grassland cannot be regarded as a significant impact. Similarly, the removal of 25.49 ha low condition non-EEC derived grasslands is not regarded as a significant loss. The subsidence predictions and impact assessment (Golder Associates, 2014) have been determined based on different zones of the Project Application Area. The following predictions have been determined: Cliff Line Zone and Zone of Fist Workings: 10 to 65mm subsidence (surface cracking is not expected); Panel and Pillar Mining Zone: 40 to 106mm subsidence (surface cracking is not expected); Partial Pillar Extraction Zone: 25 to 65mm subsidence (surface cracking is not expected); Shallow Zone: 3.5 to 25.5mm subsidence (surface cracking is not expected); and New Hartley Shale Mine Potential Interaction Zone: up to 500mm (depending on remnant pillar stability (surface cracking is expected)).

Subsidence can lead to potential impacts to flora and fauna through habitat modification resulting from surface cracking, soil erosion due to slumping and changes in gradients, mixing increased of groundwater and surface water and hydrological changes to groundwater and surface water, including ponding.

RPS has recorded Prostranthera stricta (listed as Vulnerable under both EPBC Act and TSC Act) and Eucalyptus cannonii (listed as vulnerable under the TSC Act) within the woodland areas of the New Hartley Shale Mine Potential Interaction Zone. Tension cracks and soil destabilisation may cause localised disturbance of the root zone for some plants in this area. Although P. stricta and E. cannonii individuals may potentially be impacted upon, they are likely to readily recover from disturbance given their natural occurrence within unstable areas such as steep rocky slopes and cliff edges. Notwithstanding, any loss of threatened flora would be highly isolated and would be restricted to localised root zone disturbance, and impacts would not be extensive such that any area would become unviable to support threatened flora species. Therefore, it is unlikely that subsidence related ground movements would affect woodland or forest habitats such that they would become unsuitable for any of the potentially occurring threatened flora and fauna.

Caves provide suitable habitats for threatened species as functional roosting sites for cave dwelling bats (including the Large-eared Pied Bat) and den sites for the Spotted-tail Quoll and the Brush-tailed Rock- wallaby. The pagodas and rocky outcrops also provide potential habitat for threatened species such as the Broad-headed Snake and Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby. RPS conducted targeted searches within the New Hartley Shale Mine Potential Interaction Zone in order to identify any cave structures with potential to be

113007; August 2014 Page vii Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment impacted upon. No cave structures were detected during targeted surveys, however pagodas and rocky outcrops were identified in this area.

Golder Associates (2014) expect that there will be no surface impacts upon any rock face >20 m in height (even within the Shale mine interaction zone). Major cliffs are likely to provide the most suitable cave habitats and no impacts are expected to these features. Subsequently, no significant impacts would be expected to preferred habitats of threatened species including; the Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby, cave dwelling bats and Broad-headed Snake.

The small numbers of pagodas that occur within the angle of draw boundary are unlikely to experience any adverse impacts resulting from the proposed extraction methods. There is potential for some rock falls as a result of subsidence, however the flat sandstone slabs favoured by the Broad-headed Snake are less likely to be susceptible to subsidence-related rock falls. Given the abundance of pagodas within the Project Application Area and surrounding areas which would not be impacted upon, the minimal impacts upon these structures as a result of subsidence is considered to be relatively insignificant.

The Genowlan Point Allocasuarina nana Heathland occurs within the subsidence extents. However, due to the low predicted subsidence levels, the Project is unlikely to impact upon this community, such that it would no longer persist in its current form or extent. Similarly, Pultenaea sp. Genowlan Point occurs within the Cliff Line Zone and Zone of First Workings and therefore is unlikely to be impacted upon.

Cracking and drawdown affecting water availability may have an impact on fauna species with low mobility. However, cracking is not expected to greatly divert water and the percentage of water loss to the catchments of the Project Application Area and further downstream is very low (~3%, (GHD 2014b)). Consequently, the water security for use by fauna species is unlikely to be significantly affected.

Predicted drawdown of the alluvial aquifer has been modelled to occur in just a small number of locations across a minimal extent. GDEs were considered for their potential impacts in these locations. These locations were visited to determine any discernible difference in flora species presence or composition to areas not predicted to be affected by drawn down. No differences to the vegetation either upstream or downstream of the modelled drawdown areas could be identified. Due to the tolerance of the tree species to persist in the absence of groundwater (facultative GDEs), effects to these GDEs are unlikely to entail significant modification to species composition. Therefore, it is unlikely that the local extent of these GDEs would be significantly reduced as a result of the Project.

The potential impacts from increased mine water discharge include increases in flow and changes to water quality, particularly increases in salinity. Changes to hydrology and water chemistry have potential to impact upon terrestrial flora and fauna that inhabit the affected riparian environments. Site-specific trigger values (SSTVs) for water quality have been derived from a monitoring site within an Airly Creek tributary (i.e. a natural source), combined with levels recommended by the ANZECC and ARMCANZ (2000). As SSTVs represent the natural existing level within the system, the discharges are not expected to have an adverse impact on any EECs, threatened flora, threatened fauna or biodiversity in general downstream of the discharge point.

LDP001 discharges into Airly Creek which subsequently flows into the Gardens of Stone National Park where it joins Coco Creek and eventually flows into the Capertee River. The expected increase in flows has been assessed for its potential to affect bank stability through erosion. GHD (2014b) estimated that a 16 ML/year increase in discharges from LDP001 will counteract reduced runoff from the construction of REA 2 and minor changes to baseflow in the catchment. With a total predicted change in waterway flow of 0.2%, these changes will be negligible and within the natural variability of catchment runoff. Conditions estimated by GHD (2014b) for a scenario where LDP001 discharges are maximised and vary most from existing conditions indicate a 70.5 ML/year increase in discharges from LDP001 will increase total annual flow by

113007; August 2014 Page viii Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment approximately 14.5%. The increase in discharges experienced under this scenario will occur during moderate to high rainfall events and therefore not have a significant impact on the current waterway condition, particularly further downstream in the Gardens of Stone National Park.

An EPBC Act Protected Matters Search was undertaken to generate a list of those Matters of National Environmental Significance (MNES) from within 10km of the Project Application Area. In addition to threatened, migratory species and ecological communities, World Heritage Properties and National Heritage Places were assessed for potential impacts. NSW Greater Blue Mountains Area (GBMA) is a World Heritage Property and National Heritage Place immediately south of the Project Application Area. The proposed mine design criteria has included consideration of potential impacts to the GBMA and has been designed to avoid potential impacts. Given the implementation of required water management measures, and the predicted minor nature of the proposed impacts, it is unlikely that the Proposed Action will impact on the GBMA.

Conclusion

Potential impacts under the TSC Act and EPBC Act have been assessed with regard to the proposed underground mining operations, surface facilities establishment and mine water discharge. A high level of confidence exists in subsidence predictions for the proposal and the predicted impacts associated with subsidence have been found to be negligible. Clearing for the installation of surface facilities is proposed to occur within cleared and disturbed areas. These impacts are regarded as minor impacts, in relation to the available superior habitats within the Project Application Area and surrounding environments. Mine water discharge will not be of a magnitude such that it would alter the morphology of the affected water courses and water quality parameters are to be managed to stay within the natural background levels or acceptable levels for mine water discharge. Consequently, the Project is unlikely to have a significant impact upon threatened species, EECs or other MNES.

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Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... IV 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Airly Mine Extension Project Overview ...... 1 1.3 Site Particulars ...... 2 1.4 Scope of the Study ...... 6 1.5 Information Requirements ...... 6 2.0 QUALIFICATIONS AND LICENSING ...... 15 2.1 Qualifications ...... 15 2.2 Licensing ...... 15 2.3 Legislation and Policy...... 15 2.4 Certification ...... 16 3.0 METHODOLOGY ...... 17 3.1 Literature Review ...... 17 3.1.1 Database Search...... 17 3.2 Flora Survey and Vegetation Mapping ...... 17 3.2.1 Existing Vegetation Mapping ...... 17 3.2.2 Flora Surveys ...... 18 3.2.3 Vegetation Mapping and Vegetation Descriptions ...... 19 3.2.4 Significant Flora Survey ...... 20 3.2.5 Stratification and Flora Survey Effort ...... 20 3.3 Fauna Surveys...... 23 3.3.1 Terrestrial Trapping ...... 23 3.3.2 Arboreal Trapping...... 23 3.3.3 Hair Tube ...... 23 3.3.4 Bat Trapping - Harp Traps ...... 23 3.3.5 Anabat Echolocation Call Recording ...... 23 3.3.6 Diurnal Avifauna Survey ...... 24 3.3.7 Herpetofauna Surveys ...... 24 3.3.8 Spotlighting ...... 24 3.3.9 Call Playback ...... 24 3.3.10 Infrared Camera Surveys...... 24 3.3.11 Invertebrate Surveys ...... 25 3.3.12 Secondary Indications and Incidental Observations ...... 25 3.3.13 Habitat Survey...... 25 3.4 Stratification and Fauna Survey Effort ...... 29 3.5 Limitations ...... 31

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3.5.1 Seasonality ...... 31 3.5.2 Data Availability and Accuracy ...... 31 4.0 RESULTS ...... 33 4.1 Desktop Assessment ...... 33 4.1.1 Database Searches ...... 33 4.1.2 Literature Review ...... 36 4.1.3 Potential Threatened Aquatic Species ...... 37 4.2 Weather Conditions ...... 37 4.3 Flora Survey ...... 42 4.3.1 Vegetation Community Mapping ...... 42 4.4 Significant Vegetation Communities ...... 65 4.4.1 Genowlan Point Allocasuarina nana heathland ...... 65 4.4.2 Box-Gum Woodland ...... 65 4.4.3 Identification of Derived Native Grasslands ...... 67 4.5 Potential Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems ...... 75 4.6 Significant Flora ...... 76 4.7 Fauna Surveys...... 79 4.7.1 Terrestrial Mammals ...... 79 4.7.2 Arboreal Mammals ...... 80 4.7.3 Bats ...... 81 4.7.4 Avifauna Surveys ...... 83 4.7.5 Reptiles ...... 84 4.7.6 Amphibians ...... 85 4.7.7 Invertebrates ...... 85 4.7.8 Exotic Species and Pest Animals ...... 85 4.7.9 Threatened Fauna Species ...... 85 4.8 Habitat Survey ...... 88 4.8.1 Vegetation Corridors and Linkages ...... 88 4.8.2 Broad Habitat Types ...... 88 4.8.3 Key Fauna Resources ...... 91 4.8.4 SEPP 44 – Koala Habitat Protection ...... 95 5.0 IDENTIFICATION OF SUBJECT SPECIES AND COMMUNITIES ...... 96 6.0 AVOIDANCE ...... 111 7.0 POTENTIAL IMPACTS ...... 114 7.1 Surface Impacts ...... 114 7.1.1 Vegetation ...... 115 7.1.2 Conservation Significance of Derived Native Grasslands within Surface Facilities Footprint ...... 115 7.1.3 Habitat and Fauna ...... 115 7.1.4 Threatened Species ...... 116

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7.2 Subsidence Impacts ...... 116 7.2.1 Predicted Subsidence ...... 116 7.2.2 Potential Impacts to Riparian Habitats ...... 118 7.2.3 Potential Impacts to Caves and Rocky Habitats ...... 119 7.2.4 Potential Impacts to Wooded Habitats ...... 119 7.2.5 Potential Impacts to Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems ...... 120 7.3 Mine Water Discharge ...... 120 7.4 Key Threatening Processes ...... 121 7.5 Mugii Murum-ban State Conservation Area ...... 123 7.6 Cumulative Impacts ...... 123 7.7 Matters of National Environmental Significance ...... 123 7.7.1 Nationally Listed Threatened, Migratory Species and Ecological Communities ...... 124 7.7.2 Ramsar wetlands of international importance ...... 124 7.7.3 Commonwealth Marine Environment ...... 124 7.7.4 World Heritage Properties and National Heritage Places ...... 124 7.7.5 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park ...... 128 7.7.6 All Nuclear Actions ...... 128 7.7.7 Water resource, in relation to coal seam gas development and large coal mining development...... 128 8.0 MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 129 9.0 CONCLUSION ...... 130 10.0 REFERENCES ...... 132

Tables

Table 1 Airly Mine Extension Project – Director-General’s Requirements...... 6 Table 2 Braun Blanquet Scale ...... 19 Table 3 Recommended Number of Survey Quadrats within the Project Application Area (as per DEC 2004)21 Table 4 Stratification Units and Suggested Fauna Survey Effort of Selected Survey Methods (using DEC 2006 Vegetation Mapping) ...... 30 Table 5 Occurring and potentially occurring Threatened Flora, Fauna and Ecological Communities within a 10 km radius of the Project Application Area ...... 33 Table 6 Potentially Occurring Migratory Species within a 10 km radius of the Project Application Area ...... 36 Table 7 Potentially Occurring Threatened Aquatic Species within the Project Application Area ...... 37 Table 8 Weather conditions during survey period ...... 38 Table 9 Vegetation within the Project Application Area ...... 43 Table 10 Microbats recorded in the Project Application Area ...... 81 Table 11 Birds of prey occurring in the Project Application Area (Debus 2012) ...... 84 Table 12 Threatened fauna species recorded in the Project Application Area ...... 85 Table 13 Hollow requirements of fauna species occurring in the Project Application Area ...... 93

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Table 14 Assessment of Likelihood of Occurrence of Threatened Species and Communities and Assessment of Potential Impacts ...... 97

Figures

Figure 1 Project Application Area Locality ...... 4 Figure 2 Proposed Mining Layout and Surface Facility Footprint...... 5 Figure 3 Flora Survey Locations ...... 22 Figure 4 Fauna Trapping Methods ...... 27 Figure 5 Fauna Sampling Locations ...... 28 Figure 6 Vegetation Communities ...... 64 Figure 7 Vegetation within Proposed Surface Facilities Footprint ...... 74 Figure 8 Threatened Flora Recorded...... 78 Figure 9 Threatened Fauna Recorded...... 87 Figure 10 Avoided REA 1 Site ...... 113

Plates

Plate 1 Box-Gum Woodland within REA 1 ...... 68 Plate 2 Cleared land within REA 1 showing shallow rocky soils (facing east) ...... 69 Plate 3 REA 2 (facing west) showing the shallow soils of the derived native grassland (non-EEC) ...... 70 Plate 4 REA 2 (facing north) showing derived native grassland (non-EEC) and, presence of Blackberry ...... 71 Plate 5 REA 2 (facing east) showing groundcover condition of derived native grassland (non-EEC) ...... 71 Plate 6 REA 2 (facing south-west) showing groundcover condition of Box-Gum Woodland Derived Native Grassland (EEC), including presence of Blackberry and exotic trees ...... 72 Plate 7 REA 2 (facing east) showing groundcover condition of the broadest area of Box-Gum Woodland Derived Native Grassland (EEC), including presence of Blackberry ...... 72 Plate 8 Spotted-tailed Quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) captured on motion detection camera...... 80 Plate 9 Wet sclerophyll forest in proximity to Genowlan Creek, on Genowlan Mountain ...... 89 Plate 10 Dry sclerophyll forest on the lower slopes, south of Genowlan Mountain ...... 89 Plate 11 Heath on Genowlan Point...... 90 Plate 12 Grassy woodland on top of Genowlan Mountain ...... 90 Plate 13 Patches of remnant dry sclerophyll forest persist in cleared and disturbed areas ...... 91 Plate 14 Cleared and disturbed areas in the west of the Project Application Area ...... 91 Plate 15 Steep sandstone escarpments bounding Mount Airly and Genowlan Mountain ...... 92 Plate 16 Sandstone pagodas and exfoliating slabs on top of Genowlan Mountain...... 92 Plate 17 Airly Creek ...... 126 Plate 18 Coco Creek ...... 126 Plate 19 Pooled Water in Airly Creek...... 127 Plate 20 The Capertee River ...... 127

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Appendices

Appendix 1 TSC Act Assessment of Significance (7-Part Test) Appendix 2 EPBC Act: Assessments of Significance Appendix 3 Flora Species List Appendix 4 Fauna Species Inventory Appendix 5 AnaBat Analysis

113007; August 2014 Page xiv Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background

This assessment examines the likelihood of the Project to have a significant effect on any threatened species, populations or ecological communities listed under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act). This report recognises the relevant requirements of the NSW Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (EP&A Act) as amended by the NSW Environmental Planning and Assessment Amendment Act 1997. The Project is also being assessed as an 'Accredited Assessment' under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). A Referral was submitted under the EPBC Act (Ref: EPBC 2013/7076) to the Commonwealth Department of the Environment (DoE - formerly the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities) and the Action was determined as a Controlled Action under the EPBC Act.

1.2 Airly Mine Extension Project Overview

Centennial Airly is seeking approval for the Project under Part 4 Division 4.1 of the NSW Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (EP&A Act 1979). The Project is a State Significant Development in accordance with Clause 8 and Schedule 1 (item 5) of the State Environmental Planning Policy (State and Regional Development) 2011. The Project proposes to: in general, include all currently approved operations, facilities and infrastructure of Airly Mine; continue to extract up to 1.8 Mtpa of ROM coal from the Lithgow seam underlying the Project Application Area using underground mining techniques; extend the life of mine by 25 years from the date of consent (including rehabilitation); continue to extract coal using partial extraction methods within the ML1331, and extend the mining area to the east of the existing workings into the A232 area; develop underground access roadways from the current mining area to the east to allow access to the proposed mining areas; use various partial extraction mining methods that will manage subsidence not to exceed 125 mm in previously unmined areas and minimise further potential subsidence impacts in areas where the historical New Hartley Shale Mine has already impacted the environment; continue to operate and maintain the existing ancillary surface infrastructure for mine access, underground ventilation, electricity, water, materials supply, and communications at the pit top, and upgrade this infrastructure as required for mining operations; continue to handle ROM coal through a crushing and screening plant at the pit top for transfer to the existing and proposed stockpiles as required to meet market demands; complete the construction of the coal handling and preparation plant (CHPP) through construction of a Coal Preparation Plant (CPP) and associated overland conveyors, required for the beneficiation of ROM coal; use the existing and new overland conveyor systems for the transfer of ROM and product coal from the underground to the CPP and coal stockpiles prior to despatch to offsite locations; construct a life of mine reject emplacement area (REA) for the co-disposal of reject materials from the

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CPP; continue to use the existing water storage dams at the pit top to meet operational water demands; construct an appropriately sized water management dam for the proposed life of mine REA; continue to manage non-production waste in accordance with the Airly Mine’s Mining Operations Plan 2014-2016; despatch ROM and product coal off site using the existing rail load out facilities for the export and domestic markets; continue exploration, predominantly borehole drilling, to further refine the existing geological model; continue to undertake environmental monitoring; review and update existing environmental management plans as required; operate 24 hours per day and seven days per week for 52 weeks per year; provide employment to a full time workforce of up to 135 full time employees and 20 contractors; progressively rehabilitate exploration boreholes and disturbed areas at the pit top no longer required; and undertake life-of-mine rehabilitation at the pit top disturbance areas to create final landforms commensurate with the surrounding areas.

The Application Area for the proposed Airly Mine Extension Project is 40 km north-west of Lithgow. The Project Application Area includes: The existing ML1331 and A232 boundaries with areas of 2,744 ha and 3,096 ha respectively; The extent of already mined areas; The existing Surface Facilities Area comprising: - workforce and materials access; - water management structures; and - coal conveyer system, coal stockpile area and coal loading facilities. The rail siding and the rail load-out facility; and Mine access. Access to the mine is via Glen Davis Road, off the Castlereagh Highway. No additional upgrades are required to the mine access as a result of the Project.

For the purposes of this report, the Project has been defined as: The proposed Airly Mine Extension Project mining area; and The proposed new Airly Surface Facilities Area (surface facilities site for the Airly Extension mining area).

The proposed layout of the Project is presented in Figure 2.

1.3 Site Particulars

Project Application Area The Project Application Area is located approximately 40 km north- west of Lithgow, and 4 km north-east of Capertee Township within the Lithgow City Council LGA. The location of the Project Application Area is shown in Figure 1.

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LGA The Project Application Area falls within the Lithgow City Council LGA.

Project Application Area Extent Approximately 3,982 ha.

ML1331 Approximately 2,744 ha.

A232 Approximately 3,094 ha.

Boundaries To the south lies the Gardens of Stone National Park; Capertee National Park to the north and rural areas to the immediate east and west.

Current Land Use The majority of the Project Application Area occurs within the Mugii Murum-ban State Conservation Area (see Figure 1). Remaining areas are comprised of a mixture of rural areas, existing mining infrastructure, roads, easements and tracks associated with recreational activities through Mt Airly and Genowlan Mountain.

Topography The Project Application Area is characterised by steep and rugged topography. Site elevation varies from 1000 m above sea level at Mount Airly, to less than 400 m in the south-eastern section of the Project Application Area.

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Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

1.4 Scope of the Study

The scope of this Flora and Fauna Assessment report is to: Undertake a desktop review of databases, reports, aerial photographs and vegetation and habitat mapping relevant to the Project Application Area; Describe the existing environment of the Project Application Area; Identify and describe vascular plant species found within the Project Application Area; Identify and map existing vegetation communities including any Endangered Ecological Communities; Identify and describe vertebrate fauna species found within the Project Application Area; Identify and describe fauna habitat values of the Project Application Area, including native vegetation, fauna corridors, any areas of critical habitat and foraging, nesting or roosting habitat for fauna species; Determine the presence or probability of threatened entities (species, populations and ecological communities (or their habitats)) occurring within the Project Application Area, as listed under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act); Determine the presence or likely occurrence of threatened entities and other matters of national environmental significance (species, migratory species, ecological communities (or their habitats) as listed under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act); and Provide all relevant information as required by government agencies and stakeholders — specifically DP&I (Director General Requirements), DoE, and OEH.

1.5 Information Requirements

Assessment requirements were issued for the Project by the Director-General for the Department of Planning and Infrastructure (DP&I) on 6 November 2012. The Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH) issued information requirements for the project on 26 October 2012. Table 1 below details the information requirements relevant to this assessment, and where they have been addressed in this report. Table 1 Airly Mine Extension Project – Director-General’s Requirements Addressed in Requirements this Report Director General Requirements Section 6 & Measures taken to avoid, reduce or mitigate impacts on biodiversity. Section 8 Accurate estimates of proposed vegetation clearing, such as clearing and subsidence and Section 7.1 indirect impacts such as ‘edge effects’. A detailed assessment of potential impacts of the development on any:

Terrestrial or aquatic threatened species or populations and their habitats, endangered Section 7 ecological communities and groundwater dependent ecosystems; and Appendix 1 Regionally significant remnant vegetation, or vegetation corridors. Appendix 2 A detailed assessment of the impact of the project on the Mugii Murum-ban State Conservation Area (SCA), with reference to the issues identified in the Draft Plan of Section 7.5 Management for the SCA and how subsidence monitoring is proposed to be undertaken with minimal impacts in the SCA. An offset strategy, which is clearly quantified, to ensure that the development maintains or improves the terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity values of the region in the medium to long term. Refer to EIS

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Addressed in Requirements this Report Director General Requirements - Policies, Guidelines and Plans Threatened Species Survey and Assessment Guidelines: Field Survey Methods for Fauna - Section 3.3.7 Amphibians (DECCW 2009). Threatened Biodiversity Survey and Assessment: Guidelines for Developments and Activities Section 3.4 - Working Draft (DECC 2004). BioBanking Assessment Methodology and Credit Calculator Operational Manual (DECCW Refer to EIS 2008). The Threatened Species Assessment Guideline - The Assessment of Significance (DECC Appendix 1 2007). Section 4.4 and NSW State Groundwater Dependent Ecosystem Policy (DLWC). Section 7.2.5 Policy & Guidelines - Aquatic Habitat Management and Fish Conservation (NSW Fisheries). Section 4.1.3 Principles for the Use of Biodiversity Offsets in NSW (OEH). Refer to EIS State Environmental Planning Policy No. 44 - Koala Habitat Protection. Section 4.8.4 NSW OEH General Requirements The EIS will need clearly identify all natural features, and detail how impacts to these will be Section 6 & avoided, mitigated and offset. Section 8 Proponent should also demonstrate consideration of the contribution of these proposals to the Section 7.6 cumulative impacts of mining in the region. Natural features of particular concern that will need to be specifically addressed include (but not restricted to): Swamps (including Newnes Plateau Shrub Swamps and Hanging Swamps); Section 7 Pagodas; Overhangs; Art sites; Talus slopes; and Bird rock and Snow Gum State Forest Flora Reserves. NSW OEH Requirements for Biodiversity: Scenario 2 – Where a proposal is assessed outside the BioBanking Assessment Methodology Section 5 The EIS should include a detailed biodiversity assessment, including assessment of impacts Section 6 on threatened biodiversity, native vegetation and habitat. This assessment should address Section 7 the matters included in the following sections. Appendix 1 Appendix 2 A field survey of the site should be conducted and documented in accordance with the relevant guidelines, including:

The Threatened Species Survey and Assessment Guidelines: Field Survey Methods for Section 3.3.7 Fauna – Amphibians (DECCW, 2009);

Threatened Biodiversity Survey and Assessment: Guidelines for Developments and Section 3.4 Activities – Working Draft (DEC, 2004); Threatened species survey and assessment guideline information on Appendix 1 www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspecies/surveyassessmentgdlns.htm; and Commonwealth survey requirements (birds, bats, reptiles, frogs, fish and mammals): http://www.environment.gov.au/epbs/publications/guidelines.html. These are relevant Appendix 2 when species or communities listed under the Environment Protections and Biodiversity Conservation Act are present. It is preferable for proponents to use the Interim Veg Mapping Standard data form to collect the vegetation plot data for the project site, and any offset site associated with the project. This will provide data that is useful for vegetation mapping as well as in the BioBanking Section 3.2 Assessment Methodology. This is available at http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/research/VISplot.htm. If a proposed survey methodology is likely to vary significantly from the above methods, the proponent should discuss the proposed methodology with the OEH prior to undertaking the Section 3.4 EIS, to determine whether the OEH considers that it is appropriate.

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Addressed in Requirements this Report Recent (less than five years old) surveys and assessments may be used. However, previous Section 3.1 surveys should not be used if they have: Been undertaken in seasons, weather conditions or following extensive disturbance events when the subject species are unlikely to be detected or present: or Utilised methodologies, survey sampling intensities, timeframes or baits that are not the most appropriate for detecting the target subject species.

Determining the list of potential threatened species for the site must be done in accordance with the Threatened Biodiversity Survey and Assessment: Guidelines for Developments and Activities – Working Draft (DEC, 2004), and the Guidelines for Threatened Species Assessment (Department of Planning, July 2005). The OEH Threatened Species website http://www.enfironment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspecies/ and the Atlas of NSW Wildlife database must be the primary information sources for the list of threatened species present. Section 3 The BioBanking Threatened Species Database, the Vegetation Types databases (available on OEH website at http://www.enfironment.nsw.gov.au/biobanking/biobankingtspd.htm and http://www.enfironment.nsw.gov.au/biobanking/vegtypedatabase.htm, respectively) and other data sources (e.g., PlantNET, Online Zoological Collections of Australian Museums (http://www.ozcam.org/), previous or nearby surveys etc.) may also be used to compile the list.

The EIS should contain the following information as a minimum:

The requirements set out in the Guidelines for Threatened Species Assessment Section 3 (Department of Planning, July 2005); Description and geo-referenced mapping of Project Application Area (and associated spatial data files), e.g., overlays on topographic maps, satellite images and/or aerial Figure 2 Figure 3 photos, including details of map datum, projection and zone, all survey locations, Figure 4 vegetation communities (including classification and methodology used to classify), key Figure 5 habitat features and reported locations of threatened species, populations and ecological Figure 6 communities present in the subject site and Project Application Area. Separate spatial files Figure 7 (.shp format) to be provided to the OEH should include, at a minimum, shapefiles of the Figure 8 project site, impact footprint, vegetation mapping and classification for both the impact and Figure 9 any offset site(s); Description of survey methodologies used, including timing, location and weather Section 3 conditions; Section 4.2 Detailed description of vegetation communities (including classification and methodology used to classify) and including all plot data. The vegetation classification used needs to be matched with Biometric and Endangered Ecological Community classifications. The Section 3.2 condition of vegetation needs to be documented included in areas of derived grassland. Section 4.3 Plot data should be supplied to the OEH in electronic format (e.g. MS-Excel) and organised by vegetation community;

Details, including qualifications and experience of all staff undertaking the surveys, Section 2 mapping and assessment of impacts as part of the EIA;

Identification of national and state listed threatened biota known or likely to occur in the Section 5 Project Application Area and their conservation status; Description of the likely impacts of the proposal on biodiversity and wildlife corridors, Section 7 including direct and indirect and construction and operation impacts. Wherever possible, Appendix 1 quantify these impacts such as the amount of each vegetation community or species Appendix 2 habitat to be cleared or impacted, or any fragmentation of a wildlife corridor; Identification of the avoidance, mitigation and management measures that will be put in place as part of the proposal to avoid or minimise impacts, including details about Section 6 alternative options considered and how long term management arrangements will be Section 8 guaranteed;

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Addressed in Requirements this Report

Description of the residual impacts of the proposal. If the proposal cannot adequately avoid or mitigate impacts on biodiversity, then a biodiversity offset package is expected Section 7 (see the requirements for this at point 6 below); and Provision and specific Statement of Commitments relating to biodiversity. An assessment of the significance of direct and indirect impacts of the proposal must be undertaken for threatened biodiversity known or considered likely to occur in the Project Appendix 1 Application Area based on the presence of suitable habitat. This assessment must take into account: The factors identified in s.5A of the EP&A Act; and The guidance provided by The Threatened Species Assessment Guideline – The Assessment of Significance (DECCW, 2007) which is available at: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/threatenedspecies/tsaguide07393.pdf Where an offsets package is proposed by a proponent for impacts to biodiversity (and a NA BioBanking Statement has not been sought) this package should: Meet either the OEH’s Principles for the use of biodiversity offsets in NSW, which are available at; www.enfironment.nsw.gov.au/biocertification/offsets.htm, or the OEH Interim policy on assessing and offsetting biodiversity impacts of part 3A developments; Take account of landscape design principles such patch size and building onto and connecting existing remnants. Identify the conservation mechanisms to be used to ensure the long term protection and management of the offset sites; and Include an appropriate Management Plan (such as vegetation or habitat) that has been developed as a key amelioration measure to ensure any proposed compensatory offsets, retained habitat enhancement features within the development footprint and/or impact mitigation measures (including proposed rehabilitation and/or monitoring programs) are appropriately managed and funded. Where appropriate, likely impacts (both direct and indirect) on any adjoining and/or nearby OEH estate reserved under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 or any marine and estuarine protected areas under the Fisheries Management Act 1994 or the Marine Parks Act Section 7 1997 should be considered. Refer to the Guidelines for developments adjoining land and water managed by the Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water (DECCW, 2010). With regard to the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, the assessment should identify any relevant Matters of National Environmental Section 7.7 Significance and weather the proposal has been referred to the Commonwealth or already determined to be a controlled action. Supplement to the Director General’s Requirements The background of the action, including: the title of the action; Refer to EIS the full name and postal address of the designated proponent; a clear outline of the objective of the action; the location of the action; the background to the development of the action; how the action relates to any other actions (of which the proponent should reasonably be aware) that have been, or are being, taken or that have been approved in the region affected by the action; the current status of the action; and the consequences of not proceeding with the action.

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Addressed in Requirements this Report A description of the action, including: all the components of the action; Refer to EIS the precise location of any works to be undertaken, structures to be built, or elements of the action that may have relevant impacts; how the works are to be undertaken and design parameters for those aspects of the structures or elements of the action that may have relevant impacts; the timing and duration of the works to be undertaken; and To the extent reasonably practicable, a description of any feasible alternatives to the controlled action that have been identified through assessment, and their likely impact, Refer to EIS including: if relevant, the alternative of taking no action; a comparative description of the impacts of each alternative on the matters protected by the controlling provisions for the action; sufficient detail to clarify why any alternative is preferred to another. Short, medium, and long-term advantages and disadvantages of the options should be discussed. A description of the existing environment of the proposal location and the surrounding areas that may be affected by the action, including but not limited to: A detailed description of the methodology, timing, effort and results of all targeted surveys undertaken for all relevant matters, undertaken using accepted methodology Section 3 & for targeting listed threatened species, ecological communities, and their respective Section 4 habitat, including but not limited to OEH’s Survey and assessment guidelines (2009), available at: www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspecies/surveymethodsfauna.htm and the Department of the Environment’s species-specific survey guidelines for nationally threatened species, available at: www.environgment.gov.au/cgi-in/sprat/public/sprat.pl; and a description of any limitations and constraints of the surveys undertaken. Please note that surveys should be undertaken within the site and in surrounding areas that may provide habitat for threatened species and ecological communities and that may be directly or indirectly impacted by the proposal; a description of the nature, location and extent of all vegetation types occurring on-site Section 4.3 and immediately adjacent to the site(s) that are likely to provide suitable habitat for threatened species and ecological communities a description and map of the nature, location and extent of likely suitable habitat and the distribution and abundance of threatened species and ecological communities, Section 4.3 (including breeding, foraging, roosting habitat, habitat critical to the survival of Section 4.4 threatened species) within the site and in surrounding areas that may be impacted by Appendix 2 the proposal. Specifically, this must include but not be limited to the species at Appendix A;

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Addressed in Requirements this Report

the regional distribution and abundance of suitable and potential habitat for threatened Appendix 2 species and ecological communities surrounding the site. a description of the habitat parameters for relevant areas that support listed threatened Appendix 2 species and ecological communities, including but not limited to ecological, geological and hydrological conditions for these areas details of relevant baseline conditions to be used to assess the impacts of the action and the performance and effectiveness of proposed mitigation measures, including habitat parameters for relevant areas that support listed threatened species and ecological communities, or details of the monitoring programs to be implemented before, during or after construction to determine these baseline conditions and measure the effectiveness of Refer to EIS proposed mitigation measures

a description of the important water resources within the site and in surrounding areas, which is consistent with the most recent version of the Independent Expert Scientific Refer to GHD Committee on Coal Seam Gas and Large Coal Mining Development’s Information (2014) Guidelines for Proposals Relating to the Development of Coal Seam Gas and Large Coal Mines where there is a significant Impact on Water Resources

a description of water related assets that are dependent on any important water resources, including an estimation of the water requirements of those assets (i.e. regional water use) Refer to GHD (2014) a description of World Heritage values and National Heritage values of the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage property and National Heritage place, including but not limited to the riparian, stream/waterbody and aquatic flora and fauna values of Airly and Section 7.7.4 Coco Creeks and The Capertee River

An assessment of all relevant impacts with reference to the EPBC Act Policy Statement 1.1 Significant Impact Guidelines Matters of National Environmental Significance (2009) and species specific guidelines as relevant (available at: www.environment.gov.au/epbc/guidelines-policies.html) that the controlled action has, will have or is likely to have. Information must include:

a description of the relevant impacts of the action on matters of national environmental Section 7.7 significance;

a detailed assessment of the nature and extent of the likely short term and long term Appendix 2 relevant impacts; a statement whether any relevant impacts are likely to be unknown, unpredictable, or irreversible; analysis of the significance of the relevant impacts; Appendix 2 any technical data and other information used or needed to make a detailed assessment of the relevant impacts. Section 7

A description of the relevant impacts on EPBC Act listed species or ecological communities Appendix 2 should include, inter alia, direct, indirect, cumulative, and facilitative impacts on the: population of the species at the site; area of occupancy of the species; habitat critical to the survival of the species; breeding cycle of the population; and

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Addressed in Requirements this Report

availability or quality of habitat for the species. If the conclusion is made that a threatened species or ecological community present of likely to be present onsite will not be impacted by the proposed action, sufficient justification must be provided. In addition to requirements 4 and 5, additional information about potential impacts to the Pultenaea sp. Genowlan Point should include a detailed description of the potential and likely hydrological changes that may occur as a result from the proposed action, including from Appendix 2 subsidence. Direct and indirect impacts must be included. Cumulative and facilitative impacts should also be included. Please include impacts on the: ecological, geological and hydrological conditions specific to habitat critical to the survival of the species (Genowlan Point Allocasuarina nana Heathland) quality or integrity of the Pultenaea sp. Genowlan Point population including, but not limited to, assisting invasive species that are harmful to the ecological community to become established; abiotic (non-living) factors (such as water, nutrients, or soil) necessary for the survival of the species. For example, subsidence related impacts (such as surface and subsurface cracking, slumping, tilt, strain), altering groundwater levels, soil disturbance or substantial alteration of surface water drainage patterns (such as dewatering, ponding). These impacts should be described for the construction, operational and decommissioning phases of the controlled action. ln addition to requirements 4 and 5, additional information about potential impacts to the Large-eared Pied Bat (Chalinolobus dwyeri) should include a detailed description of the potential and likely subsidence related changes that may occur as a result from the proposed action. Direct and indirect impacts must be included. Cumulative and facilitative impacts should also be included. Please include impacts to the:

ecological and geological conditions specific to habitat critical to the survival of the Appendix 2 species, and abiotic (non-living) factors (such as geological formations, water) necessary for the survival of the species, for example subsidence related impacts to habitat, interference with maternity and other roosts, or substantial alteration of hydrology. These impacts should be described for the construction, operational and decommissioning phases of the controlled action. An assessment of all relevant impacts of the World and National listed values of the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area (GBMWHA), including but not limited to riparian, stream/waterbody and aquatic flora and faunal values of Airly and Coco Creeks and The Capertee River inter alia The assessment should include but not limited to:

a detailed description of the potential and likely hydrological change, including changes Section 7.2.2 to water quality and sediment quality and quantity entering the heritage area, that may and occur as a result of the proposed action. Direct and indirect impacts must be included. Section 7.7.4 Cumulative and facilitative impacts should also be included; and

a detailed description of any other potential and likely impacts on World and National Section 7.7 Heritage. The documentation provided must include information addressing all relevant impacts on water resources and water related values. This must include, but not be limited to, potential impacts to Matters of National Environmental Significance. The information must be consistent with the most recent version of the Independent Expert Scientific Committee on Coal Seam Gas and Large Coal Mining Development's Information Guidelines for Proposals Refer to EIS Relating to the Development of Coal Seam Gas and Large Coal Mines where there is a Significant lmpact on Water Resources, which is available at http://www.environment.qov.au/coal-seam-qas-mininq/.

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Addressed in Requirements this Report A description of feasible mitigation measures, changes to the action or procedures, which have been proposed by the proponent or suggested in public submissions, and which are Section 8 intended to prevent or minimise relevant impacts on matters or national environmental significance. Information must include:

a description of the mitigation measures that will be undertaken to prevent or minimise the relevant impacts of the action. These mitigation measures should be justified and based on best available practices; an assessment of the expected or predicted effectiveness of the mitigation measures including the effect on abundance and condition of species, suitable habitat and ecological communities, heritage values and/or water resources or water related values; any statutory or policy basis for the mitigation measures; an environmental management plan that sets out the framework for continuing management, mitigation, and monitoring programs (including any relevant thresholds for corrective actions) for the relevant impacts of the action. Include the person or agency responsible for implementing these programs and the effectiveness of all mitigation measures, including any provisions for independent environmental auditing; the name of the agency responsible for endorsing or approving each mitigation measure or monitoring program; identification of mitigation measures proposed to be undertaken by State governments, local governments, or the proponent; any changes to the action which prevent or minimise relevant impacts on listed threatened species and communities. Where impacts cannot be avoided or mitigated, an offset package to compensate for any predicted or potential residual significant impacts on matters of national environmental significance. Offsets should demonstrate consistency with the Commonwealth EPBC Act Refer to EIS Environmental Offsets Policy (October 2012, or subsequent versions), available at www.environment.gov.au/epbc/publications/environmental-offsets-policy.html. Information must include:

how the offset compensates for residual impacts, when the offset will be delivered and how the offset will be managed an assessment of the impact of the offsets on other matters of environmental, economic, or social significance; and analysis of cost, both financial and other, related to offsets, and The information requirements provided at Appendix B Any other requirements for approval or conditions that apply, or that the proponent reasonably Refer to EIS believes are likely to apply, to the proposed action. Information must include:

details of any local or State government planning scheme, or plan or policy under any local or State government planning system that deals with the proposed action, including: what environmental assessment of the proposed action has been, or is being, carried out under the scheme, plan or policy; and how the scheme provides for the prevention, minimisation and management of any relevant impacts; a description of any approval that has been obtained from a State, Territory, or Commonwealth agency or authority (other than an approval under the EPBC Act), including any conditions that apply to the action; a statement identifying any additional approval that is required, and

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Addressed in Requirements this Report

a description of the monitoring, enforcement, and review procedures that apply, or are proposed to apply, to the action. A description of the short-term and long-term social and economic implications and/or impacts Refer to EIS of the project. A description of the capital investment and ongoing employment and economic value of the Refer to EIS project Details of any proceedings under a Commonwealth, State, or Territory law for the protection Refer to EIS of the environment or the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources against:

the proponent; and for an action for which a person has applied for a permit, the person making the application.

Details of the proponent’s environmental policy and planning framework. Refer to EIS

For information given in an environment assessment, the draft must state:

the source of the information; Section 10 how recent the information is; Section 3.4

how the reliability of the information was tested; and what uncertainties (if any) are in the information. Any consultation about the action, including: Refer to EIS

any consultation that has already taken place; proposed consultation about relevant impacts of the action; if there is has been consultation about the proposed action – any documented response to, or result of, the consultation. Identification of affected parties, including a statement mentioning any communities that may Refer to EIS be affected and describing their views.

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2.0 Qualifications and Licensing

2.1 Qualifications

This report was written by Paul Hillier B.Env.Sc (Lead Author) Arne Bishop B.Env.Sc (Author), Joel Stibbard B.Sc(Ecol, Zool) (Author and GIS), Lauren Vanderwyk B.Sc. (Fauna), Laura Worthington B.Sc (Hon) (Fauna), David Tierney PhD (Flora) and Charlotte Eriksson B.Sc (Flora) of RPS.

2.2 Licensing NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service Scientific Investigation Licence S100536 (Valid 31 December 2014); Animal Research Authority (Trim File No: 01/1142) issued by NSW Agriculture (Valid 12 March 2015); Animal Care and Ethics Committee Certificate of Approval (Trim File No: 01/1142) issued by NSW Agriculture (Valid 12 March 2016); and Certificate of Accreditation of a Corporation as an Animal Research Establishment (Trim File No: 01/1522 & Ref No: AW2001/014) issued by NSW Agriculture (Valid 22 May 2017).

2.3 Legislation and Policy

2.3.1.1 Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

The Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) provides a legal framework to protect and manage nationally and internationally important flora, fauna, ecological communities and heritage places, defined in the EPBC Act as matters of National Environmental Significance. Matters of NES identified in the Act include: listed threatened species and communities; listed migratory species; Ramsar wetlands of international importance; Commonwealth marine environment; world heritage properties; national heritage places; the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park; nuclear actions; and a water resource, in relation to coal seam gas development and large coal mining development.

Under the EPBC Act, actions that have, or are likely to have, a significant impact on a matter of NES requires approval from the Australian Government Minister for the Environment (the Minister).

2.3.1.2 NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995

The NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act) provides for the protection and management of threatened species, populations and ecological communities listed under the schedules 1, 1A and 2 of the Act. The purpose of the TSC Act is to: Conserve biological diversity and promote ecologically sustainable development. Prevent the extinction and promote the recovery of threatened species, populations and ecological

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communities. Protect the critical habitat of those species, populations and ecological communities that are endangered. Eliminate or manage certain processes that threaten the survival or evolutionary development of threatened species, populations and ecological communities. Ensure that the impact of any action affecting threatened species, populations and ecological communities is properly assessed. Encourage the conservation of threatened species, populations and ecological communities through co-operative management.

2.3.1.3 Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979

The Project is a State Significant Development in accordance with Clause 8 and Schedule 1 (Item 5) of State Environmental Planning Policy (State and Regional Development) 2011. As such the Applicant will be seeking approval for the Project under Part 4 Division 4.1 of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (EP&A Act).

2.3.1.4 Fisheries Management Act 1994

The Fisheries Management Act 1994 (FM Act) provides for the identification, conservation and recovery of threatened fish, aquatic invertebrates and marine vegetation. The Act also covers the identification and management of key threatening processes (KTPs) which affect threatened species or could cause other species to become threatened.

2.3.1.5 State Environment Planning Policy 44 -Koala Habitat Protection

State Environmental Planning Policy No.44 - Koala Habitat Protection (SEPP 44) aims to protect the Koala and its habitat by incorporating prescriptions for consent authorities to consider during the assessment of development applications. SEPP 44 contains prescriptions for the consideration of “potential Koala habitat” and “core Koala habitat”. This is further discussed in Section 4.8.4.

2.4 Certification

As the principal author, I, Paul Hillier, make the following certification: The results presented in the report are, in the opinion of the principal author and certifier, a true and accurate account of the species recorded, or considered likely to occur within the site; Commonwealth, state and local government policies and guidelines formed the basis of project surveying methodology, or where the survey work has been undertaken with specified departures from industry standard guidelines, details of which are discussed and justified in Section 3.2.5 and Section 3.4; and All research workers have complied with relevant laws and codes relating to the conduct of flora and fauna research, including the Animal Research Act 1995, National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 and the Australian Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes.

Principal Author and Certifier:

Paul Hillier Senior Ecologist August 2014

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3.0 Methodology

3.1 Literature Review

A review of relevant information was undertaken to provide an understanding of ecological values occurring or potentially occurring in the Project Application Area and wider region. Reports, vegetation maps, topographic maps, aerial photography and literature reviewed included, but were not limited to, the following: Monitoring flora and native vegetation at Airly Mine and Mugii Murum-ban State Conservation Area, NSW (CMLR 2014); Airly Mine 2013 Fauna Monitoring, Report for Centennial Coal Pty Ltd (CMLR 2013); Airly Mine 2012 Fauna Monitoring, Report for Centennial Coal Pty Ltd (CMLR 2012a); Development of a Monitoring Program for Significant Flora and Native Vegetation: Airly Coal Mine, NSW. Part 1: Rationale Report (CMLR 2012b); Flora and Fauna Assessment Spring and Early Summer 2011, Airly Coal Mine NSW (CMLR 2012c); Preliminary Flora and Fauna Assessment of Airly Coal Mine, NSW (CMLR 2011); Airly Extension Briefing Paper (Centennial Coal 2012); Flora survey for Proposed Airly Colliery (Lembit 1991); 2012-2013 Flora and Fauna Baseline Survey Report (RPS 2013); Vertebrate Fauna of North West Wollemi National Park (DEC 2007); Soil Landscapes of the Wallerawang 1:100 000 Sheet (King 1993); Soil Landscapes of the Bathurst 1:250 000 Sheet (Kovac and Lawrie 1990); The Vegetation of the Western Blue Mountains. Unpublished report funded by the Hawkesbury-Nepean Catchment Management Authority. (DEC 2006a); Gardens of Stone National Park Plan of Management (NPWS 2009); Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area (NPWS 2009); and Aerial Photograph Interpretation (API).

3.1.1 Database Search

Two database searches were undertaken to identify State and Commonwealth records of threatened entities and Commonwealth Matters of National Environmental Significance (MNES). Databases interrogated for this purpose were: Review of fauna and flora records contained in the Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH) Atlas of NSW Wildlife (Accessed May 2014) within a 10 km radius of the Project Application Area; and Review of fauna and flora records contained in the EPBC Act Protected Matters Search (Accessed July 2014) within a 10 km radius of the Project Application Area.

3.2 Flora Survey and Vegetation Mapping

3.2.1 Existing Vegetation Mapping

The Project Application Area has been subject to a number of broad regional scale vegetation mapping projects. The most accurate of the resultant vegetation maps was considered to be DEC (2006a). This was therefore used as the basis for developing a preliminary assessment of likely vegetation patterns within the

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Project Application Area. This mapping was not intended to provide an accurate local scale assessment of vegetation patterns (e.g. within the current Project Application Area) as it was undertaken using 1:25,000 scale mapping of vegetation boundaries and only limited field surveys within the current Project Application Area. This mapping is however suitable for providing a basis for stratification of the Project Application Area for this study and can also be used to compare local scale vegetation patterns with broader regional patterns. The mapping of DEC (2006a) was therefore adopted as a preliminary vegetation map and used for survey stratification and was also subsequently used for comparing the findings of this study with known regional patterns.

3.2.2 Flora Surveys

Vegetation mapping consisted of Rapid Data Point and Quadrat surveys undertaken within the Project Application Area.

Section 3.2.1 (above) outlines that the existing vegetation mapping of the Western Blue Mountains (DEC 2006a) was used as a basis for a preliminary assessment of vegetation patterns within the Project Application Area. DEC (2006a), by itself, has some particular limitations for developing a full understanding of the vegetation within the Project Application Area. For example, some map units within DEC (2006a) have been defined based on a limited number of vegetation plots. Hence, The Preliminary Flora and Fauna Assessment of Airly Coal Mine (University of Queensland 2011) reports that two endangered ecological communities are present within the Project Application Area and one of these (Map Unit (MU) 47 Genowlan Point Dwarf She- oak Heathland) has been defined by DEC (2006a) based on only one plot. This means that a high level of uncertainty remains about the variability and therefore the mapping accuracy of this unit. More generally, DEC (2006a) has been recently measured to be spatially 45% correct on part of the Newnes Plateau and this level of accuracy is not sufficient for a local scale ecological assessment. Hence, as part of this study, a local scale map (higher accuracy map) was developed.

Updating of the vegetation mapping over the Project Application Area was based on a combination of survey techniques that were designed to: Meet the survey effort requirement of the Threatened Species Survey and Assessment: Guidelines for Developments and Activities Working Draft (DEC 2004); and Provide a higher level of spatial accuracy compared to the existing DEC (2006a) mapping.

To provide this combination of features the following survey techniques were used.

3.2.2.1 Full Floristic Quadrats

Full floristic quadrats were undertaken with reference to current NSW mapping standards (Sivertsen 2009) whereby floristic data was collected using a six point Braun-Blanquet cover abundance scale (Table 2). Hence, the abundance of all Traceophyte species (Class Filicopsida – ferns; Class Cycadopsida – cycads; Class Coniferopsida – conifers and Class Magnoliopsia – flowering plants) was recorded. Taxonomy and identification of all flora species follows Plantnet (http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/) as of 22 July 2013. The applied Braun-Blanquet cover abundance scale assigns each species to one of these six cover abundance classes which are considered indicative of the dominance of these species within the quadrat. Additionally, structural features of the vegetation within the quadrat and other relevant habitat features (e.g. soil type; presence of rock; slope) were also recorded. All quadrats were square and of 400m2 area. An indication of quadrat quality is the number of species (the diversity) recorded within the quadrat. Therefore, the average number of species recorded in quadrats for this study was compared to the previous study of DEC (2006a) as a means of comparing the relative quality of the quadrat data from these two studies.

113007; August 2014 Page 18 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Table 2 Braun Blanquet Scale Percent cover or number for Braun-Blanquet Score a given species 1 < 5% cover and few individuals 2 < 5% cover and many individuals 3 5-25% cover 4 25-50% cover 5 50-75% cover 6 75-100% cover

3.2.2.2 Rapid Data Point Assessments

In addition to meeting the survey requirements for full floristic quadrats, Rapid Data Point assessments (RDPs) were used to provide additional information on the vegetation type present. RDPs are increasingly being used to provide spatial accuracy for vegetation mapping, including their use by government agencies and in government contracts. The RDP methodology uses site floristics as well as landscape position and soil and / or geological features to identify the likely vegetation type (in this instance as defined by DEC (2006a)) at a given site. At each RDP the indicative dominant floristics (canopy, mid-layer and ground layer dominants) as well as other useful features (landscape position, soil type etc.) was recorded. Each RDP was initially attributed to a vegetation type of DEC (2006a) in the field.

3.2.3 Vegetation Mapping and Vegetation Descriptions

The 285 RDPs and 101 quadrats compiled were imported into GIS and overlain on a range of data sets (DEC (2006a) mapping; soil maps; contour lines; aerial photos etc.). These data layers and the floristic data were then used to predict the vegetation type present within polygons mapped across the Project Application Area (see Figure 3 for location of RDPs and quadrats). Polygons of vegetation communities were based on those provided in DEC (2006a) mapping. Fine-scale (a scale of approximately 1:5000) alterations using aerial photo interpretations (API) were subsequently undertaken to improve polygon accuracy. This was undertaken digitally (i.e. on screen) using API techniques, involving the delineation of polygons based on similarities and differences between patterns observed in the vegetation as seen in the air photo. Predicting the vegetation type (the map unit of DEC (2006a)) within a polygon used a range of features including the floristic points gathered during field survey (RDPs and quadrats), previous field survey data points (i.e. quadrats undertaken in the Project Application Area previously) as well as landscape features known to correlate with vegetation patterns. These landscape features included height, aspect and substrate type present within the polygon.

3.2.3.1 Identification of Derived Native Grasslands

Some areas within the Project Application Area occur as cleared lands that have the potential to be derived native grasslands of the Endangered Ecological Community White Box – Yellow Box – Blakely’s Red Gum Woodland (under the TSC Act) and the Critically Endangered Ecological Community White Box-Yellow Box- Blakely's Red Gum Grassy Woodland and Derived Native Grassland (under the EPBC Act). These listed communities are herewith collectively referred to as 'Box-Gum Woodland'. As the proposed surface facilities are proposed to be located within already cleared lands, these have been assessed for their potential to be commensurate with derived grasslands of Box-Gum Woodland.

113007; August 2014 Page 19 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Assessment of whether the cleared lands within the proposed surface facilities footprints are derived native grasslands have been undertaken with regard to the identification guidelines set out in NPWS (2002), for the TSC Act listed community and DEH (2006) for the EPBC Act listed community. Further details of the identification criteria have been provided in Section 4.4.3.

3.2.4 Significant Flora Survey

Random meander surveys (Cropper 1993) were also undertaken across the study site for threatened flora. These surveys were undertaken across all four seasons from May 2012 until April 2014 and included more than 120 survey days across all major vegetation types within the Project Application Area. Before undertaking the random meander surveys, a Literature Review (Section 3.1) and Threatened Species Database Searches (Section 3.1.1) had been undertaken to determine the likelihood of particular threatened flora occurring within the Project Application Area. These threatened flora were targeted for observation within relevant habitat types and where appropriate also within seasons (for those species which require seasonal surveys). All observed threatened flora were recorded as present by logging their location and the number of individuals present (estimated to the closest 10 when the total number was less than 100 or the closest 100 when the number was greater than 100). Locations were recorded by the use of either a Trimble differential GPS unit with sub-m accuracy, or in some cases a Garmin GPS map 62.

3.2.5 Stratification and Flora Survey Effort

Survey effort for flora surveys was designed to meet the DEC Threatened Biodiversity Survey and Assessment: Guidelines for Developments and Activities (DEC 2004). Stratification of the Project Application Area was undertaken using the existing vegetation mapping (DEC 2006a), whereby each vegetation community was regarded as one stratification unit. The approach undertaken in meeting the DEC (2004) guidelines for flora surveys was an adaptive one. As communities were ground-truthed and areas of each vegetation community changed, the level of survey effort was adjusted accordingly. Flora quadrat locations and data contained in CMLR (2011, 2012), were also considered in meeting the DEC (2004) guidelines for flora surveys.

The recommended number of quadrats required to be undertaken across the Project Application Area (DEC 2004) for each currently mapped native vegetation type (DEC 2006a) is shown below in Table 3. Thus a total of 64 quadrats are recommended by the methodology of DEC (2004) for survey across the Project Application Area. RPS however undertook 79 full floristic quadrats, with CMLR undertaking a further 22 quadrats (as shown in Table 3). An initial desktop stratification was undertaken by GIS to locate likely quadrat locations within the mapped vegetation types of the Project Application Area. However, concurrent field surveys (RDPs – see below) were undertaken to aid in ground-truthing the existing vegetation mapping. Three of these RDPs were placed within a mapped vegetation type (MU30) and these determined that this vegetation type had been wrongly mapped on site (it lacked the presence of Eucalyptus sieberi a key indicator for this vegetation type) and this mapped vegetation was considered more likely to conform to MU29. Therefore, to improve the quadrat stratification within the Project Application Area, the recommended two quadrats to be placed within MU30 were reallocated (e.g. one extra quadrat was placed within MU29 because it was considered to occupy a larger area than was mapped by DEC 2006). Similarly, analysis of one quadrat within an area mapped as MU 44 was later determined to be MU 27. Hence, a greater number of quadrats have occurred in MU 27 than required by the guidelines.

The location of these quadrats is mapped in Figure 3. All quadrats were carried out in spring, summer or autumn of 2012, 2013 or 2014 and placed within the Project Application Area (except for one quadrat placed just outside of the Project Application Area boundary that was located within a vegetation polygon that extends into the Project Application Area).

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Table 3 Recommended Number of Survey Quadrats within the Project Application Area (as per DEC 2004)

Total Area within Quadrats Minimum Total Vegetation Map Unit Number (MU) the Project Undertaken # of Quadrats and Description Application Area Quadrats (ha) CMLR RPS Undertaken

2 Mountain Gully Grey Myrtle Dry 27.74 2 0 2 2 Rainforest 3 Hillslope Talus Mountain Gum - Brown Stringybark - Grey Gum - Broad-leaved 471.9 5 4 9 13 Hickory Moist Forest 4 Sheltered Gully Brown Barrel Ferny 30.46 2 1 1 2 Forest

8 Newnes Sheltered Peppermint - Brown # 0 0 0 0 0 Barrel Shrubby Forest 10 Capertee Residual Basalt Brittle Gum 64.5 3 3 4 7 - Stringybark Layered Open Forest 13 Tableland Gully Ribbon Gum - 23.43 2 1 3 4 Blackwood - Apple Box Forest 20 Capertee Rough-barked Apple - Redgum - Yellow Box Grassy 55.28 3 4 3 7 Woodlands (EEC) 21 Capertee - Wolgan Slopes Red Box - Grey Gum - Stringybark Grassy Open 452.68 5 1 6 7 Forest 27 Mt Airly Sydney Peppermint - Narrow- leaved Stringy - Grey Gum Shrubby 643.44 10 3 13 16 Open Forest 29 Sandstone Slopes Sydney 206.47 3 2 4 6 Peppermint Shrubby Forest 30 Exposed Blue Mountains Sydney Peppermint - Silver-top Ash Shrubby 0 0 0 0# 0 Woodland 32 Tableland Scribbly Gum – Narrow- leaved Stringybark – Shrubby Open 1.39 1 0 2 2 Forest 38 Capertee Grey Gum - Narrow-leaved Stringybark - Scribbly Gum - Callitris - 323.09 5 1 7 8 Ironbark Shrubby Open Forest 40 Capertee Slopes Red Ironbark - Red Stringybark - Narrow-leaved Stringybark 706.16 10 0 12 12 Shrubby Woodland 42 Capertee Hills White Box - Tumbledown Redgum - Ironbark - 28.48 2 0 5 5 Callitris Shrubby Woodland 43 Pagoda Rock Sparse Shrubland 371.69 5 2 3 5 44 Sandstone Plateaux Tea Tree - Dwarf 23.85 2 0 1 1 Sheoak - Banksia Rocky Heath 47 Genowlan Point Dwarf Sheoak 15.18 2 0 2 2 Heathland (EEC) 54 Capertee - Wolgan Riparian Rough- 16.58 2 0 2 2 barked Apple - River Oak Open Forest Total 3,462.32 72 22 79 101 #Quadrats and/or RDPs determined that this MU did not actually occur within the Project Application Area

113007; August 2014 Page 21 WARNING No part of this plan should be used for critical design dimensions. Confirmation of critical positions should be obtained from RPS Newcastle.

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3.3 Fauna Surveys

3.3.1 Terrestrial Trapping

Terrestrial trapping was undertaken using Elliott A, Elliott B and cage traps. Elliott traps were baited with a mixture of rolled oats, peanut butter and honey. Cage traps were baited with chicken necks. Traps were checked within two hours of sunrise each morning, with any captures identified and released at point of capture. Traps were re-baited where necessary. The selected locations of the trap lines focused on stratification units as well as areas consisting of understorey that would provide protection for terrestrial mammal species. Forty two transects of six cage traps were established across the Project Application Area, resulting in 948 cage trap nights.

Terrestrial traps targeted small terrestrial mammals such as Dasyurids (e.g. Antechinus and Dunnarts) and rodents (e.g. rats and mice). Forty two transects of 25 Elliot A traplines and 25 Elliot Bs were established for three to four nights. Due to an occasional faulty trap, a total of 3,982 Elliot A trap nights, and 3,994 Elliot B trap nights were undertaken.

3.3.2 Arboreal Trapping

Arboreal trapping was undertaken using tree mounted Elliott B size traps. Traps were mounted on brackets set at approximately two m in height on trees with a DBH greater than 30 cm. Traps were baited with a rolled oats, peanut butter and honey mixture, and the tree trunks were sprayed liberally with a brown sugar and water mix each day in the late afternoon. Traps were checked early each morning. A total of 42 transects of six arboreal Elliot B traps were established across the Project Application Area. Traps were set for three to four nights, with a total of 952 arboreal Elliot B trap nights undertaken.

3.3.3 Hair Tube

Surveys were undertaken using Faunatech Hair Tubes across the Project Application Area. These were baited with rolled oats, peanut butter and honey. Trees in which arboreal Hair Tubes were erected were sprayed each day with a brown sugar and water mix. At each site a combination of 10 terrestrial hair tubes and 10 arboreal hair tubes were set. Thirty seven hair tube transects were surveyed across the Project Application Area, resulting in 1,576 terrestrial hair tube nights and 1,580 arboreal hair tube nights.

3.3.4 Bat Trapping - Harp Traps

Harp traps were set in potential flyways to trap low-flying microbats in the Project Application Area. Traps were inspected within two hours of sunrise and any microbats caught were removed from the trap and identified to species level, where possible. Harp traps were established at 37 sites across the Project Application Area, each for a period of three to four nights, resulting in a total of 139 trap nights. An additional 19 trap nights were undertaken by CMLR.

3.3.5 Anabat Echolocation Call Recording

Stationary placement of ultrasonic bat call detection equipment (Anabat II Detector and CF ZCAIM) in potential flyways was used to record the echolocation calls of microchiropteran bats. Anabats were set to remotely record for the entire night (6pm to 6am). Anabats were established at 60 sites across the Project Application Area, most for a period of four nights, with occasionally three nights. The surveys resulted in a total of 1,888 hours of bat detection being undertaken. An additional 120 nights of Anabat detection was undertaken by CMLR.

The results were analysed by Anna McConville. Each call sequence (‘pass’) was assigned to one of three categories, according to the confidence with which identification could be made, being:

113007; August 2014 Page 23 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Definite - Pass identified to species level and could not be confused with another species; Probable - Pass identified to species level and there is a low chance of confusion with another species; or Possible - Pass identified to species level, but short duration or poor quality of the pass increases the chance of confusion with another species.

3.3.6 Diurnal Avifauna Survey

The presence of avifauna in the Project Application Area was identified through systematic diurnal censuses. All birds occurring at one location were identified during a 20 minute period. Birds were identified through visual and aural recognition of calls. 127 systematic bird censuses were undertaken.

3.3.7 Herpetofauna Surveys

Opportunistic and targeted herpetofauna searches were conducted across the Project Application Area encompassing a diversity of habitats. Herpetofauna searches involved inspecting rock crevices, caves and overhangs, raking leaf litter and turning logs, rocks and other debris. Fifty four targeted herpetofauna searches, by two persons, lasting for approximately 30 minutes per search, were conducted in the Project Application Area.

3.3.8 Spotlighting

Spotlighting during nocturnal surveys was undertaken to identify roosting birds or active nocturnal birds. Spotlighting was undertaken across the Project Application Area via the use of 75-Watt hand-held spotlights and head torches during walking and/or from a vehicle moving at a speed of 1 km/hour. Forty eight spotlight nights were undertaken throughout the Project Application Area.

3.3.9 Call Playback

Call-playback was undertaken for aural recognition of threatened owls. Pre-recorded calls of owl species with the potential to occur within the Project Application Area were broadcast in an effort to elicit vocal responses from the owls or to attract an owl to the playback site. The calls were broadcast through an amplification system (a hand held megaphone) designed to project the sound for at least one km under still night conditions. As described by Kavanagh and Peake (1993) and Debus (1995), the call of each species was broadcast for at least five minutes, followed by five minutes of listening, and stationary spotlighting. Following the final broadcast and listening, the area was spotlighted on foot. Species broadcasted included Ninox strenua (Powerful Owl), Ninox connivens (Barking Owl), Tyto tenebricosa (Sooty Owl) and Tyto novaehollandiae (Masked Owl). Call-playback was undertaken on 41 occasions throughout the Project Application Area.

3.3.10 Infrared Camera Surveys

Infrared cameras were set up in eucalypt woodland to the south-western corner of the Project Application Area. The cameras are designed to detect motion and take photographs when movement triggers the sensor. Target species included the Spotted-tail Quoll (Dasyurus maculatus), which has been previously detected in the locality of the Project Application Area. Infrared cameras were established at 32 sites across the Project Application Area, each for a period of three to four nights, with two cameras left for 12 nights, resulting in a total of 135 camera nights. An additional 73 nights of infrared camera use was undertaken by CMLR.

113007; August 2014 Page 24 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

3.3.11 Invertebrate Surveys

3.3.11.1 Bathurst Copper Butterfly

Targeted surveys for the Bathurst Copper Butterfly were undertaken in areas above 900 m in altitude, where the larval food plant Bursaria spinosa subsp. lasiophylla was present. Surveys were undertaken in October, which falls within the recorded adult emergence occurring between August and November. Twenty two targeted searches for the Bathurst Copper Butterfly were undertaken.

3.3.11.2 Capertee Snail

During all surveys, species of snail (family Camaenidae) were also opportunistically observed to determine if the Capertee Snail (Sauroconcha caperteeana) may occur. This species was discovered in the Capertee Valley in 2004. Whilst is not listed under the TSC Act or EPBC Act, it is a species of note within the locality.

Any snails or snail shells that were encountered were photographed and later considered for their potential to fit the description provided in Zhang & Shea (2008).

3.3.12 Secondary Indications and Incidental Observations

Opportunistic sightings of indirect evidence of fauna presence of resident fauna were noted. Such indicators included: Scats and scents (predator scats were collected for contents analysis); Nests; Burrows; Feather, fur remains, skin and skeletal material of vertebrate fauna; Tracks, scratches and diggings; Whitewash, regurgitation pellets and prey remains from owls; and Chewed Allocasuarina cones indicative of feeding by Calyptorhynchus lathami (Glossy Black-cockatoo).

3.3.13 Habitat Survey

An assessment of the relative habitat value present within the Project Application Area was undertaken. This assessment focused primarily on the identification of specific habitat types and resources in the Project Application Area favoured by known threatened species from the region. The assessment also considered the potential value of the Project Application Area (and surrounds) for all major guilds of native flora and fauna. Habitat assessment included: Presence, size and types of tree hollows; Presence of rocks, logs, caves, rocky outcrops, leaf litter, overhangs and crevices; Vegetation complexity, structure and quality; Presence of freshwater or estuarine aquatic habitats, noting permanency; Connectivity to adjacent areas of habitat; Extent and types of disturbance; Presence of foraging opportunities such as flowering eucalypts, fruits, seeds or other nectar bearing native plants; and Presence and abundance of various potential prey species.

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Habitat assessment was based on the specific habitat requirements of each threatened fauna species in regards to home range, feeding, roosting, breeding, movement patterns and corridor requirements. Consideration was given to contributing factors including topography, soil, light and hydrology for threatened flora and assemblages.

3.3.13.1 Booroolong Frog Habitat Assessment

Revised Director General Requirements (DGRs) (4 February 2013) for the Airly Mine Extension Project requested additional information regarding the potential impacts to the riparian, stream/waterbody and aquatic flora and fauna values of Airly and Coco Creeks and The Capertee River. Additionally, the revised DGRs listed species that require assessments on the site as well as the surrounding areas in relation to impacts from the proposal, including the Booroolong Frog.

Known populations of the Booroolong Frog occur in the nearby Turon National Park (approximately 9.6 km southwest of the Project Application Area). These locations have previously been visited by RPS ecologists to assess the habitat features of known occupancy of the Booroolong Frog.

With reference to known habitat types, to satisfy the revised requirements, locations along Airly Creek, Coco Creek and The Capertee River were selected to assess Booroolong habitat suitability, with additional assessments undertaken at Gap Creek and Genowlan Creek.

Habitat features included in the assessment were: Rock presence on banks; Rock presence as substrate; Grass cover; Shrub cover; Tree cover; Water depth; Creek width; Flowing water or still; Weed presence; Aquatic vegetation; Bare soil; Bank stability; and Other frog presence.

113007; August 2014 Page 26 WARNING No part of this plan should be used for critical design dimensions. Confirmation of critical positions should be obtained from RPS Newcastle.

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3.4 Stratification and Fauna Survey Effort

The fauna surveys for this assessment were carried out over 14 months, between May 2012 and April 2014. This assessment is based on the condition of the Project Application Area at the time of field investigation and the information provided by Centennial Airly on the nature of the proposal at the date of publication of this document.

Stratification of the site for fauna surveys was undertaken based on the existing vegetation mapping of the Project Application Area (DEC 2006a). The surveys undertaken in 2012-2013 have sought to meet the DEC (2004) Guidelines.

In accordance with the DEC (2004), areas to be surveyed were initially stratified on biophysical attributes (e.g. soil, geology) followed by vegetation structure (e.g. woodland, forest, heath) and then floristics. For the purpose of identifying fauna habitat stratification units, four broader habitat types were established, namely Mountain Top Rocky Heath, Valley Floor Grassy Woodland, Dry Montane Forest and Moist Gully Forest. Whilst fauna surveys used these more broadly defined stratification units, flora surveys utilised each specific identified vegetation community to determine flora survey effort to be undertaken.

It is noted that as a result of the updating of vegetation mapping as part of the surveys undertaken, areas and types of stratification units have inevitably changed. This outcome is inherent in any application of the DEC (2004) Survey Guidelines that leads to new information being produced. However, the remapping of vegetation as part of these surveys has predominately occurred within vegetation communities that are floristically very similar. Therefore, the habitats they would provide will still conform to the stratification units for fauna as shown in Table 4.

The focal survey methods for this project were the trapping methodologies, namely Elliot trapping, cage trapping, hair tubes and harp trapping. Arboreal and terrestrial hair tube surveys were undertaken with regard to the recommended number of trap stations deployed. The DEC (2004) guidelines suggest that for arboreal hair tube surveys, three hair tubes are placed for each tree that is sampled. Similarly, the guidelines suggest one large and one small hair funnel placed on the ground for terrestrial surveys. RPS deployed one hair tube per tree and each tree was sprayed liberally with a brown sugar and water mix each day to maximise the possibility of attracting the target species. Similarly, one terrestrial hair tube was placed at each station. Therefore, whilst the number of tubes per stations were reduced, the number of stations and overall coverage were greater than that suggested by the guidelines.

Cage trapping was short by six trap nights within the mountain top rocky heath habitats. However, this shortfall was compensated by 15 trap nights using infrared cameras, which, whilst not suggested in the DEC (2004) guidelines, is highly suited to recording large to medium sized mammals.

Spotlighting effort has been calculated using the GPS trails recorded during these surveys. However, the GPS was not active during every survey or for part of a given survey. Therefore, the effort shown in Table 4 should be considered as the minimum undertaken. Due to the difficult terrain, spotlighting was mostly undertaken along existing tracks and therefore survey effort within a given stratification unit was limited by accessibility.

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Table 4 Stratification Units and Suggested Fauna Survey Effort of Selected Survey Methods (using DEC 2006 Vegetation Mapping)

Total Target MU43 MU44 MU47 MU20 MU40 MU21 MU32 MU42 MU29 MU38 MU54 MU10 MU27 MU30 MU2 MU3 MU4 MU8 MU13 Total Method Value Required Species Undertaken 365ha 20ha 16ha 70ha 477ha 522ha 1.4ha 7ha 179ha 547ha 12ha 67ha 685ha 6ha 10ha 440ha 30ha 10ha 22ha Effort Mountain Top Rocky Valley Floor Grassy Dry Montane Forest (2502ha) Moist Gully Forest (512ha) Total Total Stratification Unit Heath (401ha) Woodland (70ha) Suggested Undertaken Suggested Undertaken Suggested Undertaken Suggested Undertaken Suggested Undertaken Small Terrestrial A 500 515 200 200 2,600 2,621 600 646 3,900 3,982 mammals Medium sized Terrestrial B 500 531 200 200 2,600 2,617 600 646 3,900 3,994 mammals Large Cage 120 114 48 48 624 630 144 156 936 948 mammals Arboreal Arboreal B 120 122 48 48 624 626 144 156 936 952 mammals Hair Tube Trap Nights Station 180 250 80 150 1020 946 225 230 1,425 1,576 Terrestrial Hair Tube Various sized Station mammals 180 250 80 150 1020 950 225 230 1,425 1,580 Arboreal Motion detection N/A 15 N/A 8 N/A 64 N/A 48 N/A 135 Camera Harp trap 16 17 4 8 100 85 20 29 140 139 Bats Ultrasonic 32 64 8 192 200 1008 40 624 280 1888 detection Spotlighting on foot (based on km recorded 8 2.2 4 4.8 52 62 12 28 76 97 on GPS at approx 1km per hour) Spotlighting in car (based on Various km recorded 0.8 1.2 0.1 1.1 2.5 11.5 1.2 3.7 4.6 17.5 nocturnal on GPS at mammals and approx 5km birds per hour) Call Playback 4 8 2 5 25 23 5 5 36 41 (mammals) Hours Call Playback (birds) Using the 31 locations at 1km apart across the site. 41 play back sessions undertaken at various sites spread throughout the site minimum for Masked Owl Diurnal birds Area Search N/A 6 N/A 10 N/A 52 N/A 16.7 N/A 84.7 Habitat Search 4 22 1 3 25 26 5 3 35 54 Spotlighting Reptiles (based on km recorded at 4 2.2 1 4.8 25 62 5 28 35 97 approx 1km per hour) Amphibians Habitat Search 1 16.5 1 2 1 14.5 1 3 5 36

113007; August 2014 Page 30 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

3.5 Limitations

Limitations associated with this Flora and Fauna Assessment are presented herewith. The limitations have been taken into account specifically in relation to threatened species assessments, results and conclusions.

In these instances, a precautionary approach has been adopted; as such, an ‘assumed presence’ of known and expected threatened species, populations and ecological communities has been made where relevant and scientifically justified to ensure a holistic assessment.

3.5.1 Seasonality

The seasonal timing of the field investigations means that the full spectrum of flora and fauna species likely to occur in the Project Application Area may not be fully quantified or described in this report. Some plant species that occur in the local area, such as cryptic species, are annuals and are present only in the seed bank for much of the year. Other plant species are perennial but are inconspicuous or difficult to identify unless flowering. This limitation has been minimised by the undertaking of surveys over two years within each season.

Similarly, the presence of fauna within a particular area is not static over time, may be seasonal or in response to the availability of a particular resource. Some fauna species that have been recorded in the local area occur on a seasonal or migratory basis, and may be absent from the locality for much of the year. Fauna behaviours may have also affected detectability; species that are easily disturbed or cryptic may not have been detected during surveys.

As such, where survey effort targeting particular threatened fauna species has not been undertaken, habitat assessment and prediction of the occurrence of threatened fauna species has been applied. The precautionary principle was applied where marginal habitat was identified or predicted to occur or where species are migratory or nomadic and were therefore likely to utilise habitat components at some stage during their life cycle.

These potential limitations have been addressed by a thorough literature research and review and through identification of potential habitats for flora and fauna species and assessment of the potential for targeted species to occur on the Project Application Area based on: Previous records; The type and condition of habitats present; The land use throughout the Project Application Area and surrounds; and The landscape context.

The precautionary principle was applied where marginal habitat was identified or predicted to occur, or where species are migratory or nomadic and were therefore likely to utilise habitat components at some stage during their life cycle.

3.5.2 Data Availability and Accuracy

The collated threatened flora and fauna species records provided by Atlas of NSW Wildlife Database for the region are known to vary in accuracy and reliability. Traditionally this is due to the reliability of information provided to the Atlas of NSW Wildlife Database for collation and/or the need to protect specific threatened species locations. During the review of threatened species records sourced from NPWS Atlas of NSW Wildlife, consideration was been given to the date and accuracy of each

113007; August 2014 Page 31 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment threatened species record in addition to an assessment of habitat suitability within the Project Application Area.

Similarly, EPBC Protected Matters Searches provide a list of threatened species and communities that have been recorded within 10 km of the Project Application Area, or which have suitable habitat within the wider area and are subject to the same inherent inaccuracy issues as State derived databases.

In order to address these limitations in respect to data accuracy, threatened species records have been used to provide a guide only to the types of species that occur within the locality of the Project Application Area. Consequently, habitat assessment and the results of surveys conducted within the Project Application Area have been used to assess the likelihood of occurrence of threatened species, populations and ecological communities to occur.

113007; August 2014 Page 32 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

4.0 Results

4.1 Desktop Assessment

4.1.1 Database Searches

The results of database searches using NSW BioNet, NPWS Atlas of NSW Wildlife (Accessed May 2014) and EPBC Protected Matters Search (Accessed July 2014) indicated that 26 threatened flora species, 59 threatened fauna species and four Endangered Ecological Communities (EECs) have been previously recorded within 10 km of the Survey Area and/or have potential habitat within the Project Application Area. These species are listed in Table 5 below.

Table 5 Occurring and potentially occurring Threatened Flora, Fauna and Ecological Communities within a 10 km radius of the Project Application Area

TSC EPBC No. of Records in Scientific name Common name Act Act NPWS Atlas

Flora Acacia bynoeana Bynoe's Wattle EV- Acacia flocktoniae Flockton Wattle VV-

Asterolasia elegans - EE- Astrotricha crassifolia Thick-leaf Star-hair VV- Callistemon linearifolius Netted Bottle Brush V - 1

Cryptostylis hunteriana Leafless Tongue-orchid VV- Darwinia peduncularis - V-- Eucalyptus aggregata Black Gum V - 2 Eucalyptus cannonii Capertee Stringybark V - 114 Euphrasia arguta - CE CE -

Grevillea evansiana - VV-

Grevillea obtusiflora subsp. 32 Grey Grevillea EE fecunda Leionema sympetalum Rylstone Bell VV- Pelargonium sp. Striatellum - Omeo Stork's-bill EE (G.W.Carr 10345) Persoonia marginata Clandulla Geebung V V 19 Phebalium bifidum - E - 9 Philotheca ericifolia - -V- Pomaderris brunnea Brown Pomaderris VV- Prasophyllum sp. Wybong - a Leek Orchid - CE (C.Phelps ORG 5269) Prostanthera cryptandroides 2 Wollemi Mint-bush VV subsp. cryptandroides Prostanthera stricta Mount Vincent Mint-bush V V 118 Pultenaea glabra Smooth Bush-pea VV- Pultenaea sp. Genowlan Point - E CE 7 Thesium australe Austral Toadflax VV-

Triplarina imbricata Creek Triplarina EE-

113007; August 2014 Page 33 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

TSC EPBC No. of Records in Scientific name Common name Act Act NPWS Atlas

Wollemia nobilis Wollemi Pine EE-

Amphibians

Heleioporus australiacus Giant Burrowing Frog V V-

Litoria aurea Green and Golden Bell Frog E --

Litoria booroolongensis Booroolong Frog E E 10

Litoria littlejohni Littlejohn's Tree Frog V --

Mixophyes balbus Stuttering Frog E - 1

Pseudophryne australis Red-crowned Toadlet V --

Reptiles

Aprasia parapulchella Pink-tailed Worm-lizard V V-

Hoplocephalus bungaroides Broad-headed Snake E V-

Suta flagellum Little Whip Snake V --

Varanus rosenbergi Rosenberg's Goanna V - 2

Avifauna

Anthochaera phrygia Regent Honeyeater CE E 243

Botaurus poiciloptilus Australasian Bittern E E-

Callocephalon fimbriatum Gang-gang Cockatoo V - 35

Calyptorhynchus lathami Glossy Black-Cockatoo V - 21

Chthonicola sagittata Speckled Warbler V - 34

Circus assimilis Spotted Harrier V -- Brown Treecreeper (eastern Climacteris picumnus victoriae V 115 subspecies) - Daphoenositta chrysoptera Varied Sittella V - 25

Epthianura albifrons White-fronted Chat V - 1

Falco subniger Black Falcon V - 1

Glossopsitta pusilla Little Lorikeet V - 73

Grantiella picta Painted Honeyeater V - 1

Hieraaetus morphnoides Little Eagle V - 15

Ixobrychus flavicollis Black Bittern V - 1

Lathamus discolor Swift Parrot E E 21

Leipoa ocellata Malleefowl -V-

Lophoictinia isura Square-tailed Kite V - 2 Hooded Robin (south-eastern Melanodryas cucullata cucullata V 39 form) - Black-chinned Honeyeater Melithreptus gularis gularis V 29 (eastern subspecies) -

113007; August 2014 Page 34 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

TSC EPBC No. of Records in Scientific name Common name Act Act NPWS Atlas

Neophema pulchella Turquoise Parrot V 31

Ninox connivens Barking Owl V 15

Ninox strenua Powerful Owl V 9

Pachycephala inornata Gilbert's Whistler V --

Petroica boodang Scarlet Robin V - 18

Petroica phoenicea Flame Robin V - 3

Polytelis swainsonii Superb Parrot -V- Pomatostomus temporalis Grey-crowned Babbler (eastern V 9 temporalis subspecies) - Rostratula australis Australian Painted Snipe - V -

Stagonopleura guttata Diamond Firetail V - 71

Tyto tenebricosa Sooty Owl V - 4

Mammals

Cercartetus nanus Eastern Pygmy-Possum V --

Chalinolobus dwyeri Large-eared Pied Bat V V 16

Dasyurus maculatus maculatus Spotted-tailed Quoll V E 3

Falsistrellus tasmaniensis Eastern False Pipistrelle V - 6

Miniopterus australis Little Bentwing-bat V - 1 Miniopterus schreibersii Eastern Bentwing-bat V 19 oceanensis - Nyctophilus corbeni South-eastern Long-eared Bat - V -

Petaurus norfolcensis Squirrel Glider V - 2

Petrogale penicillata Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby E V 1

Phascolarctos cinereus Koala V V 1

Potorous tridactylus tridactylus Long-nosed Potoroo -V-

Pseudomys novaehollandiae New Holland Mouse - V-

Pteropus poliocephalus Grey-headed Flying-fox V V 1

Saccolaimus flaviventris Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat V - 1

Vespadelus troughtoni Eastern Cave Bat V --

Insects

Paralucia spinifera Bathurst Copper Butterfly - V -

Fish

Maccullochella peelii Murray Cod -V-

Macquaria australasica Macquarie Perch -E-

Prototroctes maraena Australian Grayling -V-

113007; August 2014 Page 35 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

TSC EPBC No. of Records in Scientific name Common name Act Act NPWS Atlas

Ecological Communities Genowlan Point Allocasuarina nana Heathland E- n/a Montane Peatlands and Swamps of the New England Tableland, NSW North Coast, Sydney Basin, South East Corner, South Eastern E- n/a Highlands and Australian Alps bioregions Tableland Basalt Forest in the Sydney Basin and South Eastern Highlands Bioregions EE n/a (Listed as Upper Basalt Eucalypt Forests of the Sydney Basin Bioregion under the EPBC Act) White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely's Red Gum Grassy Woodland and Derived Native Grassland E CE n/a

Key: V Vulnerable E Endangered CE Critically Endangered

Migratory species listed under the EPBC Act have also been considered under this assessment. A Protected Matters Search was undertaken (Accessed July 2014) on the DoE website which lists potential migratory species. Table 6 displays the potentially occurring migratory species within a 10 km radius of the Project Application Area. Table 6 Potentially Occurring Migratory Species within a 10 km radius of the Project Application Area Scientific Name Common name EPBC Act Status Apus pacificus Fork-tailed Swift M Ardea alba Great Egret M Ardea ibis Cattle Egret M Gallinago hardwickii Latham's Snipe M Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea-Eagle M Hirundapus caudacutus White-throated Needletail M Leipoa ocellata Malleefowl M Merops ornatus Rainbow Bee-eater M Monarcha melanopsis Black-faced Monarch M Myiagra cyanoleuca Satin Flycatcher M Rhipidura rufifrons Rufous Fantail M Rostratula benghalensis Painted Snipe M Key: M Migratory E Endangered

4.1.2 Literature Review

As part of monitoring programs for the Airly Mine, the Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation (the University of Queensland) has recorded several threatened flora and threatened fauna and EECs within the Project Application Area (CMLR 2011, 2012; 2013; 2014), namely: Pultenaea sp. Genowlan Point (Genowlan Point Pultenaea) Prostanthera stricta (Mount Vincent Mint-bush) Eucalyptus cannonii (Capertee Stringybark)

113007; August 2014 Page 36 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Rosenberg's Goanna (Varanus rosenbergi) Gang-gang Cockatoo (Callocephalon fimbriatum) Gilbert's Whistler (Pachycephala inornata) Glossy Black-Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami) Little Lorikeet (Glossopsitta pusilla) Powerful Owl (Ninox strenua) Sooty Owl (Tyto tenebricosa) Brown Treecreeper (eastern subspecies) (Climacteris picumnus victoriae) Speckled Warbler (Chthonicola sagittata) Varied Sittella (Daphoenositta chrysoptera) Scarlet Robin (Petroica boodang) Flame Robin (Petroica phoenicea) Diamond Firetail (Stagonopleura guttata) Large-eared Pied-bat (Chalinolobus dwyeri) Eastern Bentwing-bat (Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis) Eastern Cave Bat (Vespadelus troughtoni) Genowlan Point Allocasuarina nana Heathland EEC White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely’s Red Gum Woodland EEC.

4.1.3 Potential Threatened Aquatic Species

Consultation with aquatic ecologists currently working on the aquatic assessment for the Project Application Area revealed that five aquatic species listed under the TSC Act and/or EPBC Act and/or FM Act were assessed for their likelihood of occurrence onsite (Cardno, 2014). These species include: Table 7 Potentially Occurring Threatened Aquatic Species within the Project Application Area Scientific Name Common Name TSC Act EPBC Act FM Act

Bidyanus bidyanus Silver Perch - - V Maccullochella macquariensis Trout Cod - - E Maccullochella peelii Murray Cod - V - Macquaria australasica Macquarie Perch - E E Prototroctes maraena Australian Grayling - V -

None of the above fish species are likely to occur within the Project Application Area. Assessments of significance for these species were not considered necessary because these species have not been recorded within the reaches of watercourse within the Project Application Area, and are considered unlikely to occur due to the mainly ephemeral headwater habitats within the Project Application Area.

4.2 Weather Conditions

Flora and Fauna Surveys were undertaken over the Project Application Area from May 2012 to April 2014. A breakdown of surveys by date period is provided in Table 8 below:

113007; August 2014 Page 37 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Table 8 Weather conditions during survey period Surveys Undertaken

Rain (24 Temp hrs to Sun Rise - Date Min-Max 9:00am) Sun Set (qC)

(mm) AnaBat Camera Surveys Hair Tubes Spotlighting Bird Census Vegetation & Call Playback Harp Trapping Targeted Flora Butterfly Survey General Fauna / Fauna General Bathurst Copper Elliot Traps / Cages / Herpetofauna Search Opportunistic Surveys

21 May 2012 -0.4-15.0 0 mm 06:48-17:04 x x x x 22 May 2012 -1.5-14.0 0 mm 06:49-17:03 x x x x x x x 23 May 2012 2.8-15.7 0 mm 06:49-17:03 x x x x x x x x 24 May 2012 -0.2-12.5 0 mm 06:50-17:02 x x x x x 25 May 2012 6.4-10.1 27.6 mm 06:51-17:02 x x 28 May 2012 -3.1-11.2 0 mm 06:53-17:01 x x x x x x x 29 May 2012 -0.2-11.3 0.4 mm 06:53-17:00 x x x x x x x x 30 May 2012 1.7-13.5 0.2 mm 06:54-17:00 x x x x x x x x x 31 May 2012 2.4-13.4 0 mm 06:54-17:00 x x x x x x 01 Jun 2012 -13.1 0 mm 06:55-16:59 x x 20 Aug 2012 -5.2-13.1 0 mm 06:32-17:34 x x 21 Aug 2012 -1.2-14.9 0 mm 06:31-17:34 x x 22 Aug 2012 -0.2-17.7 0 mm 06:30-17:35 x x 23 Aug 2012 10.1-18.2 1.4 mm 06:28-17:36 x x 24 Aug 2012 2.8-10.7 10.0 mm 06:27-17:36 x x 10 Sep 2012 -1.7-19.4 0 mm 06:05-17:48 x x x x 11 Sep 2012 0.7-17.7 0 mm 06:04-17:48 x x x x x x 12 Sep 2012 1.7-19.4 0 mm 06:02-17:49 x x x x 13 Sep 2012 5.7-15.9 0 mm 06:01-17:50 x x x x 14 Sep 2012 -0.5-12.0 2.6 mm 06:00-17:50 x 17 Sep 2012 2.3-17.4 0 mm 05:56-17:52 x 18 Sep 2012 2.2-16.8 4.0 mm 05:54-17:53 x 19 Sep 2012 1.0-16.0 6.2 mm 05:53-17:54 x 20 Sep 2012 2.9-19.5 0 mm 05:51-17:54 x 21 Sep 2012 7.7-19.5 0.6 mm 05:50-17:55 x 02 Oct 2012 3.4-18.2 0 mm 05:35-18:03 x x 03 Oct 2012 1.4-21.7 0 mm 05:34-18:03 x x 04 Oct 2012 2.4-22.4 0 mm 05:32-18:04 x x 05 Oct 2012 13.3-25.5 0 mm 05:31-18:05 x x 15 Oct 2012 0.6-21.2 0 mm 05:18-18:12 x 16 Oct 2012 4.4-24.6 0 mm 05:17-18:13 x 17 Oct 2012 12.8-21.7 0 mm 05:16-18:14 x 18 Oct 2012 7.2-21.8 0 mm 05:15-18:15 x 19 Oct 2012 7.2-26.2 0 mm 05:13-18:16 x x x 29 Oct 2012 2.4-20.7 0 mm 05:02-18:24 x x x x 30 Oct 2012 7.3-21.2 0 mm 05:01-18:25 x x x x x x x 31 Oct 2012 6.0.26.0 1.2 mm 05:00-18:26 x x x x x x x x 01 Nov 2012 8.0-26.2 0 mm 04:59-18:27 x x x x x x 02 Nov 2012 1.4-20.9 0 mm 04:59-18:28 x 05 Nov 2012 7.5-28.1 0 mm 04:56-18:30 x x x x 06 Nov 2012 12.0-28.2 1.6 mm 04:55-18:31 x x x x x x x x

113007; August 2014 Page 38 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Surveys Undertaken

Rain (24 Temp hrs to Sun Rise - Date Min-Max 9:00am) Sun Set (qC)

07 Nov 2012 15.1-22.5 0 mm 04:54-18:32 x x x x x x 08 Nov 2012 14.1-23.0 4.2 mm 04:53-18:33 x x x x x 09 Nov 2012 3.0-21.9 1.0 mm 04:53-18:34 x 26 Nov 2012 12.2-32.0 0 mm 04:44-18:50 x x x x x 27 Nov 2012 16.1-27.0 1.2 mm 04:43-18:51 x x x x x 28 Nov 2012 13.0-25.0 9.1 mm 04:43-18:52 x x x x x x x 29 Nov 2012 12.9-30.9 5.8 mm 04:43-18:53 x x x x x 30 Nov 2012 17.0-33.7 0.8 mm 04:43-18:54 x x 07 Jan 2013 16.2-32.6 0 mm 04:58-19:13 x 08 Jan 2013 15.5-32.5 0 mm 04:59-19:13 x 09 Jan 2013 19.0-27.5 0 mm 05:00-19:13 x 10 Jan 2013 12.5-23.3 0 mm 05:01-19:13 x 11 Jan 2013 13.7-34.1 0 mm 05:01-19:13 x 14 Jan 2013 12.3-19.2 6.0 mm 05:04-19:13 x 15 Jan 2013 11.1-25.6 0.2 mm 05:05-19:12 x x x x x x x 16 Jan 2013 10.7-31.4 0 mm 05:06-19:12 x x x x x x x 17 Jan 2013 11.2-34.1 0 mm 05:07-19:12 x x x x 18 Jan 2013 16.8-36.9 3.2 mm 05:08-19:12 x 21 Jan 2013 14.3-26.2 0 mm 05:11-19:10 x x x x x x 22 Jan 2013 13.7-29.3 0 mm 05:12-19:10 x x x x x x x x x 23 Jan 2013 12.8-23.1 10.4 mm 05:13-19:09 x x x x x x x 24 Jan 2013 14.7-25.8 0.2 mm 05:14-19:09 x x x x x x x 25 Jan 2013 15.7-29.5 0 mm 05:15-19:08 x x 04 Feb 2013 11.0-20.7 0 mm 05:25-19:02 x x x x x x 05 Feb 2013 9.2-22.2 0 mm 05:26-19:01 x x x x x x x x x x 06 Feb 2013 10.8-23.8 0 mm 05:27-19:00 x x x x x x x x x 07 Feb 2013 10.0-27.6 0 mm 05:28-18:59 x x x x x x x x 08 Feb 2013 11.4-29.8 0 mm 05:29-18:59 x x 11 Feb 2013 13.2-20.3 25.2 mm 05:31-18:56 x x x x x 12 Feb 2013 13.9-21.3 0.4 mm 05:32-18:55 x x x x x x x x x 13 Feb 2013 12.3-20.3 0.2 mm 05:33-18:54 x x x x x x x x 14 Feb 2013 11.5-22.2 0 mm 05:34-18:53 x x x x x x x 15 Feb 2013 12.9-22.9 0 mm 05:35-18:52 x x 18 Feb 2013 9.8-21.2 0 mm 05:38-18:49 x x x x 19 Feb 2013 10.2-25.2 1.0 mm 05:39-18:48 x x x x x x x x x 20 Feb 2013 11.6-22.8 0 mm 05:40-18:47 x x x x x x x x x 21 Feb 2013 15.4-22.5 0.4 mm 05:41-18:45 x x x x x x x 22 Feb 2013 14.8-19.6 1.6 mm 05:42-18:44 x x 25 Feb 2013 16.4-26.7 0.6 mm 05:44-18:41 x x x x x 26 Feb 2013 17.5-23.6 4.0 mm 05:45-18:40 x x x x x x x x 27 Feb 2013 15.3-26.2 0 mm 05:46-18:38 x x x x x x x x 28 Feb 2013 15.8-20.7 0 mm 05:47-18:37 x x x x x

113007; August 2014 Page 39 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Surveys Undertaken

Rain (24 Temp hrs to Sun Rise - Date Min-Max 9:00am) Sun Set (qC)

01 Mar 2013 12.1-13.7 33.0 mm 05:48-18:36 x x 04 Mar 2013 13.2-19.4 4.0 mm 05:50-18:32 x 05 Mar 2013 13.5-20.8 0 mm 05:51-18:31 x 06 Mar 2013 14.4-23.8 0 mm 05:52-18:30 x 07 Mar 2013 9.6-25.0 0 mm 05:52-18:28 x 08 Mar 2013 10.2-22.9 0 mm 05:53-18:27 x 11 Mar 2013 13.9-23.2 0 mm 05:56-18:23 x 12 Mar 2013 10.5-22.3 0 mm 05:56-18:22 x 13 Mar 2013 8.5-24.5 0 mm 05:57-18:21 x 14 Mar 2013 10.2-22.5 0 mm 05:58-18:19 x 15 Mar 2013 13.7-23.1 4.8 mm 05:59-18:18 x 18 Mar 2013 5.6-17.9 0 mm 06:01-18:14 x 19 Mar 2013 7.3-18.5 0 mm 06:02-18:13 x 20 Mar 2013 8.2-20.4 0 mm 06:03-18:11 x 21 Mar 2013 7.9-22.5 0 mm 06:03-18:10 x 25 Mar 2013 5.3-24.6 0 mm 06:06-18:05 x 26 Mar 2013 7.6-24.4 0 mm 06:07-18:03 x 27 Mar 2013 x.x-26.0 0 mm 06:08-18:02 x 28 Mar 2013 11.5-25.2 0 mm 06:08-18:01 x 22 Apr 2013 7.4-17.9 0.2 mm 06:27-17:29 x 23 Apr 2013 6.2-16.9 0 mm 06:27-17:28 x 24 Apr 2013 -0.2-17.9 0 mm 06:28-17:27 x 25 Apr 2013 -1.1-17.5 0 mm 06:29-17:26 x 26 Apr 2013 3.8-19.8 0 mm 06:30-17:25 x 29 Apr 2013 4.0-23.9 0 mm 06:32-17:22 x x 30 Apr 2013 7.6-22.7 0 mm 06:33-17:21 x x 01 May 2013 8.2-23.1 0 mm 06:33-17:20 x x 02 May 2013 -0.5-14.1 0 mm 06:34-17:19 x x 03 May 2013 1.0-20.2 0 mm 06:35-17:18 x x 13 May 2013 4.2-15.8 0 mm 06:42-17:09 x x x 14 May 2013 5.0-12.8 6.4 mm 06:43-17:09 x x x x 15 May 2013 2.2-11.8 0 mm 06:44-17:08 x x x x x 16 May 2013 7.7-11.1 0 mm 06:44-17:07 x x x x 17 May 2013 5.2-10.8 1.6 mm 06:45-17:07 x 20 May 2013 1.4-11.1 0 mm 06:47-17:05 x 21 May 2013 0.7-13.3 0 mm 06:48-17:04 x 22 May 2013 -1.0-9.9 0 mm 06:49-17:04 x 23 May 2013 4.7-9.1 11.8 mm 06:49-17:03 x 24 May 2013 x.x-10.5 6.6 mm 06:50-17:03 x 27 May 2013 -2.8-11.2 0 mm 06:52-17:01 x 28 May 2013 1.9-13.8 0.4 mm 06:53-17:01 x 29 May 2013 6.2-16.3 0.8 mm 06:53-17:00 x

113007; August 2014 Page 40 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Surveys Undertaken

Rain (24 Temp hrs to Sun Rise - Date Min-Max 9:00am) Sun Set (qC)

30 May 2013 1.7-17.7 0 mm 06:54-17:00 x 31 May 2013 4.2-x.x 0 mm 06:54-17:00 x 03 Jun 2013 0.3-13.2 0 mm 06:56-16:59 x 04 Jun 2013 -2.9-15.2 0 mm 06:57-16:59 x 05 Jun 2013 0.1-15.1 0 mm 06:57-16:59 x 06 Jun 2013 6.3-13.9 0 mm 06:58-16:58 x 07 Jun 2013 x.x-13.9 0 mm 06:58-16:58 x 17 Jun 2013 0.0-8.9 0 mm 06:59-16:58 x 18 Jun 2013 -2.4-9.2 0 mm 07:02-16:59 x 19 Jun 2013 x.x-8.9 0.2 mm 07:03-16:59 x 20 Jun 2013 -0.3-9.3 0 mm 07:03-16:59 x 21 Jun 2013 -1.4-11.6 0 mm 07:03-16:59 x 24 Jun 2013 4.8-7.1 4.6 mm 07:04-17:00 x 25 Jun 2013 3.4-9.8 16.2 mm 07:04-17:00 x 26 Jun 2013 6.0-10.6 32.4 mm 07:04-17:00 x 27 Jun 2013 8.0-12.2 5.6 mm 07:04-17:01 x 28 Jun 2013 7.7-11.3 0.6 mm 07:04-17:01 x 15 Jul 2013 2.5-14.0 1.6 mm 07:01-17:09 x x x x 16 Jul 2013 8.5-13.2 0.4 mm 07:01-17:10 x x x x x 17 Jul 2013 8.3-15.4 5.6 mm 07:01-17:11 x x x x 18 Jul 2013 3.8-16.2 0.2 mm 07:00-17:11 x x x 19 Jul 2013 7.8-13.0 0.4 mm 07:00-17:12 x 30 Sept 2013 0.7-23.8 0mm 06:08-18:31 x x x 1 Oct 2013 7.0-24.0 0mm 06:07-18:32 x x x 2 Oct 2013 1.9-18.0 1.0mm 06:05-18:32 x x x x x 3 Oct 2013 5.2-11.4 1.0mm 06:04-18:33 x x x x x 4 Oct 2013 -2.3-18.0 0.6mm 06:03-18:34 x x x 11 Nov 2013 7.7-12.7 22.0mm 05:21-19:06 x x 12 Nov 2013 9.3-21.2 2.0mm 05:21-19:06 x x x x 13 Nov 2013 3.7-20.9 4.8mm 05:20-19:07 x x x x 14 Nov 2013 4.0-20.9 0mm 05:19-19:08 x x 15 Nov 2013 4.1-21.1 0mm 05:19-19:09 x x 9 Dec 2013 10.2-29.3 0mm 05:12-19:31 x x x x x 10 Dec 2013 15.8-23.2 0mm 05:13-19:31 x x x x x x 11 Dec 2013 4.0-22.1 0mm 05:13-19:32 x x x x x 12 Dec 2013 3.7-25.3 0mm 05:13-19:33 x x x x x x 13 Dec 2013 7.8-27.8 0mm 05:13-19:34 x x x 24 Feb 2014 8.6-25.9 0mm 06:13-19:12 x x x x 25 Feb 2014 10.2-27.7 0mm 06:14-19:11 x x x x x x x 26 Feb 2014 15.4-26.5 0mm 06:15-19:10 x x x x x x 27 Feb 2014 13.5-22.2 6.2mm 06:16-19:09 x x x x x x 28 Feb 2014 13.2-16.4 0.6mm 06:16-19:07 x x x x

113007; August 2014 Page 41 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Surveys Undertaken

Rain (24 Temp hrs to Sun Rise - Date Min-Max 9:00am) Sun Set (qC)

10 Mar 2014 12.6-24.3 0mm 06:25-18:55 x x x 11 Mar 2014 11.8-23.7 0mm 06:25-18:54 x x x x x x x 12 Mar 2014 10.7-24.3 0mm 06:26-18:52 x x x x x x x 13 Mar 2014 15.1-23.0 0mm 06:27-18:51 x x x 14 Mar 2014 13.1-20.9 21.0mm 06:28-18:50 x x 17 Mar 2014 5.2-20.0 5.0mm 06:30-18:46 x x 18 Mar 2014 6.5-22.6 0mm 06:31-18:44 x x x x x x 19 Mar 2014 8.1-24.8 0mm 06:32-18:43 x x x x 20 Mar 2014 13.9-22.6 0.6mm 06:32-18:42 x x x x 21 Mar 2014 14.2-21.0 0mm 06:33-18:40 x x 02 April 2014 6.9-23.4 0mm 06:12-17:54 x x Source: Bureau of Meteorology website: http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/dwo/IDCJDW2075.latest.shtml information for Lithgow, and the Geoscience website: http://www.ga.gov.au/bin/geodesy/run/gazmap_sunrise?placename=lithgow&placetype=0&state=0#loc

4.3 Flora Survey

4.3.1 Vegetation Community Mapping

A total of 394 flora species were recorded within the Project Application Area in the field surveys undertaken for this report. Of these, 130 had not been previously recorded by DEC (2006a) and 152 were not recorded by University of Queensland (CMLR 2012). A full list of the species collected by RPS during field surveys is provided in Appendix 3 and this appendix also indicates if a species was previously identified by DEC (2006a) and/or the CMLR (2011, 2012). The Project Application Area for this report was identical to the area studied by CMLR (2011, 2012). However, the area surveyed by DEC (2006a) was considerably broader. Despite the larger area covered by DEC (2006a), several species not recorded by DEC (2006a) anywhere were positively identified by this study.

Analysis of quadrat data showed that most quadrats undertaken within the mapped vegetation types of DEC (2006a) were floristically similar. However, of the 101 quadrats conducted within the Project Application Area, 87 of these were considered to adequately represent vegetation map units as described by DEC (2006a). Vegetation patterns are actually gradational and a number of the quadrats which do not well represent a currently mapped vegetation type are likely to be ecotonal (represent change from one vegetation type to another). Some quadrats may also exhibit floristic patterns that are indicative of disturbance to the natural vegetation pattern and some may be indicative that the currently mapped vegetation types do not represent all vegetation patterns found within the Project Application Area. None of the quadrats were considered to be commensurate with MU8 or MU30, both of which were determined after further analysis to not occur within the Project Application Area. Conversely, MU32 was not mapped within the Project Application Area by DEC (2006a) however surveys confirmed that two small areas of this map unit do occur.

The total approximate area of each community as mapped by RPS is included in Table 9 below.

113007; August 2014 Page 42 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Table 9 Vegetation within the Project Application Area

Vegetation Map Unit Number (MU) and Description Total Area (ha)

2 Mountain Gully Grey Myrtle Dry Rainforest 27.74 3 Hillslope Talus Mountain Gum - Brown Stringybark - Grey Gum - Broad-leaved Hickory 471.90 Moist Forest 4 Sheltered Gully Brown Barrel Ferny Forest 30.46 8 Newnes Sheltered Peppermint - Brown Barrel Shrubby Forest 0 10 Capertee Residual Basalt Brittle Gum - Stringybark Layered Open Forest 64.50 13 Tableland Gully Ribbon Gum - Blackwood - Apple Box Forest 23.43 20 Capertee Rough-barked Apple - Redgum - Yellow Box Grassy Woodlands (EEC) 55.28 21 Capertee - Wolgan Slopes Red Box - Grey Gum - Stringybark Grassy Open Forest 452.68 27 Mt Airly Sydney Peppermint - Narrow-leaved Stringy - Grey Gum Shrubby Open 643.44 Forest 29 Sandstone Slopes Sydney Peppermint Shrubby Forest 206.47 30 Exposed Blue Mountains Sydney Peppermint - Silver-top Ash Shrubby Woodland 0 32 Tableland Scribbly Gum – Narrow-leaved Stringybark – Shrubby Open Forest 1.39 38 Capertee Grey Gum - Narrow-leaved Stringybark - Scribbly Gum - Callitris - Ironbark 323.09 Shrubby Open Forest 40 Capertee Slopes Red Ironbark - Red Stringybark - Narrow-leaved Stringybark Shrubby 706.16 Woodland 42 Capertee Hills White Box - Tumbledown Redgum - Ironbark - Callitris Shrubby 28.48 Woodland 43 Pagoda Rock Sparse Shrubland 371.69 44 Sandstone Plateaux Tea Tree - Dwarf Sheoak - Banksia Rocky Heath 23.85 47 Genowlan Point Dwarf Sheoak Heathland (EEC) 15.18 54 Capertee - Wolgan Riparian Rough-barked Apple - River Oak Open Forest 16.58 58 Acacia Thickets 3.71 62 Cleared and Severely Disturbed Lands 514.45 Total 3,980.48

The vegetation map produced for this report (Figure 6 below) includes changes to the extent of most vegetation types as previously mapped by DEC (2006a). The significant changes are described below.

In remapping the vegetation within the Project Application Area, the largest discrepancies occurred between map units 21, 38 and 40. RDP and Quadrat data showed these communities to be floristically similar. The total area of Mountain Gully Grey Myrtle Dry Rainforest (MU2) found within the Project Application Area was increased considerably due to previous incorrect mapping of this community as MU20, particularly within areas in the south-east of the Project Application Area.

Newnes Sheltered Peppermint - Brown Barrel Shrubby Forest (MU8) was previously mapped within the Project Application Area by DEC (2006b). The canopy layer of this community consists of a combination of E. fastigata and E. piperita. However, this combination of species was not found within the Project Application Area and the mapped locations of MU8 were determined to be dominated by E. cypellocarpa instead.

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There was only a slight decrease in the total mapped area of Capertee Residual Basalt Brittle Gum - Stringybark Layered Open Forest (MU10) within the Project Application Area; largely a result of high resolution delineation of the vegetation community boundaries using API.

Exposed Blue Mountains Sydney Peppermint - Silver-top Ash Shrubby Woodland (MU30) was found to be incorrectly mapped to occur within the Project Application Area. No Eucalyptus sieberi (a key indicator of MU30) was encountered within areas previously mapped as MU30 or across the entire Project Application Area. As a result, the mapped areas of this community were determined to be more commensurate with Sandstone Slopes Sydney Peppermint Shrubby Forest (MU29).

Tableland Scribbly Gum – Narrow-leaved Stringy – Grey Gum Shrubby Open Forest (MU32) was not previously mapped within the Project Application Area by DEC (2006b). However, two small areas were found to correspond to this community.

The considerable increase of Capertee Slopes Red Ironbark - Red Stringybark - Narrow-leaved Stringybark Shrubby Woodland (MU40) was caused by incorrect mapping of this map unit as MU21 or MU38 within the Project Application Area. Although these communities can be floristically similar, differences in species composition and density of cover do occur and as a result of the distinctive differences in topography, soil moisture and nutrient content that exist between each community as described by DEC (2006b).

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Vegetation Community Profiles MU 2 Mountain Gully Grey Myrtle Dry Rainforest

Floristic The Mountain Gully Grey Myrtle Dry Rainforest of the Project Application Area description: is dominated in the canopy by Backhousia myrtifolia with low numbers of other species such as Myrsine howittana (previously Rapanea howittana) and often emergent eucalypts (e.g. Eucalyptus cypellocarpa). Small ferns and vines are common on the ground layer with rocks often supporting stands of species such as Pyrrosia rupestris and Rytidosperma longifolium (previously Notodanthonia longifolia). The shrub layer is generally of low diversity and may include Notelaea species or other species that are more widespread in surrounding area (e.g. Prostanthera stricta). Refer to the provided plot and RDP files for detailed floristic data. The two quadrats undertaken had strong similarities in the dominant canopy and shrub species but some differences in the ground layer reflecting a more open light influenced quadrat in one location. General observations suggest that the vegetation of the Project Application Area generally conforms to the description in DEC (2006a).

Structural and This vegetation type is restricted to the deep eastern and northern gorges of landscape the Project Application Area (e.g. Emu Creek upper reaches) although small features: areas of Grey Myrtle (Backhousia myrtifolia) do occur in gullies and creek lines to the north and in protected areas of the escarpments. The canopy is mostly continuous along the creek lines but eucalypts and other species from fringing vegetation types frequently occur as emergents. The shrub layer and ground layer are generally sparse and the landscape position and structure of the vegetation in the Project Application Area closely match that described in DEC (2006a) for this vegetation.

Condition: The majority of this vegetation type in the Project Application Area is within undeveloped catchments and fringed by intact natural vegetation. Few weeds were observed in these forests. Alteration to creek flows could potentially impact upon this vegetation type and inappropriate fire regimes are another potential threat to this vegetation type. However, at present stands appear generally healthy and recent controlled burns do not appear to have largely impacted upon observed locations.

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MU 3 Hillslope Talus Mountain Gum - Brown Stringybark - Grey Gum – Broad-leaved Hickory Moist Forest

Floristic This vegetation type is widespread across the more protected slopes of the description: Project Application Area. The representative quadrats are dominated by E. cypellocarpa with E. punctata and E. polyanthemos also common. The shrub layer varies from sparse to well developed (in more protected areas) and can include species characteristic of dry sites (e.g. Acrotriche rigida) and also species such as Indigofera australis that favour more moist sites. In some quadrats, a high diversity of herbs and forbs dominated the ground layer, whilst in other quadrats grasses and Pteridium esculentum were more dominant. The vulnerable species Prostanthera stricta occurred on the edge of one quadrat. These quadrats and more general observations support that this vegetation type in the Project Application Area conforms to the description provided in DEC (2006a), although the understorey can be rather variable.

Structural and Generally restricted to mid to lower slopes on areas that are on soils of landscape moderate fertility (not unenriched sandstones). Structurally this vegetation is features: a moderately tall forest, usually with an open shrub layer (although Acacia falciformis can dominate some sites). Similarly the ground layer can vary from sparse to well covered.

Condition: Few weeds species were noted in the quadrats undertaken within this vegetation type. Some introduced Rubus sp. were observed in quadrat 6 (this quadrat close to previous disturbance / clearing).

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MU 4 Sheltered Gully Brown Barrel Ferny Forest

Floristic This vegetation type has a canopy of E. fastigata and/or E. cypellocarpa. description: There is frequently also a lower tree layer of species generally associated with depauperate rainforest or wet gullies (Myrsine howittana; Elaeocarpus reticulatus). The shrub layer is dominated by ferns including large tree ferns and sometimes Todea barbara. Ferns and herb species that prefer moist sites dominate the ground layer, but some grass species (Microlaena stipoides stipoides; Entolasia marginata) can also occur in the ground layer. This vegetation type has a low diversity compared to many rainforest and wet gully forests of the coast. Some species (e.g. Elaeocarpus retuculatus) are relatively common, but were not recorded by DEC (2006a). Despite these differences this vegetation type within the Project Application Area generally conforms to the description of DEC (2006a).

Structural and This vegetation is typically a very tall forest and can include a number of landscape vegetation strata. Within the Project Application Area it is restricted to the features: deep protected gullies of the southern area of Genowlan Mountain.

Condition: All quadrats and observations of this vegetation type suggest that this vegetation type is generally in very good condition within the Project Application Area. The most eastern occurrence of this vegetation type is in a very narrow protected gorge that is difficult to access and this area is likely to persist in good condition. Tracks and some erosion were noted next to some sites but no obvious signs of degradation (dieback; weed invasion) were observed.

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MU 10 Capertee Residual Basalt Brittle Gum - Stringybark Layered Open Forest

Floristic This vegetation type within the Project Application Area typically has E. description: mannifera as the most common tree species with E polyanthemos often also common. Stringybark species often also occur. The shrub layer typically has Indigofera australis as a dominant with low growing shrubs of Melichrus urceolatus and Styphelia triflora also common. The ground layer is diverse with a range a forbs, herbs and grasses (Poa sieberiana is often very common). The vulnerable Prostanthera stricta was within one quadrat (and typically occurs across the plateaus where this vegetation type exists within the Project Application Area). MDS analyses found that this vegetation type was floristically variable, which is due to variations in the ground layer (the tree and shrub layer often appears to be generally consistent).

Structural and Typically this “forest” is structurally a woodland in the Project Application landscape Area, with a canopy gaps common. It is generally open, although the shrub features: layer can be dense in areas. This vegetation type is largely restricted to the flat plateaus with basalt derived soils within the Project Application Area and is not widespread (see map above).

Condition: This vegetation type was found to be very good condition in all quadrats. The rich basalt soils could, however, be prone to weed invasion (if weed species that favour the cold conditions of these plateaus were introduced). This vegetation type is of very high conservation value within the Project Application Area.

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MU 13 Tableland Gully Ribbon Gum - Blackwood - Apple Box Forest

Floristic This vegetation type has a characteristic ground and shrub layer, typically description: including Lomandra longifolia. There is also typically a high diversity of ground layer species including Plantago, Veronica, Geranium and Viola species and also a number of grasses. The tree layer can be variable and include ribbon gums (e.g. E. viminalis) and E. bridgesiana. The three quadrats undertaken in this vegetation type cluster strongly and discretely suggesting that this vegetation type is well differentiated within the Project Application Area (despite the fact that the trees recorded did not closely match those recorded by DEC (2006a).

Structural and A moderately tall forest that often has a dense shrub and ground layer. It landscape occurs in sheltered gullies and flats and along creek lines on moderately features: fertile soils.

Condition: Quadrats were weed free and diverse and regeneration of canopy species was observed. Most of the current extent of this vegetation types falls within intact catchments and generally this vegetation type is in moderate to good condition.

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MU 20 Capertee Rough-barked Apple - Redgum - Yellow Box Grassy Woodlands

Floristic This vegetation type has an open tree layer dominated by E. melliodora and description: often also A. floribunda. E. blakelyi also occurs in this vegetation type and in combination with the grassy and diverse ground layer. Typically, a diversity of grass species are present and these are also inter-dispersed with a range of small ground layer species from a range of plant families. The shrub layer is usually less diverse.

Structural and Typically a “park like” open woodland this vegetation type can be more dense landscape immediately adjacent to water courses. It occupies lower slopes and open features: riparian sites on soils of moderate to high fertility.

The species composition indicates that this community has the potential to form part of the broader Endangered Ecological Community White Box – Yellow Box – Blakely’s Red Gum Woodland (under the TSC Act) and the Critically Endangered Ecological Community White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely's Red Gum Grassy Woodland and Derived Native Grassland (under the EPBC Act). These listed communities are herewith collectively referred to as 'Box- Gum Woodland'. This is further discussed in Section 4.4.2.

Condition: This vegetation type occurs extensively in the west of the Project Application Area (a number of areas mapped by DEC 2006 as this vegetation type in the east was found not to be this vegetation type). The boundaries of this vegetation type are indistinct and grade into derived grasslands and non- native grasslands in these western areas, making mapping of this vegetation type difficult. The condition of this vegetation type is generally poor to moderate (although formally defining condition as being low will require detailed seasonal site-by-site assessment). Some weed invasion and the presence of a range of exotic pasture grasses as well as loss of the tree layer contribute to the lowered condition of this vegetation type within the Project Application Area).

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MU 21 Capertee - Wolgan Slopes Red Box - Grey Gum - Stringybark Grassy Open Forest

Floristic This vegetation type contains E. punctata and typically E. polyanthemos and description: E. macrorhyncha in the tree layer. E. melliodora and E. albens were also often recorded. Typical shrub species include Persoonia linearis, Bursaria spinosa and Acacia obtusifolia but in moist sites Indigofera australis may be dominant and in dry sites Acrotriche rigida may also be very common. There is usually a diverse ground layer of herbs and forbs (Glycine clandestina, Geranium solanderi, Gonocarpus tetragynus etc.) and grasses such as Poa sieberiana.

Structural and This vegetation type occurs on slopes to the west and south of the Project landscape Application Area and also in more protected / lower slopes of the south-east. features: It is a forest of moderate height and can range from having a sparse to locally dense shrub layer.

Condition: Most quadrats were in moderate to good condition, often there was a noted high diversity in the ground layer when undertaking quadrats. Weed invasion was not recorded in the quadrats and no dieback of trees were observed.

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MU 27 Mt Airly Sydney Peppermint - Narrow-leaved Stringy - Grey Gum Shrubby Open Forest

Floristic This dry forest community is often dominated by Eucalyptus piperita and description: Eucalyptus sparsifolia in the tree layer, commonly associated with Eucalyptus punctata and Eucalyptus mannifera. Typical shrub species include Persoonia linearis, Acacia obtusifolia and Leucopogon muticus. The ground layer is typically sparse and depauparate, but includes species such as Lomandra glauca, Pomax umbellata and the grass species Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides.

Structural and This vegetation community is typically found on exposed plateaus and slopes landscape of Mount Airly and Genowlan Mountain, sometimes below sandstone cliff features: lines.

Condition: Quadrats commonly showed signs of grazing by goats, potentially contributing to the typically low shrub and ground layer diversity.

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MU 29 Sandstone Slopes Sydney Peppermint Shrubby Forest

Floristic This vegetation type is typically dominated by Eucalyptus piperita within the description: canopy layer, but also includes Eucalyptus blaxlandii. A low diversity of shrub species including Leptospermum trinervium, Leucopogon muticus and Persoonia linearis are present, along with ground species including Lomandra glauca and Dianella prunina.

Structural and This vegetation community is typically found amongst pagodas on low landscape nutrient sandy, dry soils and also often below cliff lines. The community often features: contains a sparse ground layer and lacks the dominance of smaller herbs and forbs typically seen within other forests of the Project Application Area.

Condition: Quadrats often showed signs of goat grazing within the shrub and ground layers.

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MU 32 Tableland Scribbly Gum -Narrow-leaved Stringybark – Shrubby Open Forest

Floristic This vegetation type was not previously recorded in the Project Application description: Area (DEC 2006a). However, it was subsequently encountered during field surveys in two small sites. Species within this vegetation community included a canopy layer dominated by the twisted, smooth trunks of Eucalyptus rossii and Eucalyptus mannifera. A low diversity shrub and ground layer of species including Podolobium ilicifolium, Acacia leucolobia, Rytidosperma pallidum and Dianella prunina was also encountered in this community during field surveys.

Structural and The vegetation community was present in two small, near-linear patches landscape within the Project Application Area on very exposed ridge lines. A very open features: understory was present, with the skeletal soils of the dry, rocky substrate providing little nutrients to the sparse groundcover.

Condition: The condition of the two sites discovered in the Project Application Area were considered to be moderate to good.

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MU 38 Capertee Grey Gum - Narrow-leaved Stringybark - Scribbly Gum - Callitris - Ironbark Shrubby Open Forest

Floristic This vegetation type is floristically similar to MU 21 (see above) but is description: generally in drier sites and therefore usually contains tree species such as E. sparsifolia and/or E. rossii as co-dominants with E. punctata and Eucalyptus fibrosa (rather than trees associated with more moist / higher nutrient sites – E. cannonii; E. macrorhyncha; E. polyanthemos). The shrub layer also often contains a range of shrubs that occur in dry sites (Podolobium ilicifolium; Persoonia linearis; Acacia leucolobia). The ground layer is diverse and often includes grasses such as Rytidosperma pallidum) which can form a major dominant in this layer.

Structural and This vegetation type is an open forest generally with shrubs forming a thick landscape layer in some sites. The ground layer can be very sparse, but will often features: become thick in more protected areas (largely driving the high species recorded in quadrats). It can occur from lower to mid slopes, but generally is replaced by other vegetation types immediately below the escarpments of the Project Application Area.

Condition: Generally quadrats were of high diversity, no weeds were observed in quadrats and no tree dieback was noted. Condition is generally moderate to good for this vegetation type within the Project Application Area.

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MU 40 Capertee Slopes Red Ironbark - Red Stringybark - Narrow-leaved Stringybark Shrubby Woodland

Floristic This vegetation type has a canopy dominated by E. fibrosa. The shrub layer description: is typically very sparse and includes Cassinia species and a range of Fabaceae. The most consistent species in the ground layer is Acrotriche rigida but a range of grasses including Rytidosperma pallidum and Rytidosperma longifolium are also very common. Although not recorded by DEC (2006a), the shrub species Cyphanthera albicans albicans (in areas in the north and south-east of the Project Application Area), Crowea exalata subsp. exalata (on the dry slopes east of Genowlan Mountain) and Cassinia sp. D (widespread) often are shrub layer dominants.

Structural and This vegetation type is a very open forest. In drier sites the shrub layer is landscape reduced to very low shrubs, where Acrotriche rigida can occur it exists as a features: dominant low shrub or it can be part of the ground layer. Large areas of bare ground and exposed rock occur in many sites. This vegetation is on the drier slopes to the north, east and south east of the Project Application Area, which in places range from being mild to very steep. Soils typically have high clay content. This vegetation type is more widespread than previously mapped (DEC 2006a). Five quadrats were targeted for surveying in this vegetation type but 11 of the 77 quadrats undertaken were determined to be within this vegetation type.

Condition: This vegetation is naturally very dry and open, but on upper slopes may also have been affected by grazing by goats that would reduce shrub and ground layer cover. However, generally this vegetation is on moderate to good condition and some quadrats had high species diversity (e.g. 51 species). Fire frequency is likely to play a significant role in driving the condition of this vegetation type.

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MU 42 Capertee Hills White Box - Tumbledown Redgum - Ironbark - Callitris Shrubby Woodland

Floristic Eucalyptus dealbata, Eucalyptus albens and Eucalyptus fibrosa were description: common species encountered within the canopy layer of this vegetation community. A high diversity of dry shrub species were often detected including Cyphanthera albicans subsp. albicans and Acrotriche rigida along with grass species such as Rytidosperma pallidum and Rytidosperma longifolium.

Structural and This community was typically located within the Project Application Area on landscape dry ridges and north-facing scree slopes on shallow but enriched soils. features: Condition: This community was found to be in a moderate to good condition, with no obvious issues.

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MU 43 Pagoda Rock Sparse Shrubland

Floristic This community is dominated by shrub species including Leptospermum description: arachnoides, Baeckea diosmifolia and Leucopogon muticus. The canopy layer is limited to isolated individuals of species including Eucalyptus piperita and Eucalyptus sparsifolia. Ground cover largely comprises bare rock, however, small patches of herbs and forbs including Lepidosperma laterale, Lomandra filiformis and Rytidosperma longifolium were found within the community. The shrub Ochrosperma oligomerum was also recorded at many sites despite not previously being recorded within regional mapping of the Western Blue Mountains by DEC (2006a).

Structural and This vegetation community is commonly found in and around the massive landscape sandstone rock outcrops, known as ‘pagodas’, present across the interior of features: the Project Application Area including on Genowlan Mountain and Mount Airly.

Condition: This community is in good condition across the Project Application Area.

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MU 44 Sandstone Plateaux Tea Tree - Dwarf Sheoak - Banksia Rocky Heath

Floristic This heath community contains a low tree/shrub layer typically consisting of description: stunted and/or mallee Eucalyptus stricta and Eucalyptus rossii individuals along with Allocasuarina littoralis. Species commonly found within heath communities including Baeckea diosmifolia, Leptospermum arachnoides and Leucopogon muticus were also common within the low shrub layer. Lepidosperma laterale and Lomandra glauca are common members of the sparse ground layer of this community. It was noted that the shrub species Allocasuarina nana, which is known to dominate much of the shrub layer of this community on the Newnes Plateau (RPS pers. obs; DEC 2006), was discovered in much lower densities within this vegetation community in the Project Application Area.

Structural and This community is located amongst the few flat rocky escarpments and cliff landscape edges found within the Project Application Area. features: Condition: This community is in good condition across the Project Application Area.

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MU 47 Genowlan Point Dwarf Sheoak Heathland

Floristic This heath community was found to have low species diversity compared to description: that typically found in other heathlands elsewhere in the Blue Mountains and along the coast. The community was dominated by a low shrub layer of Allocasuarina nana as described by DEC (2006a) and has been mapped as the Endangered Ecological Community ‘Genowlan Point Dwarf Sheoak Heathland’ under the TSC Act. However, other species identified as being characteristic of this community including Callitris endlicheri were not present, whilst species such as Callitris muelleri and Xanthorrhoea glauca were present but not previously recorded by DEC 2006. Specimens of these species were collected and sent to Royal Botanic Gardens for confirmation, and this suggests that the description of this community may need to be revised.

Structural and This community occupies a small area of the northern end of the Genowlan landscape Mountain sandstone mesa located within the Project Application Area. features:

Condition: The community was found to be in good condition.

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MU 54 Capertee - Wolgan Riparian Rough-barked Apple - River Oak Open Forest

Floristic This tall forest community was found within the Project Application Area to description: consist of a variety of species in the canopy layer including Angophora floribunda, Acacia falciformis and Eucalyptus macrorhyncha. The sparse shrub layer included species such as Bursaria spinosa and Acrotriche rigida with a diverse ground layer dominated by a variety of herbaceous and grass species including Lomandra longifolia, Glycine clandestina and Microlaena stipoides. The characteristic ribbon of Casuarina cunninghamiana as described by DEC (2006a) was not observed within this community.

Structural and This community was located along the riparian flats within the north of the landscape Project Application Area. features:

Condition: The western area shows evidence of grazing, with the infiltration of exotic grass and weed species as a result.

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MU 58 Acacia Thickets

Floristic This vegetation community occurs within the Project Application Area in description: areas that have been subject to previous disturbance. It can therefore be considered as a component of ‘severely disturbed native vegetation’ and was not targeted for survey as a natural vegetation type. However, Rapid Data Point assessments within this community confirmed the presence of thickets of Acacia falciformis, along with other species including Eucalyptus melliodora within the canopy layer and Cassinia aculeata within the shrub layer. A diversity of herbs and grasses were present in the ground layer and included Cheilanthes sieberi, Dichondra repens and Microlaena stipoides.

Structural and These disturbed areas were located along the lower slopes adjacent to landscape cleared agricultural lands. features: Condition: Given the highly disturbed nature of this community, it was considered to be in a poor condition.

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MU 62 Cleared and Severely Disturbed Lands

The naming of MU62 Cleared and Severely Disturbed Lands has been used to maintain consistency with the naming convention of DEC (2006a). However, this vegetation type includes areas of varying degrees of disturbance. In addition to areas that have been completely denuded of vegetation or areas that have undergone significant pasture improvement, this vegetation type includes derived native grasslands of the vegetation communities described above. Whilst not all areas of derived native grasslands within the Project Application Area have been described and mapped, this has been done for those areas within the proposed surface facilities footprint and is described in Section 4.4.3.

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4.4 Significant Vegetation Communities

Two EECs were recorded within the Project Application Area, namely: Genowlan Point Allocasuarina nana Heathland (TSC Act); and White Box – Yellow Box – Blakely’s Red Gum Woodland (under the TSC Act) and the Critically Endangered Ecological Community White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely's Red Gum Grassy Woodland and Derived Native Grassland (under the EPBC Act). These listed communities are herewith collectively referred to as 'Box-Gum Woodland'.

4.4.1 Genowlan Point Allocasuarina nana heathland

Genowlan Point Allocasuarina nana Heathland is listed as an EEC under the TSC Act. One vegetation community recorded within the Project Application Area corresponds to this EEC, namely MU47 – Genowlan Point Dwarf Sheoak Heathland.

The Genowlan Point Allocasuarina nana heathland is a community of dwarf heathland occupying just over 15 ha on Genowlan Point, Capertee Valley. The dwarf low closed heath dominated by Allocasuarina nana at Genowlan Point is distinct structurally and in species composition from other heathlands in the greater Blue Mountains. The presence in the heathland of the combination of Xanthorrhoea johnsonii, Micromyrtus sessilis, Pseudanthus divaricatissimus, Callitris muelleri and Isopogon prostratus is, as far as is known, unique. Allocasuarina nana is close to its northern limit of distribution, and Xanthorrhoea johnsonii close to its southern limit at Genowlan Point. A number of other species in the community are close to distributional limits (NSW Scientific Committee 1999). Quadrats undertaken for this study indicate that the species composition of this vegetation type may be slightly different than previously recorded.

The entire occurrence of this EEC is found within the Project Application Area, with the 15 ha occurring at Genowlan Point which is located in the north-east of the Project Application Area.

4.4.2 Box-Gum Woodland

4.4.2.1 Identification under the TSC Act

Under the TSC Act, White Box Yellow Box Blakely's Red Gum Woodland EEC can exist in a number of states. Intact stands that contain diverse upper and mid-storeys and ground layers are rare. Modified sites include the following: areas where the main tree species are present ranging from an open woodland formation to a forest structure, and the ground layer is predominantly composed of exotic species; and sites where the trees have been removed and only the grassy ground layer and some herbs remain.

In accordance with NPWS (2002), the following criteria have been considered in assessing the potential for the proposed surface facilities to contain derived grasslands. the study area is in the NSW North Coast, New England Tableland, Nandewar, Brigalow Belt South, Sydney Basin, South Eastern Highlands or NSW South Western Slopes Bioregions; the study area has trees, or if treeless is likely to have supported White Box, Yellow Box or Blakely’s Red Gum prior to clearing; and the study area is predominantly grassy and not dominated by shrubs, excluding pioneer species.

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4.4.2.2 Identification under the EPBC Act

Under the EPBC Act, areas that are part of the listed community must have either: an intact tree layer and a predominately native ground layer; or an intact native ground layer with a high diversity of native plant species but no remaining tree layer (DEH 2006).

The Threatened Species Scientific Committee considers that areas in which an overstorey exists without a substantially native understorey are degraded and are no longer a viable part of the ecological community. Although some native species may remain, in most of these areas the native understorey is effectively irretrievable. In order for an area to be included in the listed ecological community, a patch must have a predominantly native understorey (DEH 2006).

In accordance with DEH (2006), the following criteria have been considered in assessing the potential for the proposed surface facilities to contain derived grasslands. Is or was previously, at least one of the most common overstorey species White Box, Yellow Box or Blakely’s Red Gum (or Western Grey Box or Coastal Grey Box in the Nandewar Bioregion)? Does the ‘patch’ have a predominately native understorey? Is the patch 0.1 ha or greater in size? Are there 12 or more native understorey species present (excluding grasses)? Does the study area contain at least one important species? Is shrub cover less than 30% across the entire remnant?

For the purpose of this report 'Box-Gum Woodland' is the name collectively given to the EEC White Box – Yellow Box – Blakely’s Red Gum Woodland (under the TSC Act) and the CEEC White Box- Yellow Box-Blakely's Red Gum Grassy Woodland and Derived Native Grassland (under the EPBC Act). Box-Gum Woodland can also occur in a 'derived grassland' state, where a canopy layer is absent but a dominant native grassy understorey remains. The vegetation community recorded within the Project Application Area that is considered by some authors to correspond to this EEC is MU20 - Capertee Rough-barked Apple - Redgum - Yellow Box Grassy Woodlands. This community predominately occurs over the low-lying areas within the west and south-west of the Project Application Area. The presence or the previous presence of this community, in conjunction with assessment of the understorey condition within each proposed surface facility, was undertaken in accordance of the above identification criteria. The results of this assessment are provided below.

4.4.2.3 Identification within the Project Application Area

Box-Gum Woodland is characterised by the presence or prior occurrence of Eucalyptus albens (White Box), Eucalyptus melliodora (Yellow Box) or Eucalyptus blakelyi (Blakely’s Red Gum). The understorey in intact sites is characterised by native grasses and a high diversity of herbs; the most commonly encountered include Themeda australis (Kangaroo Grass), Poa sieberiana (Poa Tussock), Austrodanthonia spp. (wallaby grasses), Austrostipa spp. (spear-grasses), Chrysocephalum apiculatum (Common Everlasting), Goodenia pinnatifida (Scrambled Eggs), Hypericum gramineum (Small St John's Wort), Vittadinia muelleri (Narrow-leafed New Holland Daisy ) and Wahlenbergia spp. (blue-bells). Shrubs are generally sparse or absent, though they may be locally common. However, the remnants of this community also span a large area and the exact species composition therefore can vary widely from site to site.

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Box-Gum Woodland occurs within the lower slopes and flats on the outskirts of the Project Application Area. Whilst some areas of MU20 surveyed fell within the identification criteria of Box-Gum Woodland, not all areas of MU20 did qualify. MU20 is often dominated by Angophora floribunda and may also contain Eucalyptus polyanthemos, Callitris endlicheri, E. cannonii and E. punctata (DEC 2006a). MU20 can also contain scattered shrubs. As with any vegetation community, the species composition and structure will vary spatially due to factors such as topography, hydrology and soil types, as well as where vegetation communities form an ecotone between adjacent vegetation communities. In areas of a sufficient size (as per the identification criteria), where E. albens, E. melliodora and E. blakelyi combined, represents a lesser component of the canopy, these areas would not represent Box-Gum Woodland. Following analysis of the three quadrats recorded for MU20, the following observations have been made: One quadrat was dominated by the indicator species E. albens and E. melliodora. This quadrat also had less than 30% percentage foliage cover within the shrub layer, however was dominated by herbs, not grasses, namely Lomandra longifolia, Dianella prunina and Hydrocotyle laxiflora. It is therefore not commensurate with Box-Gum Woodland. One quadrat contained E. melliodora and E. blakelyi, however was dominated by E. cypellocarpa and E. sparsifolia. This quadrat also had a greater than 30% percentage foliage cover within the shrub layer, dominated by Acrotriche rigida, Indigofera australis and Acacia falcata. It is therefore not commensurate with Box-Gum Woodland. The third quadrat did not contain any individuals of E. albens, E. melliodora or E. blakelyi and is therefore not commensurate with Box-Gum Woodland.

Additionally, of the 21 RDPs undertaken within MU20, seven were dominated by canopy species that are not indicative of Box-Gum Woodland and/or had groundcover not dominated by native grasses. These seven examples of MU20 are therefore not commensurate with Box-Gum Woodland.

The above summary indicates that not all areas of MU20 within the Project Application Area automatically qualify as Box-Gum Woodland, with none of the three quadrats satisfying the identification criteria. Of the 21 RDPs undertaken within MU20, 14 have potential to qualify as Box- Gum Woodland.

4.4.3 Identification of Derived Native Grasslands

Within the Project Application Area, the examples of MU20 that conform to Box-Gum Woodland are predominately within the lower ephemeral drainage lines and creeks. These watercourses often contained steep banks and quickly transition into different vegetation communities. Where surrounding slopes are more gradual, these areas have been cleared for agriculture. Therefore, there is difficulty in assessing the full spectrum of conditions where Box-Gum Woodland may have once occurred. Additionally, vegetation surveys undertaken by RPS commonly recorded one or more of the species E. melliodora, E. blakelyi and E. albens occurring within and sometimes dominating MU21 and MU38. These vegetation communities were often recorded adjacent to MU20. Where past disturbance may have partially or completely removed and modified the canopy and the shrubby understorey, areas that were historically MU21 and MU 38 may unnaturally take the form of Box-Gum Woodland. Recording the natural occurrences of Box-Gum Woodland, given the above scenarios, becomes particularly difficult when determining the possible presence of the derived grassland component of this community. Detailed assessment of derived native grasslands was restricted to the proposed surface facilities. The outcomes of these investigations are provided below.

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4.4.3.1 Reject Emplacement Area 1

Vegetation within REA 1 includes 0.89 ha of MU13 Tableland Gully Ribbon Gum - Blackwood - Apple Box Forest, 0.79 ha of MU20 Capertee Rough-barked Apple - Redgum - Yellow Box Grassy Woodlands, 3.21 ha of MU21 Capertee - Wolgan Slopes Red Box - Grey Gum - Stringybark Grassy Open Forest, 0.95 ha of MU38 Capertee Grey Gum - Narrow-leaved Stringybark - Scribbly Gum - Callitris - Ironbark Shrubby Open Forest and 31.45 ha of cleared land. MU20, which is commensurate with Box-Gum Woodland at that location, occurred along a minor drainage line running north to south. East of this drainage line, exotic perennial grass species dominate and therefore was determined not to be commensurate with Box-Gum Woodlands derived native grasslands. Steep topography and shallow rocky soils occur immediately west of the drainage line. The remnant canopy species observed over these cleared lands were not indicators of MU20 and were more likely once MU21 or MU38. Hence, the Box-Gum Woodland within REA 1 was determined to be restricted to the woodland area of MU20. Due to the presence of Box-Gum Woodland within REA 1, this area will not be used, as further discussed in Section 6.

Plate 1 Box-Gum Woodland within REA 1

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Plate 2 Cleared land within REA 1 showing shallow rocky soils (facing east)

4.4.3.2 Reject Emplacement Area 2

REA 2 is entirely cleared, with few scattered canopy trees remaining. The topography of this site varies from steep to undulating. Higher ridges occur to the north, with lower slopes to the south.

Centennial Airly contracted Roger Lembit (Gingra Ecological Surveys) to independently assess the presence of Box-Gum Woodland derived native grasslands and derived native grasslands of non-EEC vegetation within REA 2. The outcomes of the field inspection undertaken by Roger Lembit have been reproduced below.

A field inspection was undertaken on 18th June 2014. During this field inspection 5 transects were assessed to determine the composition of vegetation within the cleared pasture land. At 1 m intervals along each 50 m transect the species occurring beneath the left hand edge of the transect tape was recorded; if no plant material was directly beneath the tape the closest species was recorded. This approach gave a measure of the ground layer species present and the relative proportion of native and exotic species.

The proportion of native species along the 5 transects varied from 54% to 62%. Based on the publications Benson (1996) and NRAC (2010) this means the paddocks over the majority of the eastern section of the proposed Reject Emplacement Area comprise derived native grassland as the native plant component exceeds 50%.

The paddocks on and beyond the western edge of the proposed Reject Emplacement Area do not comprise derived native grassland as they have a higher level of pasture improvement with evidence of cultivation and sowing with exotic pasture species and a history of regular application of fertiliser. A clear fenceline boundary is evident on aerial photos and in the field and the difference in pasture condition does not relate solely to recent grazing pressure.

The characterisation of cleared pasture dominated by native grasses and herbs as derived from one particular vegetation type or another is not a simple process.

Factors to take into account include: the plant species present and their relative abundance; the characteristic ground layer species of particular vegetation types, including relevant final determinations of the Scientific Committee; the nature of characteristics of soils including nutrient status, and other aspects of soil chemistry; characteristics of the geology and landform of the locality; and patterns of disturbance and the distribution of exotic plant species.

The patterns of distribution of vegetation map units on the undulating slopes around the proposed Reject Emplacement Area and on ‘Carinya’ and ‘Airly’ support at least two vegetation map units MU20 Capertee Rough-barked Apple – Red Gum – Yellow Box Grassy Woodlands and MU38 Capertee Grey Gum – Narrow-leaved Stringybark – Scribbly Gum – Callitris – Ironbark Shrubby Open Forest. MU 20 is considered by some authors to correspond to the Box-Gum Woodland EEC.

The final determination of the Scientific Committee in relation to Box-Gum Woodland states that the community is found on relatively fertile soils, that in some locations the tree overstorey may be absent as a result of past clearing and that shrubs are generally sparse or absent.

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In pasture situations where the overstorey has been cleared, the composition of the ground layer species and the soil nutrient status are indicators which can help in assessing whether Box-Gum Woodland derived native grassland is present.

In completing this assessment Roger Lembit reviewed the results of soil analysis undertaken by Clayton Richards of SLR Consulting. The report by Richards describes one soil type, c. Dystrophic Brown Kurosols, as having a Moderate rating for cation exchange capacity (CEC), indicating these soils are relatively fertile in comparison to other soils in the study area. These soils occur within the broad gully drainage lines which flow in a westerly direction across the proposed Reject Emplacement Area.

These areas also coincide with patches where a common component of the pasture vegetation is the native species, Poa labillardierei (Tussocky Poa), listed as a characteristic species of Box-Gum Woodland in the Final Determination of the Scientific Committee.

Box-Gum Woodland EEC derived native grassland is present but is confined to drainage lines and adjacent lower slopes.

As one moves upslope Microlaena stipoides (Weeping Meadow Grass) becomes dominant. This species is not listed as a characteristic species of Box-Gum Woodland. A number of other native grass species usually associated with soils of low fertility were present on the mid to upper slopes and spurs; such species included Aristida ramosa (Wiregrass), Rytidosperma pallidum (Redanther Wallaby Grass) and Eragrostis leptostachya (Lovegrass). The derived native grassland across this part of the Reject Emplacement Area appears to be derived from MU38 Capertee Grey Gum – Narrow-leaved Stringybark – Scribbly Gum – Callitris – Ironbark Shrubby Open Forest and not Box-Gum Woodland EEC.

A map identifying the areas of vegetation within the proposed REA 2 footprint has been produced in consultation with Roger Lembit and provided in Figure 7. Photos showing the condition of REA 2 are provided below.

Plate 3 REA 2 (facing west) showing the shallow soils of the derived native grassland (non-EEC)

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Plate 4 REA 2 (facing north) showing derived native grassland (non-EEC) and, presence of Blackberry

Plate 5 REA 2 (facing east) showing groundcover condition of derived native grassland (non-EEC)

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Plate 6 REA 2 (facing south-west) showing groundcover condition of Box-Gum Woodland Derived Native Grassland (EEC), including presence of Blackberry and exotic trees

Plate 7 REA 2 (facing east) showing groundcover condition of the broadest area of Box-Gum Woodland Derived Native Grassland (EEC), including presence of Blackberry

Investigations by Roger Lembit over REA 2 have recorded 9.15ha of disturbed/improved land, 25.49 ha of derived native grassland, most likely derived from MU38 and 3.27 ha of Box-Gum Woodland Derived Native Grassland (EEC). However, it is noted that the delineation of the area of Box-Gum Woodland Derived Native Grassland has been done as a precautionary approach with reference to the dominant groundcover species present and soil fertility results by Clayton Richards of SLR Consulting. The area proposed for REA 2 is highly modified due to past clearing and the grazing of livestock. This has resulted in overall low groundcover species diversity and few remaining canopy species. As discussed above, the canopy species indicative of Box-Gum Woodland were also often recorded within other vegetation communities, including MU21 and MU38. Additionally, MU20 can incorporate a species composition that does not confirm to the identification criteria of Box-Gum Woodland. Hence, in a natural state, the 3.27 ha which has been mapped as Box-Gum Woodland Derived Native Grassland may not have had the canopy composition that would qualify it as the listed community.

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Train Refuelling Station and ROM Stockpile Site

These sites are in close proximity to existing infrastructure and are mostly devoid of any native vegetation. These sites were determined not to be derived native grasslands.

Site Security

This site is traversed by the Airly Mine entrance road and is completely cleared of an overstorey. Assessment of the surrounding vegetation, including individual tree species found that this site occurs between areas of MU 20 and areas of MU 21. This site was deliberately positioned at a location that was dominated by the non-native grass species P. dilatatum. Therefore, the chosen location is not within an area containing derived native grasslands.

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Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

4.5 Potential Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems

The definitions for Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems (GDEs) have been adopted based on the following three literature sources: The NSW State Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems Policy (DLWC, 2002) defines GDEs as: ‘Ecosystems which have their species composition and their natural ecological process determined by groundwater’ (ARNCANZ & ANZECC, 1996 as cited in DLWC, 2002). Identifying groundwater dependent ecosystems, A guide for land and water managers (Eamus, 2009) defines GDEs as: ‘ecosystems whose current composition, structure and function are reliant on a supply of groundwater’ Risk assessment guidelines for groundwater dependent ecosystems (Serov et. al., 2012) defines GDEs as: ‘any ecosystem that uses groundwater at any time or for any duration in order to maintain its composition and condition’.

The regional groundwater flows within the Project Application Area are likely to be too deep to have much interaction with potentially occurring GDEs. However, there are areas of alluvium that contain shallow aquifers within the Project Application Area.

‘The alluvium throughout the Project Application Area forms an unconfined shallow aquifer with groundwater ranging in depth from less than 1 m to over 5 m below ground level (bgl), and aquifer thickness generally less than 12 m’ (GHD 2014a).

Riparian zones and creek lines contain vegetation in which rainfall and base flow play a significant role. Water sources within the Project Application Area include water that is held within or flows through groundwater aquifers. The recorded moist sheltered gully forests, which may contain water courses partially fed by aquifers, also occur within areas that have greater seasonal fluctuations in rainfall and are largely ephemeral in nature.

Due to the shallow depths of these aquifers, it is reasonable to deduce that phreatophytes (groundwater dependent terrestrial plants) would be utilising these water resources. Therefore, GDEs are likely to occur within these shallow aquifer zones.

As defined by Eamus (2009) GDEs are; ‘ecosystems whose current composition, structure and function are reliant on a supply of groundwater. This reliance might be expressed every day of the year, or only for a few months every few years, but the reliance becomes apparent when the supply of groundwater is removed for a sufficient length of time that changes in plant function (typically rates of water use decline first) are observable’.

The vegetation communities which occur within the ‘shallow aquifer zones’ identified by GHD (2014a) have potential to be impacted upon as part of the proposal. GHD (2014a) states that drawdown for Scenario 1 is up to 2.5 m and Scenario 2 is up to 3.5 m. Therefore, these impacts may also alter the structure and composition of the GDEs which occur within these areas. RPS have conducted an overlay of the GHD (2014a) drawdown scenarios and the vegetation mapping for the purpose of ascertaining whether there are any correlations with the drawdown areas and vegetation structure and composition. The vegetation communities which occur within the areas that are likely to be impacted upon by drawdown (both Scenario 1 and Scenario 2) are: MU 3 Hillslope Talus Mountain Gum - Brown Stringybark - Grey Gum – Broad-leaved Hickory Moist Forest; MU 13 Tableland Gully Ribbon Gum - Blackwood - Apple Box Forest; MU 21 Capertee - Wolgan Slopes Red Box - Grey Gum - Stringybark Grassy Open Forest; and

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MU 40 Capertee Slopes Red Ironbark - Red Stringybark - Narrow-leaved Stringybark Shrubby Woodland.

This assessment has applied the precautionary approach and assumed that the locations that have been modelled to be impacted upon by drawdown also contain aquifers shallow enough to be interacting with the root zone of plants associated with the above vegetation communities. However, as these locations have not been sampled, this may not be the case.

4.6 Significant Flora

Three threatened flora species were observed within the Project Application Area during flora surveys. These species were: Eucalyptus cannonii (listed as Vulnerable under the TSC Act); Prostanthera stricta (listed as Vulnerable under both the TSC Act and EPBC Act); and Pultenaea sp. Genowlan Point (Critically Endangered under both the TSC Act and EPBC Act).

These species were also recorded in previous surveys conducted by the University of Queensland (CMLR 2011), with many records being collected in the same general locations.

The locations of threatened flora species as recorded by RPS and the University of Queensland are shown in Figure 8.

Eucalyptus cannonii

Eucalyptus cannonii (Capertee Stringybark) is restricted to a small area in the central tablelands of NSW; there are 67 different locations recorded in the NPWS database for the species and it is likely that populations of E. cannonii are discontinuous within its range. The species readily hybridises with Eucalyptus macrorhyncha, and hybrids between E. cannonii and Eucalyptus sparsifolia/Eucalyptus tenella have also been collected. E. cannonii has been recorded in a variety of vegetation communities and occurs in association with a diverse range of eucalypts including, but not limited to, Eucalyptus viminalis, Eucalyptus mannifera, Eucalyptus polyanthemos, Eucalyptus rossii, Eucalyptus blakelyi, Eucalyptus oblonga, Eucalyptus sparsifolia, Eucalyptus bridgesiana, Eucalyptus dalrympleana, Eucalyptus melliodora, Eucalyptus dives and Angophora floribunda.

A combined total of 78 records of E. cannonii were collected within the Project Application Area by RPS and the University of Queensland. The species was predominantly identified in the valley between Mount Airly and Genowlan Mountain and within remnant patches of native vegetation in the west of the Project Application Area.

Prostanthera stricta (Mount Vincent Mint Bush)

Prostanthera stricta (Mount Vincent Mint Bush) occurs from Mt Vincent to Genowlan Mountain in the Central Tablelands. P. stricta is often a locally dominant understory shrub species found within heath or scrub communities along cliff edges, or as an understorey species within a range of open forest or tall open forest types and/or adjacent transitional communities. Associated vegetation includes Eucalyptus blaxlandii, E. cannonii and E. viminalis with Acacia implexa and Goodenia ovata. Other associated species recorded at sites include Angophora floribunda, Eucalyptus punctata, Brachychiton populneus, Acacia parvipinnula, Beyeria viscosa, Microlaena stipoides and Cheilanthes species. P. stricta grows in areas of both skeletal soil and on deeper, well-drained soil profiles in areas characterised by steep rocky side slopes, cliff lines, sandstone platforms, or gentle slopes with exposed sandstone outcroppings. At Mount Vincent the habitat is restricted to the gradation from basalt to sandstone, which is frequently abrupt, occupying a narrow band of 5 - 50 mm.

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Large numbers of this species were recorded by RPS and the University of Queensland within the Project Application Area on the plateaus of both Mount Airly and Genowlan Mountain and on the lower slopes to the north-east. A combined total of 220 records have been collected, however, many of these records singularly account for large numbers of the species within the one location, and the high density of individuals within areas of the Project Application Area prevents an accurate estimation of population size being calculated.

Pultenaea sp. Genowlan Point

The species occurs as a single population at Genowlan Point in the Capertee Valley within the Rylstone Local Government Area. The population is restricted to a very small area of only 250 square m. The species occurs on well-drained stony soil near a cliff edge.

A single record was collected by both RPS and the University of Queensland to represent the small population (less than 50 individuals) present within the Project Application Area at Genowlan Point.

Notable Flora Species

Whilst not listed under the TSC Act or EPBC Act, the Project Application Area contains several other notable flora species, including those discussed below. Acacia asparagoides: This species is a Rare or Threatened Australian Plant (ROTAP). It has been recorded as part of monitoring studies undertaken by CMLR. It was found to be most prevalent on the eastern half of Mount Airly. It was also recorded on Genowlan Mountain.

Banksia penicillata: This species has a restricted distribution and small populations in the Blue Mountains. It occurs on sandstone cliffs or steep slopes and around rocky outcrops. Within the project Application Area, this species has only been recorded within the Genowlan Point Heathland vegetation community.

Epacris muelleri: This species is a ROTAP species. This species was commonly encountered on Black Mountain, Mount Airly and Mount Genowlan. A large population seems to be present in the area.

113007; August 2014 Page 77 WARNING No part of this plan should be used for critical design dimensions. Confirmation of critical positions should be obtained from RPS Newcastle.

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4.7 Fauna Surveys

A total of 177 fauna species were detected within the Project Application Area, comprising 111 bird, 36 mammal, 20 reptile and 10 amphibian species.

4.7.1 Terrestrial Mammals

Eleven native terrestrial mammal species were recorded in the Project Application Area. One threatened mammal species, namely Spotted-tailed Quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) was recorded using motion detection camera.

In almost all habitats, small terrestrial mammals, including the Bush Rat (Rattus fuscipes) and several species of Antechinus were trapped in Elliot traps. Both the Yellow-footed Antechinus (Antechinus flavipes) and the Brown Antechinus (Antechinus stuartii) are widespread across eastern Australia, and occur in a variety of habitats (Strahan 1995). However, the Brown Antechinus was recorded more frequently than the Yellow-footed Antechinus in the Project Application Area. The Brown Antechinus occurs in higher numbers where there is thick leaf litter, abundant logs and thick ground cover, while the Yellow-footed Antechinus is most often found where large diameter trees and fallen timber are common (Van der Ree 2003). Both species are able to cross gaps between patches of suitable habitat, such as tracks, bitumen roads and cleared farmland; however, the Brown Antechinus was more often trapped in small, isolated remnants of vegetation in the west of the Project Application Area.

The Bush rat is common along the eastern Australian coast and ranges, occurring in a range of habitats where there is dense ground cover, preferring an undergrowth of shrubs and fern. Densities of Bush rats may be highest in gullies, where the forest understorey is thickest (Strahan 1995).

Macropods were observed feeding throughout the day and into the night throughout the Project Application Area. The Eastern Grey Kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) was commonly observed feeding on grasses and forbs in cleared areas in the west of the Project Application Area, and was not often recorded in woodland or forest communities. Red-necked Wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus) also occurred in cleared patches, but favoured areas where nearby forest and woodland provides shelter. The species was commonly observed in the gully between Mount Airly and Genowlan Mountain (in proximity to Gap Creek), where cleared grassy areas are adjacent to forest vegetation. Swamp wallabies (Wallabia bicolour) were identified in forest and woodland habitats on the slopes surrounding the Mount Airly-Genowlan Mountain mesa, and on the mesa itself. Swamp Wallabies forage for a wide variety of forbs, ferns, shrubs, grasses, fungi and vines (Hollis et al. 1986), and so are limited to grassy habitats like many other macropod species (DEC 2007).

Few wombats (Vombatus ursinus) were seen in the Project Application Area; those that were observed were mostly identified during nocturnal spotlighting surveys. The species is most common in forest habitats, but is also found in woodland, scrub and heathland habitats; within the Project Application Area, wombats were observed in cleared grassy areas in the gully between Mount Airly and Genowlan Mountain (in proximity to Gap Creek). However, wombat scat was identified in most habitats; the varied diet of the species, which included grasses, sedges, rushes, and roots of shrubs and trees, enables it to utilise a wide variety of habitat types. The widespread distribution of scats is also indicative of the nightly distances wombats are capable of travelling; wombats have been recorded travelling up to three km in a night while grazing (Triggs 1996). Burrows were identified in and along the margins of cleared grassy areas.

Only one species of monotreme was identified in the Project Application Area; the Short-beaked Echidna (Tachyglossus culeatus). This egg-laying mammal predominantly eats termites and ants and

113007; August 2014 Page 79 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment is found in almost all terrestrial environments across Australia (Menkhorst & Knight 2001). Though the Echidna was rarely directly observed, traces of the animal were identified throughout the Project Application Area, in the form of characteristic diggings.

The carnivorous marsupial, Spotted-tailed Quoll was recorded on motion detection camera within the moist gully forest of Genowlan Creek.

Plate 8 Spotted-tailed Quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) captured on motion detection camera

4.7.2 Arboreal Mammals

Five arboreal mammals were recorded in the Project Application Area. One threatened arboreal mammal was identified during spotlighting, namely Squirrel Glider (Petaurus norfolcensis).

The Project Application Area supports a high abundance of arboreal mammals, including Sugar Glider (Petaurus breviceps), Greater Glider (Petauroides volans), Common Ringtail Possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) and Common Brushtail Possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). Arboreal mammals were predominantly identified during nocturnal spotlight surveys, with a small number of Brushtail Possums trapped in terrestrial cage and Elliot traps. The Greater Glider and Common Brushtail Possum were easily detected by their bright eye shine during spotlight surveys. The Sugar Glider is more frequently detected by its distinctive yapping call than by its eye-shine or movement (DEC 2007).

The Greater Glider, Common Ringtail Possum and Brushtail Possum co-occur in eucalypt forest landscapes across much of south-eastern Australia (Lindenmayer 1997). All four species are nocturnal. The Greater Glider feeds almost exclusively on Eucalyptus leaves, the Ringtail Possum and Brushtail Possum forage for Eucalyptus leaves as well as other native and non-native plant species, fruits and flowers, and the sugar glider feeds upon acacia gum, nectar, pollen and eucalypt sap.

The Greater Glider appears to be locally abundant in suitable habitat within the Project Application Area, preferring tall forests, particularly in higher elevation areas with flat topography and enriched soils (DEC 2007). Such stands occur on steep slopes surrounding the Mount Airly-Genowlan Mountain mesa, and on the mesa itself. It was not recorded, and is unlikely to occur, in the cleared and disturbed areas in the west of the Project Application Area. Trees with hollows are the only places the species can use for sheltering and nesting. Tall trees typically support the large hollows needed to

113007; August 2014 Page 80 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment shelter this species, and provide the necessary height from which it can glide, up to 100 mm, into the surrounding forest (Lindenmayer et al 2011).

The shelter requirements of the Brushtail Possum are less specific, and may include a hollow dead branch, tree trunk, fallen log or rock cavity. The species is also known to shelter in a hollowed termite mound (Strahan 1995). As a result, it may occur throughout the Project Application Area, including scattered trees in cleared areas in the west of the Project Application Area. The sugar glider shelters in a bowl-shaped or spherical nest of leaves within a tree hollow, in proximity to abundant food resources.

The Common Ringtail Possum prefers habitats with a well developed mid-stratum or shrub layer, in which to forage and shelter. The Ringtail Possum is not entirely dependent on tree hollows for shelter during the day; it may also construct a drey; a spherical nest lined with shredded bark or grass, in a tree fork or amongst dense vegetation (Strahan 1995, DEC 2007).

4.7.3 Bats

Thirteen microchiropteran bat (microbat) species were caught in harps traps or detected using an Anabat detector within the Project Application Area (Table 10). Microbat species recorded, including three threatened species, namely the Large-eared Pied Bat (Chalinolobus dwyeri), Eastern Bentwing Bat (Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis) and Southern Myotis (Myotis macropus).

Bats were recorded in all habitats throughout the Project Application Area, including woodland, tall forest, access tracks and remnant vegetation in cleared areas. The occurrence of species in different habitats is influenced by variations in landscape features present within the Project Application Area, including topography, vegetation and proximity to roosting habitat. In addition, variations in bat wing morphology among microbat species influences whether a species prefers to forage in open areas or amongst dense vegetation (Patriquin 2003, Adams 2012).

All species recorded are insectivorous and hunt for flying insects such as moths, bugs, beetles, flies, cicadas, crickets and wasps. Some microbat species are able to take prey from the ground or from the surface of vegetation, including spiders, ants and termites (Churchill 2009). Table 10 Microbats recorded in the Project Application Area

Species Roosting Habitat (Churchill 2009) Foraging behaviour (Churchill 2009)

Primarily caves, also abandoned mines, Eastern Horseshoe-bat (Rhinolophus rock piles, buildings, tree hollows, old Flies below the canopy, amongst megaphyllus) railway tunnels, tree roots in undercut foliage and branches of dense shrubs. creek banks, stormwater drains, culverts.

Undescribed Freetail Bat (Mormopterus species Tree hollows and spouts. Forages on insects while in flight. 2)

Undescribed Freetail Bat Forage in the spaces between trees (Mormopterus species Tree hollows and in house roofs. and above the forest canopy for 4) insects.

White-striped Freetail Bat Tree hollows, loose bark, dead stumps Feeds on insects above the tree (Tadarida australis) and buildings. canopy whilst in flight.

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Species Roosting Habitat (Churchill 2009) Foraging behaviour (Churchill 2009)

Large-eared Pied Bat Flies mid-canopy level, 6 – 10 m above Caves, crevices, cliff, mines. (Chalinolobus dwyeri) the ground.

Files just below or within the lower Primarily in tree hollows and hollow limbs Gould’s Wattled Bat level of the tree canopy, along forest of mature living trees, but also buildings, (Chalinolobus gouldii) edges, creeklines and around isolated tree stumps, in machinery. paddock trees.

Primarily tree hollows, but also houses, Flies between the understorey and the Chocolate Wattled Bat (Chalinolobus morio) under exfoliating bark of trees, fairy martin canopy, sometimes flies low along nests, culverts bridges and caves. access tracks.

Flies close to vegetation and unto the understorey. In forests, fly 6 – 10 m Rock crevices, under lifting and peeling Lesser Long-eared Bat above the ground. Flies lower in open back, tree hollows, fairy martin nests, (Nyctophilus geoffroyi) areas, spiralling around trees and under piles of bricks. bushes. Can land on the ground to catch prey.

Eastern Bentwing Bat (Miniopterus schreibersii Primarily caves but also disused mines, Hunts over forested areas catching oceanensis) storm-water tunnels and buildings. flying insects above the canopy.

Forages over streams and small water Southern Myotis Caves, mine shafts, tree hollows, storm bodies catching insects while in flight (Myotis macropus) water channels, buildings and bridges. and small fish by raking their feet across the water.

Flies between the space amongst Large Forest Bat (Vespadelus darlingtoni) Tree hollows, also buildings. trees, and between the canopy and understorey.

Southern Forest Bat (Vespadelus regulus) Tree hollows and loose bark. Feeds on insects on forested areas.

Flies within the upper levels of the Little Forest Bat Tree hollows, in dead trees or dead forest understory or between trees, (Vespadelus vulturnus) branches of live trees, also buildings. often very close to foliage and below the canopy.

Several species, including some of the most commonly recorded – such as Little Forest Bat and Chocolate Wattled Bat, are habitat generalists, occurring in vegetation remnants in cleared and disturbed areas, woodlands and forests and across the Mount-Airly-Genowlan Mountain mesa. These are tree-roosting species that are generally more tolerant of fluctuations in temperature and humidity at roosting sites, allowing them to occupy a broad range of habitats (Churchill 1998, DEC 2007).

The Eastern Horseshoe-bat (Rhinolophus megaphyllus) is one of the obligate cave-roosting bat species recorded within the Project Application Area. The occurrence of this species is supported by the abundance and complexity of sandstone caves and overhangs associated with the steep sandstone escarpments and pagodas (DEC 2007).

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No species of flying-foxes were observed during field surveys. The Grey-headed Flying Fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) occurs primarily along the eastern coastal plain and is infrequently found west of the Great Dividing Range (Tidemann 1998).

4.7.4 Avifauna Surveys

A total of 111 bird species, comprising 109 native species and two exotic species were recorded within the Project Application Area. Eleven threatened and three migratory bird species were recorded during RPS surveys, and these are discussed further in Section 4.7.9. Birds were identified through systematic censuses and opportunistic visual and aural identification.

Of conservation significance is the presence of a number of species that are thought to be in decline across NSW, though they have not yet been listed on either the TSC or EPBC Acts. Of these species, the following occur within the Project Application Area: Rockwarbler, White-winged Chough, Spotted Quail-thrush and Red-browed Treecreeper (DEC 2007).

In addition, a number of species that have been located within the Project Application Area are thought to have declined within the Sydney Basin Bioregion in recent years. These include the Jacky Winter, Wedge-tailed Eagle, Nankeen Kestrel, Dusky Woodswallow, White-backed Swallow, Australian Pipit, Scarlet Robin, and White-throated Needletail (DEC 2007).

Frequently recorded species during diurnal bird censuses included White-throated Treecreeper, Grey Fantail, Brown Thornbill, Pied Currawong, Superb Fairy Wren, Rufous Whistler, Golden Whistler and a diversity of honeyeaters. The Superb Lyrebird was frequently seen and heard in moist woodland and forest habitats, on the slopes surrounding the Mount Airly-Genowlan Mountain mesa, and on the mesa itself. Superb Lyrebirds vocalise loud, elaborate songs and are able to mimic other sounds, both natural (predominantly the calls of other bird species) and man-made. One individual on Genowlan Mountain was heard incorporating the calls of the Crimson Rosella, Laughing Kookaburra, Pied Currawong and Yellow-tailed Cockatoo into its song within a two minute period.

The most abundant and diverse family groups occurring in the Project Application Area are the Acanthizidae (gerygones, thornbills, and scrubwrens), Meliphagidae (honeyeaters and chats). Birds of the Acanthizidae family are typically small, insectivorous birds, although some also forage for seeds. Most species are sedentary. Honeyeaters predominantly forage for nectar, however, many species also feed on insects, pollen, berries and sugary exudates of plants as well as the sugary secretions of psyllids. Many honeyeaters are highly mobile, searching out seasonal nectar sources. Mass-flowering eucalypts are particularly popular with these nomadic honeyeaters such as Yellow-faced Honeyeater, Yellow-tufted Honeyeater and White-naped Honeyeater. Other species are sedentary such as the Eastern Spinebill, and some species are strongly territorial, including the New Holland Honeyeater and Noisy Miner (Birds in Backyards 2013).

Parrots were also common throughout the Project Application Area, represented by the Psittacoidea (‘true’ parrots), and Cacatuoidea (cockatoos) families. Almost all parrots require hollows in old or dead trees for nesting and sheltering. Some species, such as sulphur-crested cockatoos, are able to excavate existing tree hollows, thereby substantially altering existing hollows to suit their nesting requirements (Pell and Tidemann 1996, Heinson et al 2003). The size of the hollow entrance and its internal dimensions, particularly depth, primarily determines the size of the bird that may occupy a hollow. For example, large parrots require large hollows, with a preference for large vertical spouts and trunk hollows, while smaller parrots may prefer deep hollows with small entrances that are not as accessible to predators and larger competitors (Heinson et al 2003).

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Five birds of prey were identified in the Project Application Area (Table 11). These birds are most frequently detected on an opportunistic basis, rather than during systematic censuses.

Table 11 Birds of prey occurring in the Project Application Area (Debus 2012)

Scientific Name Common Name Diet Breeding Mammals, birds, reptiles, Accipiter Platform of sticks in the fork of a Brown Goshawk amphibians, arthropods ad fasciatus living tree. occasionally carrion. Large platform or pile of sticks in alive or dead tree with a Mammals, birds, reptiles and Aquila audax Wedge-tailed Eagle commanding view. Occasionally carrion. on cliff ledges, among rocks, rarely on a power pole or pylon. Platform of sticks in the canopy Black-shouldered Small rodents, occasionally Elanus axillaris of a live tree or rarely, an artificial Kite small birds, lizards and insects. structure. Most commonly tree hollows and on cliffs; eggs are laid in a Invertebrates, occasionally depression or scrape. May also Falco Nankeen Kestrel small mammals, birds and nest in disused nests of other cenchroides reptiles. birds, ledges on buildings and machinery, sink-holes and mine- shafts. A scrape on a cliff ledge or Flocking birds (pigeons, parrots quarry face, the old stick-nest of and starlings), occasionally another raptor, tree or electricity Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon large insects, rarely fish, pylon, ledge of a building, dam reptiles, small mammals or wall or silo, occasionally a mine- carrion. shaft.

4.7.5 Reptiles

Twenty reptile species were recorded in the Project Application Area (Appendix 4); one Eastern Snake-necked Turtle, three geckos, eight skinks, four elapid snakes and four agamid lizards. No threatened reptile species were recorded in the Project Application Area. Reptiles were most commonly identified during targeted herpetological searches, involving turning over logs, rocks and other debris, and during nocturnal spotlighting surveys.

The Lace Monitor (Varanus varius) was frequently encountered throughout the Project Application Area. This goanna is the second largest native carnivore in eastern Australia and is a habitat generalist that forages across a large home range for carrion, nesting birds, reptile eggs, mammals and invertebrates (DEC 2007).

Snakes were not commonly encountered in the Project Application Area. One Bandy Bandy (Vermicella annulata) was found crossing Glen Davis road following rain; another Bandy Bandy was found road-killed in the same location one week later. A comparison of markings of each snake was used to determine that this was not the same individual. The Bandy Bandy is a nocturnal, burrowing species and is rarely encountered. It shelters under embedded rocks and logs and feeds exclusively on blind snakes (Swan 1990). The Eastern Small-eyed snake (Cryptophis nigrescens) was identified on the summit of Genowlan Mountain during a spotlighting survey; records of the Small-eyed Snake are generally restricted to higher altitudes (DEC 2007).

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4.7.6 Amphibians

Ten species of frog were recorded in the Project Application Area. No threatened amphibian species were recorded in the Project Application Area. Species were predominantly identified during nocturnal surveys, as a result of habitat searches or aural recognition of calls. Frogs were commonly found in association with ephemeral creek lines and in dams, particularly those fringed by vegetation, such as sedges and rushes. Frogs were also encountered on an opportunistic basis following rain, as they use wet weather to disperse and were encountered on roads and trails.

The most widespread and abundant frog species in the Project Application Area is the Common Eastern Froglet (Crinia signifera), which was observed or heard calling in dams, ephemeral drainage lines and other damp areas. This species is also capable of colonising puddles and depressions following rain. This species calls consistently throughout the year and so is easily detected by auditory surveys, though it is very small and is usually visually inconspicuous.

The dam adjacent to the Nissen Hut on the summit of Genowlan Mountain supported a high diversity of frogs, including Peron’s Tree Frog (Litoria peronii), Spotted Grass Frog (Limnodynastes tasmaniensis), Smooth Toadlet (Uperoleia laevigata), and Eastern Banjo Frog (Limnodynastes dumerilii). These species are generally widespread and adaptable, and may be found in farms dams, ditches and other bodies of still water, including inundated cleared areas (Robinson 1995). Despite targeted surveys, the Booroolong Frog (Litoria booroolongensis) was not detected within the Project Application Area.

4.7.7 Invertebrates

Targeted surveys were undertaken within potential habitats of the Bathurst Copper Butterfly. No individuals of this species were found during the surveys undertaken within the peak activity period of this species.

During all surveys, species of snail were also opportunistically observed to determine if they the Capertee Snail (Sauroconcha caperteeana). Any snails or snail shells that were encountered were photographed and later considered for their potential to fit the description provided in Zhang & Shea (2008). No individuals of the Capertee Snail were recorded.

4.7.8 Exotic Species and Pest Animals

Ten species of exotic animals were found within the Project Application Area, eight terrestrial mammal species and two bird species. Small groups of feral goats (Capra hircus) were frequently found on Mount Airly. Feral dogs were seen on several occasions, in cleared areas in proximity to the pit top. Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were common in cleared, low-lying areas. Black rats (Rattus rattus) were trapped in Elliot traps infrequently.

4.7.9 Threatened Fauna Species

Twenty three threatened and three migratory fauna species have been recorded in the Project Application Area by RPS and/or CMLR (Table 12). Locations of these species are shown in Figure 9. Table 12 Threatened fauna species recorded in the Project Application Area

Status under TSC Status under Scientific name Common name Act EPBC Act

Anthochaera phrygia* Regent Honeyeater Critically Endangered Endangered

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Status under TSC Status under Scientific name Common name Act EPBC Act

Callocephalon fimbriatum Gang-gang Cockatoo Vulnerable -

Calyptorhynchus lathami Glossy Black-Cockatoo Vulnerable -

Chalinolobus dwyeri Large-eared Pied Bat Vulnerable Vulnerable

Chthonicola sagittatus* Speckled Warbler Vulnerable - Brown Treecreeper Climacteris picumnus victoriae Vulnerable - (eastern subspecies)

Daphoenositta chrysoptera Varied Sittella Vulnerable -

Dasyurus maculatus maculatus Spotted-tailed Quoll Vulnerable Endangered

Glossopsitta pusilla Little Lorikeet Vulnerable -

Grantiella picta* Painted Honeyeater Vulnerable -

Hirundapus caudacutus White-throated Needletail - Migratory Black-chinned Honeyeater Melithreptus gularis gularis* Vulnerable - (eastern subspecies) Merops ornatus Rainbow Bee-eater - Migratory

Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis Eastern Bentwing-bat Vulnerable -

Myiagra cyanoleuca Satin Flycatcher - Migratory

Myotis macropus Southern Myotis Vulnerable -

Ninox strenua Powerful Owl Vulnerable -

Pachycephala inornata* Gilbert’s Whistler Vulnerable -

Petaurus norfolcensis Squirrel Glider Vulnerable -

Petroica boodang Scarlet Robin Vulnerable -

Petroica phoenicea Flame Robin Vulnerable - Pomatostomus temporalis Grey-crowned Babbler Vulnerable temporalis -

Stagonopleura guttata Diamond Firetail Vulnerable -

Tyto tenebricosa Sooty Owl Vulnerable -

Tyto novaehollandiae Masked Owl Vulnerable -

Varanus rosenbergi* Rosenberg’s Goanna Vulnerable -

*Recorded only by The University of Queensland (CMLR 2012a)

113007; August 2014 Page 86 WARNING No part of this plan should be used for critical design dimensions. Confirmation of critical positions should be obtained from RPS Newcastle.

4.8 Habitat Survey

4.8.1 Vegetation Corridors and Linkages

The Project Application Area is located on the western margin of a large system of protected areas (including the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area) that surrounds the western rim of the Sydney Basin, preserving the sandstone-based links between the Sydney, Hunter and Central West regions of New South Wales (DECC 2008). Intact fauna habitats of the Project Application Area, primarily contained within Mugii Murum-ban State Conservation Area (SCA), are linked to this system by the Gardens of Stone National Park. The Gardens of Stone National Park adjoins the Project Application Area to the south and Wollemi National Park in the east. In addition, habitats of the Project Application Area maintain connectivity with Capertee National Park to the north.

This huge expanse of continuous habitat facilitates the movement of many fauna species across the landscape. Animals move through habitats to obtain food, shelter and breeding resources, in response to seasonal resource ability and habitat conditions. Large tracts of habitat are generally required for successful dispersal away from natal areas or seasonal migrations (Van der Ree et al 2007).

Fauna habitats have been largely cleared from the west of the Project Application Area. Many forest- dependent mammal species (other than bats) cannot cross or avoid large areas of cleared land and may be susceptible to increased mortality due to factors such as predation when they do attempt to cross (Alpine et al 2006). The movement of some forest-depended bird species, such as Grey Shike- thrush (Colluricincla harmonica) and the White-throated treecreeper (Cormobates leucophaea) is significantly reduced by gaps in forest cover and perceive gaps in habitat cover as barriers to movement (Robertson and Radford 2009).

In the wider locality, the landscape to the west of the Project Application Area is characterised by a mosaic of cleared agricultural land and large patches of remnant vegetation. Many of these remnants are linked by riparian vegetation that has been retained in association with drainage lines; others are linked by narrow corridors of native vegetation. Some remnants do not maintain connectivity with any other patches of vegetation in the landscape and are completely isolated amongst cleared land.

There are no significant barriers to fauna movement surrounding the Project Application Area. Glen Davis Road, a sealed road that generally occurs along the southern boundary of the Project Application Area, is a low-traffic road. However, road-killed animals including snakes, birds and macropods were observed on the road verge. The Castlereagh Highway is located three km west of the Project Application Area, comprising a two-lane sealed road. This highway does not conduct particularly high traffic levels, although road-killed animals were not uncommon along the road verge.

4.8.2 Broad Habitat Types

Broad habitat of the Project Application Area is mapped by DECC (2006) and include dry sclerophyll forest, wet sclerophyll forest, grassy woodlands, heath, dry rainforest, riverine forest and cleared and disturbed areas.

Dry sclerophyll habitats dominate the Project Application Area, occurring across the Mount Airly- Genowlan Mountain mesa, the steep slopes surrounding the mesa and low-lying, undulated areas. Wet sclerophyll habitats are much more patchily distributed, occurring in sheltered locations on top of the mesa and in gullies surrounding it. This habitat type generally does not occur on low-lying areas. Heath is generally restricted to the top of the Mount Airly-Genowlan Mountain mesa, occurring in small patches separated by dry sclerophyll forest. Grassy woodlands are sparsely distributed throughout the Project Application Area, and occur in small patches on top of the mesa in low-lying areas in the north-

113007; August 2014 Page 88 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment west of the Project Application Area. A very small area of riverine forest occurs in association with Gap Creek in the north of the Project Application Area. Cleared and disturbed areas occur in the west of the Project Application Area, where vegetation has been largely cleared for agricultural purposes (primarily cattle grazing). The pit top and associated facilities are located in these areas.

Plate 9 Wet sclerophyll forest in proximity to Genowlan Creek, on Genowlan Mountain

Plate 10 Dry sclerophyll forest on the lower slopes, south of Genowlan Mountain

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Plate 11 Heath on Genowlan Point

Plate 12 Grassy woodland on top of Genowlan Mountain

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Plate 13 Patches of remnant dry sclerophyll forest persist in cleared and disturbed areas

Plate 14 Cleared and disturbed areas in the west of the Project Application Area

4.8.3 Key Fauna Resources

4.8.3.1 Sandstone Habitats

Rugged sandstone habitats are a characteristic feature of the Project Application Area, and include the distinctive pagodas, steeps cliffs and escarpments, rocky outcrops or piles of sandstone boulders, caves, crevices and ledges.

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Plate 15 Steep sandstone escarpments bounding Mount Airly and Genowlan Mountain

Plate 16 Sandstone pagodas and exfoliating slabs on top of Genowlan Mountain

Several fauna species recorded in the Project Application Area are sandstone habitat specialists. The Project Application Area supports an abundance and complexity of sandstone caves and overhangs that offer roosting habitat to obligate cave-roosting microbat species recorded in the Project Application Area, such as Eastern Horseshoe-bat (Rhinolophus megaphyllus) and Large-eared Pied Bat (Chalinolobus dwyeri).

The Common Wallaroo (Macropus robustus) may be more abundant than the number of sightings suggest, due to its shy nature and scats not being readily identifiable. Steep escarpments, sandstone outcrops and rocky hills comprise preferred habitat of the species, and such features are common throughout the Project Application Area (DEC 2007).

Sandstone outcrops, overhangs, crevices and ledges provide good habitat opportunities for reptile species; many species of lizards and snakes rely heavily on sandstone cracks and crevices for shelter.

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Lesueur’s velvet gecko (Oedura lesueurii) is a small nocturnal gecko that shelters beneath sandstone boulders and slabs during the day, preferring rocks in full sun rather than partial or full shade. (Downes and Shine 1998), The Broad-tailed Gecko (Phyllurus platurus) typically seeks shelter in a sandstone crevice.

4.8.3.2 Hollow-bearing Trees

Hollow-bearing trees were common throughout the Project Application Area, and include a diversity of eucalypt species of various ages. Smaller trees of woodland communities typically supported smaller trunk and branch hollows. Forest communities, particularly those occurring in sheltered gullies, supported some very large trees, some up to two m DBH. These tall, wide trees contained several large tree and branch hollows. Many isolated paddock trees in the west of the Project Application Area and stags, distributed throughout the Project Application Area, also contained hollows of varying sizes.

Characteristics of hollows dictate the suitability of hollows for different fauna groups or species. The abundance and variations in hollows is reflected by the high diversity and abundance of hollow- dependent fauna species in the Project Application Area (Table 13). Hollow-dependent fauna are defined as species that rely on tree hollows for shelter, roosting, or nesting at some stage in their life cycle (Moloney et al 2002). Several threatened hollow-dependent species occur in the Project Application Area, including Gang-gang Cockatoo (Callocephalon fimbriatum), Glossy Black-Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami), Little Lorikeet (Glossopsitta pusilla), Powerful Owl (Ninox strenua) and Brown Treecreeper (Climacteris picumnus victoriae).

Table 13 Hollow requirements of fauna species occurring in the Project Application Area

Hollow characteristics Species occurring in Project Application Area

Small hollow Little Forest Bat (Vespadelus vulturnus) (1-5 cm minimum diameter)

Green tree-frog (Litoria caerulea), Gould’s Wattled Bat (Chalinolobus gouldii), Medium hollow Chocolate Wattled Bat (Chalinolobus morio), Lesser Long-eared Bat (5-10 cm minimum diameter) (Nyctophilus geoffroyi), Large Forest Bat (Vespadelus darlingtoni), Sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps), Striated Pardalote (Pardalotus striatus)

Australian owlet-nightjar (Aegotheles cristatus), Australian King-Parrot (Alisterus scapularis), Crimson Rosella (Platycercus elegans), Eastern Large hollow Rosella (Platycercus eximius), Little Lorikeet (Glossopsitta pusilla), Red- (10-20 cm minimum diameter) rumped Parrot (Psephotus haematonotus), Red-browed Treecreeper (Climacteris erythrops), Brown Treecreeper (Climacteris picumnus victoriae), White-throated Treecreeper (Cormobates leucophaea).

Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita), Gang-gang Cockatoo (Callocephalon fimbriatum), Yellow-tailed Black-Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus Very large hollow funereus), Laughing Kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae), Powerful Owl (Ninox (>20 cm minimum diameter) strenua), Southern Boobook (Ninox novaeseelandiae), Common Brushtail Possum (Trichosurus vulpecular), Greater Glider (Petauroides volans), Lace Monitor (Varanus varius)

The availability of tree-hollows may directly influence the abundance of particular species, particularly those that can only breed in tree hollows (whereas some species are able to nest elsewhere, such as some microbats). The removal of hollow-bearing trees is often the primary cause of the decline of a

113007; August 2014 Page 93 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment hollow-dependent species; hollows suitable for occupation by wildlife may take several hundred years to develop and cannot be easily replaced.

4.8.3.3 Flowering and Fruiting Plants

The Project Application Area supports an abundance of flowering plants including a diversity of myrtaceous species, such as eucalypts, and other flowering species such as banksias and acacias. These species offer foraging resources including nectar, pollen, eucalypt sap and acacia gum to arboreal mammals such as Sugar Glider (Petaurus breviceps) and Ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus peregrines). The Project Application Area also supports a diversity of highly mobile nectar-feeding birds including Eastern Spinebill (Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris), a diversity of honeyeaters and Noisy Friarbird (Philemon corniculatus).

Allocasuarina littoralis, a preferred food resource of the Glossy Black Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami) (NPWS 1999c, DEC 2004), was patchily distributed throughout the Project Application Area.

Mistletoe was common throughout the Project Application Area; the fruits of many mistletoe species show a range of attributes that are attractive to many animals, as they are large, sweet and conspicuous. Species that may utilise mistletoes include Silvereye (Zosterops lateralis), Ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus peregrines) and thornbills (Watson 2001).

4.8.3.4 Logs and Ground timber

Large woody debris was common across the Project Application Area. The abundance of hollow logs offer potential sheltering and breeding habitat for small terrestrial mammals, reptiles and birds.

4.8.3.5 Aquatic habitats

Aquatic habitats are limited throughout the Project Application Area. Surface watercourses draining the Project Application Area are ephemeral and are characterised by extremely low or zero flow for most of the year. When flowing, creeks may offer habitat to frogs and reptiles such as Eastern Water- skink (Eulamprus quoyii).

Several farm dams are located in cleared and disturbed areas. Aquatic bird species commonly observed in association with dams included Pacific Black Duck (Anas superciliosa), Grey Teal (Anas gracilis), Australian Wood Duck (Chenonetta jubata) and Australasian Grebe (Tachybaptus novaehollandiae). Dams fringed by vegetation such as rushes and sedges offer sheltering habitat to a diversity of frog species.

Depressions and low-lying areas that are inundated following rain may offer temporary habitat to colonising frog species.

Booroolong Frog Habitat Assessment

Habitat assessments conducted throughout Airly Creek, Coco Creek, The Capertee River, Gap Creek and Genowlan Creek determined that the available habitats were not suitable for Booroolong Frog occupancy. Various habitat features required by the Booroolong Frog such as cobble stone substrates, riparian vegetation and fringing bank vegetation were present at multiple sites; however the overall lacking element for the majority of sites was the presence of permanent water. Booroolong Frogs are known to avoid habitats that are ephemeral, preferring those with a permanent water supply (OEH 2012a).

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4.8.4 SEPP 44 – Koala Habitat Protection

SEPP 44 defines “Potential” and “Core” Koala habitat, in accordance with the proportion of feed tree species present in an area. Four feed tree species listed under Schedule 2 of SEPP 44 occur in the Project Application Area:

Eucalyptus albens (White box) Eucalyptus punctata (Grey Gum) Eucalyptus tereticornis (Forest Red Gum) Eucalyptus viminalis (Ribbon Gum) In addition, the Australian Koala Foundation (AKF) has published a list of endemic (local) tree species for each LGA across NSW, South Australia and Queensland. The list identifies tree species that are the limiting resource (i.e. food) for Koalas and are key to ensuring the future survival of the species (AKF 2012). Thirty tree species are identified as important tree species for the Koala in the Lithgow LGA. Eleven of these species occur in the Project Application Area, including Eucalyptus viminalis, Eucalyptus. Blakelyi, and Eucalyptus cypellocarpa, which are listed as a primary food tree for the Koala in the Lithgow LGA: Eucalyptus albens (White Box) Eucalyptus punctata (Grey Gum) Eucalyptus tereticornis (Forest Red Gum) Eucalyptus viminalis (Ribbon Gum) Eucalyptus cypellocarpa (Mountain Grey Gum) Eucalyptus bridgesiana (Apple Box) Eucalyptus melliodora (Yellow Box) Eucalyptus blakelyi (Blakely’s Red Gum) Eucalyptus polyanthemos ssp. polyanthemos (Red Box) Eucalyptus mannifera (Brittle Bum) Eucalyptus dealbata (Tumble-down Red Gum)

Despite the presence of Koala feed trees in the Project Application Area, they do not occur in the density required for any part of the Project Application Area to be defined as “Potential” or “Core” Koala habitat. Targeted searches for Koala scat in association with feed trees did not identify the presence of Koalas. There are no records of the species within or in proximity to the Project Application Area. The closest records of the species are located 15 km south-east of the Project Application Area, in proximity to the Wolgan River in Wolgan State Forest, Wollemi National Park and Newnes State Forest. These records date from 1994-2011 (OEH Bionet 2013).

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5.0 Identification of Subject Species and Communities

Threatened flora and fauna species (listed under the TSC Act 1995 and/or EPBC Act 1999) that have been gazetted and recorded within a 10 km radius of the Project Application Area have been considered within this assessment. EECs known from the broader area have also been addressed. Each species / community is considered for its potential to occur within the Project Application Area.

This assessment deals with the following heads of consideration in tabulated form (refer to Table 11):

‘Species / Community’/ Population’ – Lists each threatened species / population / EEC known from the vicinity. The status of each threatened species under the TSC Act 1995 and EPBC Act 1999 are also provided.

‘Habitat Description’ – Provides a brief account of the species / community / population and the preferred habitat attributes required for the existence / survival of each species / community.

‘Likelihood of Occurrence within the Project Application Area’ – Assesses the likelihood of each species / community to occur along or within the immediate vicinity of the Project Application Area in terms of the aforementioned habitat description and taking into account local habitat preferences, results of current field investigations, data gained from various sources (such as OEH Atlas of NSW Wildlife, HBOC records etc) and previously gained knowledge via fieldwork undertaken within other RPS ecological assessments in the locality.

‘Potential for Impact’ – Assesses the potential of each species / community / population to be impacted within the Project Application Area.

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Table 14 Assessment of Likelihood of Occurrence of Threatened Species and Communities and Assessment of Potential Impacts

Status under Status under Scientific Name Common Name Habitat requirements/ known distribution Probability of occurrence in the Project Application Area Potential for Impact TSC Act EPBC Act

Flora

A shrub to 2.4 m high, root-suckering. Occurs near Patonga Unlikely. (Gosford LGA), and in Royal NP and on the Woronora Plateau Astrotricha This species is unlikely to occur, hence is Thick-leaf Star-hair Vulnerable Vulnerable (Sutherland and Campbelltown LGAs). There is also a record One record occurs from near Glen Davis (DECC, 2005). However, no crassifolia considered unlikely to be impacted upon as a from near Glen Davis (Lithgow LGA). Occurs in dry sclerophyll additional information is available for this species. All other records of result of the Project. woodland on sandstone. Flowers in spring. this species are very coastal. This species is unlikely to occur. An erect shrub to 1.5 m tall with smooth stems and leaves. Grows in swamp margins, hillslopes, gullies and creek banks Unlikely. This species is unlikely to occur, hence is Pultenaea glabra Smooth Bush-pea Vulnerable Vulnerable and occurs within dry sclerophyll forest and tall damp heath on The Project Application Area lies outside the known range of this considered unlikely to be impacted upon as a sandstone. Known distribution restricted to the higher Blue species. result of the Project. Mountains and Glen Davis area. A small shrub to 0.5 m with yellow and red pea flowers. Known from a single population at Genowlan Point in the Capertee The Project may impact on this known species Pultenaea sp. Genowlan Point Critically Critically Valley where it occurs on well-drained soil near the cliff edge. Known. habitat. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) Genowlan Point Pultenaea Endangered Endangered The population is restricted to a very small area of only 250 The species was encountered during field surveys for this study. has been applied to this species in Appendix square m on Crown Land. The species has not yet been 1, as well an AoS (EPBC Act) in Appendix 2. formally described. It is closely related to Pultenaea glabra. A semi-prostrate shrub to 0.8 m tall. Found in central eastern NSW, from the Hunter District (Morisset) south to the Southern Highlands and west to the Blue Mountains. The species is This species may be impacted upon by currently known from about 30 locations, where it occurs in Possible. predicted low levels of subsidence. Therefore, small populations (1-5 plants) within heath or dry sclerophyll Acacia bynoeana Bynoe’s Wattle Endangered Vulnerable a 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) has forest on sandy soils. Seems to prefer open, sometimes slightly The Project Application Area is close to the western limit of this been applied to this species in Appendix 1, as disturbed sites such as trail margins, edges of roadside spoil species’ known distribution and suitable habitat is present. well an AoS (EPBC Act) in Appendix 2. mounds and in recently burnt patches. This species has been recorded along port Macquarie Road on ridge top habitat, approximately 12 km north of the Project Application Area. An erect or spreading shrub growing 2-4 m high. Known from isolated occurrences at Mt Wilson and Little Hartley, south to Unlikely. This species is unlikely to occur, hence is Yerranderie and Picton, in the Central Tablelands of NSW. Although suitable habitat does occur in the Project Application Area, Acacia flocktoniae Flockton Wattle Vulnerable Vulnerable Grows in dry sclerophyll forest on sandstone; associated considered unlikely to be impacted upon as a the northern limit of its known distribution (Mt Wilson) is over 50 km result of the Project. species include Acacia stricta and Podolobium ilicifolium. southeast of Airly. Usually flowers June-August, pods present in January. A spreading shrub to 2 m tall. Occurs on rocky ridgelines on Prostanthera Narrabeen Group Sandstones, within various vegetation types, This species may be impacted upon by Possible. cryptandroides particularly open forest dominated by Eucalyptus fibrosa. predicted low levels of subsidence. Therefore, Wollemi Mint-bush Vulnerable Vulnerable subsp. Distributed between Lithgow and Sandy Hollow on the NSW The Project Application Area is inside the known range of this a 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) has cryptandroides Central Tablelands and in nearby regions. species and there is suitable habitat within the area. been applied to this species in Appendix 1, as well an AoS (EPBC Act) in Appendix 2.

A bushy, aromatic shrub to 2 m tall and 3 m diameter. Often a locally dominant under shrub in heath or scrub communities Known. The Project may impact on this known species Mount Vincent Mint- along cliff edges, or as an understorey species within a range of Prostanthera stricta Vulnerable Vulnerable habitat. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) bush open forest or tall open forest types, or in adjacent transitional The species was frequently encountered on field surveys for this has been applied to this species in Appendix communities. Occurs from Mt Vincent to Genowlan Mountain in study. 1, as well an AoS (EPBC Act) in Appendix 2. the Central Tablelands. A shrub reaching 3-4 m tall, growing in dry sclerophyll forest on the coast and nearby ranges. Most records are from the Sydney Unlikely. Callistemon Region between Georges and Hawkesbury rivers. It has also This species is unlikely to occur, hence is Netted Bottle Brush Vulnerable - linearifolius been recorded in Yengo National Park and parts of northern The Project Application Area is outside the known distribution for this considered unlikely to be impacted upon as a coastal NSW. species. result of the Project.

Possible. Darwinia A broadly spreading shrub to 1.5 m high. Occurs as local As this species may occur on sandstone - Vulnerable - peduncularis disjunct populations in coastal NSW with a couple of isolated Suitable habitat is available within the Project Application Area and habitats within the Project Application Area, it populations in the Blue Mountains. It has been recorded from the species has been found nearby at Glen Davis. has the potential to be impacted upon by low

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Status under Status under Scientific Name Common Name Habitat requirements/ known distribution Probability of occurrence in the Project Application Area Potential for Impact TSC Act EPBC Act Brooklyn, Berowra, Galston Gorge, Hornsby, Bargo River, Glen levels of predicted subsidence. Therefore, a 7- Davis, Mount Boonbourwa and Kings Tableland. Usually grows part Test of significance (TSC Act) has been on or near rocky outcrops on sandy, well-drained, low nutrient applied to this species in Appendix 1. soil over sandstone. Flowers in winter to early spring. Tree to 18 m tall with dark, fibrous-flaky bark. Grows in the lowest part of the landscape, within grassy woodland on cold, poorly-drained flats and hollows adjacent to creeks and small Unlikely. Eucalyptus rivers. Found in cool, wet parts to the Central and Southern This species is unlikely to occur, hence is Black Gum Vulnerable - Normally occurs south of Bathurst and the OEH’s predicted considered unlikely to be impacted upon as a aggregata Tablelands, south from Bathurst, although the Wildlife Atlas database contains two records of this species within 10 km of distribution does not extend east of the Castlereagh Highway. result of the Project. the Project Application Area.

Tree to 15 m high with stringy bark. Distribution is restricted to an area of about 100 by 60 km in the central tablelands of NSW. The western border is approximately marked by a line between Bathurst and Mudgee, while the eastern locations occur Known. The Project may impact on this known species Capertee Eucalyptus cannonii Vulnerable - approximately on a line between Lithgow and the town of habitat. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) Stringybark This species was frequently encountered as part of the field surveys has been applied to this species in Appendix Bylong. The altitude range of Eucalyptus cannonii is from about for this study. 460 m to 1040 m. Within the range, the species appears to 1, as well an AoS (EPBC Act) in Appendix 2. tolerate most situations except valley floors. Tablelands Grassy Woodland Complex communities and Talus Slope Woodland.

A shrub to almost 3 m tall. Often grows in damp places including Unlikely. This species is unlikely to occur, hence is heath and along watercourses in low open forest with Water Triplarina imbricata Creek Triplarina Endangered Endangered The Project Application Area is well outside of the known range of considered unlikely to be impacted upon as a Gum (Tristaniopsis laurina). Known occurrence is on the ranges this species. result of the Project. of far north eastern NSW and there is a dubious record from Parramatta (before 1810). A cryptic species, possessing no leaves, thus only visible from November to February when its flowering stem protrudes up to Cryptostylis Leafless Tongue- Unlikely. This species is unlikely to occur, hence is Vulnerable Vulnerable 45 cm from the ground. Occurs in various habitat types ranging hunteriana orchid The Project Application Area is outside the known distribution for this considered unlikely to be impacted upon as a from swamp-heath to woodland. Chiefly found in coastal species. result of the Project. districts between the south and lower north coast of NSW. An orchid that appears as a single leaf over winter and spring. It flowers in spring with a spike to 30 cm tall, and then dies back to a tuber over summer and autumn. Occurs in open eucalypt Possible. This species could be impacted upon by the Prasophyllum sp. woodland and grassland. The species is known from seven installation of proposed surface facilities within Critically The species has a relatively broad distribution and its known range Wybong (C.Phelps a Leek Orchid - separate populations in NSW spanning from the Northern the Project Application Area. Therefore, an Endangered extends to within 25 km of the Project Application Area. ORG 5269) Tablelands to the Upper Hunter Valley to the Central Tablelands AoS (EPBC Act) has been applied in west of Mudgee. The closest known population to the Project Appendix 2. Application Area is near Ilford, approximately 20 km northwest of Capertee. A dense spreading shrub, rarely more than 0.5 m high, but can grow to 1.5 m, with white hairy stems. Grows in dry sclerophyll As this species may occur on sandstone forest or woodland, occasionally in swampy heath, in sandy Possible. habitats within the Project Application Area, it has the potential to be impacted upon by low soils, usually over Hawkesbury sandstone. Restricted to a small Known occurrences are 30 km north of the Project Application Area. Grevillea evansiana Evans Grevillea Vulnerable Vulnerable area east of Rylstone, on the Central Tablelands, mostly on the levels of predicted subsidence. Therefore, a 7- Whilst distribution appears highly restricted, similar habitats occur part Test of significance (TSC Act) has been western catchment but just getting into the Colo River within the Project Application Area. catchment. Found on the western side of Wollemi National Park applied to this species in Appendix 1, as well and nearby private lands, within the Rylstone LGA. an AoS (EPBC Act) in Appendix 2. Spreading shrub, usually 0.2–2 m high, sometimes root- suckering. Consists of two subspecies that both exist within the region. Subspecies obtusiflora occurs as scattered groups in the Possible. As this species is likely to occur, it is understorey of low open eucalypt forest at an altitude of 730 m. considered as having potential to be impacted Grevillea obtusiflora Subspecies fecunda occurs in clusters within low, open scrub The Atlas of NSW Wildlife shows 31 records of this species within 10 upon as a result of the Project. Therefore, a 7- Grey Grevillea Endangered Endangered km of the Project Application Area. The Project Application Area is subsp. fecunda beneath open, dry sclerophyll forest, on orange, sandy loam part Test of significance (TSC Act) has been soils with sandstone boulders, at an altitude of 570 m. within the known distribution of subspecies fecunda and suitable applied to this species in Appendix 1, as well Subspecies obtusiflora occurs near Clandulla, while subspecies habitat is present for both subspecies. an AoS (EPBC Act) in Appendix 2. fecunda occurs in the Capertee Valley, north-west of Lithgow, and in the Gardens of Stone National Park.

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Status under Status under Scientific Name Common Name Habitat requirements/ known distribution Probability of occurrence in the Project Application Area Potential for Impact TSC Act EPBC Act

A spreading shrub that grows to 50 cm high and up to 1 m across. Grows in dry sclerophyll forest and woodland on This species has the potential to occur, hence sandstone in heavier clayey, gravelly loam derived from Possible. may be impacted upon as a result of the Persoonia Clandulla Geebung Vulnerable Vulnerable Permian rocks at c. 700 m altitude on low ridges. Distributed in Project. Therefore, a 7-part Test of significance marginata Suitable habitat is present in the Project Application Area and the (TSC Act) has been applied to this species in the Capertee district between Kandos and Portland. Core of the species is known to occur nearby. species distribution is within Clandulla State Forest, west of Appendix 1, as well an AoS (EPBC Act) in Kandos. Also recorded from Capertee. Appendix 2. A shrub to 3 m tall with distinctively hairy stems. Grows in moist woodland or forest on clay and alluvial soils of flood plains and As this species may occur on creek line creek lines. Has been found in association with Eucalyptus Possible. habitats within the Project Application Area, it amplifolia, Angophora floribunda, Acacia parramattensis, Pomaderris Suitable habitat occurs along creek lines in the Project Application has the potential to be impacted upon by low Rufous Pomaderris Vulnerable Vulnerable Bursaria spinosa and Kunzea ambigua. Occurs at various sites brunnea Area, although no records exist of this species in the vicinity. The levels of predicted subsidence. Therefore, a 7- in the Greater Sydney Region, the closest site to the Project closest records are located at the edge of the Wollemi National Park, part Test of significance (TSC Act) has been Application Area being at Borai Creek, a tributary of the Colo located about 22 km to the NE. applied to this species in Appendix 1, as well River, located about 60 km ESE of Mount Genowlan. an AoS (EPBC Act) in Appendix 2.

A tall, thin shrub to 3 m high. Occurs north of Sydney, within the Hills Shire and Hornsby local government areas. Occurs on Hawkesbury sandstone, in sheltered forests on mid to lower slopes and valleys, e.g. in or adjacent to gullies which support Unlikely. This species is unlikely to occur, hence is Asterolasia elegans - Endangered Endangered sheltered forest. The canopy at known sites includes Syncarpia The species is known from only one locality, north of Maroota (near considered unlikely to be impacted upon as a glomulifera subsp. glomulifera (Turpentine), Angophora costata Wisemans Ferry, Hawkesbury River). result of the Project. (Smooth-barked Apple), Eucalyptus piperita (Sydney Peppermint), Allocasuarina torulosa (Forest Oak), and Ceratopetalum gummiferum (Christmas Bush). A shrub 2 – 3 m high, with angled stems which have star- Unlikely. shaped hairs. Grows on exposed, rocky outcrops/pagodas, Although known to occur only about 30 km north of Project This species is unlikely to occur, hence is Leionema chiefly in the ranges east of Rylstone. The species is known Application Area, the species’ distribution appears highly restricted Rylstone Bell Vulnerable Vulnerable considered unlikely to be impacted upon as a sympetalum from four sites within a small area inside Wollemi National Park. and, given its size, it would have been recorded by previous flora result of the Project. Found in dry sclerophyll forest, but probably also occurs in open surveys in the area, were a viable population to exist. or closed heathland communities. A shrub between 0.2 – 1.5 m high. Occurs in dry sclerophyll woodland or heath on structured loam soil; in most instances plants have been found on relatively flat ground on broad ridges and hill crests. Associated tree species include Eucalyptus Although this species has potential to occur, it fibrosa, E. crebra, E. polyanthemos, E. punctata and Callitris Possible. was not detected within the Project Application Capertee endlicheri. Associated understorey species include Phebalium bifidum Endangered - Area during surveys and preferred habitats are Phebalium Leptospermum muticus, Calytrix tetragona, Acacia gladiiformis Suitable habitat is present within the Project Application Area and the unlikely to be impacted upon by predicted low and Grevillea obtusiflora subsp. fecunda. species is known to occur nearby. levels of subsidence. It is therefore unlikely to Distribution is restricted to the Capertee Valley, south-east of be impacted upon as a result of the Project. Kandos. The species is extremely rare, in being known from only four disjunct sites from within the Valley. All known sites are outside conservation reserve. A spreading shrub to 2 m high. Grows in dry sclerophyll open forest or woodland on sandstone and in heath on damp sandy flats and gullies e.g. alluvial deposits of coarse gravel in dry creek beds. Associated species include Eucalyptus crebra, Possible. This species has the potential to occur, hence may be impacted upon as a result of the Philotheca ericifolia - - Vulnerable Beyeria viscosa and Philotheca australis. Inhabits the north- Whilst this species was not observed within Project Application Area, Project. Therefore, an AoS (EPBC Act) has western slopes and central western slopes of NSW, from the suitable habitat occurs within the Project Application Area. upper Hunter Valley, to Pilliga and to the Peak Hill district. been applied in Appendix 2. Occurrences of this species include within Wollemi National Park.

A small herb to 40 cm tall. Occurs in grassland or grassy Clearing associated with the Project may woodland, often in damp areas. Commonly found in association Possible. impact upon this species. A 7-part Test of Thesium australe Austral Toadflax Vulnerable Vulnerable with Kangaroo Grass (Themeda australis). Found in very small Suitable habitat containing Themeda australis is found in the Project significance (TSC Act) has been applied to this populations scattered across eastern NSW. Also found in Application Area. species in Appendix 1, as well an AoS (EPBC Tasmania, Queensland and eastern Asia. Act) in Appendix 2.

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Status under Status under Scientific Name Common Name Habitat requirements/ known distribution Probability of occurrence in the Project Application Area Potential for Impact TSC Act EPBC Act

An erect annual herb 20 – 35 cm high. Actively grows January – April, then dies back over the winter months. Known to occur in grassy habitats, such as open eucalyptus forests, often near rivers. Historically known from a limited number of places from Unlikely. Critically Critically This species is unlikely to occur, hence is Euphrasia arguta - Bathurst north to Walcha and now presumed extinct at many of The Project Application Area is outside of the current known considered unlikely to be impacted upon as a Endangered Endangered these localities. Had not been collected for 100 years until its distribution of this species. result of the Project. rediscovery in 2008 within the Nundle State forest of the NSW north-western slopes and tablelands. Also recorded from Barrington Tops in 2012. A tufted perennial herb, usually located just above the high water level of irregularly inundated or ephemeral lakes, in the Pelargonium sp. transition zone between surrounding grasslands or pasture and Unlikely. This species is unlikely to occur, hence is Striatellum Omeo Stork’s-bill Endangered Endangered the wetland or aquatic communities. During dry periods, the The Project Application Area is outside of the known distribution of considered unlikely to be impacted upon as a (G.W.Carr 10345) species is known to colonise exposed lake beds. Known to this species. result of the Project. occur in Victoria and the NSW Southern Tablelands on lake- beds within basalt plains. This species is confined to the remote canyons of the Wollemi National Park west of Sydney NSW. Known habitats include deep gorges on Narrabeen Group Triassic sandstone often Unlikely. This species is unlikely to occur, hence is Wollemi nobilis Wollemi Pine Endangered Endangered considered unlikely to be impacted upon as a within warm temperate rainforest. Exact record locations have This species is restricted to gorges of the Wollemi National Park. been withheld from public knowledge to protect the remaining result of the Project. populations of this species.

Invertebrates

Found in an area of the Central Tablelands of New South Wales between Oberon, Hartley and Bathurst. All of the known sites occur within the Evans Shire and Lithgow City Local Government areas. Known to occur in areas above 900 m and This species habitat may be impacted upon as where native Blackthorn (Bursaria spinosa subsp. lasiophylla) Possible. a result of clearing associated with the Project. Bathurst Copper occurs. Most population sites are also exposed to full sun for a Therefore, a 7-part Test of significance (TSC Paralucia spinifera Endangered Vulnerable The Project Application Area supports marginal habitat for the Butterfly large portion of the day. The butterfly emerges from pupation Act) has been applied to this species in from early August and is on the wing until at least early species. Appendix 1, as well an AoS (EPBC Act) in November. Although the timing of activity varies across the Appendix 2. species range there appears to be a peak of activity for a couple of weeks in September for most sites. Adult butterflies fly between August and November depending on the elevation and aspect of the site.

Amphibians

Is distributed in south-eastern NSW and Victoria, and appears to exist as two distinct populations: a northern population largely confined to the sandstone geology of the Sydney Basin. Found Predicted low levels of subsidence may impact in heath, woodland and open dry sclerophyll forest on a variety upon sandstone areas in which this species Possible. Heleioporus Giant Burrowing of soil types except those that are clay based. Breeding habitat prefers. It has the potential to be impacted Vulnerable Vulnerable of this species is generally soaks or pools within first or second The Project Application Area supports marginal breeding habitat and upon. Therefore, a 7-part Test of significance australiacus Frog order streams. They are also commonly recorded from ‘hanging potential foraging and sheltering habitat. (TSC Act) has been applied to this species in swamp’ seepage lines and where small pools form from the Appendix 1, as well an AoS (EPBC Act) in collected water. Spends more than 95% of its time in non- Appendix 2. breeding habitat in areas up to 300 m from breeding sites. Whilst in non-breeding habitat it burrows below the soil surface or in the leaf litter.

Unlikely. This species is unlikely to occur, hence is In NSW, known only from three locations south of Sydney. Mixophyes balbus Stuttering Frog - Vulnerable The Project Application Area does not contain permanent streams of considered unlikely to be impacted upon as a Inhabits rainforest and wet, tall forest in the foothills and result of the Project. escarpment east of the Great Dividing Range. Requires streams rivers. The Project Application Area does not support preferred

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Status under Status under Scientific Name Common Name Habitat requirements/ known distribution Probability of occurrence in the Project Application Area Potential for Impact TSC Act EPBC Act with rock shelves or shallow riffles for breeding in summer. habitat for this species Outside of breeding period, species is found under deep leaf little and thick understorey vegetation on forest floor.

Distribution restricted to the Sydney Basin, from Pokolbin, south to Nowra, and west to Mt Victoria in the Blue Mountains. Possible. The Project may impact upon this species. A Pseudophryne Red-crowned Occurs in open forests, where it typically inhabits periodically Vulnerable - The Project Application Area supports an abundance of ephemeral 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) has been australis Toadlet wet drainage lines below sandstone ridges. Breeds in dense drainage lines associated with sandstone. applied to this species in Appendix 1. vegetation and debris beside ephemeral creeks and gutters. Outside of breeding season, is found under rocks and logs on sandstone ridges where it forages amongst leaf-litter.

Isolated, scattered populations throughout coastal NSW, several within the Sydney metropolitan area, Shoalhaven and mid-north Unlikely. Green and Golden coast. Breeding habitat comprises natural and constructed This species is unlikely to occur, hence is Litoria aurea Endangered Vulnerable water bodies including wetlands, stormwater detention basins, The Project Application Area does not support preferred habitat for considered unlikely to be impacted upon as a Bell Frog marshes, dams and streams-side, preferably those that are this species. result of the Project. unshaded but with fringing vegetation. Forage for invertebrates within grassy habitats near breeding habitat. May shelter under vegetation, rocks and building materials.

Distribution restricted to NSW and north-eastern Victoria, Unlikely. predominantly along the western-flowing streams of the Great This species is unlikely to occur, hence is Litoria The Project Application Area does not contain permanent western- Booroolong Frog Endangered Endangered Dividing Range. Inhabits permanent streams with fringing considered unlikely to be impacted upon as a booroolongensis flowing streams streams. The Project Application Area does not vegetation and rocky banks. Lays eggs in submerged rock result of the Project. support preferred habitat for this species. crevices and tadpoles mature in slow-flowing connected or isolated pools.

Distributed throughout the plateaus and eastern slopes of the Great Dividing Range south from Watagan State Forest. Breeds Unlikely. Littlejohn’s Tree This species is unlikely to occur, hence is Litoria littlejohni Vulnerable Vulnerable in the upper reaches of permanent streams and in perched The Project Application Area does not contain permanent streams. considered unlikely to be impacted upon as a Frog swamps where it lays eggs on temporary or permanent slow The Project Application Area does not support preferred habitat for result of the Project. flowing pools. Outside of the breeding season, inhabits forests this species. and woodlands where it shelters under leaf litter and low vegetation and hunts for invertebrates.

Reptiles

A legless lizard known from the Central and Southern Tablelands, and the South Western Slopes. There is a concentration of populations in the Canberra/Queanbeyan Region. Other populations have been recorded near Cooma, Possible. As this species has the potential to occur Yass, Bathurst, Albury and West Wyalong. Inhabits sloping, within the Survey Area it has the potential to The Project Application Area supports preferred microhabitat (rocky Aprasia Pink-tailed Worm- open woodland areas with predominantly native grassy be impacted. Therefore, a 7-part Test of Vulnerable Vulnerable outcrops, buried rocks) for the species; however, sloping, open parapulchella lizard groundlayers, particularly those dominated by Kangaroo Grass significance (TSC Act) has been applied to this (Themeda australis). Sites are typically well-drained, with rocky woodland areas with grassy ground layers are patchily distributed species in Appendix 1 as well an AoS (EPBC throughout the Project Application Area. outcrops or scattered, partially-buried rocks and lizards are Act) in Appendix 2. commonly found beneath small, partially-embedded rocks and appear to spend considerable time in burrows (including ants nests) below these rocks. The species lays two eggs inside ant nests during summer; the young first appear in March.

Distributed from Wollemi National Parks south to the ACT Known. Rosenberg’s region and near Cooma, usually in association with sandstone. The proposal may impact upon this species. A Varanus rosenbergi Vulnerable - Found in heath, open forest and woodland where it forages for The Project Application Area supports foraging and sheltering habitat 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) has been Goanna carrion, birds, eggs, reptiles and small mammals. Shelters in for the species. applied to this species in Appendix 1. hollow logs, rock crevices and in burrows. Requires termite mounds for nesting habitat.

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Status under Status under Scientific Name Common Name Habitat requirements/ known distribution Probability of occurrence in the Project Application Area Potential for Impact TSC Act EPBC Act

Predicted low levels of subsidence may impact Distribution restricted to sandstone habitats within upon preferred habitat for this species. approximately 250 km of Sydney. Requires rock crevices and Possible. Hoplocephalus Broad-headed Therefore, it has the potential to be impacted Endangered Vulnerable flat sandstone rocks on exposed cliff edges for sheltering in The Project Application Area supports preferred foraging and bungaroides Snake upon. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) cooler months, shelters in tree hollows near sandstone sheltering habitat for the species. has been applied to this species in Appendix escarpments in summer. Forages for small reptiles, occasionally 1, as well an AoS (EPBC Act) in Appendix 2. frogs and small mammals.

A small, slender snake, reaching 45 cm in length. Found within an area bounded by Crookwell in the north, Bombala in the Predicted low levels of subsidence are not south, Tumbarumba to the west and Braidwood to the east. likely to impact upon this species habitat. Occurs in Natural Temperate Grasslands and grassy Possible. However, clearing associated with the woodlands, including those dominated by Snow Gum installation of proposed surface facilities may The Project Application Area supports preferred rocky habitats on Suta flagellum Little Whip Snake Vulnerable - (Eucalyptus pauciflora) or Yellow Box (E. melliodora); also have a small impact on potential habitat. occurs in secondary grasslands derived from clearing of slopes, although grassy woodlands are patchily distributed Therefore the Project may impact upon this woodlands. Commonly found under rocks or logs lying on, or throughout. species. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC partially embedded in the soil, on well-drained hillsides, mostly Act) has been applied to this species in associated with scattered loose rocks. Feeds on lizards and Appendix 1. frogs. Up to seven live young are born between September and February.

Birds

Typically occurs west of the Great Dividing Range, from Pilliga Unlikely. This species is unlikely to occur, hence is Leipoa ocellata Malleefowl Endangered Vulnerable south-west to Griffith. Found in semi-arid to arid shrublands, and The Project Application Area does not support preferred habitat for considered unlikely to be impacted upon as a low woodlands dominated by mallee and/or acacia where it this species. result of the Project. forages for insects, seeds and berries.

Widespread distribution but uncommon across south-eastern Unlikely. Botaurus Australia. Favours permanent freshwater wetlands with tall, This species is unlikely to occur, hence is Australasian Bittern Endangered Endangered dense vegetation, particularly Bulrushes (Typha spp.) and spike The Project Application Area does not support preferred habitat for considered unlikely to be impacted upon as a poiciloptilus rushes (Eleocharis spp), where it forages at night for this species. result of the Project. amphibians, invertebrates and crustaceans. Nests are built within densely vegetated wetlands on a platform of reeds.

Occurs throughout the Australian mainland, except in densely This species was not detected on site and is forested or wooded habitats of the coast, escarpment and Possible. highly mobile. Thus, it is considered unlikely ranges, and rarely in Tasmania. Found most commonly in native Circus assimilis Spotted Harrier Vulnerable - The Project Application Area supports preferred foraging and nesting to be impacted upon as a result of the Project. grassland, but also occurs in agricultural land, foraging over habitat for the species. Therefore, an AoS has not been applied to this open habitats including edges of inland wetlands. Hunts for species. small terrestrial mammals including bandicoots, bettongs and rabbits. Nest constructed in open or remnant woodland.

Found throughout the Australian mainland excepting the most densely forested parts of the Dividing Range escarpment. This species was not detected on the Project Possible. Hieraaetus Occupies open eucalypt forest, woodland or open woodland. Application Area and is highly mobile. Thus, it Little Eagle Vulnerable - Sheoak or Acacia woodlands and riparian woodlands of interior The Project Application Area supports nesting and foraging habitat is considered unlikely to be impacted upon as morphnoides NSW are also used. Nests in tall living trees within a remnant for this species. a result of the Project. Therefore, an AoS has patch, where pairs build a large stick nest in winter. Preys on not been applied to this species. birds, reptiles and mammals, occasionally adding large insects and carrion.

Widespread but sparsely distributed throughout mainland This species was not detected on the Project Australia. Is a resident of the north and north-east of NSW and Possible. Application Area and is highly mobile. Thus, it Lophoictinia isura Square-tailed Kite Vulnerable - in association with major river systems, where it is often found in The Project Application Area supports potential foraging habitat for is considered unlikely to be impacted upon as association with forest dominated by Wool butts (Eucalyptus the species. a result of the Project. Therefore an AoS has longiflora), Spotted Gum (E. maculata) or Peppermint Gum (E. not been applied to this species. elata). Hunts for smaller birds such as honeyeaters amongst the

113007; August 2014 Page 102 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

The Black Falcon is sparsely distributed across large areas of NSW, mostly occurring in inland regions. Given the high mobility This species was not detected on the Project of the species, it is assumed that there is a single NSW Possible. Application Area and is highly mobile. Thus, it Falco subniger Black Falcon Vulnerable - population that constitutes part of a larger continental The Project Application Area supports potential foraging habitat for is considered unlikely to be impacted upon as population. The species inhabits woodland, shrubland and the species. a result of the Project. Therefore an AoS has grassland in arid and semi-arid zones, nesting in healthy, not been applied to this species. riparian woodland habitats and mainly feeding on other birds including pigeons and parrots.

The Black Bittern has a wide distribution, from southern NSW north to Cape York and along the north coast to the Kimberley region. The species also occurs in the south-west of Western Ixobrychus Australia. In NSW, records of the species are scattered along Unlikely. This species is unlikely to occur, hence is flavicollis Black Bittern Vulnerable - the east coast, with individuals rarely being recorded south of The Project Application Area does not support preferred habitat for considered unlikely to be impacted upon as a Sydney or inland. Inhabits both terrestrial and estuarine the species. result of the Project. wetlands, generally in areas of permanent water and dense vegetation. Where permanent water is present, the species may occur in flooded grassland, forest, woodland, rainforest and mangroves.

Occurs throughout Australia. Inhabits shallow freshwater wetlands, vegetated ephemeral and permanent lakes and Unlikely. This species is unlikely to occur, hence is Australian Painted swamps, and inundated grasslands. Roosts during the day in Rostratula australis Endangered Vulnerable The Project Application Area does not support preferred habitat for considered unlikely to be impacted upon as a Snipe dense vegetation and is active at dusk, throughout the night and result of the Project. dawn. It nests on the ground amongst tall reed-like vegetation the species. near water, and forages near the water’s edge and on mudflats for invertebrates and seeds.

Found in the central NSW coast and tableland areas, including Known. The Project may impact on this known species’ Callocephalon Gang-gang Canberra and the Hawkesbury/Nepean and Sydney Metro habitat. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) Vulnerable - region. Usually frequents forested areas with old growth The Project Application Area supports foraging and nesting habitat fimbriatum Cockatoo has been applied to this species in Appendix attributes required for nesting and roosting purposes. Also for this species. 1. utilises less heavily timbered woodlands and urban fringe areas to forage, but appears to favour well-timbered country.

Occurs from the coast inland to the southern tablelands and Known. The Project may impact on this known species’ Calyptorhynchus Glossy Black- central western plains of NSW. Inhabits forests and woodlands habitat. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) Vulnerable - The Project Application Area supports foraging and nesting habitat lathami Cockatoo supporting Casuarina and Allocasuarina species, the seeds of has been applied to this species in Appendix for this species. which Glossy-black Cockatoos feed upon almost exclusively. 1. Requires large hollow-bearing eucalypts for nesting habitat.

In NSW, the species occurs from the coast to the western Known. The Project may impact on this known species slopes of the Great Dividing Range. Inhabits forests and habitat. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) Glossopsitta pusilla Little Lorikeet Vulnerable - The Project Application Area supports foraging and nesting habitat woodlands, where it forages for nectar and pollen within the has been applied to this species in Appendix canopy stratum. Requires living, hollow-bearing eucalypts for for this species. 1. nesting habitat. Predicted low levels of subsidence are unlikely to impact upon preferred habitat. However, the clearing associated with the installation of Migrates from breeding grounds in Tasmania to the south- Possible. proposed surface facilities may remove eastern Australian mainland in winter. Preferred over-winter Lathamus discolor Swift Parrot Endangered Endangered The Project Application Area supports potential foraging habitat for potential habitat for this species. It therefore habitat is woodlands and riparian vegetation where there are the species. may be impacted upon as a result of the winter flowering eucalypts. Forage for pollen, nectar, lerps, Project. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) insects, seeds and berries. has been applied to this species in Appendix 1, as well an AoS (EPBC Act) in Appendix 2.

113007; August 2014 Page 103 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Status under Status under Scientific Name Common Name Habitat requirements/ known distribution Probability of occurrence in the Project Application Area Potential for Impact TSC Act EPBC Act

In NSW, occurs from the coastal plains to the western slopes of Possible. The Project may impact on this species Neophema the Great Diving Range. Found along the edges of eucalypt habitat. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) Turquoise Parrot Vulnerable - The Project Application Area supports potential foraging and nesting pulchella woodland adjoining clearings, timbered ridges and creeks in has been applied to this species in Appendix habitat for the species. farmland. Forages on the ground for seeds and grasses. Nests 1. in a tree-hollow, log or post.

Occurs across Riverina area in summer, migrates along Macquarie and Namoi Rivers to northern NSW in winter. Unlikely. This species is unlikely to occur, hence is Polytelis swainsonii Superb Parrot Vulnerable Vulnerable Inhabits timbered watercourses and nearby woodlands. The Project Application Area is situated east of this species’ known considered unlikely to be impacted upon as a Requires deep hollows or hollow limbs for nesting, typically in distribution; it is considered unlikely to occur. result of the Project. Red Gums. Forages mainly on the ground for seeds, fruit and insects.

Scattered distribution throughout Australia, excluding central arid areas. In NSW, core populations located on western slopes Possible. The proposal may impact upon this species. A and plains. Inhabits woodland and open forest, where it hunts Ninox connivens Barking Owl Vulnerable - The Project Application Area supports potential foraging and nesting 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) has been for arboreal mammals, occasionally birds, invertebrates and applied to this species in Appendix 1. small terrestrial mammals. Roosts in canopy or tall mid-storey habitat for the species. trees. Requires large, hollow-bearing eucalypts for nesting habitat.

Widely distributed throughout NSW, from the coast inland to the Known. The Project may impact on this known species’ tablelands. Inhabits woodland, open forest, tall wet forest and habitat. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) Ninox strenua Powerful Owl Vulnerable - The Project Application Area supports foraging and nesting habitat rainforest, where it hunts for arboreal mammals, occasionally has been applied to this species in Appendix for this species. birds. Roosts in dense vegetation, requires old, large hollow- 1. bearing eucalypts for nesting habitat.

In NSW, Masked Owls are distributed throughout the length of Known. The Project may impact on this known species’ Tyto the Great Dividing Range and extends from the coast to the habitat. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) Masked Owl Vulnerable - The Project Application Area supports foraging and nesting habitat novaehollandiae western slopes. Occupies a range of environments from tall, wet has been applied to this species in Appendix for this species. Eucalypt forest to dry woodland, and often, but not always, at 1. the ecotone with cleared land.

Occurs on the coast, coastal escarpment and eastern Known. The proposal may impact upon this species. A tablelands. Inhabits rainforest and moist eucalypt forests, where Tyto tenebricosa Sooty Owl Vulnerable - The Project Application Area supports patches of moist eucalypt 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) has been it hunts for small for arboreal and terrestrial mammals. Roosts in forest and preferred nesting habitat. applied to this species in Appendix 1. a large tree hollow or amongst thick vegetation. Nests in a large tree hollow.

Occurs in eucalypt forests and woodlands of inland plains and Brown Treecreeper slopes of the Great Dividing Range. Western boundary of its Known. The Project may impact on this known species’ Climacteris distribution is through Wagga Wagga, Forbes, Dubbo and habitat. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) (eastern Vulnerable - The Project Application Area supports foraging and nesting habitat picumnus victoriae Inverell. It is less commonly found on coastal plains and ranges. has been applied to this species in Appendix subspecies) Forage mainly for invertebrates in fallen timber, trees and for this species. 1. shrubs. Requires hollows in standing dead or live trees and tree stumps for nesting.

In NSW, occurs throughout the hills and tablelands of the Great Known. The Project may impact on this known species Chthonicola Dividing Range, rarely from the coast. Inhabits Eucalyptus habitat. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) Speckled Warbler Vulnerable - dominated communities that have a grassy understorey, often The Project Application Area supports foraging and nesting habitat sagittata has been applied to this species in Appendix on rocky ridges or in gullies where it forages for insects and for this species. 1. seeds. Nests in a depression in the ground or the base of a low dense plant, often among fallen branches and other litter. Known The Project involves clearing that may have an Anthochaera Critically impact upon this species. Therefore, a 7-part Regent Honeyeater Endangered Distribution is extremely patchy; in NSW the species has been The Project Application Area supports preferred box-ironbark Test of significance (TSC Act) has been phrygia Endangered recorded from coastal areas to Narrabri with most records from habitats, and an abundance of eucalypts, casuarinas or mistletoes for applied to this species in Appendix 1, as well the Great Dividing Range. Occurs in temperate eucalypt nesting. an AoS (EPBC Act) in Appendix 2.

113007; August 2014 Page 104 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Status under Status under Scientific Name Common Name Habitat requirements/ known distribution Probability of occurrence in the Project Application Area Potential for Impact TSC Act EPBC Act

woodlands, most commonly box-ironbark associations and wet The Capertee Valley is a key breeding area for the species. lowland coastal forests. In the Capertee Valley, breeding generally commences with the flowering of Needle-leaf Mistletoe; this is used extensively in the early stages of the breeding season, but birds often switch to Yellow Box when it begins flowering later in the season. Nests usually constructed in eucalypts, casuarinas or mistletoes. Forages for nectar and arthropods.

In NSW, occurs in association with damp, open habitats below Unlikely. This species is unlikely to occur, hence is 1000 m elevation along the coast (such as wetlands and Epthianura albifrons White-fronted Chat Vulnerable - The Project Application Area does not support preferred habitat for considered unlikely to be impacted upon as a saltmarsh), and in association with waterways in the west. this species. result of the Project. Forage for insects on the ground. Nests in low vegetation elevated from the ground.

Is nomadic and occurs at low densities throughout its range. The greatest concentrations of the bird, as well as almost all breeding, occurs on the inland slopes of the Great Dividing Known. The Project may impact on this known species Range in NSW, Victoria and southern Queensland. Inhabits habitat. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) Grantiella picta Painted Honeyeater Vulnerable - The Project Application Area supports potential foraging and nesting Boree, Brigalow and Box-Gum Woodlands and Box-Ironbark has been applied to this species in Appendix habitat for the species. Forests. A specialist feeder on the fruits of mistletoes growing 1. on woodland eucalypts and acacias. Nest from spring to autumn in a small, delicate nest hanging within the outer canopy of drooping eucalypts, she-oak, paperbark or mistletoe branches.

Black-chinned Eastern subspecies occurs from the tablelands and western Known. The Project may impact on this known species Melithreptus gularis Honeyeater slopes of the Great Dividing Range to the north-west and habitat. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) Vulnerable - central-west plains and the Riverina. It is rarely recorded east of The Project Application Area supports potential foraging and nesting gularis (eastern has been applied to this species in Appendix the Great Dividing Range. Inhabits forests or woodlands habitat for the species. 1. subspecies) dominated by box and ironbark eucalypts where it forages for insects and nectar. Nests high in tree crown.

Occurs along the east coast of Australia. In NSW, species is Pomatostomus Grey-crowned known from western slopes of Great Dividing Range, western Known. The Project may impact on this known species plains, Hunter Valley and north coast. Inhabits open Box-Gum habitat. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) temporalis Babbler (eastern Vulnerable The Project Application Area supports foraging and nesting habitat Woodlands on the slopes, and Box-Cypress-pine and open Box has been applied to this species in Appendix for this species. temporalis subspecies) Woodlands on alluvial plains where it forages for invertebrates. 1. Roosts and nests in shrubs or sapling eucalypts. Generally unable to cross large open areas.

Widespread throughout mainland Australia, where it is found in Known. The Project may impact on this known species Daphoenositta eucalypt woodlands and forests, most commonly in areas of habitat. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) Varied Sittella Vulnerable - The Project Application Area supports foraging and nesting habitat chrysoptera rough-barked eucalypts. Forages for insects in rough-bark has been applied to this species in Appendix eucalypts such as ironbark and stringybarks. Nests in a tree for this species. 1. branch or fork.

Sparsely distributed over much of the arid and semi-arid zone of inland southern Australia, from the western slopes of NSW to the Western Australian wheat belt. Widely recorded in mallee Known. The Project may impact on this known species Pachycephala shrublands, but also occurs in box-ironbark woodlands, Cypress habitat. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) Gilbert’s Whistler Vulnerable - Pine and Belah woodlands and River Red Gum forests along The Project Application Area supports foraging and nesting habitat inornata has been applied to this species in Appendix the Murray, Edwards and Wakool Rivers. Forages for insects on for this species. 1. or near the ground in shrub thickets and in tops of small trees. Nests are usually built below about two and a half m (but up to six mm) above the ground in the fork of dense foliage of plants such as wattles or cypress pines. Hooded Robin Likely. The Project may impact on this species Melanodryas habitat. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) (south-eastern Vulnerable - Widespread throughout much of inland NSW, with the exception The Project Application Area supports potential foraging habitat for cucullata cucullata has been applied to this species in Appendix of the extreme north-west of the state. Typically inhabits form) the species. 1.

113007; August 2014 Page 105 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Status under Status under Scientific Name Common Name Habitat requirements/ known distribution Probability of occurrence in the Project Application Area Potential for Impact TSC Act EPBC Act structurally diverse open eucalypt woodland, acacia scrub and mallee, often in or near clearings or open areas where it hunts for insects. Nests in tree fork or crevice, 1- 5 m above the ground.

Distributed from the coast, inland to the western slopes of the Great Dividing Range. Inhabits open forests and woodlands, also found in grasslands in winter. Constructs a cup-shaped Known. The Project may impact on this known species nest in a tree fork. Forages for insects on the ground. In NSW, habitat. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) Petroica boodang Scarlet Robin Vulnerable - The Project Application Area supports foraging and nesting habitat the species breeds in tall moist eucalypt forests and woodlands has been applied to this species in Appendix in upland areas. In winter, moves to dry forests, open for this species. 1. woodlands and grasslands of the inland slopes and plains. Forages amongst low branches for invertebrates. Nests near the ground in sheltered areas such as tree cavities or stumps.

In NSW, the species breeds in tall moist eucalypt forests and Known. The Project may impact on this known species woodlands in upland areas. In winter, moves to dry forests, habitat. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) Petroica phoenicea Flame Robin Vulnerable - The Project Application Area supports foraging and nesting habitat open woodlands and grasslands of the inland slopes and plains. has been applied to this species in Appendix for this species. Forages amongst low branches for invertebrates. Nests near 1. the ground in sheltered areas such as tree cavities or stumps.

Widely distributed in NSW, known from the Northern, Central and Southern Tablelands, the Northern, Central and South Western Slopes and the North West Plains and Riverina. Not Known. The Project may impact on this known species Stagonopleura common in coastal districts. Found mainly in grassy eucalypt habitat. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) Diamond Firetail Vulnerable - The Project Application Area supports foraging and nesting habitat guttata woodlands, occasionally open forest and riparian areas. has been applied to this species in Appendix Forages on the ground for seeds and insects. Roost and nest for the species. 1. amongst shrubby understorey.

Mammals

Found along the escarpments, tablelands and coast of the eastern seaboard from the Bundaberg area in south-east Qld The Project may impact on this known species Dasyurus south through NSW to Victoria and Tasmania. Known from dry Known. habitat. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) maculatus Spotted-tailed Quoll Vulnerable Endangered and moist eucalypt forests and rainforest. Species tends to The Project Application Area supports foraging and breeding habitat has been applied to this species in Appendix maculatus move along drainage lines and make dens in fallen hollow logs for the species. 1, as well as an AoS (EPBC Act) in Appendix or among large rocky outcrops. Usually nocturnal but are known 2. to hunt and bask during the day. Hunts terrestrially and arboreally.

Distribution of the species throughout Australia is highly Possible. The Project may impact on this potentially Phascolarctos fragmented. In NSW it mainly occurs on the central and north The Project Application Area supports known feed trees of the occurring species habitat. A 7-part Test of Koala Vulnerable Vulnerable coasts with some populations in the western region inhabiting species, although does not comprise “Core” or “Potential” Koala significance (TSC Act) has been applied to this cinereus eucalypt woodlands and forests. The species feed on the habitat in accordance with SEPP 44. Only a single record exists species in Appendix 1, as well as an AoS foliage of more than 70 eucalypt species and 30 non-eucalypt within 10 km of the Project Application Area. (EPBC Act) in Appendix 2. species, but in any one area will select preferred species.

Occurs from the coast inland to the Pilliga, Dubbo, Parkes and Possible. The Project may impact on this species Eastern Pygmy Wagga Wagga on the western slopes. Inhabits woodlands and habitat. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) Cercartetus nanus Vulnerable - heath, occasionally rainforest where it forages for nectar and The Project Application Area supports preferred foraging and nesting Possum has been applied to this species in Appendix pollen of banksias, eucalypts and bottlebrushes. Shelters in tree habitat for the species. 1. hollows, rotten stumps, holes in the ground or abandoned bird- nests.

113007; August 2014 Page 106 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Status under Status under Scientific Name Common Name Habitat requirements/ known distribution Probability of occurrence in the Project Application Area Potential for Impact TSC Act EPBC Act

Sparsely distributed throughout eastern Australia. Inhabits The Project may impact on this known species mature or old growth Box, Box-Ironbark woodlands and River Known Petaurus habitat. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) Squirrel Glider Vulnerable - Red Gum forest west of the Great Dividing Range and The Project Application Area supports foraging and breeding habitat norfolcensis has been applied to this species in Appendix Blackbutt-Bloodwood forest with heath understorey in coastal for the species. 1. areas. Require abundant tree hollows for refuge and nest sites. Forages for nectar, sap, invertebrates and pollen.

Distribution in NSW restricted to coastal heaths and forests east Unlikely. Potorous tridactylus Long-nosed This species is unlikely to occur, hence is Vulnerable Vulnerable of the Great Dividing Range. Also known from dry and wet The Project Application Area is outside the general distribution of the considered unlikely to be impacted upon as a tridactylus Potoroo sclerophyll forest. Requires dense understory and ground layer species. The Project Application Area supports small areas of heath result of the Project. vegetation for sheltering. Forages from fungi, roots tubers and and large areas of sclerophyll forest. insects in the soil.

Occurs along NSW coast, inland to the Warrumbungle Ranges. Subsidence predictions may impact upon this Possible. Brush-tailed Rock- Occupies rocky escarpments, outcrops and cliffs with a species preferred habitat. Therefore, a 7-part Petrogale penicillata Endangered Vulnerable preference for complex structures with fissures, caves and The Project Application Area supports potential foraging and Test of significance (TSC Act) has been wallaby ledges facing north. Shelter in rock crevices and overhangs. sheltering habitat for the species. applied to this species in Appendix 1, as well Forages in and adjacent to rocky areas for grasses, foliage and an AoS (EPBC Act) in Appendix 2. fruits of shrubs and trees.

Found within 200 km of the east coast of Australia. Roosting Pteropus Grey-headed camps commonly found in gullies, close to water, in vegetation Unlikely. This species is unlikely to occur, hence is Vulnerable Vulnerable with a dense canopy. Camps typically located within 20 km of a considered unlikely to be impacted upon as a poliocephalus Flying-fox Species is rarely observed west of the Great Dividing Range. regular food source – nectar and pollen of native trees and fruits result of the Project. of rainforest trees and vines. Also forage in cultivated gardens and fruit crops.

Found mainly in areas with extensive cliffs and caves. It is generally rare with a very patchy distribution in NSW, with scattered records from the New England Tablelands and North- Known. The Project may impact on this known species Large-eared Pied west Slopes. Roosts in caves (near their entrances), crevices in habitat. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) Chalinolobus dwyeri Vulnerable Vulnerable The Project Application Area supports foraging and roosting habitat Bat cliffs, old mine workings and in the disused, bottle-shaped mud has been applied to this species in Appendix for this species. nests of the Fairy Martin (Hirundo ariel). Forage in low to mid- 1, as well an AoS (EPBC Act) in Appendix 2. elevation dry open forest and woodland and well-timbered areas containing gullies close to roosting habitat, for small, flying insects. Most likely hibernates through coolest months.

Possible. The Project may impact on this species Falsistrellus Eastern False Occurs along the east coast of NSW, where it inhabits tall moist habitat. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) Vulnerable - forests. Roosts in hollows of eucalypts, occasionally under loose The Project Application Area supports potential foraging and roosting tasmaniensis Pipistrelle has been applied to this species in Appendix bark on trees or in buildings. Hunts for flying insects above or habitat for the species. 1. below the tree canopy.

Distributed across the east coast and ranges of Australia from Cape York in Queensland to Wollongong in NSW. Occurs in moist eucalypt forest, rainforest, vine thicket, wet and dry Possible. sclerophyll forest, Melaleuca swamps, dense coastal forests The Project may impact on this species Miniopterus and Banksia scrub. Generally found in well-timbered areas. The Project Application Area supports potential foraging and roosting habitat. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) Little Bentwing-bat Vulnerable - Roost in caves, tunnels, tree hollows, abandoned mines, habitat for the species. Additionally, results from Anabat detectors australis has been applied to this species in Appendix stormwater drains, culverts, bridges and sometimes buildings concluded that calls from this species were possibly detected within 1. during the day. Often share roosting sites with the Common the Project Application Area. Bentwing-bat and, in winter, the two species may form mixed clusters. Only five nursery sites / maternity colonies are known in Australia. Forage for small insects beneath the canopy of densely vegetated habitats

113007; August 2014 Page 107 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Status under Status under Scientific Name Common Name Habitat requirements/ known distribution Probability of occurrence in the Project Application Area Potential for Impact TSC Act EPBC Act

Miniopterus Known. The Project may impact on this known species Eastern Bentwing- This species utilises a range of habitats for foraging, including habitat. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) schreibersii Vulnerable - rainforest, wet and dry sclerophyll forests, woodlands and open The Project Application Area supports foraging and roosting habitat oceanensis bat has been applied to this species in Appendix grasslands. Requires caves or similar structures for roosting for this species. 1. habitat.

A coastal species occurring from the coast of north western Australia, eastwards to southern Victoria. Primarily cave dwellers but have been known to roost in tree hollows and Known. The Project may impact on this known species manmade structures. Commonly occur in groups of 10-15 habitat. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) Myotis macropus Southern Myotis Vulnerable - The Project Application Area supports foraging and roosting habitat individuals. They occur in most habitat types associated with has been applied to this species in Appendix for this species. water including mangroves, paperbarks, swamps, rainforest, 1. open woodland and wet and dry sclerophyll forests. Requires streams and small bodies of water for hunting where they forage for insects and small fish.

Distribution of the south-eastern form coincides approximately with the Murray Darling Basin with the Pilliga Scrub region being the distinct stronghold for this species. Occurs in a variety of vegetation types, including mallee, bulloak Allocasuarina Unlikely. This species is unlikely to occur, hence is South-eastern luehmannii and box eucalypt dominated communities, but it is Nyctophilus corbeni Vulnerable Vulnerable The Project Application Area supports marginal foraging and roosting considered unlikely to be impacted upon as a Long-eared Bat distinctly more common in box / ironbark / cypress-pine habitat for the species. result of the Project. vegetation that occurs in a north-south belt along the western slopes and plains of NSW and southern Queensland. Roosts in tree hollows, crevices, and under loose bark. Slow flying agile bat, utilising the understorey to hunt non-flying prey, especially caterpillars and beetles, and will hunt on the ground.

Wide-ranging across Australia, covering the whole state of NSW Possible. The Project may impact on this species Saccolaimus Yellow-bellied (Churchill 2009). Occurs in almost all habitat types from wet and habitat. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC Act) Vulnerable - The Project Application Area supports foraging and roosting habitat flaviventris Sheathtail-bat dry sclerophyll forest, open woodland, acacia shrubland, mallee, has been applied to this species in Appendix grasslands and desert (Churchill 2009). In NSW requires small for the species. 1. hollows in trees to roost.

Distributed along eastern of Australia, from Cape York south to Predicted low levels of subsidence may impact mid-New South Wales. Inhabits tropical woodlands and wet Possible. upon sandstone caves in which this species Vespadelus sclerophyll forest on the coast, occur in drier forest of the could roost. The proposal may impact upon Eastern Cave Bat Vulnerable - The Project Application Area supports foraging and roosting habitat troughtoni western slopes and inland areas. Roosts in colonies of 6 - 50 this species. A 7-part Test of significance (TSC for the species. individuals, in sandstone overhang caves, boulder piles, mine Act) has been applied to this species in tunnels and occasionally buildings. Foraging habits of the Appendix 1. species are unknown.

Fragmented distribution across Tasmania, Victoria, NSW and Possible. The Project may impact on this species Pseudomys Queensland where it inhabits open heathlands, open woodlands New Holland Mouse - Vulnerable The Project Application Area supports heathland in which the species habitat. An AoS (EPBC Act) has been applied novaehollandiae with a heathland understorey and vegetated sand dunes. may occur. to this species in Appendix 2. Forages for seeds, insects, leaves, flowers and fungi. Shelters and nests communally in burrows.

Fish

The largest freshwater fish found in Australia. Found extensively throughout the Murray Darling Basin in the south-eastern region Unlikely. of Australia in a diverse range of habitats, including clear rocky This species is unlikely to occur, hence is Maccullochella The Project Application Area does not contain permanent streams of Murray Cod - Vulnerable streams (such as those found in the upper western slopes of considered unlikely to be impacted upon as a peelii rivers. The Project Application Area does not support preferred NSW), to slow flowing, turbid rivers and billabongs. Typical diet result of the Project. habitat for this species. consists of spiny crayfish, yabbies and shrimps. The species migrates upstream prior to spawning in late spring and early summer when the water reaches a temperature of between 16-

113007; August 2014 Page 108 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Found within the southern tributaries of the Murray Darling Basin (particularly the upstream reaches), Hawkesbury-Nepean and Shoalhaven river systems of NSW. Inhabits rivers and Unlikely. Macquaria This species is unlikely to occur, hence is Macquarie Perch - Vulnerable lakes, utilising the upper reaches of rivers and their tributaries. The Project Application Area does not contain permanent streams of considered unlikely to be impacted upon as a australasica Feeds on aquatic insects, crustaceans and molluscs. Breeds in rivers. The Project Application Area does not support preferred result of the Project. spring and summer in shallow upland streams or flowing rivers; habitat for this species. requires riffle over cobble and gravel substrates in which to spawn deposit eggs. Deep rock pools, overhanging vegetation and snags provide refuge habitat for this species.

Found in freshwater streams and rivers to the east of the Great Dividing Range, extending from Sydney southwards. Prefers Unlikely. habitats with a moderate flow over clear gravelly substrates in This species is unlikely to occur, hence is Prototroctes The Project Application Area does not contain permanent streams of Australian Grayling - Vulnerable coastal streams, and estuarine areas. Feeds on aquatic algae considered unlikely to be impacted upon as a maraena rivers. The Project Application Area does not support preferred and invertebrates. Eggs are deposited during late summer to result of the Project. habitat for this species. autumn, in rivers with gravelly substrates. Larvae migrate to marine waters and return as juveniles and remain in freshwater for their adult life.

Threatened Ecological Communities

This community is a low closed heath community dominated by Allocasuarina nana. Its floristic composition is unique with the Due to the occurrence of this community and An inventory of plant species, soils and topography for the Project potential for this community to be impacted by Genowlan Point Allocasuarina nana following species co-occurring; Xanthorrhoea johnsonii, Endangered - Micromyrtus sessilis, Pseudanthus divaricatissimus, Callitris Application Area shows that this community occurs within the Project the Project, a 7-part Test of significance (TSC Heathland muelleri and Isopogon prostratus. Occurs at a single location at Application Area. Act) has been applied to this species in Genowlan Point in the Capertee Valley within the Lithgow LGA Appendix 1. in the Central West of NSW. Its area of occupancy is about 10 ha.

This community is associated with accumulated peaty or Montane Peatlands and Swamps of the organic-mineral sediments on poorly drained flats in the Due to the lack of occurrence, it is considered New England Tableland, NSW North headwaters of streams. It occurs on undulating tablelands and The vegetation composition used to determine the presence of this plateaus above 400 - 500 m ASL generally in catchment with that this vegetation community is unlikely to Coast, Sydney Basin, South East Corner, Endangered - ecological community was not found to occur within the Project be impacted on by the proposal. No further basic volcanic or fine-grained sedimentary substrates. Application Area. This community therefore does not occur. South Eastern Highlands and Australian Comprises a dense, open or sparse layer of shrubs with soft- assessment is required. Alps bioregions leaved sedges, grasses and forbs. Is habitat for a number of endangered plant species. Is known from many LGAs including the Lithgow LGA and the Blue Mountains.

Tableland Basalt Forest in the Sydney This community is associated with clay or loam soils derived Basin and South Eastern Highlands from basalt or, less commonly, alluvium, fine-grained Additional fieldwork and an inventory of plant species, soils and Due to the lack of occurrence, it is considered Bioregions sedimentary rocks. Floristic composition is variable, comprising topography for the Project Application Area were conducted to that this vegetation community is unlikely to Endangered Endangered such eucalypt species as Eucalyptus viminalis, Eucalyptus determine the potential for this EEC to occur. Consultation with OEH be impacted on by the proposal. No further radiata, E. dalrympleana subsp. dalrympleana and/or E. and DoE was also conducted and it was determined that this (Listed as Upper Basalt Eucalypt Forests of assessment is required. pauciflora. The community is found in the Eastern Highlands community does not occur within the Project Application Area. the Sydney Basin Bioregion under the and Southern and Central Tablelands within the LGAs of EPBC Act) Bathurst, Goulburn, Oberon and the Upper Lachlan among others. Due to the occurrence of this community and White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely’s Red Gum Critically White Box – Yellow Box – Blakely’s Red Gum Grassy An inventory of plant species, soils and topography for the Project potential for this community to be impacted by Woodland Endangered Woodlands and Derived Native Grasslands (Box-Gum Application Area shows that this community occurs within the Project the Project, a 7-part Test of significance (TSC Endangered Woodland) is found on relatively fertile soils on the tablelands Application Area. Act) has been applied to this species in (Listed as and western slopes of NSW and generally occurs between the Appendix 1, as well an AoS (EPBC Act) in

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Status under Status under Scientific Name Common Name Habitat requirements/ known distribution Probability of occurrence in the Project Application Area Potential for Impact TSC Act EPBC Act

White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely's Red Gum 400 and 800 m isohyets extending from the western slopes, at Appendix 2. an altitude of c. 170m to c. 1200 m, on the northern tablelands. Grassy Woodland and Derived Native The community occurs within the NSW North Coast, New Grassland under the EPBC Act) England Tableland, Nandewar, Brigalow Belt South, Sydney Basin, South Eastern Highlands and NSW South Western Slopes Bioregions. Less than 5% of this community remains in good condition, and much of this occurs in small, isolated patches. Box-Gum Woodland is an open woodland community (sometimes occurring as a forest formation), in which the most obvious species are one or more of the following: Eucalyptus albens (White Box), E. melliodora (Yellow Box) and E. blakelyi (Blakely’s Red Gum). This community can also occur as a cleared modified state, where no canopy is present, but where a native derived grassy understorey persists.

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6.0 Avoidance

The proposed layout and location of the Airly Surface Facilities Area and access road have been selected with consideration given to the following environmental objectives: Minimise the land area required to be cleared and disturbed; Limit the amount of vegetation required to be disturbed; Utilise previously cleared and disturbed land for surface facility upgrades; and Avoid detected threatened species, populations and ecological communities listed under the TSC Act 1995 or EPBC 1999.

The above objectives have been achieved by positioning all surface facilities within areas of cleared land. As a result, in choosing a preferred Reject Emplacement Area, REA 2 has been selected. This site is within cleared land, with a small proportion containing low quality Box-Gum Woodland derived grasslands.

Vegetation within the originally considered REA location (REA 1) contains 5.84 ha of woodland vegetation, including, 0.79 ha of the Box-Gum Woodland listed community with a complete overstorey. REA 1 also contains 16 hollow-bearing trees consisting of 15 small (2 - 10 cm diameter) hollows, ten medium (11 - 20 cm) hollows and two large (<20 cm) hollows. This is compared to REA 2, which contains four hollow-bearing trees, consisting of seven small hollows, one medium hollow and two large hollows. Therefore, moving the REA from its original location (REA 1) has resulted in significantly higher impacts for vegetation, flora and fauna being avoided.

The proposed site security was also found to contain grassland areas that may be commensurate with the derived grassland component of Box-Gum Woodland. A redesign of the footprint of this facility has avoided those areas determined to have potential to meet the identification criteria of derived grasslands under the TSC Act and EPBC Act.

In relation to mine design, the overriding aims of the design were to avoid significant subsidence impacts and minimise impact in environmentally sensitive areas while improving feasibility of the mine (Golder Associates 2014). An excerpt from the Golder Associates (2014) subsidence report has been included below to outline the mine design applicable to Airly Mine:

“In order to limit the surface and sub-surface impacts due to mining, Airly adopted subsidence criteria to be used that would result in “minimal subsidence impact”. Due to the similarities in topography and corporate and community expectations, the Clarence Colliery vertical subsidence limits were adopted as a practical and proven criteria. These criteria are: x A maximum vertical subsidence of 100mm + or – 25mm,

x A maximum tilt of 2.5mm/m and

x A maximum strain of 2.0mm/m.

These limits have proven to cause no adverse mining induced subsidence effects at Clarence Colliery and are considered appropriately conservative, given the lack of site specific data for Airly. However, it was recognised that Airly had a very different seam and near seam strata setting than Clarence and would require mining methods more suited to its geotechnical environment. Subsidence analysis and design was therefore expanded to include a number of different mining concepts (Strata Engineering 2011) and a full geotechnical assessment of these options was addressed in Strata Engineering (2012). These assessments included the following mining methods and varying void widths:

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x A partial pillar extraction layout with void widths ranging between 50.5m and 70.5m.

x A form of Wongawilli extraction with narrow panels and void widths ranging between 45.5m and 65.5m. x A miniwall with void widths ranging between 51m and 71m.

x A shortwall (extraction by continuous miner) with void widths ranging between 51m and 71m.

These mining methods were evaluated to understand the level of subsidence associated with each and included assessments of pillar stability.”

Multiple partial extraction methods were proposed to suit the variability of Airly mine and to meet the designed criteria (Golder Associates 2014). These included Panel and Pillar Mining, Double-sided Lifting, Single-sided Lifting, Bord and Pillar Mining and Pillar Splitting. Additionally, cliff lines were assessed and taken into account during the mine designing process. In these sensitive areas, more restrictive forms of mining are proposed such as first workings with panel and pillar mining only occurring in areas outside of cliff zones.

Design measures in relation to cliff lines were proposed to minimise the impacts providing the following advantages: Caving heights restricted to the immediate Permian overburden, with minimal deformation of the Triassic sandstone units that form the cliff lines. Reduced disturbance to any overlying aquifers, particularly within the Triassic units. No appreciable adverse surface impacts. In particular, the intent is to avoid surface cracking and minimise mining-related rock falls.

Furthermore, areas within the vicinity of the historic oil shale workings will be given more conservative specifications such as a stand-off distance of half the mining depth to minimise impact on existing damage.

A summary of how the required performance measures were met is outlined in Table 2 of the Golder Associates subsidence report (2014). Outlined are the methods proposed to reduce impacts upon watercourses, cliff lines, Aboriginal Heritage and Historic Heritage within the Project Application Area.

113007; August 2014 Page 112 WARNING No part of this plan should be used for critical design dimensions. Confirmation of critical positions should be obtained from RPS Newcastle.

Copyright "This document and the information shown shall remain the property of RPS Australia East Pty Ltd. The document may only be used for the purpose for which it was supplied and in accordance with the terms of engagement for the commission. Unauthorised use of this document in any way is prohibited."

J:\JOBS\Centennial\All Jobs\113007 Airly TITLE: FIGURE 10: AVOIDED REA 1 LOCATION: AIRLY EXTENSION DATUM: GDA 94 DATE: 21/07/2014 LAYOUT REF: Extension Eco\10 - Drafting\Workspaces\ SITE EIS Workspaces PROJECTION: MGA ZONE 56 PURPOSE: EIS VERSION (PLAN BY): JS (A A4)

CLIENT: CENTENNIAL AIRLY RPS AUSTRALIA EAST PTY LTD (ABN 44 140 292 762) 241 DENISON STREET BROADMEADOW PO BOX 428 HAMILTON NSW 2303 JOB REF: 113007 T: 02 4940 4200 F: 02 4961 6794 www.rpsgroup.com.au Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

7.0 Potential Impacts

The following section provides an overview of the potential direct, indirect, cumulative and facilitative impacts associated with the Project. This overview was used to inform the potential for impacts to occur to threatened species and EECs (Section 5). The impacts identified herewith also inform the TSC Act 7 Part Test of Significance and EPBC Act Assessment of Significance in Appendix 1 and 2 respectively.

7.1 Surface Impacts

The approved Airly Surface Facilities Area required for the current mining operations comprises the following (it is noted that the majority of these pieces of infrastructure have been constructed or their construction has commenced): Mine access road; Rail loop and train loader; Surface Facilities Area consisting of: ¾ Rail spur leading from the main western rail line and coal-train loading infrastructure. ¾ Coal stockpile and reclaim tunnel system and emergency coal stockpile. ¾ Coal crusher and screening plant, a coal preparation plant, and the Reject Emplacement Area. ¾ Surface coal conveyors from the underground belt to rail load out facility. ¾ Airly Creek crossing. ¾ Site power supply – substations 0, 1 and 2 and 66kV power lines. ¾ Ventilation infrastructure. ¾ Water management structures (for surface catchment and separation of clean and dirty water) consisting of: o A system of small primary settling dams for trapping coarse sediment, upstream of the 109 ML Dirty Water Dam. o A large secondary dam (109 ML) into which overflows from the primary settling dams discharge and fine sediments settle out. o A 7 ML Dam which collects surface water from the area of the Product Coal Stockpile and the Train Loader Dam which receives surface water from the area of the Train Loader facility. o A discharge dam (35 ML) for the storage of clean water for use or discharge via a licensed discharge point (LDP001) into a drainage channel which flows through the site and discharges to Airly Creek. Workforce and materials portals; Workshop and administration infrastructure consisting of the administration offices, bath house and store; and Car park.

The combined area of the proposed surface facilities requiring construction is approximately 39.09 ha, which includes REA 2, train refuelling station, ROM stockpile site and site security. The impacts of construction of these facilities are discussed below.

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7.1.1 Vegetation

The proposed surface facilities cover an area of approximately 39.09 ha. The area required for REA 2 contains 9.15ha of disturbed/improved land, 25.49 ha of derived native grassland, most likely derived from MU38 and 3.27 ha of Box-Gum Woodland Derived Native Grassland (EEC). All remaining areas for surface facilities cover approximately 1.18 ha of disturbed/improved land. These areas provide marginal habitat for most threatened fauna and flora species. The scattered trees are not considered to comprise woodland as their distance and lack of contiguous understorey does not provide sufficient habitat to be considered anything more than dispersed paddock trees.

7.1.2 Conservation Significance of Derived Native Grasslands within Surface Facilities Footprint

The intent of the inclusion of derived grasslands in the identification of Box-Gum Woodland is to protect areas that have an absent or sparse canopy layer, however have retained the groundcover structure and diversity of this community. The NSW Scientific Committee (2002) notes that some remnants of the community may consist of only an intact overstorey or an intact understorey, but may still have high conservation value due to the flora and fauna they support. The NSW Scientific Committee (2002) also considered that sites may be important faunal habitat, have significant occurrences of particular species, form part of corridors or have the potential for recovery. As detailed in Section 4.4.3.2, the vegetation within REA 2 can be regarded as having low habitat value for flora and fauna, low species diversity and is likely to increase in weed infestation in a do-nothing scenario. Similarly, the listing under the EPBC Act considers that the larger and more diverse a patch is, the more important it is. Additionally, patches that link remnants in the landscape, that occur in depauperate areas, that contain rare, declining or threatened species and, that encompass the entire range of the ecological community, are important to the viability of the ecological community into the future (Threatened Species Scientific Committee 2006). The vegetation within REA 2 has exceptionally low species diversity, offers poor connectivity across the landscape, does not contain rare, declining or threatened species and does not encompass the entire range of the ecological community.

The 25.49 ha of derived native grassland from a non-EEC community is also highly modified with low species diversity. The loss of this area of grassland is also negligible.

7.1.3 Habitat and Fauna

The impacts of the selected location of REA 2, are limited to four hollow-bearing trees consisting of seven small (2 - 10 cm) hollows, one medium (11 - 20 cm) hollow and two large (>20 cm) hollows. The hollow- bearing trees within the proposed footprints occur as isolated paddock trees. This limits their use to more mobile bird species and arboreal mammals that may also travel along the ground, such as the Common Brushtail Possum.

All other surface facilities were found to contain cleared grasslands, limiting their use to common terrestrial fauna species.

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7.1.4 Threatened Species

The minimal potential clearing of cleared grasslands and isolated paddock trees represents a comparatively small area of marginal habitat for threatened species. Similar and higher quality habitat for threatened fauna species extends across the remaining Project Application Area as well as the surrounding locality. One threatened fauna species, namely Diamond Firetail, has been recorded using the cleared lands around the proposed surface facilities. This species utilises both cleared lands and woodlands on the lower slopes within the Project Application Area. It is not expected that the surface facilities associated with the Project will have a significant impact on any TSC Act and/or EPBC Act listed threatened flora or fauna species.

7.2 Subsidence Impacts

Subsidence can lead to potential impacts to flora and fauna through habitat modification resulting from surface cracking, soil erosion due to slumping and changes in gradients, increased mixing of groundwater and surface water and hydrological changes to groundwater and surface water. This section of the report considers the extent to which these impacts may occur.

7.2.1 Predicted Subsidence

The Project has been divided into five distinct mining zones within the subsidence report (Golder Associates 2014) which reflect differences in mine design and subsidence estimations. Each zone has been prescribed to specifically address issues with regard to mining and associated subsidence.

Cliff Line and Zone of First Workings

The Cliff Line and Zone of First Workings are characterised by the plateaus throughout the Project Application Area. They are defined as being at least 20m in height and having slope angles of greater than 2:1. Subsidence in this zone can be summarised as follows: Subsidence : 10 to 65mm Tilt : 0.6 to 1.1mm/m Tensile Strain : 0.2 to 0.3mm/m Compressive Strain : 0.2 to 0.5mm/m Fractured Zone Height : <10m above the seam Surface cracking : Not expected

Overall, mine design surrounding cliff zones is expected to reduce the impact to between “low” and “insignificant” with an expected outcome to be damage of less than 5% of the cliff line area (zero damage likely) (Golder Associates 2014).

Panel and Pillar Mining Zone

This zone applies to the plateau areas above the cliff lines and incorporates significant areas of pagodas and rock shelves. Subsidence in this zone can be summarised as follows: Subsidence : 40 to 106mm Tilt : Typically 1 to 2mm/m (lower bound 0mm/m and upper bound 3mm/m) Tensile Strain : 0 to 1mm/m Compressive Strain : 0 to 2mm/m Fractured Zone Height : 60 to 70m above the seam

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Surface cracking : Not expected

Partial Pillar and Extraction Zone

This zone incorporates the foot slopes below the cliff line zone to the 80m depth contour. It is a densely vegetated area with slopes covered with rock fragments. Subsidence in this zone can be summarised as follows: Subsidence : 25 to 65mm Tilt : 0.5 to 2.6mm/m Tensile Strain : 0.2 to 1.1mm/m Compressive Strain : 02 to 1.9mm/m Fractured Zone Height : 20 to 35m above the seam Surface cracking : Not expected

Shallow Zone

This zone extends from the 80m depth contour to a minimum depth of 20m and is characterised by numerous creeks including Gap Creek and Genowlan Creek. Subsidence in this zone can be summarised as follows: Subsidence : 3.5 to 25.5mm Tilt : 0.6 to 1.1mm/m Tensile Strain : 0.1 to 0.4mm/m Compressive Strain : 0.2 to 0.6mm/m Fractured Zone Height : <10m above the seam Surface cracking : Not expected

New Hartley Shale Mine Potential Interaction Zone

Review of the old mine plan in conjunction with surface inspections did not indicate that significant pillars remained in the historic oil shale workings, however there is potential for them to exist. Should they exist, both panel and pillar and partial pillar extraction methods could lead to their collapse. As a result, this would result in the reactivation of subsidence in the oil shale workings with subsidence, tilt and strains above the limits being proposed in the remainder of the deposit (Golder and Associates 2014).

New subsidence effects in the zones of first workings can be summarised as follows: Subsidence : 10 to 65mm Tilt : 0.6 to 1.1mm/m Tensile Strain : 0.2 to 0.3mm/m Compressive Strain : 0.2 to 0,5mm/m Fractured Zone Height : <10m above the seam New Surface cracking : Not expected

If panel and pillar mining is practiced beneath the plateau in this area, the expected new subsidence effects (accepting that subsidence affects have already occurred) can be summarised as follows where panels are super-critical (this maybe the entire area) in the old shale workings:

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New Subsidence : 200mm Tilt : 2.5 to 6.7mm/m Tensile Strain : 1.0 to 2mm/m Compressive Strain : 0.7 to 3.3mm/m New surface cracking : Expected

Should there be sub-critical areas in the old shale workings that become super-critical with remnant pillar collapses with pillar and panel mining, the expected new subsidence effects can be summarised as follows: New Subsidence : 500mm Tilt : 6.2 to 16.7mm/m Tensile Strain : 2.4 to 5mm/m Compressive Strain : 1.8 to 8.3mm/m New surface cracking : Expected

The subsidence predictions conclude; ‘mining systems appropriate to different areas of the mine have been devised that will result in negligible subsidence impact over the majority of the mining lease' (Golder Associates 2014). The mine has been designed in order to minimise the surface impacts across the majority of the Project Application Area. The only exception is the plateau area above the old oil shale mine (New Hartley Shale Mine Potential Interaction Zone). This area has previously been mined and currently contains subsidence which is predicted to be reactivated. The shale mine interaction zone occupies approximately 40.1 ha of the Project Application Area.

7.2.2 Potential Impacts to Riparian Habitats

As stated above, the Project has been designed to result in minimal surface cracking. A review of topographic data show that the upper reaches of two un-named minor drainage lines run through the edges of the shale mine interaction zone where this surface cracking is predicted to occur. However, due to their extremely ephemeral nature, these two areas are not considered to contain riparian habitats and occur as the dry woodland environment that surrounds them. This area would most likely be naturally filled with soil during subsequent flow events, especially during times of heavy rainfall.

As a result of depressurisation of the Permian strata within the New Hartley Shale Mine Potential Interaction Zone, there is potential for the flow at Village Spring to reduce or cease (GHD 2014b). The Airly Village Spring was visited to determine the potential to act as a water source for local fauna. The spring currently is piped away from the source, with a small shallow puddle occurring nearby. Therefore, the loss of water to the Airly Village Spring would constitute a negligible loss of water resources for local fauna.

Cracking and drawdown affecting water availability may have an indirect and very localised effect on water availability for fauna species. However, cracking is not expected to greatly divert water and the percentage of water loss to the catchments of the Project Application Area and further downstream is very low. Consequently, the water security for use by fauna species is unlikely to be significantly affected.

GHD (2014a) states that groundwater drawdown is not predicted to occur within the Grotto or Oasis areas. However, a small section of Gap Creek is predicted to have a drawdown of 2.5 - 3.5m. Similarly, a small section of Genowlan Creek is predicted to have a drawdown of up to 1.1m. There are also some small areas along an unnamed tributary to Gap Creek which will potentially be drawn down (GHD 2014a). The potential consequence of drawdown of alluvial aquifers is further discussed in Section 7.2.5.

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GHD (2014b) predict a reduction in baseflow to Gap and Genowlan Creeks. These creeks are predicted to reduce total annual flows at the confluence of Gap and Genowlan Creeks by approximately 3.3%. Downstream of this location the impact on total annual flows will reduce further (GHD 2014b).

There is a man made dam in the centre of the potential impact area (Gap Creek is predicted to have a drawdown of 2.5 - 3.5m). This dam may provide a permanent water resource for fauna within the Project Application Area (GHD 2014a). Therefore, depending on the level of drawdown and subsequent drying there is potential for a localised impact upon fauna species within the Project Application Area. At the junction of Gap Creek and Genowlan Creek the contribution of the New Hartley Shale Mine potential interaction zone reduces to approximately 2% of the total catchment area. However, as stated above it is anticipated that additional water that may be lost within surface cracks will reappear further downstream within the Gap Creek catchment and therefore the overall catchment losses due to proposed mining within this zone are not considered to be measureable (GHD 2014b). As surface cracking is not expected in the remaining mining zones (i.e. all mining zones except the New Hartley Shale Mine potential interaction zone), there is not expected to be any reduction of runoff generated from these catchments due to the Project. Similarly, due to the absence of surface cracking, losses from drainage lines are not expected (GHD 2014b). Consequently, the water security for use by fauna species is unlikely to be significantly affected.

7.2.3 Potential Impacts to Caves and Rocky Habitats

Caves provide suitable habitats for threatened species as functional roosting sites for cave dwelling bats (including the Large-eared Pied Bat) and den sites for the Spotted-tail Quoll and the Brush-tailed Rock- wallaby. The pagodas and rocky outcrops also provide potential habitat for threatened species such as the Broad-headed Snake and Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby. RPS conducted targeted searches within the shale mine interaction zone in order to identify any cave structures with potential to be impacted upon. No cave structures were detected during targeted surveys, however pagodas and rocky outcrops were identified in this area.

Golder Associates (2014) expect that there will be no surface impacts upon any rock face >20 m in height (even within the Shale mine interaction zone). Therefore, no impacts are expected to these features and subsequently no impacts would be expected to potential habitats of threatened species including the Brush- tailed Rock-wallaby and Broad-headed Snake. As major cliffs are likely to provide the most suitable cave habitats, no significant impacts to cave-dwelling bats are expected.

7.2.4 Potential Impacts to Wooded Habitats

As aforementioned, the subsidence is predicted to be negligible across a majority of the mine with the exception of the New Hartley Shale Mine Potential Interaction Zone. Therefore, across the remainder of the Project Application Area, no impacts are expected that may alter the composition or extent of any woodlands forests or heaths.

RPS has recorded Prostranthera stricta (listed as Vulnerable under both EPBC Act and TSC Act) and Eucalyptus cannonii (listed as Vulnerable under the TSC Act) within the woodland areas of the New Hartley Shale Mine Potential Interaction Zone. Tension cracks and soil destabilisation may cause localised disturbance of the root zone for some plants in this area. Although Prostranthera stricta and Eucalyptus

113007; August 2014 Page 119 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment cannonii individuals may potentially be impacted upon, they are likely to readily recover from disturbance given their natural occurrence within unstable areas such as steep rocky slopes and cliff edges. Notwithstanding, any loss of threatened flora would be highly isolated and would be restricted to localised root zone disturbance, and impacts would not be extensive such that any area would become unviable to support threatened flora species. Therefore, it is unlikely that subsidence related ground movements would affect woodland or forest habitats such that they would become unsuitable for any of the potentially occurring threatened flora and fauna.

7.2.5 Potential Impacts to Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems

Section 4.5 lists four vegetation communities as potential groundwater dependent ecosystems (GDEs).These communities include: MU 3 Hillslope Talus Mountain Gum - Brown Stringybark - Grey Gum – Broad-leaved Hickory Moist Forest; MU 13 Tableland Gully Ribbon Gum - Blackwood - Apple Box Forest; MU 21 Capertee - Wolgan Slopes Red Box - Grey Gum - Stringybark Grassy Open Forest; and MU 40 Capertee Slopes Red Ironbark - Red Stringybark - Narrow-leaved Stringybark Shrubby Woodland.

As detailed within Section 4.5, these communities are likely to be utilising shallow aquifers and are therefore considered unlikely to be entirely groundwater dependent. This assumption is supported by the fact that the flora species within these vegetation communities are not restricted to alluvial drainage lines; they can occur along moist sheltered gully areas, creek lines, as well as dry slopes. Therefore, they can be termed as facultative ecosystems as defined below:

“Facultative” ecosystems – ‘A GDE that is not entirely dependent on groundwater, and may rely on groundwater on a seasonal basis or only during extended drought periods. At other times, water requirements may be met by soil or surface water’ (Serov et al 2012).

As aforementioned, the facultative GDEs that have been identified as having potential to occur within the Project Application Area generally exist as moist sheltered gully forests along creek lines and are not considered completely reliant on groundwater for their persistence. These communities also occur elsewhere within the Project Application Area in areas that do not contain shallow aquifers. Therefore, these areas will not be impacted upon by any drawdown impacts.

Predicted drawdown of the alluvial aquifer has been modelled to occur in a small number of locations that occupy a minimal extent of the Project Application Area. These locations were visited to determine any discernible difference in flora species presence or composition to areas not predicted to be affected by drawdown. No differences to the vegetation either upstream or downstream of the modelled drawdown areas were identified. Although there is potential for some minimal impacts upon the structure and composition of these GDEs at the local scale, larger areas of these communities (including other potential areas of facultative ecosystems) will not be impacted upon within the Project Application Area. Due to the tolerance of the tree species to persist in the absence of groundwater, effects to these GDEs are unlikely to result in significant modification to species composition. Therefore, it is unlikely that the local extent of these GDEs would be significantly reduced as a result of the Project.

7.3 Mine Water Discharge

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Water Quantity

The Project has the potential to increase the quantity of discharge from LDP001 as a result of modifications to the water management system at the Surface Facilities Area (GHD, 2014b). GHD (2014b) have predicted that discharges through LDP001 will increase from an annual average of 5.5 ML/year up to 76 ML/year in the year 2030 (under proposed conditions). LDP001 discharges into Airly Creek which subsequently flows into the Gardens of Stone National Park where it joins Coco Creek and eventually flows into the Capertee River. The expected increase in flows has been assessed for its potential to affect bank stability through erosion. GHD (2014b) estimated that a 16 ML/year increase in discharges from LDP001 will counteract reduced runoff from the construction of REA 2 and minor changes to baseflow in the catchment. With a total predicted change in waterway flow of 0.2%, these changes will be negligible and within the natural variability of catchment runoff. Conditions estimated by GHD (2014b) for a scenario where LDP001 discharges are maximised and vary most from existing conditions indicate a 70.5 ML/year increase in discharges from LDP001 will increase total annual flow by approximately 14.5%. The increase in discharges experienced under this scenario will occur during moderate to high rainfall events and therefore not have a significant impact on the current waterway condition, particularly further downstream in the Gardens of Stone National Park.

The Project is not predicted to have a significant impact on the flow or quality of waterways within the Gardens of Stone National Park or the Wollomi National Park, which are part of the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area (GHD, 2014b).

Water Quality

GHD (2014b) have used three years worth of data collected from a control site within an Airly Creek tributary, combined with levels recommended by the ANZECC and ARMCANZ (2000) to establish site-specific trigger values (SSTVs) for discharges at LDP001.

ANZECC and ARMCANZ (2000) define trigger values as: ‘the concentrations (or loads) of the key performance indicators measured for the ecosystem, below which there exists a low risk that adverse biological (ecological) effects will occur. They indicate a risk of impact if exceeded and should ‘trigger’ some action, either further ecosystem specific investigations or implementation of management/remedial actions’.

GHD (2014b) state that the interim estimated SSTV for salinity discharges from LDP001 is 2,998 ȝS/cm. Given that the SSTV provides an indication of the natural existing level of salinity within the system, the flora and fauna which currently occur within the system should be adapted to these levels of salinity.

SSTVs have additionally been set for all potential toxicants as derived from the naturally occurring levels at the control site and/or industry standards (ANZECC and ARMCANZ 2000). It is possible that increased use of this groundwater for water supply during dry periods may result in an increase in the EC and concentrations of dissolved iron, manganese, nickel and zinc within the water management system. On site water management measures, outlined in GHD (2014b), will minimise the risk of discharge of this water to Airly Creek. Therefore, the discharges through LDP001 are not expected to have an adverse impact on any EECs, threatened flora, threatened fauna or biodiversity in general downstream of LDP001.

7.4 Key Threatening Processes

Key Threatening Processes (KTPs) are listed under Schedule 3 of the TSC Act 1995. There are five KTPs that have the potential to be relevant to the project and in relation to those threatened species with potential to occur: Alteration of the Natural Flow regimes of rivers, streams, floodplains and wetlands;

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Degradation of native riparian vegetation along NSW watercourses; Loss of hollow-bearing trees; Removal of dead wood and dead trees; Clearing of native vegetation; Anthropogenic climate change; and Invasion of native plant communities by exotic perennial grasses.

“Alteration of the natural flow regimes of rivers, streams, floodplains and wetlands”

The Project is likely to incrementally contribute to the Key Threatening Process “Alteration of the natural flow regimes of rivers, streams, floodplains & wetlands” due to the predicted drawdown of alluvial aquifers, which may otherwise contribute to surface flows. However, cracking is not expected to greatly divert water and the percentage of water loss to the catchments of the Project Application Area and further downstream is very low. Therefore, the impacts of this KTP are unlikely to be significant.

Alteration to natural flow regimes will also occur as a result mine water discharge. However, as discussed in Section 7.3, this activity is not expected to alter the quality or quantity of the receiving water courses such that it would degrade these streams and rivers.

“Degradation of native riparian vegetation along NSW watercourses”

The Project is unlikely to contribute to the KTP ‘Degradation of native riparian vegetation along NSW watercourses’ as the Project involves only possible minor subsidence of vegetation along streams. It is considered that the Project is unlikely to result in a decline or loss of extent of groundwater dependent species or those that occur within riparian habitats.

“Loss of hollow-bearing trees”

REA 2 contains four hollow-bearing trees consisting of seven small (2-10cm) hollows, one medium (11 – 20 cm) hollows and two large (<20 cm) hollows, that may be removed, ultimately contributing to this KTP. The loss of tree hollows will trigger this KTP for several species that have been recorded or have potential to occur within the Project Application Area.

“Removal of dead wood and dead trees”

The removal of dead wood and dead trees is limited to a small number of dead stags and fallen limbs within REA 2. This loss is negligible in the context of the large areas containing this habitat feature within the Project Application Area.

“Clearing of Native Vegetation”

Clearing of native vegetation is limited to low quality derived native grasslands, as well as a few scattered shrubs and paddock trees. This loss incrementally contributes to this KTP for several species that have been recorded or have potential to occur within the Project Application Area. However, in relation to the large areas of intact vegetation within the Project Application Area, this loss is regarded as negligible.

“Anthropogenic Climate Change”

The Project may contribute to the KTP “Human Caused Climate Change.” The contribution and impact from the Project is considered to be insignificant.

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Invasion of native plant communities by exotic perennial grasses

The Project is likely to incrementally contribute to the KTP “Invasion of native plant communities by exotic perennial grasses” due to only a small area of surface vegetation to be removed for the Project. However, some disturbed areas within the Project Application Area already contain exotic perennial grasses. The Project will provide an opportunity to enact a weed control program to ameliorate this KTP.

7.5 Mugii Murum-ban State Conservation Area

Over 3,064 ha of the 3,650 ha Mugii Murum-ban SCA falls within the Project Application Area. The Mugii Murum-ban SCA was gazetted in March 2011 (NPWS 2012) and is fringed by the Gardens of Stone National Park to the south and a combination of Crown land, freehold land and reserves (in the form of Capertee National Park) to the north. The SCA has intrinsic environmental and cultural heritage values, whilst the majority of lands within the SCA remain as native bushland in a moderate-good condition, effectively contributing to the contiguous habitat that exists between the SCA and surrounding areas within the reserve system.

A Plan of Management (POM) is currently being developed by the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) in order to effectively manage the SCA into the future. Centennial has consulted with NPWS throughout the Project and intends on working with the NSW NPWS to ensure management objectives detailed within the POM are met. Consultation with NPWS indicates that management objectives include but are not limited to: protection and monitoring of flora and fauna species and habitats; Feral animal and weed control; Fire management; Community awareness and education; and Development and promotion of sustainable recreation activities.

7.6 Cumulative Impacts

The potential impacts at Airly Mine have been assessed for their potential to be part of cumulative impacts with other proposed or existing projects. Airly mine is a considerable distance from other projects, including Charbon Colliery 20 km to the north and Baal Bone Colliery 13 km to the south. As such, the cumulative impact upon locally occurring flora and fauna species is minimal. Additionally, the proposed mine design at Airly is conservative, such that all predicted impacts will be negligible. Therefore, the Project is unlikely to result in cumulative impacts to local biodiversity, including threatened species and EECs.

7.7 Matters of National Environmental Significance

An EPBC Act Protected Matters Search was undertaken within the SEWPaC (now DoE) online database (accessed July 2014) to generate a list of those Matters of National Environmental Significance (MNES) from within 10 km of the Survey Area, which may have the potential to occur within the Project Application Area.

An assessment of those MNES relevant to biodiversity has been undertaken in accordance within EPBC Act Policy Statement 1.1 Significant Impact Guidelines Matters of National Environmental Significance (DoE, 2013). The matters of national environmental significance protected under national environment law include: listed threatened species and communities; listed migratory species; Ramsar wetlands of international importance;

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Commonwealth marine environment; world heritage properties; national heritage places; the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park; nuclear actions; and a water resource, in relation to coal seam gas development and large coal mining development.

7.7.1 Nationally Listed Threatened, Migratory Species and Ecological Communities

Those nationally listed threatened species and ecological communities that are considered to have potential to be impacted upon are described in Appendix 2. Table 6 lists the migratory species identified from database searches. Due to the high mobility of these migratory species, in relation to the low level impacts predicted to potential habitats, the impact upon these migratory species are unlikely to be significant.

7.7.2 Ramsar wetlands of international importance

There are no wetlands protected by international treaty (the Ramsar convention) arising from the EPBC Act Protected Matters Report generated for an area within 10km of the Study Area.

7.7.3 Commonwealth Marine Environment

The Proposal will not have a significantly adverse effect on any Commonwealth marine area, as there are no such marine areas within the region. No impacts to Commonwealth marine area will therefore occur.

7.7.4 World Heritage Properties and National Heritage Places

The western boundary of the NSW Greater Blue Mountains Area (GBMA) is located directly to the south of the Project Application Area in the form of the Gardens of Stone National Park. The GBMA is a World Heritage Property and National Heritage Place. Those assessment criteria, which are relevant to biodiversity, are considered below.

As per DoE (2013), an action is likely to have a significant impact on natural heritage values of a World Heritage property if there is a real chance or possibility that the action will: reduce the diversity or modify the composition of plant and animal species in all or part of a World Heritage property; fragment, isolate or substantially damage habitat important for the conservation of biological diversity in a World Heritage property; cause a long-term reduction in rare, endemic or unique plant or animal populations or species in a World Heritage property; and fragment, isolate or substantially damage habitat for rare, endemic or unique animal populations or species in a World Heritage property.

An action is likely to have a significant impact on natural heritage values of a National Heritage place if there is a real chance or possibility that the action will: modify or inhibit ecological processes in a National Heritage place; reduce the diversity or modify the composition of plant and animal species in a National Heritage place; fragment or damage habitat important for the conservation of biological diversity in a National Heritage place;

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cause a long-term reduction in rare, endemic or unique plant or animal populations or species in a National Heritage place; and fragment, isolate or substantially damage habitat for rare, endemic or unique animal populations or species in a National Heritage place.

Clearing of native vegetation and impacts of subsidence have been considered for their potential to affect the wilderness quality of the GBMA. Clearing of native vegetation is limited to the extent that exists on the REA site and which includes only low quality derived native grassland, a few scattered shrubs and paddock trees. The installation of the REA would occur approximately 2.3km away from the GBMA. The small area of proposed clearing at that proximity from the GBMA is unlikely to affect the wilderness quality of the GBMA.

Predicted subsidence as identified by Golder Associates (2014) would occur approximately 300m from the GBMA, however these areas are considered to be the ‘Shallow Zone’ where subsidence is limited to 3.5- 25.5mm. In addition, the highly ephemeral drainage within the Project Application Area and associated subsidence zones predominantly flows into the Capertee River to the north of the Project Application Area, away from the GBMA. The proposed mine design criteria has included consideration of potential impacts to the GBMA and has been designed to avoid and reduce potential impacts. Given the predicted minor nature of proposed impacts, it is unlikely that the Proposed Action will impact upon the GBMA.

Revised Director General’s Requirements (DGR) (February 2014) requested a description of World Heritage values and National Heritage values of the Greater Blue Mountains Heritage property and Nationals Heritage place including the riparian, stream/waterbody and aquatic flora and fauna values of Airly and Coco Creeks and the Capertee River. To satisfy this requirement, habitat assessments were undertaken at specific locations within the Gardens of Stone National Park (part of the World Heritage area) to identify ecological features of these water bodies.

Assessments in Airly Creek and Coco Creek showed that both creeks were predominately dry, retaining very few isolated pools of water. No areas of flowing water were detected along either creek. Substrates of Airly Creek consisted of a combination of bedrock, boulders, cobble stone, pebble and gravel. Banks of Airly Creek were vegetated relatively evenly throughout the areas that were assessed, with Bursaria, Casuarina, Lomandra and various grass species supporting the banks. Plate 17, 18 and 19 display the current conditions of Airly Creek and Coco Creek.

Coco Creek supported similar vegetation however the substrate consisted more so of smaller cobbles and pebbles as opposed to bedrock and boulders. Sand and gravel were more predominant throughout Coco Creek. Areas of disturbance were more obvious along Coco Creek as it flows through agricultural properties outside of the National Park. The Capertee River was also found to be void of water (Plate 20).

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Plate 17 Airly Creek

Plate 18 Coco Creek

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Plate 19 Pooled Water in Airly Creek

Plate 20 The Capertee River

Mine water discharge is proposed for Airly Creek, which flows into Coco Creek and the Capertee River. As discussed in Section 7.3, Mine Water Discharge is not expected to alter the quality or quantity of the receiving water courses such that it would degrade these creeks and river.

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7.7.5 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park

The Proposal will not have a significantly adverse effect on Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, as this area is not within the region.

7.7.6 All Nuclear Actions

No type of nuclear activity is proposed for the Project Application Area.

7.7.7 Water resource, in relation to coal seam gas development and large coal mining development. An assessment of this MNES has been undertaken within the EIS.

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8.0 Mitigation Measures

The Project possesses various mitigation measures that aim to minimise the potential impacts on threatened flora and fauna within the Project Application Area. The primary mitigation measure associated with the Project is the selected mining technique of partial extraction, which is applied throughout the Project Application Area. Development of pillar systems will be formulated using continuous miners and partial extraction will be carried out in those parts for the Project Application Area where it is applicable for both subsidence and geotechnical control. The design of such systems is intended to provide adequate strength to leftover unmined coal, providing long-term stable support to the overburden, hence managing subsidence and geotechnical issues.

Other mitigation measures include: A high level of hygiene should be adopted in respect to vehicle and machinery to help prevent soil- borne disease (Phytophthora), pathogenic fungus (Myrtle Rust) transmission and weed seed dispersal; Strict erosion and sediment control measures should be installed, monitored and maintained to prevent the erosion and sedimentation impact on adjacent areas; Implement dust control measures where necessary to protect adjacent retained vegetation communities; Minimise potential impacts arising from stormwater runoff by designing and installing appropriate stormwater detention and/or filtering devices; Stockpiling of materials should occur within already disturbed areas and not within retained vegetation; Strict weed management, monitoring and control practices should be implemented to minimise the spread of exotic species into natural areas within the sites; Planting of vegetation should utilise locally occurring native plant species where possible; Vegetation to be removed is to be clearly marked in the field using temporary fencing (flagging tape or similar exclusion tape) so that boundaries are clearly established and to minimise the potential for equipment to accidently enter areas to be retained; Where possible, clearing activities should be timed to avoid the removal of hollow-bearing trees during the breeding season of threatened species; A suitably qualified person is to be present to supervise vegetation clearing within the sites and that vegetation clearing is undertaken in the following manner; ¾ Hollow-bearing trees are to be clearly marked (spray paint or flagging tape) by a suitably qualified person within the alternate REA site prior to any vegetation clearing commencing; ¾ Immediately prior to the felling of hollow-bearing trees, trees should be given two sharp taps with the machinery arm/bucket to encourage fauna to escape. After waiting 1 – 2 minutes after tapping the tree, the hollow-bearing tree should be felled as gently as possible; and ¾ A suitably qualified person is to inspect each felled hollow-bearing tree (once safe) to recover any injured fauna and seek appropriate treatment and relocate uninjured fauna into vegetation to be retained immediately adjacent to the site.

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9.0 Conclusion

RPS Australia East Pty Ltd (RPS) has been engaged by Centennial Airly Pty Ltd (Centennial Airly) to undertake a Flora and Fauna Assessment as part of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the proposed Airly Mine Extension Project (the Project). This assessment has examined the likelihood of the Project to have a significant effect on any threatened species, populations, ecological communities and important natural features as a result of the Project.

Nineteen vegetation communities were recorded and mapped within the Project Application Area in line with the vegetation descriptions detailed in DEC (2006a). Two EECs were recorded, namely Genowlan Point Allocasuarina nana Heathland and Box-Gum Woodland. In addition, three threatened flora species and 23 threatened fauna species have been recorded throughout the Project Application Area.

The proposed surface facilities cover an area of approximately 39.09 ha and have the potential to remove habitats for threatened flora, threatened fauna and Endangered Ecological Communities (EECs) to a marginal extent. Most areas of proposed surface facilities occur within areas that are already cleared and offer limited habitat for threatened species and EECs.

The area required for REA 2 contains 9.15ha of disturbed/improved land, 25.49 ha of derived native grassland, most likely derived from MU38 and 3.27 ha of Box-Gum Woodland Derived Native Grassland (EEC). All remaining areas for surface facilities cover approximately 1.18 ha of disturbed/improved land.

Across the Project Application Area, 3,466.03 ha of native vegetation was mapped. This vegetation provides suitable habitat for the threatened fauna recorded or expected to occur. This habitat is strongly connected to larger areas of wooded habitats in all directions, including the Gardens of Stone National Park to the south. The loss of cleared lands associated with proposed surface facilities would therefore not cause any populations of local threatened species to decline.

The Airly mine design aims to avoid significant subsidence impacts and minimise impact in any environmentally sensitive areas while improving feasibility of the mine (Golder Associates 2014). The outcomes of the mine design have been minimal subsidence. Using the various mining methods, appropriate setbacks from the major cliff lines, steep slopes and important water courses ensure that the significant subsidence related impacts, such as cliff collapse or slumping of steep terrain are unlikely. Due to the results attained by Golder Associates (2014) of low predicted subsidence levels, it is considered unlikely that these alterations could occur to such an extent that it would significantly impact upon threatened flora and/or fauna.

Golder Associates (2014) have predicted subsidence levels to be ‘Negligible’ over the majority of the mining lease. A possible exception to this is the plateau area above the old oil shale workings (New Hartley Shale Mine Potential Interaction Zone) where surface damage has historically occurred. Reasonable depths of soil cover over woodland areas indicates that affects to woodland habitats, including to the threatened flora Eucalyptus cannonii and Prostanthera stricta, would be minimal and localised.

The Genowlan Point Allocasuarina nana Heathland occurs within the subsidence extents. However, due to the low predicted subsidence levels at that location, the Project is unlikely to have an impact upon this community, such that it would no longer persist in its current form or extent. Similarly, Pultenaea sp. Genowlan Point occurs within the Cliff Line Zone and Zone of Fist Workings and therefore is unlikely to be impacted upon.

113007; August 2014 Page 130 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment areas not predicted to be affected by drawn down. No differences to the vegetation either upstream or downstream of the modelled drawdown areas could be identified. Due to the tolerance of the tree species to persist in the absence of groundwater (facultative GDEs), effects to these GDEs are unlikely to entail significant modification to species composition. Therefore, it is unlikely that the local extent of these GDEs would be significantly reduced as a result of the Project.

Cracking and drawdown affecting water availability may have an indirect impact on fauna species with low mobility. However, cracking is not expected to greatly divert water and the percentage of water loss to the catchments of the Project Application Area and further downstream is very low. Consequently the water security for use by fauna species is unlikely to be significantly affected.

Potential impacts under the TSC Act and EPBC Act have been assessed with regard to the proposed underground mining operations, surface facilities establishment and mine water discharge. A high level of confidence exists in subsidence predictions for the proposal and the predicted impacts associated with subsidence have been found to be negligible. Minor clearing of native vegetation is expected due to proposed surface facilities, with cleared grasslands mostly being affected. These impacts are regarded as minor impacts, in relation to the existing low condition of the habitats, and the available commensurate habitats within the Project Application Area and surrounding environments. Mine water discharge will not be of a magnitude such that it would alter the morphology of the affected water courses and water quality parameters are to be managed to stay within the natural background levels or acceptable levels for mine water discharge. Consequently, the Project is unlikely to have a significant impact upon threatened species, EECs or other MNES.

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Appendix 1 TSC Act Assessment of Significance (7-Part Test)

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As per the assessment carried out within Table 14, the following species / communities have been applied further detailed assessment via the application of 7-part Tests due to potential levels of impacts likely to result from the proposal.

Threatened Flora Pultenaea sp. Genowlan Point (Genowlan Point Pultenaea) Critically Endangered Acacia bynoeana (Bynoe's Wattle) Endangered Prostanthera cryptandroides subsp. cryptandroides (Wollemi Mint-bush) Vulnerable Prostanthera stricta (Mount Vincent Mint-bush) Vulnerable Darwinia peduncularis Endangered Eucalyptus cannonii (Capertee Stringybark) Vulnerable Grevillea evansiana (Evans Grevillea) Vulnerable Grevillea obtusiflora subsp. fecunda (Grey Grevillea) Endangered Persoonia marginata (Clandulla Geebung) Vulnerable Pomaderris brunnea (Rufous Pomaderris) Vulnerable Thesium australe (Austral Toadflax) Vulnerable

Threatened Fauna Bathurst Copper Butterfly (Paralucia spinifera) Endangered Giant Burrowing Frog (Heleioporus australiacus) Vulnerable Red Crowned Toadlet (Pseudophryne australis) Vulnerable Pink-tailed Worm-lizard (Aprasia parapulchella) Vulnerable Rosenberg's Goanna (Varanus rosenbergi) Vulnerable Broad-headed Snake (Hoplocephalus bungaroides) Endangered Little Whip Snake (Suta flagellum) Vulnerable Gang-gang Cockatoo (Callocephalon fimbriatum) Vulnerable Glossy Black-Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami) Vulnerable Little Lorikeet (Glossopsitta pusilla) Vulnerable Swift Parrot (Lathamus discolor) Endangered Turquoise Parrot (Neophema pulchella) Vulnerable Barking Owl (Ninox connivens) Vulnerable Powerful Owl (Ninox strenua) Vulnerable Masked Owl (Tyto novaehollandiae) Vulnerable Sooty Owl (Tyto tenebricosa) Vulnerable Brown Treecreeper (eastern subspecies) (Climacteris picumnus victoriae) Vulnerable Speckled Warbler (Chthonicola sagittata) Vulnerable Regent Honeyeater (Anthochaera phrygia) Critically Endangered Painted Honeyeater (Grantiella picta) Vulnerable

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Black-chinned Honeyeater (Melithreptus gularis gularis) Vulnerable Grey-crowned Babbler (Pomatostomus temporalis temporalis) Vulnerable Varied Sittella (Daphoenositta chrysoptera) Vulnerable Gilbert's Whistler (Pachycephala inornata) Vulnerable Hooded Robin (Melanodryas cucullata cucullata) Vulnerable Scarlet Robin (Petroica boodang) Vulnerable Flame Robin (Petroica phoenicea) Vulnerable Diamond Firetail (Stagonopleura guttata) Vulnerable Spotted-tail Quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) Vulnerable Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) Vulnerable Eastern Pygmy Possum (Cercartetus nanus) Vulnerable Squirrel Glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) Vulnerable Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata) Endangered Large-eared Pied-bat (Chalinolobus dwyeri) Vulnerable Eastern False Pipistrelle (Falsistrellus tasmaniensis) Vulnerable

Eastern Bentwing-bat (Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis) Vulnerable Little Bentwing-bat (Miniopterus australis) Vulnerable Southern Myotis (Myotis macropus) Vulnerable Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat (Saccolaimus flaviventris) Vulnerable Eastern Cave Bat (Vespadelus troughtoni) Vulnerable

Threatened Ecological Communities Genowlan Point Allocasuarina nana heathland; and White Box – Yellow Box – Blakely’s Red Gum Woodland.

(a) In the case of a threatened species, whether the action proposed is likely to have an adverse effect on the life cycle of the species such that a viable local population of the species is likely to be placed at risk of extinction.

Threatened Flora Pultenaea sp. Genowlan Point (Genowlan Point Pultenaea)

Pultenaea sp. Genowlan Point is known from the Blue Mountains area in NSW where it is restricted to a single population on the north-west facing tip of Genowlan Point on Genowlan Mountain in the Capertee Valley. The extent of occurrence is estimated to be only 250 m2. Habitat in which P. sp. Genowlan Point occurs is steep, well-drained stone soil immediately adjacent to a cliff edge.

Targeted surveys located P. sp. Genowlan Point at the known location on the tip of Genowlan Point on Genowlan Mountain. This population is the only known population of P. sp. Genowlan Point. Clearing for surface facilities associated with the Project will not occur on Genowlan Mountain and, therefore, will not impact upon the P. sp. Genowlan Point local population. The area of occurrence is subject to predicted low

113007; August 2014 Page iii Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment levels of subsidence ranging from 0-80 mm. The low levels of subsidence are not considered substantial enough to impact upon the presence of this species. Therefore, it is unlikely that the Project will affect the lifecycle of P. sp. Genowlan Point such that a viable local population of the species is likely to be placed at risk of extinction. Acacia bynoeana (Bynoe's Wattle) Prostanthera cryptandroides subsp. cryptandroides (Wollemi Mint-bush) Prostanthera stricta (Mount Vincent Mint-bush) Darwinia peduncularis Grevillea evansiana (Evans Grevillea) Grevillea obtusiflora subsp. fecunda (Grey Grevillea) Persoonia marginata (Clandulla Geebung) Pomaderris brunnea (Rufous Pomaderris)

Acacia bynoeana is a small shrub known from about 30 locations in the Greater Sydney Region, where it occurs in small populations (1 – 5 plants) within heath or dry sclerophyll forest on sandy soils. Records of this species are from Morisset in the Hunter District, south to Mittagong in the Southern Highlands and west to the Blue Mountains, extending to the Greater Lithgow Local Government Area. A. bynoeana has not been detected within the Project Application Area, however, suitable habitat is present and this species is easily overlooked because of its small size and ability to grow amongst other shrubs. NPWS Atlas Records (2013) indicates that this species has been recorded along a ridge top approximately 12 km north of the Project Application Area.

Prostanthera cryptandroides subsp. cryptandroides is distributed between Lithgow and Sandy Hollow on the NSW central west slopes, central tablelands and western parts of the central coast botanical regions. It is known from Wollemi National Park and Gardens of Stone National Park. Habitats in which P. cryptandroides subsp. cryptandroides is found include dry sclerophyll forest, open forest dominated by E. fibrosa, Narrabeen Rocky Heath, Narrabeen Acacia Woodland, Narrabeen Exposed Woodland, Open heath and open scrubland. Often found on rocky sites. Flora surveys did not detect P. cryptandroides subsp. cryptandroides within the Project Application Area and the nearest known record is approximately 8.6 km away.

Prostanthera stricta is listed as Vulnerable under the TSC Act 1995. It is a bushy, aromatic shrub to two m tall and three m in diameter. It is often a locally dominant undershrub in heath or scrub communities along cliff edges, or as an understorey species within a range of open forest or tall open forest types, or in adjacent transitional communities. Occurs from Mt Vincent to Genowlan Mountain in the Central Tablelands. The species was frequently encountered during field surveys, including as the dominant species within the shrub layer.

Darwinia peduncularis is generally coastally distributed but disjunct with a couple of isolated populations in the Blue Mountains. Records exist from Brooklyn, Berowra, Galston, Gorge, Hornsby, Bargo River, Glen Davis, Mount Boonbourwa and Kings Tableland. Flowers from winter to early spring. Grows on or near rocky outcrops on sandy, well-drained, low nutrient soil over sandstone. Prefers to inhabit dry sclerophyll forest on sandstone hillsides and ridges. Targeted surveys did not detect this species within the Project Application Area. Suitable habitat occurs on the ridges tops of Mount Airly and Genowlan Mountain.

Grevillea evansiana is a dense spreading shrub, usually to 0.5 m tall, that grows in dry sclerophyll woodland on ridges and rocky areas with sandy soils, occasionally also in swampy heath, at altitudes 600 – 800 m (Benson & McDougall 2000). It appears to have a highly restricted distribution, being known only from a small area east of Rylstone situated approximately 30 km north of the Proposed Action Area. At its known

113007; August 2014 Page iv Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment sites, this species grows in association with the trees Eucalyptus sparsifolia and E. rossii and with heath species including Leptospermum parvifolium, L. sphaerocarpum, L. arachnoides, Calytrix tetragona and Leucopogon muticus.

Grevillea obtusiflora subsp. fecunda occurs in NSW and is known from the Capertee Valley west of Lithgow and in the Gardens Stone National Park in the Central Tablelands. This species occurs on sandy loam soils with sandstone boulders in on open scrub beneath dry sclerophyll forest, at an altitude of 570 mm. Species growing in association with G. obtusiflora subsp. fecunda include Eucalyptus tenella, E. fibrosa, E. macrorhyncha, E. punctata, Callitris endlicheri, Acacia buxifolia, Leptospermum continentale, Monotoca elliptica, Persoonia linearis and Pomax umbellata. G. obtusiflora subsp. fecunda flowers abundantly in spring. It has been known to recolonise quickly after disturbance. G. obtusiflora subsp. fecunda was not detected within the Project Application Area during flora surveys. However, potentially suitable habitat exists. Based on the nearest known population's habitat associations, the most likely location for a population to occur within the Project Application Area would be along ridge lines of lower slopes within the north.

Persoonia marginata occurs in NSW in the Capertee district within the Rylstone LGA. Known from 11 different locations, the majority of which are within the Clandulla State Forest. Generally found in dry woodland communities associated with Shoalhaven Group sediments. Records of this species are known within the Gardens of Stone National Park to the south of the Project Application Area. This species was not detected within the Project Application Area during flora surveys, however, potentially suitable habitat exists. The most likely locations for populations to occur within the Project Application Area would be on lower slopes.

Pomaderris brunnea is a shrub to three m tall that grows in moist woodland or forest on clay and alluvial soils of flood plains and creek lines. P. brunnea has been found in association with Eucalyptus amplifolia, Angophora floribunda, Acacia parramattensis, Bursaria spinosa and Kunzea ambigua. This species occurs at various sites in the Greater Sydney Region, the closest of which to the Proposed Action Area is Borai Creek, a tributary of the Colo River, located in the Wollemi National Park about 60 km ESE of the proposed site. Potential habitats for this species within the Project Application Area would mostly be along watercourses.

The above eight species are considered to have potential to occur within the Project Application Area, with P. stricta being the only one of these species to be confirmed on site. These flora species have specific habitat requirements, being dry woodlands, ridge top, rocky or sandy habitats for A. bynoeana, P. cryptandroides subsp. cryptandroides, P. stricta, D. peduncularis, G. evansiana, G. obtusiflora subsp. fecunda, and P. marginata, and damper soils, generally within riparian areas for P. brunnea.

Due to the low levels of subsidence, it unlikely that any of these habitats would be affected. Proposed surface facility locations have been surveyed and no individuals or suitable habitat has been recorded at these locations. Therefore, it is unlikely that the Project will affect the lifecycle of these species such that a viable local population of the species is likely to be placed at risk of extinction. Eucalyptus cannonii (Capertee Stringybark)

Eucalyptus cannonii is restricted to the western side of the Blue Mountains from Mount Piper in the south to the Mudgee area in the north. It is known to occur in the Greater Lithgow City LGA. Stands of populations have varied from a few individual trees to stands of over 6000 individuals. E. cannonii is known to inhabit Tablelands Grassy Woodland Complex and Talus Slope Woodland. It occurs in association with E. macrorhyncha (Red Stringybark) and E. goniocalyx (Long-leaved Box).

E. cannonii was recorded within the Project Application Area in low-lying areas and ridge tops in dry woodland, or remnant, cleared areas. No E. cannonii individuals will be removed as a result of the installation of surface facilities associated with the Project and mitigation measures have been proposed to account for

113007; August 2014 Page v Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment any possible indirect impacts of the construction and operation of proposed surface facilities. Predicted low levels of subsidence across the Project Application Area are not considered likely to detrimentally affect this species. Therefore, it is unlikely that the Project will affect the lifecycle of E. cannonii such that a viable local population of the species is likely to be placed at risk of extinction. Thesium australe (Austral Toadflax)

T. australe grows in grassland or grassy eucalypt woodland, including roadsides and along railway lines and often in damp areas. This species is thought to be parasitic on the roots of a range of native and introduced grasses and is commonly found in association with Kangaroo Grass (T. australis).

This species is known to occur within the Blackmans Flat area near Lithgow, approximately 28 km south of the Project Application Area. Potential habitat occurs within the Project Application Area in the form of grassy areas, including areas containing T. australis.

Little is known about the distribution of T. australe, particularly in the region, with the population at Blackmans Flat currently occurring as an isolated occurrence. This is, however, a very inconspicuous species and is likely to easily remain undetected. Notwithstanding, given the paucity of information, were T. australe to actually occur inside the Project Application Area it would most likely occur on the lower slopes and valleys, away from the subsidence extents. Hence this species and this species potential habitat will not be impacted upon as a result of predicted subsidence for this Project.

Patches of T. australis occurred in grazed paddocks within the considered REA sites. All occurrences of T. australis were heavily grazed and unlikely to provide habitat for T. australe. No records of T. australe were identified. Similar cleared and partially wooded habitats containing T. australis patches have been noted within the immediate surrounds of the proposed REA and stockpile locations. Therefore, if present, it is unlikely that the Project will affect the lifecycle of T. australe such that a viable local population of the species is likely to be placed at risk of extinction.

Threatened Fauna Bathurst Copper Butterfly (Paralucia spinifera);

The Bathurst Copper Butterfly is found in an area of the Central Tablelands of New South Wales between Oberon, Hartley and Bathurst. All of the known sites occur within the Evans Shire and Lithgow City Local Government areas. Known to occur in areas above 900 m and where native Blackthorn (Bursaria spinosa subsp. lasiophylla) occurs. Most known sites are also exposed to full sun for a large portion of the day and are associated with Themeda australis (Kangaroo Grass). The butterfly emerges from pupation from early August and is on the wing until at least early November. Although the timing of activity varies across the species range, there appears to be a peak of activity for a couple of weeks in September for most sites. Adult butterflies fly between August and November depending on the elevation and aspect of the site. Habitats for this species would be open grassy wooded sites with an understorey containing B. spinosa subsp. lasiophylla.

Despite targeted searches, this species was not detected within the Project Application Area. No suitable habitat occurs within the proposed surface facilities. As this species inhabits areas in the lower slopes and valleys it is unlikely that predicted subsidence would impact these areas. Therefore, it is unlikely that the Project will affect the life cycle of the Bathurst Copper Butterfly such that a viable local population of the species is likely to be placed at risk of extinction. Giant Burrowing Frog (Heleioporus australiacus); The Giant Burrowing Frog is distributed in south-eastern NSW and Victoria. Found in heath, woodland and open dry sclerophyll forest on a variety of soil types except those that are clay based. Breeding habitat of this

113007; August 2014 Page vi Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment species is generally soaks or pools within first or second order streams. They are also commonly recorded from 'hanging swamp' seepage lines and where small pools form from the collected water. This species spends more than 95% of its time in non-breeding habitat in areas up to 300 m from breeding sites. Whilst in non-breeding habitat, it burrows below the soil surface or in the leaf litter. This species was not detected within the Project Application Area and the closest record is approximately 14 km to the north in the Wollemi National Park. No suitable habitat occurs within the proposed surface facilities. Low level subsidence may impact upon this species’ habitat in ridge top, sandstone environments. The level, to which an impact could potentially occur, is not considered substantial enough to render the habitat uninhabitable for this species should it occur. Thus, it is unlikely that the Project will significantly affect the life cycle of the Giant Burrowing Frog such that a viable local population of the species is likely to be placed at risk of extinction. Red Crowned Toadlet (Pseudophryne australis);

The Red-crowned Toadlet’s distribution is restricted to the Sydney Basin, from Pokolbin, south to Nowra, and west to Mt Victoria in the Blue Mountains. Occurs in open forests, where it typically inhabits periodically wet drainage lines below sandstone ridges. It breeds in dense vegetation and debris beside ephemeral creeks and gutters. Outside of breeding season, it is found under rocks and logs on sandstone ridges where it forages amongst leaf-litter.

This species was not detected within the Project Application Area during surveys. No suitable habitat occurs within the proposed surface facilities. Low level subsidence may impact upon this species habitat in ephemeral drainage lines associated with sandstone. The level, to which an impact could potentially occur, is not considered substantial enough to render the habitat uninhabitable for this species. Therefore, it is unlikely that the Project will significantly affect the life cycle of the Red Crowned Toadlet such that a viable local population of the species is likely to be placed at risk of extinction. Pink-tailed Worm-lizard (Aprasia parapulchella)

Pink-tailed Worm-lizard is a legless lizard known from the Central and Southern Tablelands, and the South Western Slopes. There is a concentration of populations in the Canberra/Queanbeyan Region. Other populations have been recorded near Cooma, Yass, Bathurst, Albury and West Wyalong. Inhabits sloping, open woodland areas with predominantly native grassy groundlayers, particularly those dominated by Kangaroo Grass (Themeda australis). Sites are typically well-drained, with rocky outcrops or scattered, partially-buried rocks and lizards are commonly found beneath small, partially-embedded rocks and appear to spend considerable time in burrows (including ants nests) below these rocks. The species lays two eggs inside ant nests during summer.

Suitable habitat may occur throughout the Project Application Area, particularly along the lower slopes. None of the other proposed surface facilities, including REA 2 sites contained the scattered rocks for sheltering. The effects of subsidence are unlikely to affect the potential habitats of this species. Therefore, it is unlikely that the Project will significantly affect the life cycle of the Pink-tailed Worm-lizard such that a viable local population of the species is likely to be placed at risk of extinction. Rosenberg's Goanna (Varanus rosenbergi);

Rosenberg’s Goanna is distributed from Wollemi National Parks south to the ACT region and near Cooma, usually in association with sandstone. It is found in heath, open forest and woodland where it forages for carrion, birds, eggs, reptiles and small mammals. Shelters in hollow logs, rock crevices and in burrows. This species requires termite mounds for nesting habitat.

113007; August 2014 Page vii Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

This species was detected within the Project Application Area by The University of Queensland to the north of Mount Airly. No suitable habitat occurs within any of the proposed surface impact areas and will, therefore, not be impacted by possible clearing activities. Low level subsidence may impact upon this species habitat in sandstone environments. The level, to which an impact could potentially occur, is not considered substantial enough to render the habitat uninhabitable for this species or its prey items. Thus, it is unlikely that the Project will significantly affect the life cycle of the Rosenberg's Goanna such that a viable local population of the species is likely to be placed at risk of extinction. Broad-headed Snake (Hoplocephalus bungaroides);

The Broad-headed Snake is largely confined to Triassic sandstones, including the Hawkesbury, Narellan and Shoalhaven formations, within the coast and ranges. Its distribution extends from Wollemi National Park in the north; the edge of the Clyde River catchment in the ranges southwest of Nowra in the south; and west to the upper Blue Mountains at Blackheath and Newnes. There are also historic records from outlying sandstone extensions at the north-west edge of the Sydney Basin between Bathurst and Mudgee.

This species shelters by day in rock crevices and under flat sandstone rocks on exposed cliff edges during autumn, winter and spring. In summer it is known to become semi-arboreal in its search for prey including geckos and skinks, and will shelter in hollows in large trees within 200 m of rocky escarpments.

This species was not detected within the Project Application Area during surveys. No suitable habitat occurs within any of the proposed surface facilities and will therefore not be impacted by clearing activities. Low level subsidence may impact upon this species habitat in sandstone outcrop environments. The level, to which an impact could potentially occur, is not considered substantial enough to render the habitat uninhabitable for this species should it occur. Thus, it is unlikely that the Project will significantly affect the life cycle of the Broad-headed Snake such that a viable local population of the species is likely to be placed at risk of extinction. Little Whip Snake (Suta flagellum);

Little Whip Snakes are found in NSW within an area bounded by Crookwell in the north, Bombala in the south, Tumbarumba to the west and Braidwood to the east. Occurs in Natural Temperate Grasslands and grassy woodlands, including those dominated by Snow Gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) or Yellow Box (E. melliodora); also occurs in secondary grasslands derived from clearing of woodlands. Commonly found under rocks or logs lying on, or partially embedded in the soil, on well-drained hillsides, mostly associated with scattered loose rocks.

This species was not detected in the Project Application Area during surveys. Suitable habitat does occur, however, as the proposed surface facilities does not contain suitable habitat, it is unlikely to be impacted by clearing activities. Subsidence predictions are not likely to impact upon habitat preferred by this species. Thus, it is unlikely that the Project will significantly affect the life cycle of the Little Whip Snake such that a viable local population of the species is likely to be placed at risk of extinction. Woodland/Forest Birds: Gang-gang Cockatoo (Callocephalon fimbriatum), Glossy Black-Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami), Little Lorikeet (Glossopsitta pusilla), Swift Parrot (Lathamus discolor), Turquoise Parrot (Neophema pulchella), Brown Treecreeper (eastern subspecies) (Climacteris picumnus victoriae), Speckled Warbler (Chthonicola sagittata), Regent Honeyeater (Anthochaera phrygia), Painted Honeyeater (Grantiella picta), Black-chinned Honeyeater (Melithreptus gularis gularis), Grey-crowned Babbler (Pomatostomus temporalis temporalis), Varied Sittella (Daphoenositta chrysoptera), Gilbert's Whistler (Pachycephala inornata), Hooded Robin (Melanodryas cucullata cucullata), Scarlet Robin (Petroica boodang), Flame Robin (Petroica phoenicea) and Diamond Firetail (Stagonopleura guttata).

113007; August 2014 Page viii Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

The Gang-gang Cockatoo, Glossy Black-Cockatoo, Brown Treecreeper, Speckled Warbler, Varied Sittella, Gilbert's Whistler, Little Lorikeet, Grey-crowned Babbler, Scarlet Robin, Flame Robin and Diamond Firetail were all detected within the Project Application Area. The Hooded Robin was recorded by RPS immediately outside the Project Application Area to the south. The remaining above listed woodland/forest birds are considered as having suitable habitat within the Project Application Area and have the potential to occur.

The proposed surface facilities consist of 39.09 ha of mostly cleared grasslands and individual paddock trees. Of the threatened woodland birds considered, this constitutes the removal of potential foraging and breeding habitat for the Diamond Firetail. It is unlikely that any other woodland bird species would utilise these cleared areas.

It is unlikely that subsidence will impact upon any woodland birds, as habitat is unlikely to be reduced and all species are highly mobile and capable of utilising the entire area and immediate surrounds for foraging and nesting purposes.

The local populations of these species would extend into the additional commensurate resources within the locality, including within national parks. Therefore, whilst the proposal has the potential to remove minimal foraging and nesting habitat for some of these species, it is unlikely that the Project will significantly affect the life-cycle of the above woodland/forest bird species such that a viable local population of the species is likely to be placed at risk of extinction. Large Forest Owls: Barking Owl (Ninox connivens), Powerful Owl (Ninox strenua), Masked Owl (Tyto novaehollandiae) and Sooty Owl (Tyto tenebricosa).

These forest owl species occur in wet or dry sclerophyll forests and woodlands in the coastal, tablelands and to the western plains of NSW where they hunt for a range of prey. These species nest in large hollows (preferably Eucalypt trees) where they may also roost. Roosting can also occur in canopy vegetation. The Powerful Owl is a predator of arboreal mammals such as Common Brushtail Possums, Sugar Gliders, Grey- headed Flying-foxes, and microbats. The Masked Owl, Barking Owl and Sooty Owl hunt for terrestrial mammals including the Bush Rat, European Rabbit, and Antechinus.

The Powerful Owl, Masked Owl and Sooty Owl were detected within the Project Application Area. Barking Owl has been recorded in the locality (10 km) of the Project Application Area. These Forest Owl species are likely to forage in the Survey Area periodically throughout the year, and the Survey Area may form part of the territory of several individuals of different species.

The scattered trees and grasslands within the proposed surface facilities are unlikely to be utilised for foraging, roosting or breeding by these owl species. The surface facilities would therefore be unlikely to impact upon these species.

The low level predicted subsidence could potentially occur in this species preferred habitat, however, it is not expected to alter the habitat to render it uninhabitable for this species. These owls are also highly mobile and are capable of utilising the vast amount of available habitat in the surrounding area. Ample foraging, roosting and breeding habitat exist in the adjacent Gardens of Stone National Park and Capertee National Park for these species. Therefore, it is unlikely that the Project will affect the life cycle of the Powerful Owl, Barking Owl, Masked Owl or Sooty Owl such that a viable local population of the species is likely to be placed at risk of extinction. Spotted-tail Quoll (Dasyurus maculatus maculatus):

The Spotted-tail Quoll occurs in a range of habitat types including rainforest, open forest, woodland, coastal heath and inland riparian forest, from the sub-alpine zone to the coastline. Nests are made in rock caves and hollow logs or trees, and basking sites are usually found nearby. Potential habitat for this species exists

113007; August 2014 Page ix Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment within the Project Application Area. Similarly, extensive tracts of suitable habitat would occur throughout the adjacent Gardens of Stone National Park.

This species was detected within the Project Application Area moving along Genowlan Creek. The Project Application Area lies within a connecting corridor to large areas of habitat to the east and the Airly State Forest to the north-west, both of which contain records of Spotted-tail Quolls. It is likely that this species uses the Project Application Area for breeding and/or foraging.

Suitable habitat for this species occurs within the gullies and creek lines where dense vegetation and ground resources, such as logs, are prevalent. No suitable habitat occurs within any proposed surface facilities, as such, the Spotted-tail Quoll will not be impacted by clearing activities associated with the project. The predicted low levels of subsidence are unlikely to affect the habitats of this species. Potential habitats are considered to remain intact to be potentially used by Spotted-tail Quolls in the short and long-term.

In regard to these points, it is unlikely that the Project will significantly affect the life cycle of the Spotted-tail Quoll such that a viable local population of the species is likely to be placed at risk of extinction. Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)

Koalas occur across the eastern portion of Australia, from coastal and inland QLD through NSW and into Victoria (with an introduced population occurring on Kangaroo Island). The population in NSW is mainly confined to the central and north coasts with some populations remaining west of the Great Dividing Range in Gunnedah and surrounds. Koala habitat includes a range of eucalypt woodlands and forests.

Potential habitat occurs throughout the Project Application Area, particularly within areas containing Eucalyptus punctata, E. albens, E. cypellocarpa and E. viminalis. The scattered trees and grasslands within the proposed surface facilities are unlikely to form an important component of Koala habitat. The surface facilities would therefore be unlikely to impact upon this species.

Large areas of habitat containing Koala feed trees, including E. punctata, E. albens, E. cypellocarpa and E. viminalis have been recorded throughout the Project Application Area. The habitats containing these tree species will not be greatly affected by the predicted levels of subsidence. No Koala habitat is being lost as a result of the Project, thus the Project is unlikely to affect the life cycle of this species such that a viable local population of the species is likely to be placed at risk of extinction. Eastern Pygmy Possum (Cercartetus nanus) Squirrel Glider (Petaurus norfolcensis)

Eastern Pygmy Possums are distributed throughout southeast Australia from southern QLD to eastern SA and in Tasmania. In NSW, it ranges from the coast inland to the Pilliga, Dubbo, Parkes and Wagga Wagga. This species occupies a broad range of habitats from rainforest through to sclerophyll forest and woodland to heath. The Eastern Pygmy Possum diet consists of nectar and pollen from banksias, eucalypts and bottlebrushes and they are considered to be important pollinators for Banksia species. They have also been known to opportunistically prey on insects. Shelters include tree hollows, rotten stumps, holes in the ground, abandoned bird nests, possum dreys or thickets of vegetation (e.g. Grasstree Skirts). They are generally a nocturnal, arboreal species that frequently spends time in torpor during the winter season.

Squirrel Gliders occur throughout eastern Australia, from northern QLD to western Victoria. Habitat includes mature or old growth Box, Box-Ironbark Woodlands, and River Red Gum forest west of the Great Divide and Blackbutt-Bloodwood dominated forest with heath understorey in coastal areas. They prefer vegetation communities with a variety of species with a shrub or Acacia mid-storey. They live in family groups of a single adult male with one or more females. An abundance of tree hollows is required for refuge and nest

113007; August 2014 Page x Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment sites. They feed on resources such as Acacia gum, eucalypt sap, nectar and honeydew with insects and pollen providing protein. One individual Squirrel Glider was recorded on the southern slopes of Genowlan Mountain during spotlighting.

The scattered trees and grasslands within the proposed surface facilities are unlikely to be utilised for foraging, roosting or breeding by Squirrel Gliders and Eastern Pygmy Possums. The surface facilities would therefore be unlikely to impact upon these species. The predicted low levels of subsidence are unlikely to affect the habitats potentially used by these species. Potential habitat is considered to remain intact, and may be used by Eastern Pygmy Possums and Squirrel Gliders in the short and long-term. Therefore, it is unlikely that the Project will affect the life cycle of the Eastern Pygmy Possum and Squirrel Glider such that a viable local population of the species is likely to be placed at risk of extinction. Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata);

The Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby occurs in forests and woodlands along the Great Divide and on the western slopes in escarpment country with suitable caves and rocky overhangs for shelter that are proximate to grazing opportunities. They browse on vegetation in and adjacent to rocky areas eating grasses and forbs as well as the foliage and fruits of shrubs and trees. Suitable habitat exists within the Project Application Area in the form of rock pagodas and escarpments. However, this species was not detected during surveys.

It is unlikely that the cliffs, minor cliffs and pagodas would experience any adverse impacts resulting from the proposed low levels of subsidence. No suitable habitat occurs within the proposed surface facilities for Brush-tailed Rock-wallabies. Therefore, it is unlikely that the Project will affect the life cycle of the Brush- tailed Rock-wallaby such that a viable local population of the species is likely to be placed at risk of extinction. Cave-roosting Bats: Large-eared Pied-bat (Chalinolobus dwyeri), Little Bentwing-bat (Miniopterus australis), Eastern Bentwing-bat (Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis) and Eastern Cave Bat (Vespadelus troughtoni).

Large-eared Pied Bats occur from Shoalwater Bay in QLD, to Ulladulla in southern NSW. It has an uncommon and patchy distribution. The largest known populations occur on the sandstone excarpments of the Sydney Basin and the north-west slopes. Four known maternity roosts currently exist within NSW. Preferred habitats include sandstone cliffs and fertile woodland valley habitats in close proximity to one another. Large-eared Pied Bats are greatly agile, due to their wide wing-span, which makes foraging for insects in the canopy less difficult.

Little Bentwing-bats are distributed along the east coast and ranges of Australia from Cape York in Queensland to Wollongong in NSW. They occur in moist eucalypt forest, rainforest, vine thicket, wet and dry sclerophyll forest, Melaleuca swamps, dense coastal forests and Banksia scrub. It is generally found in well- timbered areas and roosts in caves, tunnels, tree hollows, abandoned mines, stormwater drains, culverts, bridges and sometimes buildings during the day. Often share roosting sites with the Common Bentwing-bat and, in winter, the two species may form mixed clusters. Only five nursery sites / maternity colonies are known in Australia. The Little Bentwing-bat forages for small insects beneath the canopy of densely vegetated habitats.

Eastern Bentwing-bats are distributed along the eastern coast of NSW, also spreading into Southern QLD and Northern VIC. This cave dwelling species may also utilise disused mine shafts, storm-water tunnels, buildings and other man-made structures in which to roost. Breeding or roosting colonies can support from 100 to 150,000 individuals. They forage in vegetation surrounding the roost, in which they catch moths and other flying insects aerially above tree-tops.

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Eastern Cave Bats are distributed along both sides of the Great Divide from Cape York to Kempsey, with records occurring in the New England Tablelands and upper-north coast of NSW. Their western limit is the Warrumbungle Range. Eastern Cave Bats roost in caves, but have also been recorded roosting in disused mine shafts. Colonies can reach up to 500 individuals. Occasionally found along cliff lines near wet eucalypt forest and rainforest in which they forage for insects.

Large-eared Pied Bats and Eastern Bentwing-bats have been detected within the Project Application Area, whereas Little Bentwing-bat and Eastern Cave Bats have not. These species roost in caves and other structures including crevices in cliffs, old mine workings and boulder piles. They require associated open forest and woodland and well-timbered areas to forage aerially for insects.

The scattered trees and grasslands within the proposed surface facilities are unlikely to be utilised for foraging, roosting or breeding by these microbat species. The surface facilities would therefore be unlikely to impact upon these species. Predicted low levels of subsidence could potentially impact upon potential roosts in sandstone environments particularly in Mt Airly and Genowlan Mountain. Hollow-roosting Bats: Southern Myotis (Myotis macropus), Eastern False Pipistrelle (Falsistrellus tasmaniensis) and Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat (Saccolaimus flaviventris).

The Southern Myotis is distributed in coastal regions of Australia from the north east of Western Australia eastwards to southern Victoria. This species roosts in a range of habitats but primarily roosts in tree hollows. Habitat preference depends on its association with water in which this species depends for foraging. It will occur in a range of environments such as mangroves, rainforest, swamps, wet and dry sclerophyll forests and riverine environments. This species forages for insects including moths, beetles, crickets, cockroaches, flies and water insects, as well as small fish which is collects by raking its feet through the water.

In Australia, Eastern False Pipistrelles are distributed on the south-east coast and ranges, from southern QLD to Victoria and Tasmania. In NSW they occur along the eastern coast line. This species is a hollow roosting species preferring moist habitats with trees taller than 20 m in height. Hollows in eucalypt are preferred. However, they have been recorded roosting in buildings and under decorticating bark. It is an insectivorous bat that forages aerially on beetles, moths, weevils and other flying insects. This species hibernates during the winter months.

Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bats are distributed across the entire of NSW within a variety of habitats. It prefers small hollows for roosting, however it can utilise buildings and mammal burrows in treeless areas. The species flies high and fast over the forest canopy when foraging for insects but can forage at lower heights in more open areas.

The chosen REA 2 location contains four hollow-bearing trees consisting of seven small (2 – 10 cm) hollows, one medium (11 – 20 cm) hollows and two large (<20 cm) hollows that would require removal. The hollow- bearing trees at REA 2 could provide potential roosting sites for these species, however given their isolated nature, their use is considered of low likelihood. Soft felling techniques will be employed such that the clearing works would prevent the loss of any individuals of these species. Due to the large amounts of hunting habitat present in the locality, this habitat loss for both hunting and roosting is unlikely to affect the long survivability of any individuals of these species.

Although these species are associated with areas of high sensitivity to subsidence impacts, the low levels of predicted subsidence are unlikely to create such an impact that the species would be displaced or affected such that a viable local population of the species is likely to be placed at risk of extinction.

(b) In the case of an endangered population, whether the action proposed is likely to have an adverse effect on the life cycle of the species that constitutes the endangered population such

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that a viable local population of the species is likely to be placed at risk of extinction,

There was no endangered population considered to have a potential of occurring within the Project Application Area. Therefore, the action proposed is not likely to have an adverse effect on the life-cycle of a species that constitutes an endangered population such that a viable local population of the species is likely to be placed at risk of extinction.

(c) In the case of an endangered ecological community or critically endangered ecological community, whether the action proposed:

(i) is likely to have an adverse effect on the extent of the ecological community such that its local occurrence is likely to be placed at risk of extinction, or (ii) is likely to substantially and adversely modify the composition of the ecological community such that its local occurrence is likely to be placed at risk of extinction

The following EECs were detected within the Project Application Area: White Box – Yellow Box – Blakely’s Red Gum Woodland

White Box – Yellow Box – Blakely’s Red Gum Woodland (Box-Gum Woodland) is characterised by the presence or prior occurrence of Eucalyptus albens (White Box), E. melliodora (Yellow Box) or E. blakelyi (Blakely’s Red Gum). The EEC occurs predominantly on the western slopes of NSW from Victoria to Queensland on soils that are moderately to highly fertile, from an altitude of approximately 170 m on the lower slopes to, and including, the tablelands. The understorey in intact sites is characterised by native grasses and a high diversity of herbs; the most commonly encountered include Themeda australis (Kangaroo Grass), Poa sieberiana (Poa Tussock), Austrodanthonia spp. (wallaby grasses), Austrostipa spp. (spear-grasses), Chrysocephalum apiculatum (Common Everlasting), Goodenia pinnatifida (Scrambled Eggs), Hypericum gramineum (Small St John's Wort), Vittadinia muelleri (Narrow-leafed New Holland Daisy), and Wahlenbergia spp. (blue-bells). Shrubs are generally sparse or absent, though they may be locally common.

This EEC can be commensurate with MU 20 Capertee Rough-barked Apple - Redgum - Yellow Box Grassy Woodlands. MU20 predominantly occurs within the lower slopes and flats on the outskirts of the Project Application Area. Much areas containing this EEC are still well vegetated, however, some cleared areas in the east of the Project Application Area still contain a native groundcover that is considered commensurate with this EEC.

Most of this EEC occurs outside the predicted subsidence extents, with the remaining occurring within the Shallow Zone (0 – 10 mm subsidence) or Partial Pillar Lifting Zones (10 – 80 mm subsidence).Therefore, neither subsidence or the proposed extent of clearing is likely to have an adverse effect on the extent, or modify the composition of the ecological community, such that it would be placed at risk of local extinction.

Approximately 3.27 ha of the derived grassland component of this community have been mapped within REA 2. A portion of 55.28 ha of MU 20 Capertee Rough-barked Apple - Redgum - Yellow Box Grassy Woodlands and a portion of the 475.33 ha of cleared land outside of the proposed surface facilities are also likely to be commensurate with Box Gum Woodland or derived grasslands. In relation to the amount of available and deliberately avoided vegetation, the loss of approximately 3.27 ha low quality derived grasslands will not have an adverse effect on the extent of this ecological community, or substantially and adversely modify the composition of this ecological community, such that its local occurrence is likely to be placed at risk of extinction. Genowlan Point Allocasuarina nana Heathland.

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The entire occurrence of this EEC is found within the north-east of the Project Application Area, with the entire 15 ha occurring at Genowlan Point. This area occurs within the proposed Panel and Pillar Mining (50 – 70 mm) subsidence area. The low levels of subsidence are unlikely to cause impacts to this dry heath community. Neither this subsidence nor the proposed extent of clearing is likely to have an adverse effect on the extent, or modify the composition of the ecological community, such that it would be placed at risk of local extinction.

(d) In relation to the habitat of a threatened species, population or ecological community:

(i) the extent to which habitat is likely to be removed or modified as a result of the action proposed, The proposal is for an underground mine and associated surface facilities. The extent to which the habitat of a threatened species, population or ecological community is likely to be removed or modified as a result of the action proposed is restricted to the vegetation clearing required for the proposed surface facilities. Areas for the proposed surface facilities would remove marginal habitats for threatened species and communities due to their predominantly cleared nature. Impacts from direct surface clearing are not expected to impact on habitats such that a threatened species, population or ecological community is likely to be modified or lost from the locality. Low levels of predicted subsidence or the proposed mine water discharge are not expected to significantly impact on habitats such that a threatened species, population or ecological community is likely to be wholly removed or modified from the locality.

(ii) whether an area of habitat is likely to become fragmented or isolated from other areas of habitat as a result of the proposed action, and

All proposed surface facilities are within predominately cleared pastoral landscapes that are already highly fragmented. The scattered trees and grasslands within the proposed surface facilities are unlikely to be utilised for foraging, roosting or breeding by the majority of threatened species known to occur or potentially occur within the Project Application Area. Therefore, the most suitable movement corridors for threatened species will not be lost as a result of the Project and no habitats will become fragmented or isolated as a result of the Project.

(iii) the importance of the habitat to be removed, modified, fragmented or isolated to the long- term survival of the species, population or ecological community in the locality

The proposal is for an underground mine and associated surface facilities. The extent to which the habitat of a threatened species, population or ecological community is likely to be removed or modified as a result of the action proposed is restricted to the vegetation clearing required for the proposed surface facilities.

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Habitats within the proposed surface facilities area contain scattered trees and grasslands, which are unlikely to be utilised for foraging, roosting or breeding by the majority of the abovementioned threatened species. The habitat to be removed is not considered important for the long-term survival of the threatened species, populations or ecological communities within the locality.

(e) Whether the action proposed is likely to have an adverse effect on critical habitat (either directly or indirectly)

Critical habitat for any threatened species does not occur within the Project Application Area. Therefore, the action proposed is unlikely to have an adverse effect on critical habitat (either directly or indirectly).

(f) Whether the action proposed is consistent with the objectives or actions of a recovery plan or threat abatement plan

Recovery Plans have been prepared for the below species. Several species have been recorded within the Project Application Area, which do not have a recovery plan prepared. However, as these species are known to occur, the opportunity exists to ensure the local populations and/or their habitats are managed and monitored to enable the long-term survival in accordance with the priority actions of each species. Therefore, in the absence of recovery plans, the priority actions, as listed by OEH have been considered for those species that are known to occur.

Flora

Grevillea obtusiflora subsp. fecunda

A Recovery Plan for the Grevillea obtusiflora subspecies has been prepared by the NPWS (2001a). The overall objective of this recovery plan is to stabilise G. obtusiflora’s status as an endangered taxon pursuant to the provisions of the TSC Act. Recovery relates specifically to the prevention of the decline in the number of sub-populations and individuals of G. obtusiflora extant in the wild, by protecting sub-populations from threats.

No Grevillea obtusiflora subsp. fecunda has been recorded within the Project Application Area. The low levels of predicted subsidence is unlikely to affect the recovery of this species, if present.

Pultenaea sp. Genowlan Point (Genowlan Point Pultenaea)

No State Recovery Plan exists for this species. However, there is a National Plan with the following objectives:

Objective 1: Co-ordinate the recovery of P. sp. Genowlan Point and Genowlan Point Allocasuarina nana Heathland.

Objective 2: Conduct surveys and monitoring.

Objective 3: Conserve P. sp. Genowlan Point and Genowlan Point Allocasuarina nana Heathland using land-use and conservation planning mechanisms.

Objective 4: Promote research into the ecology and biology of P. sp. Genowlan Point and ecological processes of Genowlan Point Allocasuarina nana Heathland, in order to provide information to assist future management decisions.

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Objective 5: Minimise impact of threats to P. sp. Genowlan Point and Genowlan Point Allocasuarina nana Heathland.

Objective 6: Provide public authorities and the community with information that assists in conserving P. sp. Genowlan Point and Genowlan Point Allocasuarina nana Heathland.

Objective 7: Ex situ conservation of P. sp. Genowlan Point.

There are currently 18 Priority Actions for the recovery of this species: Survey of potential habitat on Crown land to clarify distribution and status. Survey potential habitat in Gardens of Stone and Blue Mountains NPs to clarify distribution and status. Provide map of known occurrences to Rural Fire Service and seek inclusion of mitigative measures on Bush Fire Risk Management Plan(s), risk register and/or operation map(s). Annual population monitoring - Genowlan Pt to assess changes to population status and operation of threats. Clarify taxonomy in collaboration with BGT. Clarify taxonomy in collaboration with BGT. Prevent vehicular access to Genowlan Pt. Prepare goat management strategy. Implement goat management strategy. Develop ‘interim’ minimum fire frequency recommendations based on best available knowledge. Develop preferred mitigation measures to minimize impact of wildlife and/or suppression operations. Liaise with and involve 4WD groups in management. Liaise with indigenous groups. Carry out high priority research into fecundity and reproductive success. Carry out high priority research into population dynamics, structure and recruitment. Prepare state and national priority recovery plan in accordance with contractual obligations between DEC and DEH by December 2007. Undertake an ecological burn at selected locations where required.

The Project will not impact upon this species. Monitoring for this species is being coordinated by NSW National Parks. Centennial Airly will continue to be in consultation with NSW National Parks and assist in any monitoring efforts if required. Centennial Airly will work with State and Federal authorities to support the objectives of the recovery plan and priority actions.

Prostanthera stricta (Mount Vincent Mint-bush)

No Recovery Plan exists for this species. However, 18 Priority Actions have been prepared: Review of species taxonomy particularly with regards to Widen Valley sightings (P. stricta "affinity" stricta). Prepare and implement fire management guidelines, inc. recommended fire interval > 8yrs. Collect seed for NSW Seedbank. Develop collection program in collaboration with BGT - single provenance.

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Investigate population dynamics and genetic diversity within and between populations. Develop and implement a population and threat abatement monitoring program. Increase protection of freehold sites particularly at Mt Vincent and Genowlan Mountains using land-use planning mechanisms and/or targeted conservation agreements. Liaise with landholders to facilitate the implementation of site specific threat abatement measures. Undertake priority weed control especially at Stockyard Point Mt Vincent, Genowlan Mt, Eagal Vew Mt Vincent, SE Mt Ida. Erect fences to exclude grazing and trampling especially by sheep, cattle and goats. Identify location, tenure and threats at extant sites. Liaise with landholders/stakeholders and facilitate the implementation of site management specific monitoring and threat abatement measures, including weed removal and fencing. Implement an annual monitoring program at priority sites. Restrict vehicular access, especially recreational 4WD use at Genowlan Trig & Genowlan Mt. Undertake site stabilisation/erosion control measures at all sites, with priority given to sites with tracks nearby. Identify, map and survey potential habitat during flowering season (winter-spring), as per recommendations in Miller 1999. Investigate seed viability, germination, dormancy and longevity (in natural environment and in storage). Conduct research and undertake field studies to determine fire ecology, response to disturbance and seedbank characteristics. Investigate sensitivity to Phytophthora (and other soil and water-borne pathogens) and prepare & implement management protocols if necessary.

The Project will not impact upon this species and ongoing monitoring will occur. Centennial Airly will work with State authorities to support the objectives of these priority actions.

Eucalyptus cannonii (Capertee Stringybark)

No Recovery Plan exists for this species. However, a total of 10 Priority Actions have been prepared: Ensure the Threatened Species Hazard Reduction List is updated with the requirements of this species and that personnel undertaking burns are aware of its presence and fire sensitivity. Review / include operational guidelines for Winburndale NR, Garden of Stone NP, Avisford NR and Wollemi NP Reserve Fire Management Strategies to ensure this species is protected from fire, with a fire frequency of >5 years. Develop EIA guidance for consent and determining authorities with regard to development and other activities. Encourage livestock management so as to maintain or improve habitat for this species. Ensure awareness of species location and identification for all personnel undertaking maintenance of road verges, trails, powerlines and water fixtures. Identify location, tenure and threats at extant sites. Encourage landholders to enter VCAs and other site management agreements. Opportunistically monitor populations after wildfire to determine fire ecology.

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Revegetate targeted areas with locally-collected seed. Provide map of known occurrences to Rural Fire Service and Clandulla and Ben Bullen State Forests and seek inclusion of fire frequency of >5 years on Bush Fire Risk Management Plan(s), risk register and/or operation map(s).

The Project will not impact upon this species and ongoing monitoring will occur. Centennial Airly will work with State authorities to support the objectives of these priority actions.

Pomaderris brunnea (Rufous Pomaderris)

No State Recovery Plan exists for this species. However, there is a National Recovery Plan with the following objectives: Determine current status and threats. Determine habitat requirements. Protect and manage populations on public and private land. Monitor response of populations to active management. Identify key biological functions. Establish a population in cultivation. Build community support for conservation.

As this species has not been recorded within the Project Application Area and no impacts are expected on potential habitats, the Project will not contravene any of the above actions.

Bathurst Copper Butterfly (Paralucia spinifera) A Recovery Plan for the Bathurst Copper Butterfly has been drafted by the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service and been approved by the NSW OEH (NPWS 2001c). The objectives of this plan are listed below. Complete assessment of threats operating on freehold land; Clearing prevention and impact assessment; Manage weeds to prevent impacts on habitat; Create habitat corridors to reduce isolation of sites; Monitor the illegal collection of Bathurst Copper Butterfly; Manage vehicular access and recreational vehicle use to prevent impacts on habitat; Management of road surfaces and maintenance activities to prevent impacts on habitat; Management of fire prevention activities and planning to prevent impacts on habitat; Management of grazing activities to prevent impacts on habitat; Management of impacts associated with feral animals; and Management of dead timber removal / firewood collection to prevent impacts on habitat.

No B. spinosa subsp. lasiophylla, which is required for the presence of the Bathurst Copper Butterfly, has been recorded within the Project Application Area. Searches for the habitat and the Bathurst Copper Butterfly itself have been undertaken during peak activity periods and included within the proposed surface facility sites. Therefore, the Project is consistent in that it is avoiding potential impacts to habitats of this species.

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Gang-gang Cockatoo (Callocephalon fimbriatum) No Recovery Plan exists for the Gang-gang Cockatoo. However, 11 Priority Actions have been identified and are provided in the species profile (OEH 2013). The Priority actions are listed below. Provide input to National Park and local bushfire management plans to minimise impacts of fire on critical resources. Increase landholder and public awareness of status, threats and priority actions. Investigate movement patterns of selected populations. Determine the status of representative local populations distributed across the species range. Investigate the impacts of wildfire and hazard reduction burns on foraging and nesting resources. Investigate the breeding biology of selected populations to improve understanding of threatening processes. Model the impact of global warming and develop mitigation strategies. Identify important nesting habitat on public lands. Negotiate management agreements and covenants over important areas of habitat. Prepare and distribute information to decision makers. Determine the disease status of selected populations.

The Project will not significantly impact upon this species and ongoing monitoring will occur. Centennial Airly will work with State authorities to support the objectives of these priority actions.

Glossy Black-Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami) No Recovery Plan exists for the Glossy Black-Cockatoo. However, 10 Priority Actions have been identified and are provided in the species profile (OEH 2013). The Priority actions are listed below. Identify and map key breeding and foraging habitat, similar to the mapping done by Robinson (2004) at St Georges Basin. Provide incentives for landholders to fence and manage key sites. Assist landholders who wish to enter into voluntary conservation agreements at key sites. Prepare and distribute EIA guidelines to decision makers. Periodically review IFOA prescriptions to ensure adequate protection of nesting and foraging habitat. Develop/encourage strategic planning approach for Glossy Black Cockatoo at the local and regional level. Encourage the restoration of foraging habitat that has been cleared or degraded by previous impacts. Increase landholder and public awareness and interest in Glossy Black Cockatoo conservation and habitat management. Utilise the Glossy Black Cockatoo as a flagship threatened species for woodland and forest conservation education and awareness programs. Continue existing monitoring programs (e.g. Goonoo population) and encourage other community groups to develop a monitoring program of local populations.

The Project will not significantly impact upon this species and ongoing monitoring will occur. Centennial Airly will work with State authorities to support the objectives of these priority actions.

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Little Lorikeet (Glossopsitta pusilla) No Recovery Plan exists for this species and no Priority actions are currently identified.

Swift Parrot (Lathamus discolor) A National Recovery Plan for the Swift Parrot has been drafted by Birds Australia and approved by the NSW OEH (Saunders and Tzaros 2011). The objectives of this plan are listed below. Identify the extent and quality of foraging habitat. Manage Swift Parrot habitat at a landscape scale. Reduce the incidence of collisions. Population and habitat monitoring. Community education and information. Manage the recovery process through a recovery team. Increase landholder and public awareness of status, threats and priority actions. Investigate movement patterns of selected populations.

As this species has not been recorded within the Project Application Area and no impacts are expected on potential habitats, the Project will not contravene any of the above actions.

Barking Owl (Ninox connivens) A Recovery Plan for the Barking Owl has been drafted by the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (NSW NPWS 2003). The objectives are listed below. Assess the size, viability and status of the Barking Owl population in NSW. Establish a program to monitor the NSW Barking Owl population and study its demographics. Investigate conservation management strategies. Support biological and ecological studies. Support population genetics studies. Investigate the cultural and historic significance of the Barking Owl. Develop and distribute the Barking Owl information package. Develop and distribute best practice guidelines for Barking Owl conservation to Regional Vegetation Management Committees (RVMCs). Prepare a poster and undertake a community survey and media campaign in rural and regional NSW. Establish formal conservation arrangements for properties with Barking Owls. Protect known Barking Owl nest sites and surrounding habitat. Assist with the protection of Barking Owl habitat from disturbance due to developments and activities. Assess forestry prescriptions and Threatened Species Licences for their effectiveness in conserving the Barking Owl in State Forests. Incorporate the consideration of Barking Owl habitat and potential habitat as a high priority in the assessment of property for reserve establishment. Support studies into the effects of agricultural poisons upon the species. Integrate the Barking Owl plan with other plans.

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Maintain the NPWS threatened owl working group and links with owl researchers. Maintain links with the community. Coordinate the implementation of the recovery plan. Review the plan in its final year and prepare a second recovery plan.

As this species has not been recorded within the Project Application Area and no significant impacts are expected on potential habitats, the Project will not contravene any of the above actions.

Powerful Owl (Ninox strenua) Sooty Owl (Tyto tenebricosa)

The Large Forest Owls – Final Recovery Plan drafted by the Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW) and approved by the NSW OEH applies to the Powerful Owl and Sooty Owl. The objectives of this Recovery Plan are listed below. Assess the distribution and amount of high quality habitat for each owl species across public and private lands to get an estimate of the number and proportion of occupied territories of each species that are, and are not, protected. To monitor trends in population parameters (numbers, distribution, territory fidelity and breeding success) across the range of the two species and across different land tenures and disturbance histories. To assess the implementation and effectiveness of forest management prescriptions designed to mitigate the impact of timber-harvesting operations on the three owl species and, (if necessary), to use this information to refine the prescriptions so that forestry activities on state forests are not resulting in adverse changes in species abundance and breeding success. Ensure the impacts on large forest owls and their habitats are adequately assessed during planning and environmental assessment processes. Minimise further loss and fragmentation of habitat by protection and more informed management of significant owl habitat (including protection of individual nest sites). To improve the recovery and management of the three large forest owls based on an improved understanding of key areas of their biology and ecology. To raise awareness of the conservation requirements of the three large forest owls amongst the broader community, to involve the community in owl conservation efforts and in so doing increase the information base about owl habitats and biology. To coordinate the implementation of the recovery plan and continually seek to integrate actions in this plan with actions in other recovery plans or conservation initiatives.

The Project will not impact upon these species and ongoing monitoring will occur. Centennial Airly will work with State authorities to support the objectives of the recovery plan.

Brown Treecreeper (eastern subspecies) (Climacteris picumnus victoriae)

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Identify key habitats or areas for protection and enhanced management through incentives. Develop habitat identification, management and enhancement guidelines for woodland birds. Implement sympathetic habitat mangement in conservation reserves, council reserves and crown reserves where the species occurs. Increase understanding of woodland birds through promotion of the DEC website and other educational material. Develop an Expression of Interest targeted towards private landowners to locate new sites and from this negotiate, develop and implement conservation management agreements for high priority sites.

The Project will not significantly impact upon this species and ongoing monitoring will occur. Centennial Airly will work with State authorities to support the objectives of these priority actions.

Speckled Warbler (Chthonicola sagittata)

No recovery plan exists for this species. However, a total of seven Priority actions have been prepared: Conduct ecological research to determine habitat and resource requirements, threats and conservation issues. Undertake surveys for threatened woodland birds in new and existing conservation reserves containing suitable habitat to assess the species' conservation status and identify key breeding and foraging habitat. Identify key habitats or areas for protection and enhanced management through incentives. Develop habitat identification, management and enhancement guidelines for woodland birds. Implement sympathetic habitat management in conservation reserves, council reserves and crown reserves where the species occurs. Increase understanding of woodland birds through promotion of the DEC website and other educational material. Develop an Expression of Interest targeted towards private landowners to locate new sites and from this negotiate, develop and implement conservation management agreements.

The Project will not significantly impact upon this species and ongoing monitoring will occur. Centennial Airly will work with State authorities to support the objectives of these priority actions.

Regent Honeyeater (Anthochaera phrygia)

There is currently no State Recovery Plan this species. However, there is a National Recovery Plan with the following objectives: Long-term (to be achieved within two decades) ¾ To ensure that the species persists in the wild. ¾ To achieve a down-listing from nationally endangered to vulnerable by stabilising the population decline and securing habitat extent and quality in the main areas of occupancy. ¾ Achieve increasing reporting rates (5% per annum) in areas previously used regularly, e.g. Munghorn Gap (NSW), Bendigo, north-east Melbourne and the Eildon area (VIC). Specific objectives (within the life of this plan) ¾ Effectively organise and administer the recovery effort to ensure that recovery plan objectives are met.

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¾ Maintain and enhance the value of Regent Honeyeater habitat at the key sites and throughout the former range, by active participation in land-use planning processes and by active vegetation rehabilitation at strategic sites. ¾ Monitor trends in the Regent Honeyeater population size and dispersion across its range to allow assessment of the efficacy of management actions. ¾ Facilitate research on strategic questions which will enhance the capacity to achieve the long- term objectives. In particular, determine the whereabouts of Regent Honeyeaters during the non- breeding season and during breeding season absences from known sites. Identify important sites and habitat requirements at these times. ¾ Maintain and increase community awareness, understanding and involvement in the recovery effort. ¾ Maintain the captive population of Regent Honeyeaters at a size which will provide adequate stock to: provide insurance against the demise of the wild population; continuously improve captive-breeding and husbandry techniques; provide adequate stock for trials of release strategies; and maintain 90% of the wild heterozygosity in the captive population.

This species has been recorded within the Project Application Area by the University of Queensland However, no significant impacts are expected on potential habitats Therefore, the Project will not contravene any of the above actions.

Grey-crowned Babbler (Pomatostomus temporalis temporalis)

No recovery plan exists for this species. However, a total of five Priority actions have been prepared: Conduct ecological research to determine habitat and resource requirements, threats and conservation issues. Conduct annual monitoring of key populations that are managed under property agreements or are within DECCW estate, conservation reserves, council reserves and crown reserves. Provide stewardship payments, develop property agreements and apply other land management incentives for the protection and enhanced management of woodland vegetation used by the Grey- crowned Babbler. Increase community awareness about the Grey-crowned Babbler through the promotion of the DECCW Threatened Species Website and the development of education and extension material for threatened woodland birds. Implement sympathetic habitat management in DECCW reserve, conservation reserves, council reserves and crown reserves where the Grey-crowned Babbler occurs.

The Project will not significantly impact upon this species and ongoing monitoring will occur. Centennial Airly will work with State authorities to support the objectives of these priority actions.

Varied Sittella (Daphoenositta chrysoptera)

There is no Recovery Plan or Priority Actions listed for this species.

Gilbert's Whistler (Pachycephala inornata)

No recovery plan exists for this species. However, a total of six Priority actions have been prepared:

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Use management agreements and incentives on private and leasehold land to manage total grazing pressure through such actions as removal of artificial water points and feral and native herbivore control. Using current records and literature on habitat requirements determine the current distribution and identify areas of potential habitat to undertake survey and management actions. Produce and distribute information and provide technical support on the species to assist land managers and field-based support to implement actions that assist in the species' recovery (grazing strategies, vegetation rehabilitation, etc.). Undertake an annual monitoring program within identified habitat within both DECCW reserves and other tenures, to determine the distribution and abundance of the species, particularly in areas where management actions are being undertaken. Undertake studies on the biology, habitat requirements and potential threats on the species, and incorporate results into future management actions. Determine, through research, the ecological requirements of the species, particularly in regard to fire, and incorporate the information into Regional and Local Fire Plans.

The Project will not impact upon this species and ongoing monitoring will occur. Centennial Airly will work with State authorities to support the objectives of these priority actions.

Scarlet Robin (Petroica boodang) There is no Recovery Plan or Priority Actions listed for this species.

Flame Robin (Petroica phoenicea) There is no Recovery Plan or Priority Actions listed for this species.

Diamond Firetail (Stagonopleura guttata) No recovery plan exists for this species. However, a total of five Priority actions have been prepared: Conduct ecological research to determine habitat and resource requirements, threats and conservation issues. Conduct annual monitoring of key populations that are managed under property agreements or are within DECCW estate, conservation reserves, council reserves and crown reserves. Provide stewardship payments, develop property agreements and apply other land management incentives for the protection and enhanced management of priority woodland vegetation used by the Diamond Firetail. Increase community awareness about the Diamond Firetail through the promotion of the DECCW Threatened Species Website and the development of education and extension material for threatened woodland birds. Implement sympathetic habitat management in DECCW estate, conservation reserves, council reserves and crown reserves where the Diamond Firetail occurs.

The Project will not significantly impact upon this species and ongoing monitoring will occur. Centennial Airly will work with State authorities to support the objectives of these priority actions.

Spotted-tail Quoll (Dasyurus maculatus)

There is currently no State Recovery Plan for this species. However, there is a National Recovery Plan with the following objectives:

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Determine the distribution and status of Spotted-tailed Quoll populations throughout the range. Increase knowledge of the biology and ecology of the Spotted-tailed Quoll throughout its range to refine management of the species and its habitat. Reduce the rate of habitat loss and fragmentation on private land. Evaluate and manage the risk posed by silvicultural practices. Determine and manage the threat posed by introduced predators (foxes, cats, wild dogs) and of predator control practices on Spotted-tailed Quoll populations. Determine and manage the impact of fire regimes on Spotted-tailed Quoll populations. Reduce deliberate killings of Spotted-tailed Quolls. Reduce the frequency of Spotted-tailed Quoll road mortality. Assess the threat Cane Toads pose to Spotted-tailed Quolls and develop threat abatement actions if necessary. Determine the likely impact of climate change on Spotted-tailed Quoll populations. Increase community awareness of the Spotted-tailed Quoll and involvement in the Recovery Program.

As this species has not been recorded within the Project Application Area and no significant impacts are expected on potential habitats, the Project will not contravene any of the above actions.

Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)

The Recovery Plan for this species lists the following objectives: To conserve Koalas in their existing habitat. To rehabilitate and restore Koala habitat and populations. To develop a better understanding of the conservation biology of Koalas. To ensure that the community has access to factual information about the distribution, conservation and management of Koalas at a national, state and local scale. To manage captive, sick or injured Koalas and orphaned wild Koalas to ensure consistent and high standards of care. To manage overbrowsing to prevent both Koala starvation and ecosystem damage in discrete patches of habitat. To coordinate, promote the implementation, and monitor the effectiveness of the NSW Koala Recovery Plan across NSW.

As this species has not been recorded within the Project Application Area and no significant impacts are expected on potential habitats, the Project will not contravene any of the above actions.

Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata)

The Recovery Plan for this species lists the following objectives: Increase recruitment at priority sites Decrease the rate of decline in range and abundance Prevent the decline of the species to a level at which it would risk becoming extinct in the wild. Increase knowledge to enable more effective management of the species.

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As this species has not been recorded within the Project Application Area and no significant impacts are expected on potential habitats, the Project will not contravene any of the above actions.

Large-eared Pied-bat (Chalinolobus dwyeri)

There is currently no Recovery Plan this species. However, there is a National Recovery Plan with the following objectives: Identify priority roost and maternity sites for protection. Implement conservation and management strategies for priority sites. Educate the community and industry to understand and participate in the conservation of the large- eared Pied bat. Research the large-eared pied bat to augment biological and ecological data to enable conservation management. Determine the meta-population dynamics throughout the distribution of the large-eared Pied bat.

The Project will not impact upon these species and ongoing monitoring will occur. Centennial Airly will continue to be in consultation with NSW National Parks and assist in any monitoring efforts if required. Centennial Airly will work with government authorities to support the objectives of the recovery plan.

Eastern Bentwing-bat (Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis)

No recovery plan exists for this species. However, a total of 25 Priority actions have been prepared: Promote bats throughout the rural community as ecologically interesting and important, but sensitive to disturbance at caves/disused mine tunnels. Undertake non-chemical removal of weeds (e.g. lantana, blackberry) to prevent obstruction of cave entrances. Restrict access where possible to known maternity sites. (e.g. signs; bat-friendly, preferably external, gates at caves). Restrict caving activity during critical times of year in important roosts used by species, particularly maternity and hibernation roosts. Establish a gating design for disused mines across species range that will not adversely impact species. Consultation with cave bat specialist prior to any gating operations. Determine the effectiveness of PVP assessment, offsets and actions for bats. Monitor the breeding success of a representative sample of maternity colonies in cave roosts over a number of years to determine the viability of regional populations. Regular censuses of maternity colonies (Wee Jasper, Bungonia, Willi-Willi, Riverton) and other key roosts in network, especially where there are population estimates from banding in the 1960s. For roost caves vulnerable to human disturbance, monitor their visitation by people, particularly during winter and spring/summer maternity season and in school holidays. Measure genetic population structure among cave roosts of maternity colonies to estimate dispersal and genetic isolation, and vulnerability to regional population extinction. Research the effect of different burning regimes on cave disturbance and surrounding foraging habitat. Control foxes and feral cats around roosting sites, particularly maternity caves and hibernation sites. Study the ecological requirements of maternity colonies and their environs and migratory patterns.

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Research to identify important foraging range and key habitat components around significant roosts. Confirm species taxonomy of NSW populations, relative to other Australian populations. Search for significant roost sites and restrict access where possible. Significant includes maternity, hibernation and transient sites — including in artificial structures Compile register of all known roost sites in natural and artificial structures including current and historical data and identify significance of roost, e.g. maternity, hibernation, transient roost. Promote the conservation of these key roost areas using measures such as incentive funding to landholders, offseting and biobanking, acquisition for reserve establishment or other means. Prepare fire management plans for significant roost caves, disused mines, culverts, especially maternity and winter roosts. Exclude prescription burns from 100 m from cave entrances, ensure smoke/flames of fires do not enter caves/roosts in artificial structures. Ensure protection of known roosts and forest within 10 km of roosts in PVP assessments (offsets should include nearby remnants in high productivity) and other environmental planning instruments. Prepare management plans for significant bat roosts especially all known maternity colonies and winter colonies. Restrict caving activities at significant roosts during important stages of the annual bat life cycle (e.g. winter hibernation, summer maternity season). Identify and protect significant roost habitat in artificial structures (e.g. culverts, old buildings and derelict mines). Identify the susceptibility of the species to pesticides.

The Project will not significantly impact upon this species and ongoing monitoring will occur. Centennial Airly will work with State authorities to support the objectives of these priority actions.

Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat (Saccolaimus flaviventris)

No recovery plan exists for this species. However, a total of 21 management actions have been prepared: Ensure the largest hollow bearing trees (including dead trees and paddock trees) are given highest priority for retention in PVP assessments and or other land assessment tools. Prepare EIA guidelines which address the retention of hollow bearing trees maintaining diversity of age groups, species diversity and structural diversity. Give priority to largest hollow bearing trees. Investigate the effectiveness of logging prescriptions. Undertake long-term monitoring of populations cross tenure in conjunction with other bat species to document changes. Identify the effects of fragmentation on the species in a range of fragmented landscapes. Study the ecology, habitat requirements and susceptibility to logging and other forestry practices of this little-known species. Identify areas of private land that contain high densities of large, hollow bearing trees as areas of high conservation value planning instruments and land management negotiations e.g LEP, CAPs, PVPs Promote the conservation of these HCV private land areas using measures such as incentive funding to landholders, off-setting and biobanking, acquisition for reserve establishment or other means. Develop and promote State-wide bat awareness programs for schools, CMAs, landholders and industry groups etc.

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Research the effectiveness of rehabilitation measures intended to increase bat populations in degraded landscapes, such as revegetating and installing bat boxes. Research to quantify any benefits of local bat populations to reducing the impact of insect pests on commercial crops. Ensure the Code of Practice for private native forestry includes adequate measures to protect large, hollow bearing trees and viable numbers of recruit trees. Research the degree of long-term fidelity to roost trees and roosting areas in order to assess their importance and the effects of their removal. Use radio-tracking to identify important foraging range and help interpret density of records. Raise awareness of the effects of pesticides. Study the species biology such as reproductive capacity, longevity, mortality rate and life history, or thermal and energy requirements to better determine capacity to respond to changes in climate or recover from losses in the population. Study the susceptibility of this species to pesticide accumulation. Establish a community program to encourage the reporting of roost trees. Research the potential for long distance/seasonal movement. Research the effect of different burning regimes.

The Project will not significantly impact upon this species and ongoing monitoring will occur. Centennial Airly will work with State authorities to support the objectives of these management actions. (g) Whether the action proposed constitutes or is part of a key threatening process or is likely to result in the operation of, or increase the impact of, a key threatening process.

Key Threatening Processes (KTPs) are listed under Schedule 3 of the TSC Act 1995. Each of the KTPs considered relevant to the proposal is described in Section 7.4.

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Appendix 2 EPBC Act: Assessments of Significance

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A total of 40 nationally threatened species have been recorded, or have potentially suitable habitat, within the 10 kilometre search area (EPBC Protected Matters Search Tool 2013). On-ground intensive habitat surveys and threatened species searches were undertaken, noting habitat types throughout the Project Application Area. It has been determined that, based on habitats present, 11 nationally threatened flora species, eight nationally threatened fauna species and one nationally threatened ecological community occur or have potential to occur within the Project Application Area. These species are:

Threatened Flora Acacia bynoeana (Bynoe’s Wattle); (listed as Vulnerable) Grevillea evansiana (Evans Grevillea); (listed as Vulnerable) Grevillea obtusiflora subsp. fecunda (Grey Grevillea); (listed as Endangered) Persoonia marginata (Clandulla Geebung); (listed as Vulnerable) Philotheca ericifolia; (listed as Vulnerable) Pomaderris brunnea (Rufous Pomaderris); (listed as Vulnerable) Prasophyllum sp. Wybong (C.Phelps ORG 5269); (listed as Critically Endangered) Prostanthera cryptandroides subsp. cryptandroides (Wollemi Mint-bush); (listed as Vulnerable) Prostanthera stricta (Mount Vincent Mint-bush); (listed as Vulnerable) Pultenaea sp. Genowlan Point (Genowlan Point Pultenaea); (listed as Critically Endangered) and Thesium australe (Austral Toadflax) (listed as Endangered).

Threatened Fauna Regent Honeyeater (Anthochaera phrygia); (listed as Endangered) Pink-tailed Worm-lizard (Aprasia parapulchella); (listed as Vulnerable) Large-eared Pied Bat (Chalinolobus dwyeri); (listed as Vulnerable) Spotted-tail Quoll (Dasyurus maculatus maculatus); (listed as Endangered) Giant Burrowing Frog (Heleioporus australiacus); (listed as Vulnerable) Broad-headed Snake (Hoplocephalus bungaroides); (listed as Vulnerable) Swift Parrot (Lathamus discolor); (listed as Endangered) Bathurst Copper Butterfly (Paralucia spinifera); (listed as Vulnerable) Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata) (listed as Vulnerable) Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus); (listed as Vulnerable) and New Holland Mouse (Pseudomys novaehollandiae) (listed as Vulnerable).

Threatened Ecological Communities White Box - Yellow Box - Blakely’s Red Gum Woodland and Derived Native Grassland (Critically Endangered).

Under the EPBC Act 1999 significant impact guidelines, a population of a Vulnerable species must be considered to be an 'important population' to require further assessment of impact. An important population is defined as a population that is necessary for a species’ long-term survival and recovery. This may include populations identified as such in recovery plans, and/or that are: Key source populations either for breeding or dispersal;

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Populations that are necessary for maintaining genetic diversity; and/or Populations that are near the limit of the species’ range.

Whilst it is likely that a number of the Vulnerable species listed above would not be considered an 'important population', a precautionary approach has been undertaken in this instance. Therefore, all species have been afforded an Assessment of Significance, in line with the EPBC Act 1999 in the table below. The potential for impact upon the Critically Endangered and Endangered species listed above is assessed individually in the second table below.

These assessments determine if the proposed action will have any significant impact on any matter of NES. If it is determined that there is a significant impact to any matter of NES, then a referral of the matter to DoE would be recommended.

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Acacia bynoeana Bynoe’s Wattle

Acacia bynoeana (Bynoe’s Wattle) is listed as Vulnerable under the EPBC Act. This species was not detected during current or previous surveys within the Project Application Area. However, the species is considered cryptic and can be difficult to detect even when flowering. The species is known to have a stronghold in the Blue Mountains in areas including Faulconbridge, Hazelbrook-Bell and Wentworth Falls. No records exist for this species within 10km of the Project Application Area. Notwithstanding, suitable sandy habitats occur within the Project Application Area.

This species grows in heath and dry sclerophyll forest. The substrate is typically sand and sandy clay, often with ironstone gravels and is usually very infertile and well-drained.

On-site Habitat

Potential habitat for this species within the Project Application Area includes dry sclerophyll communities including MU 10, 13, 27, 29, 32, 38, 40, 42 and 54 along with heath communities within MU 44 and 47. Although the Acacia thickets community (MU58) is generally of a semi-disturbed nature, it is also considered to provide potential habitat for this species.

Regional Habitat

Acacia bynoeana has a relatively widespread distribution within the region, however no known records occur within Potential Habitat Area (ha) 10km of the Project Application Area. The Gardens of Stone National Park to the south of the Project Application Area offers potential habitat for A. bynoeana. Within Project One record exists between Capertee National Park and 2,055.10 Glen Alice Road to the north of the Project Application Application Area Area. Several records of A. bynoeana exist along the Great Western Highway near Faulconbridge, Hazelbrook- Within subsidence 1,226.71 Bell and Wentworth Falls. However, this clustering of extents records is probably due to the higher frequency of surveys conducted for development within that area. The Within proposed distribution of this species is therefore likely to be more 0.00 facilities footprint widespread than these known records suggest. In addition, due to the difficulty of detecting A. bynoeana, it is likely that there are more populations within the region.

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Impact Assessment (a) Lead to a long-term decrease in the size of an important population;

Acacia bynoeana has not been recorded within any areas proposed to be cleared. No suitable habitat is being cleared as a result of the Project, thus would not lead to a long-term reduction of the size of a potentially occurring population.

The low level of predicted subsidence is not expected to impact upon the heath and woodland areas that provide favoured habitat for this species such that these habitats would become unsuitable and result in a long-term decrease in the size of a potentially occurring population of A. bynoeana. (b) Reduce the area of occupancy of the species;

This species has not been recorded within the Project Application Area and potential habitat is not being removed. (c) Fragment an existing important population into two or more populations;

The proposed surface facilities footprint is completely surrounded by native vegetation and no potential habitat is present within the surface facilities footprint for this species. The proposed clearing would therefore not pose a barrier for genetic dispersal for any of the species considered. (d) Adversely affect habitat critical to the survival of a species;

No areas of critical habitat have been identified within the Project Application Area. (e) Disrupt the breeding cycle of a population;

The minor predicted modification to potential habitats from subsidence would not disrupt the breeding cycle of a population of A. bynoeana if present. (f) Modify, destroy, remove or isolate or decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline;

Acacia bynoeana has not been recorded within the Project Application Area. As no potential habitat is being removed, this species is unlikely to decline as a result of the Project. (g) Result in invasive species that are harmful to a vulnerable species becoming established in the vulnerable species’ habitat;

A variety of weed species may be harmful to A. bynoeana. Despite the high vehicle activity and numerous tracks that occur within the Project Application Area, the incidences of weeds within potential habitat for this species are low. The Project is unlikely to contribute to an increase of weeds. Notwithstanding, weed management, monitoring and control practices have been recommended in this report. (h) Introduce disease that may cause the species to decline; or The Project is unlikely to introduce diseases that may cause this species to decline. (i) Interfere substantially with the recovery of the species.

This species has not been recorded within the Project Application Area. The limited effects of subsidence upon the habitats are unlikely to interfere with the recovery of A. bynoeana.

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Grevillea evansiana Evans Grevillea

Grevillea evansiana (Evans Grevillea) is listed as Vulnerable under the EPBC Act. This species was not detected during current or previous surveys within the Project Application Area. This species is known to have multiple populations within the Rylstone LGA that includes areas within the north-east of the Project Application Area, however no records exist for the species within 10km of the Project Application Area. Plant communities in which the species has been recorded include Pagoda Rock Complex, Scribbly Gum – Stringybark Woodland and Sydney Sandstone Ridgetop Woodland. Suitable Scribbly Gum – Stringybark Woodlands and sandstone pagodas suitable for this species exist within the Project Application Area.

On-site Habitat

Potential habitat for this species within the Project Application Area includes the Scribbly Gum – Stringybark Woodlands of MU 32 and 38 along with the sandstone pagoda and rocky heath habitats of MU 43 and 44.

Regional Habitat

No records of G. evansiana occur within 10km of the Project Application Area. Records are widespread Potential Habitat Area (ha) throughout Wollemi National Park and a single record is situated near the Bylong Way at Kandos, both greater than 20km from the Project Application Area. A more Within Project distant record also exists near Newnes Plateau. The 718.84 Gardens of Stone National Park offers potential habitat for Application Area G. evansiana. Preferred habitats are widespread within the region and the limited amount of potential habitats Within subsidence 490.78 within the Project Application Area would therefore not be extents of high importance to this species. Within proposed 0.00 facilities footprint

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Impact Assessment (a) Lead to a long-term decrease in the size of an important population;

Grevillea evansiana has not been recorded within any areas proposed to be cleared.. No suitable habitat is being cleared as a result of the Project, thus would not lead to a long-term reduction of the size of a potentially occurring population. The low level of predicted subsidence is not expected to impact upon the heath and woodland areas that provide favoured habitat for this species such that these habitats would become unsuitable and result in a long-term decrease in the size of a potentially occurring population of G. evansiana. (b) Reduce the area of occupancy of the species;

This species has not been recorded within the Project Application Area and potential habitat is not being removed. (c) Fragment an existing important population into two or more populations;

No areas of critical habitat have been identified within the Project Application Area. (e) Disrupt the breeding cycle of a population;

The minor predicted modification to potential habitats from subsidence would not disrupt the breeding cycle of a population of G. evansiana if present. (f) Modify, destroy, remove or isolate or decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline;

Grevillea evansiana has not been recorded within the surface facilities footprint and no suiotable habitat was recorded therein. Additionally, this species has not been recorded within the wider Project Application Area. However, if present, the low levels of predicted subsidence is unikey to modify, destroy, remove or isolate or decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species might decline. (g) Result in invasive species that are harmful to a vulnerable species becoming established in the vulnerable species’ habitat;

A variety of weed species may be harmful to G. evansiana. Despite the high vehicle activity and numerous tracks that occur within the Project Application Area, the incidences of weeds within potential habitat for this species are low. The Project is unlikely to contribute to an increase of weeds. Notwithstanding, weed management, monitoring and control practices have been recommended in this report. (h) Introduce disease that may cause the species to decline; or The Project is unlikely to introduce diseases that may cause this species to decline. (i) Interfere substantially with the recovery of the species. This species has not been recorded within the Project Application Area. The limited effects of subsidence upon the habitats are unlikely to interfere with the recovery of G. evansiana.

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Grevillea obtusiflora subsp. fecunda Grey Grevillea

Grevillea obtusiflora subsp. fecunda (Grey Grevillea) is listed as Endangered under the EPBC Act. This species was not detected during current or previous surveys within the Project Application Area. The species is known to occur within the Capertee Valley and in the Gardens of Stone National Park, and a multitude of records exist within 10km of the Project Application Area.

The species occurs within the scrubby understorey of open forest communities on the sandy loams of lower-lying ridges and slopes.

On-site Habitat

Potential habitat for this species within the Project Application Area includes the lower-lying open forest communities of MU20, 21, 38, 40 and 42.

Regional Habitat

This species is widespread within the region, with 31 records occurring within 10km of the Project Application Potential Habitat Area (ha) Area. Clustered records occur from Clandulla State Forest southwest of Kandos. Further records occur in the Gardens of Stone National Park, Wollemi National Park Within Project and directly north of the Project Application Area in the 1,565.56 Capertee National Park. Due to the relatively widespread Application Area distribution of G. obtusiflora and its wide-ranging preferred habitat within the region, the potential habitat Within subsidence 464.50 within the Project Application Area is not considered of extents high importance to the species. Within proposed 0.00 facilities footprint

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Impact Assessment (a) Lead to a long-term decrease in the size of an important population;

Grevillea obtusiflora subsp. fecunda has not been recorded within any areas proposed to be cleared for surface facilities. No suitable habitat is being cleared as a result of the Project, thus would not lead to a long- term reduction of the size of a potentially occurring population.

The low level of predicted subsidence is not expected to impact upon the lower-lying open forest areas that provide favoured habitat for this species such that these habitats would become unsuitable and result in a long-term decrease in the size of a potentially occurring population of the species. (b) Reduce the area of occupancy of the species;

This species has not been recorded within the Project Application Area and potential habitat is not being removed. (c) Fragment an existing important population into two or more populations;

No areas of critical habitat have been identified within the Project Application Area. (e) Disrupt the breeding cycle of a population;

The minor predicted modification to potential habitats from subsidence would not disrupt the breeding cycle of a population of G. obtusiflora subsp. fecunda if present. (f) Modify, destroy, remove or isolate or decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline;

Grevillea obtusiflora subsp. fecunda has not been recorded within the Project Application Area. As no potential habitat is being removed, this species is unlikely to decline as a result of the Project. (g) Result in invasive species that are harmful to a vulnerable species becoming established in the vulnerable species’ habitat;

A variety of weed species may be harmful to the establishment of G. obtusiflora subsp. fecunda. However, despite the high vehicle activity and numerous tracks that occur within the Project Application Area, the incidences of weeds within potential habitat for this species are low. The Project is unlikely to contribute to an increase of weeds. Notwithstanding, weed management, monitoring and control practices have been recommended in this report. (h) Introduce disease that may cause the species to decline; or The Project is unlikely to introduce diseases that may cause this species to decline. (i) Interfere substantially with the recovery of the species. This species has not been recorded within the Project Application Area. The limited effects of subsidence upon the habitats are unlikely to interfere with the recovery of G. obtusiflora subsp. fecunda.

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Persoonia marginata Clandella Geebung

Persoonia marginata (Clandella Geebung) is listed as Vulnerable under the EPBC Act. This species was not detected during current or previous surveys within the Project Application Area, but is known to occur within Ben Bullen State Forest and Gardens of Stone National Park to the south of the Project Application Area.

The species is closely associated with open forest and woodland communities that are derived from underlying Shoalhaven and/or Illawarra Coal Sediments. Associated canopy species include Eucalyptus punctata, E. sparsifolia, E. rossii, E. fibrosa and E. crebra.

On-site Habitat

Potential habitat for this species within the Project Application Area exists with associated canopy species within MU10, 21, 27, 32, 38, 40 and 42.

Regional Habitat

17 records within 10km of the Project Application Area exist for P. marginata. Records occur south of the Project Application Area within the Sunny Corner State Forest, Ben Bullen State Forest and Gardens of Stone National Park. A population is also known from Candulla State Forest, approximately 20km to the north. The populations Potential Habitat Area (ha) within Sunny Corner State Forest and Candulla State Forest can be regarded as disjunct from the Ben Bullen State Forest and Gardens of Stone National Park Within Project 2217.10 occurrences due to cleared farmlands separating these Application Area areas. The Ben Bullen State Forest and Gardens of Stone National Park occurrences are strongly connected with Within subsidence large areas of occupied and potential habitat, which 1169.53 extends into the Project Application Area. Whilst a extents population of P. marginata occurs further north in Candulla State Forest, this a considerable distance away. Within proposed 0.00 If a population of this species was to occur within the facilities footprint Project Application Area, habitats therein may be regionally important as it would represent greater connectivity between populations within Candulla State Forest and Gardens of Stone National Park then what is currently known.

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Impact Assessment (a) Lead to a long-term decrease in the size of an important population;

Persoonia marginata has not been recorded within any areas proposed to be cleared. No suitable habitat is being cleared as a result of the Project, thus would not lead to a long-term reduction of the size of a potentially occurring population.

The low level of predicted subsidence is not expected to impact upon the woodland and open forest areas that provide favoured habitat for this species such that these habitats would become unsuitable and result in a long-term decrease in the size of a potentially occurring population of the species. (b) Reduce the area of occupancy of the species;

This species has not been recorded within the Project Application Area and potential habitat is not being removed. (c) Fragment an existing important population into two or more populations;

No areas of critical habitat have been identified within the Project Application Area. (e) Disrupt the breeding cycle of a population;

The minor predicted modification to potential habitats from subsidence would not disrupt the breeding cycle of a population of P. marginata if present. (f) Modify, destroy, remove or isolate or decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline;

Persoonia marginata has not been recorded within the Project Application Area. As no potential habitat is being removed, this species is unlikely to decline as a result of the Project. (g) Result in invasive species that are harmful to a vulnerable species becoming established in the vulnerable species’ habitat;

A variety of weed species may be harmful to the establishment of P. marginata. However, despite the high vehicle activity and numerous tracks that occur within the Project Application Area, the incidences of weeds within potential habitat for this species are low. The Project is unlikely to contribute to an increase of weeds. Notwithstanding, weed management, monitoring and control practices have been recommended in this report. (h) Introduce disease that may cause the species to decline; or The Project is unlikely to introduce diseases that may cause this species to decline. (i) Interfere substantially with the recovery of the species. This species has not been recorded within the Project Application Area. The limited effects of subsidence upon the habitats are unlikely to interfere with the recovery of P. marginata.

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Philotheca ericifolia

Philotheca ericifolia is listed as Vulnerable under the EPBC Act. This species was not detected during current or previous surveys within the Project Application Area and no records exist for the species within 10km. Records for this species is scattered over more than 400kms between West Wyalong and the Pilliga.

The moisture-loving species is known to occupy dry sclerophyll forest and heath on damp sandy flats and gullies.

On-site Habitat

Potential habitat for this species within the Project Application Area occurs within the damp gullies, creeklines and associated flats associated with MU 2, 13, 20, 21, 38, 40 and 54.

Regional Habitat

No records of P. ericifolia exist within 10km of the Project Application Area. A single record is located approximately Potential Habitat Area (ha) 20km north of Project Application Area in Kandos State Forest with three more to the east in Wollemi National Park. This species is not particularly widespread in the Within Project region. The potential habitat within the Project Application 96.50 Area is not considered of high importance to the species. Application Area

Within subsidence 10.14 extents

Within proposed 0.00 facilities footprint

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Impact Assessment (a) Lead to a long-term decrease in the size of an important population;

Philotheca ericifolia has not been recorded within any areas proposed to be cleared. No suitable habitat is being cleared as a result of the Project, thus would not lead to a long-term reduction of the size of a potentially occurring population.

The low level of predicted subsidence is not expected to impact upon the creekline and gully areas that provide favoured habitat for this species such that these habitats would become unsuitable and result in a long-term decrease in the size of a potentially occurring population of the species. (b) Reduce the area of occupancy of the species;

This species has not been recorded within the Project Application Area and potential habitat is not being removed.. (c) Fragment an existing important population into two or more populations;

No areas of critical habitat have been identified within the Project Application Area. (e) Disrupt the breeding cycle of a population;

The minor predicted modification to potential habitats from subsidence would not disrupt the breeding cycle of a population of P. ericifolia if present. (f) Modify, destroy, remove or isolate or decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline;

Philotheca ericifolia has not been recorded within the Project Application Area. As no potential habitat is being removed, this species is unlikely to decline as a result of the Project. (g) Result in invasive species that are harmful to a vulnerable species becoming established in the vulnerable species’ habitat;

A variety of weed species may be harmful to the establishment of P. ericifolia. However, despite the high vehicle activity and numerous tracks that occur within the Project Application Area, the incidences of weeds within potential habitat for this species are low. The Project is unlikely to contribute to an increase of weeds. Notwithstanding, weed management, monitoring and control practices have been recommended in this report. (h) Introduce disease that may cause the species to decline; or The Project is unlikely to introduce diseases that may cause this species to decline. (i) Interfere substantially with the recovery of the species. This species has not been recorded within the Project Application Area. The limited effects of subsidence upon the habitats are unlikely to interfere with the recovery of P. ericifolia.

113007; August 2014 Page xli Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Pomaderris brunnea Rufous Pomaderris

Pomaderris brunnea (Rufous Pomaderris) is listed as Vulnerable under the EPBC Act. This species was not detected during current or previous surveys within the Project Application Area and no records exist for the species within 10km. It occurs within a very limited area that includes the Bargo area and near Camden in south-west Sydney.

The species occurs in moist woodland or forest on clay and alluvial soils along floodplains and creeklines.

On-site Habitat

Potential habitat for this species within the Project Application Area occurs within the lower reaches of the moist forest habitats and riparian open forests of MU 2, 3, 13 and 54.

Regional Habitat

No records of P. brunnea exist within 10km of the Project Application Area. The closest known record is Potential Habitat Area (ha) approximately 20km from the Project Application Area in the Wollemi National Park to the north and 50km to the west. Although the distribution for the species is fairly Within Project spread out, most of the records occur in isolation. Given 96.50 the amount of available habitat within conservation areas Application Area around the Project Application Area, potential habitat within the Project Application Area is not considered of Within subsidence 10.14 high importance for this species. extents

Within proposed 0.00 facilities footprint

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Impact Assessment (a) Lead to a long-term decrease in the size of an important population;

Pomaderris brunnea has not been recorded within any areas proposed to be cleared. No suitable habitat is being cleared as a result of the Project, thus would not lead to a long-term reduction of the size of a potentially occurring population.

The low level of predicted subsidence is not expected to impact upon the moist forest and riparian areas that provide favoured habitat for this species such that these habitats would become unsuitable and result in a long-term decrease in the size of a potentially occurring population of the species. (b) Reduce the area of occupancy of the species;

This species has not been recorded within the Project Application Area and potential habitat is not being removed. (c) Fragment an existing important population into two or more populations;

No areas of critical habitat have been identified within the Project Application Area. (e) Disrupt the breeding cycle of a population;

The minor predicted modification to potential habitats from subsidence would not disrupt the breeding cycle of a population of P. brunnea if present. (f) Modify, destroy, remove or isolate or decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline;

Pomaderris brunnea has not been recorded within the Project Application Area. As no potential habitat is being removed, this species is unlikely to decline as a result of the Project. (g) Result in invasive species that are harmful to a vulnerable species becoming established in the vulnerable species’ habitat;

A variety of weed species may be harmful to the establishment of P. brunnea. However, despite the high vehicle activity and numerous tracks that occur within the Project Application Area, the incidences of weeds within potential habitat for this species are low. The Project is unlikely to contribute to an increase of weeds. Notwithstanding, weed management, monitoring and control practices have been recommended in this report. (h) Introduce disease that may cause the species to decline; or The Project is unlikely to introduce diseases that may cause this species to decline. (i) Interfere substantially with the recovery of the species. This species has not been recorded within the Project Application Area. The limited effects of subsidence upon the habitats are unlikely to interfere with the recovery of P. brunnea.

113007; August 2014 Page xliii Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Prasophyllum sp. Wybong (C. Phelps ORG5269)

Prasophyllum sp. Wybong (C.Phelps ORG 5269) is listed as Critically Endangered under the EPBC Act. This species was not detected during current or previous surveys within the Project Application Area and no records exist for the species within 10km. The nearest reported population is at Ilford, which occurs approximately 20km to the northwest.

The species occurs in open eucalypt woodland and grassland habitats. No specific information exists for the habitat associations within the Ilford population.

On-site Habitat

Potential habitat for this species within the Project Application Area may occur within the open eucalypt woodland and grassland habitats of MU20. The cleared grassy areas of the Project Application Area due to grazing, weed invasion and mostly derived from shrubby woodland, the cleared areas of the Project Application Area are regarded as having very low habitat potential for this species.

Regional Habitat

Potential Habitat Area (ha) No records of Prasophyllum sp. Wybong exist within 10km of the Project Application Area. The closest known record is approximately 20km from the Project Application Within Project Area in the Ilford area. Derived grassland and grassy 57.22 woodland habitat is limited within the Project Application Application Area Area. Potential habitat within the Project Application Area is not considered of high importance for this species. Within subsidence 0.77 extents

Within proposed 0.00 facilities footprint

113007; August 2014 Page xliv Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Impact Assessment (a) Lead to a long-term decrease in the size of an important population;

Prasophyllum sp. Wybong has not been recorded within any areas proposed to be cleared. No suitable habitat is being cleared as a result of the Project, thus would not lead to a long-term reduction of the size of a potentially occurring population.

The low level of predicted subsidence is not expected to impact upon the open woodland and grassland areas that provide favoured habitat for this species such that these habitats would become unsuitable and result in a long-term decrease in the size of a potentially occurring population of the species. (b) Reduce the area of occupancy of the species;

This species has not been recorded within the Project Application Area and potential habitat is not being removed. (c) Fragment an existing important population into two or more populations;

No areas of critical habitat have been identified within the Project Application Area. (e) Disrupt the breeding cycle of a population;

The minor predicted modification to potential habitats from subsidence would not disrupt the breeding cycle of a population of Prasophyllum sp. Wybong if present. (f) Modify, destroy, remove or isolate or decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline;

Prasophyllum sp. Wybong has not been recorded within the Project Application Area. As no potential habitat is being removed, this species is unlikely to decline as a result of the Project. (g) Result in invasive species that are harmful to a vulnerable species becoming established in the vulnerable species’ habitat;

A variety of weed species may be harmful to the establishment of Prasophyllum sp. Wybong. However, despite the high vehicle activity and numerous tracks that occur within the Project Application Area, the incidences of weeds within potential habitat for this species are low. The Project is unlikely to contribute to an increase of weeds. Notwithstanding, weed management, monitoring and control practices have been recommended in this report. (h) Introduce disease that may cause the species to decline; or The Project is unlikely to introduce diseases that may cause this species to decline. (i) Interfere substantially with the recovery of the species. This species has not been recorded within the Project Application Area. The limited effects of subsidence upon the habitats are unlikely to interfere with the recovery of Prasophyllum sp. Wybong.

113007; August 2014 Page xlv Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Prostanthera cryptandroides Wollemi Mintbush

Prostanthera cryptandroides (Wollemi Mintbush) is listed as Vulnerable under the EPBC Act. This species was not detected during current or previous surveys within the Project Application Area. P. cryptandroides is distributed between Lithgow and Sandy Hollow on the NSW central west slopes, central tablelands and western parts of the central coast botanical regions. It is known from Wollemi National Park and Gardens of Stone National Park. Habitats in which P. cryptandroides is found include dry sclerophyll forest, open forest dominated by E. fibrosa, Narrabeen Rocky Heath, Narrabeen Acacia Woodland, Narrabeen Exposed Woodland, Open heath and open shrubland.

On-site Habitat

Large areas of the Project Application Area are considered to provide potential habitat for this species including the dry sclerophyll open forest and woodland communities of MU10, 13, 27, 29, 32, 38, 40, 42, 54 and 58 as well as the heath communities of MU 43, 44 and 47.

Regional Habitat

Only two records are known from this species within 10km of the Project Application Area, with a small group of individuals occurring in the Potential Habitat Area (ha) Wollemi National Park. Due to the relatively widespread distribution of P. cryptandroides and Within Project its wide-ranging preferred habitat, the potential 2,426.79 habitat within the Project Application Area is not Application Area considered of high importance to the species. Within subsidence 1,598.39 extents

Within proposed 0.00 facilities footprint

113007; August 2014 Page xlvi Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Impact Assessment (a) Lead to a long-term decrease in the size of an important population;

Prostanthera cryptandroides has not been recorded within any areas proposed to be cleared. No suitable habitat is being cleared as a result of the Project, thus would not lead to a long-term reduction of the size of a potentially occurring population.

The low level of predicted subsidence is not expected to impact upon the heath or forested areas that provide favoured habitat for this species such that these habitats would become unsuitable and result in a long-term decrease in the size of a potentially occurring population of the species. (b) Reduce the area of occupancy of the species;

This species has not been recorded within the Project Application Area and potential habitat is not being removed. (c) Fragment an existing important population into two or more populations;

No areas of critical habitat have been identified within the Project Application Area. (e) Disrupt the breeding cycle of a population;

The minor predicted modification to potential habitats from subsidence would not disrupt the breeding cycle of a population of P. cryptandroides if present. (f) Modify, destroy, remove or isolate or decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline;

Prostanthera cryptandroides has not been recorded within the Project Application Area. As no potential habitat is being removed, this species is unlikely to decline as a result of the Project.

(g) Result in invasive species that are harmful to a vulnerable species becoming established in the vulnerable species’ habitat;

A variety of weed species may be harmful to the establishment of P. cryptandroides. However, despite the high vehicle activity and numerous tracks that occur within the Project Application Area, the incidences of weeds within potential habitat for this species are low. The Project is unlikely to contribute to an increase of weeds. Notwithstanding, weed management, monitoring and control practices have been recommended in this report. (h) Introduce disease that may cause the species to decline; or The Project is unlikely to introduce diseases that may cause this species to decline. (i) Interfere substantially with the recovery of the species. This species has not been recorded within the Project Application Area. The limited effects of subsidence upon the habitats are unlikely to interfere with the recovery of P. cryptandroides.

113007; August 2014 Page xlvii Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Prostanthera stricta Mount Vincent Mint-bush

Prostanthera stricta occurs from Mt Vincent to Genowlan Mountain in the Central Tablelands. Prostanthera stricta is often a locally dominant understory shrub species found within heath or scrub communities along cliff edges, or as an understorey species within a range of open forest or tall open forest types and/or adjacent transitional communities. Large numbers of this species were recorded by RPS and the University of Queensland within the Project Application Area on the plateaus of both Mount Airly and Genowlan Mountain and on the lower slopes to the north-east. A combined total of 274 records have been collected, however, many of these records singularly account for large numbers of the species within the one location, and the high density of individuals within areas of the Project Application Area prevents an accurate estimation of population size being calculated.

On-site Habitat

Large areas of the Project Application Area are considered to provide habitat for this species. Potential habitat occurs within all vegetation communities mapped across the Project Application Area, except for MU47 and cleared land.

Regional Habitat

Prostanthera stricta was recorded on site, with a further 33 records occurring within 10km of the Potential Habitat Area (ha) Project Application Area. Known records occur in vegetation north of Airly State Forest. One record to the southwest of the Project Application Area also Within Project 3,450.20 occurs. Due to the population of P. stricta within the Application Area Project Application Area occurring as a large population, it is considered of high importance for Within subsidence 2,151.02 the species within the region. extents

Within proposed 0.00 facilities footprint

Impact Assessment (a) Lead to a long-term decrease in the size of an important population;

Prostanthera stricta has not been recorded within any areas proposed to be cleared. No suitable habitat is being cleared as a result of the Project, thus would not lead to a long-term reduction of the size of a potentially occurring population.

The low level of predicted subsidence is not expected to impact upon the dry sclerophyll forest, woodland or heath areas that provide favoured habitat for this species such that these habitats would become unsuitable and result in a long-term decrease in the size of a potentially occurring population of the species.

113007; August 2014 Page xlviii Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

(b) Reduce the area of occupancy of the species;

This species was recorded within the plateaus of Mount Airly and Genowlan Mountain and on the lower slopes within the north-east of the Project Application Area, however targeted surveys failed to identify the species within the proposed surface disturbance areas. No potential habitat for this species is being removed. (c) Fragment an existing important population into two or more populations;

No areas of critical habitat have been identified within the Project Application Area. (e) Disrupt the breeding cycle of a population;

The small area of potential habitat to be removed and the minor predicted modification to potential habitats from subsidence would not disrupt the breeding cycle of a population of P. stricta if present. (f) Modify, destroy, remove or isolate or decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline;

This species was recorded within the plateaus of Mount Airly and Genowlan Mountain and on the lower slopes within the north-east of the Project Application Area, however targeted surveys failed to identify the species within the proposed surface disturbance areas. No potential habitat for this species is being removed. (g) Result in invasive species that are harmful to a vulnerable species becoming established in the vulnerable species’ habitat;

A variety of weed species may be harmful to the establishment of P. stricta. However, despite the high vehicle activity and numerous tracks that occur within the Project Application Area, the incidences of weeds within potential habitat for this species are low. The Project is unlikely to contribute to an increase of weeds. Notwithstanding, weed management, monitoring and control practices have been recommended in this report. (h) Introduce disease that may cause the species to decline; or The Project is unlikely to introduce diseases that may cause this species to decline. (i) Interfere substantially with the recovery of the species. This species has not been recorded within the Project Application Area. The limited effects of subsidence upon the habitats are unlikely to interfere with the recovery of P. stricta.

113007; August 2014 Page xlix Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Pultenaea sp. Genowlan Point Genowlan Point Pultenaea

The species occurs as a single population at Genowlan Point in the Capertee Valley within the Rylstone Local Government Area. The population is restricted to a very small area of only 250 square metres. The species occurs on well-drained stony soil near a cliff edge.

A single record was collected by both RPS and the University of Queensland to represent the small population (less than 50 individuals) present within the Project Application Area at Genowlan Point.

On-site Habitat

Pultenaea sp. Genowlan Point is situated on the very edge of Genowlan Point, and is associated with a sparse heath assemblage. This assemblage has species that overlap with the vegetation classifications of Pagoda Rock Sparse Shrubland and the Sandstone Plateaux Tea Tree – Dwarf Sheoak – Banksia Rocky Heath.

Regional Habitat

Pultenaea sp. Genowlan point occurs as an Critical Habitat Area (ha) isolated population at the top of Genowlan Mountain within the Project Application Area. No Within Project other populations are known to occur within the 0.14 region. As this population is an isolated one and Application Area the only known records of this species, it is has high importance for the species in the region. Within subsidence 0.14 extents

Within proposed 0.00 facilities footprint

113007; August 2014 Page l Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Impact Assessment (a) Lead to a long-term decrease in the size of an important population;

Pultenaea sp. Genowlan Point has not been recorded within any areas proposed to be cleared. No suitable habitat is being cleared as a result of the Project, thus would not lead to a long-term reduction of the size of a potentially occurring population.

The low level of predicted subsidence is not expected to impact upon the heath areas that provide habitat for this species such that these habitats would become unsuitable and result in a long-term decrease in the size of a potentially occurring population of the species. (b) Reduce the area of occupancy of the species;

This species was recorded within the rocky heath on Genowlan Point. Given that areas proposed for surface disturbance do not occur within the vicinity of this habitat, the proposal will not reduce the area of occupancy for this species. (c) Fragment an existing important population into two or more populations;

No proposed surface facilities occur within the vicinity of the population of this species at Genowlan Point. The proposed clearing would therefore not pose a barrier for genetic dispersal for this species. (d) Adversely affect habitat critical to the survival of a species;

No areas of critical habitat have been identified within the Project Application Area. (e) Disrupt the breeding cycle of a population;

The minor predicted modification to potential habitats from subsidence would not disrupt the breeding cycle of a population of Pultenaea sp. Genowlan Point. (f) Modify, destroy, remove or isolate or decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline;

This species was recorded within the rocky heath on Genowlan Point. Given that areas proposed for surface disturbance do not occur within the vicinity of this habitat, the proposal will not reduce the area of occupancy for this species. (g) Result in invasive species that are harmful to a vulnerable species becoming established in the vulnerable species’ habitat;

A variety of weed species may be harmful to the establishment of Pultenaea sp. Genowlan Point. However, despite the high vehicle activity and numerous tracks that occur within the Project Application Area, the incidences of weeds within potential habitat for this species are low. The Project is unlikely to contribute to an increase of weeds. Notwithstanding, weed management, monitoring and control practices have been recommended in this report. (h) Introduce disease that may cause the species to decline; or The Project is unlikely to introduce diseases that may cause this species to decline. (i) Interfere substantially with the recovery of the species. This species was recorded within the rocky heath on Genowlan Point. Given that areas proposed for surface disturbance do not occur within the vicinity of this habitat and the minor predicted modification to potential habitats from subsidence, the action is unlikely to interfere with the recovery of Pultenaea sp. Genowlan Point.

113007; August 2014 Page li Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Thesium australe Austral toadflax

Thesium australe (Austral toadflax) is listed as Vulnerable under the EPBC Act. This species is hemiparasitic on the roots of other plants, mainly Themeda australis and is generally confined to grassy woodlands, grasslands and damp sites. Thesium australe is found in small populations scattered through the eastern part of NSW. The closest known location of this species was recorded by RPS in the Blackmans Flat area, approximately 3 km to the north-west.

This species was not detected during current or previous surveys within the Project Application Area however, grassy woodland habitat with T. australis is present and this species has therefore potential to occur.

On-site Habitat

Potential habitat for this species within the Project Application Area includes the grassy open woodland community MU 20. Due to heavy grazing from livestock, the cleared areas (MU 62) are not regarded as suitable habitat for this species.

Regional Habitat

No records exist within 10km of the Project Potential Habitat Area (ha) Application Area for T. australe, with the closest known records occurring in the Blackmans Flat area Within Project approximately 26 km south of the Project 55.28 Application Area. Very little information is available Application Area of the regional distribution of this rare species but it has been predicted to occur from Katoomba in the Within subsidence 10.17 south to just above Kandos in the north. However, extents this is only based on the occurrence of potentially suitable habitat such as damp grasslands and Within proposed grassy woodlands with T. australis present. These 0.00 facilities footprint habitats are widespread within the region and the limited amount of potential habitats within the Project Application Area would therefore not be of high importance to this species.

113007; August 2014 Page lii Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Impact Assessment (a) Lead to a long-term decrease in the size of an important population;

Thesium australe has not been recorded within any areas proposed to be cleared. No suitable habitat is being cleared as a result of the Project, thus would not lead to a long-term reduction of the size of a potentially occurring population.

The low level of predicted subsidence is not expected to impact upon the grassy woodlands that provide favoured habitat for this species such that these habitats would become unsuitable and result in a long-term decrease in the size of a potentially occurring population of the species. (b) Reduce the area of occupancy of the species;

This species has not been recorded within the Project Application Area. Potential habitat is not present within the proposed surface facilities footprint. Thus, the area of occupancy is unlikely to be reduced by the Project. (c) Fragment an existing important population into two or more populations;

No areas of critical habitat have been identified within the Project Application Area. (e) Disrupt the breeding cycle of a population;

The small area of potential habitat to be removed and the minor predicted modification to potential habitats from subsidence would not disrupt the breeding cycle of a population of T. australe if present. (f) Modify, destroy, remove or isolate or decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline;

Thesium australe has not been recorded within the Project Application Area. No potential (g) Result in invasive species that are harmful to a vulnerable species becoming established in the vulnerable species’ habitat;

A variety of weed species may be harmful to the establishment of T. australe, however previous agricultural practices in the favoured grassy habitats within the west of the Project Application Area has resulted in these areas being largely comprised of exotic species . The Project is unlikely to contribute to an increase in the spread of weeds in these areas and is therefore not expected to result in the establishment of invasive species that currently do not occur. Notwithstanding, weed management, monitoring and control practices have been recommended in this report. (h) Introduce disease that may cause the species to decline; or The Project is unlikely to introduce diseases that may cause this species to decline. (i) Interfere substantially with the recovery of the species. This species has not been recorded within the Project Application Area. The small amount of proposed clearing and the limited effects of subsidence upon the habitats are unlikely to interfere with the recovery of T. australe.

113007; August 2014 Page liii Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Paralucia spinifera Bathurst Copper Butterfly

The Bathurst Copper Butterfly was not detected during targeted surveys within the Project Application Area however, areas of Bursaria spinosa subsp. lasiophylla on which this species depends, occur throughout the Project Application Area and have been mapped during surveys.

On-site Habitat

Potential habitat for this species within the Project Application Area is present where Bursaria spinosa subsp. lasiophylla occurs. This particular habitat is found within these vegetation communities: MU 2, 3, 20, 21, 38, 40, 42 and 54. Suitable habitats within these vegetation communities are however generally restricted to sou-east to south-west facing slopes, as is the habitat preference of this species.

Regional Habitat Potential Habitat Area (ha)

No records of the Bathurst Copper Butterfly occur Within Project 1,225.75 within 10km of the Project Application Area. Known Application Area populations of the Bathurst Copper Butterfly are focused around the Lithgow LGA to the south of Within subsidence 487 the Project Application Area and near Yetholme to extents the southwest. Scattered records occur throughout the Winburndale Nature Reserve also to the west Within proposed of the Project Application Area. No outlying records 0.00 occur towards the Project Application Area. The facilities footprint closest records to the Project Application Area are from populations persisting in the south of the Ben Bullen State Forest. The potential habitats found within the Project Application Area would not be of high importance to the Bathurst Copper Butterfly.

Impact Assessment (a) Lead to a long-term decrease in the size of an important population;

The Bathurst Copper Butterfly was not recorded within the Project Application Area or its surrounds, and potential habitat does not exist in the proposed surface facility footprints.

113007; August 2014 Page liv Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

As outlined within the Recovery Plan (NPWS 2001c) dust is considered a significant management issue for the Bathurst Copper Butterfly as the dust from roads or other dust causing activities settles on the host plant and affects the edibility and palatability of the plant. Hochuli (2011) supports this by providing examples of how dust can be deleterious towards the health of vegetation, the health of insects and can disrupt the natural cycle between insects and plants.

Given that a certain level of dust is expected to be created as a result of vegetation clearing, it is likely that areas of potential habitat surrounding the proposed surface facilities will experience some form of temporary impact during the construction phase either by direct dust or settlement upon the host plant. However, targeted surveys within and surrounding proposed surface facilities failed to identify this species during targeted surveys and as a result it is unlikely to lead to a long-term decrease in the size of an important population of the Bathurst Copper Butterfly. (b) Reduce the area of occupancy of the species;

The Project will not reduce the area of known occupancy of this species. No potential habitat is present within the proposed surface facilities footprint. Therefore, the Project is unlikely to reduce the area of occupancy for this species. (c) Fragment an existing important population into two or more populations;

The Bathurst Copper Butterfly was not recorded within the Project Application Area, and no known populations occur within 10km of the Project Application Area. It is therefore unlikely that the action will result in the fragmentation of an existing important population of this species. (d) Adversely affect habitat critical to the survival of a species;

Critical habitat has not been described for this species. (e) Disrupt the breeding cycle of a population;

As discussed in Part (a) above, the effects of dust have the potential to temporarily disrupt the breeding cycle of the Bathurst Copper Butterfly, however the lack of records for this species within the Project Application Area or surrounds makes this unlikely. (f) Modify, destroy, remove or isolate or decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline;

As discussed in Part (a) above, the effects of dust have the potential to affect the host plant, thus modifying the habitat of this species, which may contribute to a decline. However, the lack of records for this species within the Project Application Area or surrounds makes this unlikely. (g) Result in invasive species that are harmful to a vulnerable species becoming established in the vulnerable species’ habitat;

The Project is unlikely to contribute to an increase in invasive species that may be harmful to this species. (h) Introduce disease that may cause the species to decline; or

The Project is unlikely to introduce diseases that may cause this species to decline. (i) Interfere substantially with the recovery of the species.

The Project has the potential to interfere with the recovery of this species through a temporary indirect impact from dust.

113007; August 2014 Page lv Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Heleioporus australiacus Giant Burrowing Frog

The Giant Burrowing Frog (Heleioporus australiacus) is listed as Vulnerable under the EPBC Act. The current distribution of the Giant Burrowing Frog is from Olney State Forest north of Sydney extending along the coast and ranges into the highlands of Victoria. The northern population has a marked preference for sandstone ridge-top habitat and broader upland valleys. In these locations, the frog is associated with small headwater creek lines and along slow flowing to intermittent creek-lines. The vegetation is typically woodland, open woodland and heath and may be associated with ‘hanging swamp’ seepage lines and where small pools form from the collected water. This species spends more than 95% of its time in non-breeding habitat in areas up to 300 m from breeding sites.

On-site Habitat

The species’ association with creek-lines of an intermittent to perennial nature allows for all mapped creeklines within the Project Application Area to represent potential breeding habitat for this species. Furthermore, given the species’ ability to utilise woodland and heath habitat up to 300m from available breeding habitat, areas of native vegetation within 300m of a mapped creek-line all provide potential foraging habitat.

Area (ha)

Regional Habitat Potential Habitat Breeding Foraging Habitat Habitat Although no records exist within 10km of the Project Application Area, it has potential to occur. The Within Project Application regional context of the Giant Burrowing Frog is that 111.56 2343.41 population density is greater to the east of the Area Hawkesbury Nepean CMA. Records occur in the Parr State Conservation Area and the east of the Within subsidence 50.50 1254.89 Wollemi National Park with fewer scattered records extents occurring to the west of Wollemi National Park. Due to its widespread distribution particularly to the east Within proposed facilities of the region, the potential habitat occurring within 0.00 0.00 footprint the Project Application Area would not be of high importance to the species.

113007; August 2014 Page lvi Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Impact Assessment (a) Lead to a long-term decrease in the size of an important population;

Preferred breeding habitat of the Giant Burrowing Frog is within the moist forest and along wooded creek lines, with less preferred habitat within the remaining drainage lines within the Project Application Area. Additionally, large areas of the Project Application Area could potentially be utilised as non-breeding habitat given the species’ ability to disperse up to 300m away from breeding habitat. Subsidence impacts are predicted to be negligible in potential breeding habitat for this species, minimising impacts to surface flows (GHD 2014b). The vegetation clearing for the surface facilities footprint may remove a small amount of potential foraging and sheltering habitat for this species.

Localised subsidence or surface cracking is unlikely to affect any potential breeding habitat. No non-breeding habitat in close proximity to breeding habitat is expected to be impacted upon as a result of surface facility clearing. Therefore, the Project is unlikely to lead to a long-term decrease in the size of a population of Giant Burrowing Frog. (b) Reduce the area of occupancy of the species;

The habitats in which Giant Burrowing Frog have potential to occur are not expected to become modified to an extent that they would become unsuitable for this species. Therefore, the Project would not reduce the area of occupancy of the Giant Burrowing Frog. (c) Fragment an existing important population into two or more populations;

No areas of potential or known habitat will become fragmented as a result of the Project. (d) Adversely affect habitat critical to the survival of a species;

The minor predicted modification to potential habitats from subsidence would not disrupt the breeding cycle of a population of Giant Burrowing Frog, if present. (f) Modify, destroy, remove or isolate or decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline;

The minor predicted modification to potential habitats from subsidence would not decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that this species is likely to decline. (g) Result in invasive species that are harmful to a vulnerable species becoming established in the vulnerable species’ habitat;

The Project is unlikely to contribute to an increase in invasive species that may be harmful to this species. (h) Introduce disease that may cause the species to decline; or

The Project is unlikely to introduce diseases that may cause this species to decline. (i) Interfere substantially with the recovery of the species.

The Project is unlikely to interfere with the recovery of the Giant Burrowing Frog.

113007; August 2014 Page lvii Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Aprasia parapulchella Pink-tailed Worm-lizard

Pink-tailed Worm-lizard is a legless lizard known from the Central and Southern Tablelands, and the South Western Slopes. There is a concentration of populations in the Canberra/Queanbeyan Region. Other populations have been recorded near Cooma, Yass, Bathurst, Albury and West Wyalong. This species inhabits sloping, open woodland areas with predominantly native grassy groundlayers, particularly those dominated by Kangaroo Grass (Themeda australis). Sites are typically well-drained, with rocky outcrops or scattered, partially-buried rocks and lizards are commonly found beneath small, partially-embedded rocks and appear to spend considerable time in burrows (including ants nests) below these rocks. The species lays two eggs inside ant nests during summer.

On-site Habitat

Suitable habitat may occur throughout the Project Application Area, particularly along the lower slopes. None of the proposed surface impact areas contain suitable scattered rocks for sheltering. The effects of subsidence are unlikely to affect the habitats of this species.

Areas of potential habitat may exist within MU 10, 13, 20, 21, 27, 29, 32, 38, 40 and 42.

Potential Habitat Area (ha)

Regional Habitat Within Project 2,524.28 Application Area One record 40km southwest of the Project Application Area is listed in the region for this Within subsidence species. No records within the Hawkesbury Nepean 1,380.20 CMA exist. It is incredibly rare in the region with the extents stronghold population occurring further south near Bathurst. Due to the large areas of suitable habitat Within proposed 0.00 present within neighbouring National Parks and facilities footprint conservation lands, the potential habitat within the Project Application Area would not be of high importance to this species.

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Impact Assessment (a) Lead to a long-term decrease in the size of an important population;

Preferred habitat of the Pink-tailed Worm Lizard occurs within the open woodland areas of the lower slopes of the Project Application Area. No potential habitat for this species was considered to occur within the proposed surface facilities footprint, and the negligible impacts of subsidence are unlikely to affect the habitats available for this species. Therefore, the Project is unlikely to lead to a long-term decrease in the size of a population of Pink-tailed Worm Lizard. (b) Reduce the area of occupancy of the species;

The habitats in which Pink-tailed Worm Lizard have potential to occur are not expected to become modified to an extent that they would become unsuitable for this species. Therefore, the Project would not reduce the area of occupancy of the Pink-tailed Worm Lizard. (c) Fragment an existing important population into two or more populations;

No areas of potential or known habitat will become fragmented as a result of the Project. (d) Adversely affect habitat critical to the survival of a species;

Gardens of Stone National Park and neighbouring reserves suggest that the habitats within the Project Application Area are not critical to the survival of the Pink-tailed Worm Lizard. (e) Disrupt the breeding cycle of a population;

The minor predicted modification to potential habitats from subsidence would not disrupt the breeding cycle of a population of the Pink-tailed Worm Lizard, if present. (f) Modify, destroy, remove or isolate or decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline;

The Project is unlikely to contribute to an increase in invasive species that may be harmful to this species. (h) Introduce disease that may cause the species to decline; or

The Project is unlikely to introduce diseases that may cause this species to decline. (i) Interfere substantially with the recovery of the species.

The Project is unlikely to interfere with the recovery of the Pink-tailed Worm Lizard.

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Hoplocephalus bungaroides The Broad-headed Snake

The Broad-headed Snake (Hoplocephalus bungaroides) is listed as Vulnerable under the EPBC Act. This species was not detected during current or previous surveys within the Project Application Area. Broad- headed Snakes select refuge based on seasonal temperature differences, preferring cooler tree hollows on top of plateaus and below cliffs during summer, and warmer sun-exposed sandstone slabs and exfoliations during winter. These rock features are the important habitat features for this species.

On-site Habitat

The exposed sandstone slabs and exfoliations occur within the Project Application Area within MU43 and 42 and therefore represents potential breeding habitat for the species. It moves from the sandstone rocks to shelters in hollows in large trees within 200 m of escarpments in summer (OEH 2012h). Forested and heath areas within 200m of these sandstone outcrops represent potential foraging habitat for the species during the summer months. Area (ha) Regional Habitat Location Breeding Foraging The regional Broad-headed Snake population Habitat Habitat includes records from Wollemi National Park, Newnes State Forest, Yengo National Park and the Within Project 371.69 1,421.76 Blue Mountains National Park. No records occur Application Area within 10km of the Project Application Area, with the closest being from Ben Bullen State Forest and Within subsidence Newnes State Forest approximately 20 km and 30 371.69 1,395.24 km away respectively. Records tend to be extents widespread and scarce. Due to the large areas of suitable habitat present within neighbouring Within proposed 0.00 0.00 National Parks, the potential habitat within the facilities footprint Project Application Area would not be of high importance to this species.

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Impact Assessment (a) Lead to a long-term decrease in the size of an important population;

The proposed panel and pillar mining methods and setbacks of first workings away from areas underneath pagoda and cliff line habitat will minimise the potential for impacts to this habitat as a result of the Project (Golder Associates 2014). There is potential for minor rock falls within the Hartley Shale Mine Interaction Zone, however as the Broad-headed Snake uses flat sandstone rocks, steeper more unstable rocks that are more prone to disruption are likely to be less utilised.

This species is nocturnal, sheltering by day in rock crevices and under flat sandstone rocks on exposed cliff edges, rocky outcrops and pagodas have been avoided by the proposed surface facilities. Areas to be cleared for surface facilities do not include any woodland areas within 200m of the pagoda habitat, preventing any impacts to summer foraging habitat for this species. Therefore, any alterations to small areas of potential habitat from subsidence will not lead to a long-term decrease in a Broad-headed Snake population. (b) Reduce the area of occupancy of the species;

The Project is not expected to reduce the area of occupancy for this species. (c) Fragment an existing important population into two or more populations;

No areas of potential habitat will become fragmented as a result of the Project. (d) Adversely affect habitat critical to the survival of a species;

The abundance of potential habitat within the Gardens of Stone National Park and neighbouring reserves suggests that the habitats within the Project Application Area are not critical to the survival of the Broad- headed Snake. Notwithstanding, those areas of habitat that may be used by this species will not be adversely affected such that they would become unsuitable for this species. (e) Disrupt the breeding cycle of a population;

The minor predicted modification to potential habitats from subsidence would not disrupt the breeding cycle of a population of Broad-headed Snake. (f) Modify, destroy, remove or isolate or decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline;

The minor predicted modification to potential habitats from subsidence would not constitute a decrease in the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline. (g) Result in invasive species that are harmful to a vulnerable species becoming established in the vulnerable species’ habitat;

The Project is unlikely to contribute to an increase in invasive species that may be harmful to this species. (h) Introduce disease that may cause the species to decline; or

The Project is unlikely to introduce diseases that may cause this species to decline. (i) Interfere substantially with the recovery of the species.

The Project is unlikely to interfere with the recovery of the Broad-headed Snake.

113007; August 2014 Page lxi Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Lathamus discolor Swift Parrot

During winter, Swift Parrots (Lathamus discolor) inhabits mainland Australia from Adelaide (S.A.) through Victoria, and up the east coast to South-East Queensland, as well as visiting the South and Central Western Slopes and the Riverina in NSW. Swift Parrots return to eastern Tasmania in spring to breed. In NSW, Swift Parrots occur in a range of habitat types, from coastal forests and heaths to dry open woodlands on the western slopes. Swift Parrots are dependent on habitats that provide winter foraging resources such as nectar and lerps (sugary exudates from leaf insects). Within these habitats, Swift Parrots prefer foraging in mature trees that provide a higher quality and quantity of nectar than regrowth trees. On the western slopes of New South Wales, Mugga Ironbark (E. sideroxylon) and White Box (E. albens) are its favoured feed trees.

On-site Habitat

Potential habitat for this species is within MU 20 due to the presence of Eucalyptus albens on generally fertile soils.

Regional Habitat

Scattered records of the Swift Parrot occur to the Potential Habitat Area (ha) west of the Project Application Area along Glen Davis Road, with 22 records occurring within 10km of the Project Application Area. As this species is a Within Project 55.28 migratory bird, it uses these habitats on an Application Area intermittent basis. A wide range of suitable habitat is available for this species within the surrounding Within subsidence National Parks and Conservation Lands, therefore 0.77 extents the potential habitat within the Project Application Area is not considered of high importance for this Within proposed species in the region. 0.00 facilities footprint

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Impact Assessment (a) Lead to a long-term decrease in the size of a population;

No areas of potential habitat for this species occur within the proposed surface facilities footprint. Areas of potential habitat for this species that exist within the Project Application Area exist along the edges of the site that extend into surrounding areas that includes the Gardens of Stone National Park to the south. As a result, local populations of this bird species would extend into these adjacent protected habitats. Therefore, the loss of isolated habitat and associated impacts to the Swift Parrot population is considered small, relative to the available habitats.

It is highly unlikely that subsidence related ground movements would affect woodland or forest habitats such that they would become in any way unsuitable for the Swift Parrot. Therefore, the Project is unlikely to impact the Regent Honeyeater population such that it is likely to lead to a long-term decrease in the size of a population. (b) Reduce the area of occupancy of the species; The project is unlikely to reduce the area of occupancy of this highly mobile species. (c) Fragment an existing population into two or more populations;

The project is unlikely to fragment populations of this highly mobile species. (d) Adversely affect habitat critical to the survival of a species;

No habitat critical to the survival of this species occurs on site. (e) Disrupt the breeding cycle of a population;

The minor predicted modification to potential habitats from subsidence would not disrupt the breeding cycle of a population of the Swift Parrot, if present. (f) Modify, destroy, remove, isolate or decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline;

The minor predicted modification to potential habitats from subsidence would not constitute a decrease in the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline. (g) Result in invasive species that are harmful to a critically endangered or endangered species becoming established in the endangered or critically endangered species’ habitat;

The Project is unlikely to contribute to an increase in invasive species that may be harmful to this species. (h) Introduce disease that may cause the species to decline; or

The Project is unlikely to introduce diseases that may cause this species to decline. (i) Interfere with the recovery of the species.

The Project is unlikely to interfere with the recovery of the Swift Parrot.

113007; August 2014 Page lxiii Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Anthochaera phrygia Regent Honeyeater

The Regent Honeyeater (Anthochaera phrygia) is listed as Endangered under the EPBC Act. Regent Honeyeaters are endemic to South-east Australia, extending from south-east Queensland to central Victoria. This distribution is however extremely segmented (SEWPAC 2013a). Preferred habitat includes Box-Ironbark eucalypt woodland and dry sclerophyll forest (SEWPAC 2013a). Seasonal movements appear to be dictated by the flowering of various species of Eucalyptus sp. that are characteristic of the dry forests and woodlands of South-Eastern Australia.

The Regent Honeyeater are well known as occurring in the Capertee area, individuals are recorded in more easterly habitat, particularly in areas characterised by winter-flowering Eucalyptus ssp. when westerly habitats are experiencing extended dry periods. This species has been recorded within the Project Application Area.

On-site Habitat

All remnant eucalypt woodland and forest communities located within the Project Application Area are considered to provide potential foraging and breeding habitat for this species. The potentially more fertile MU 20 woodlands, which contain both winter flowering and summer flowering eucalypts are regarded as critical habitat for this species.

Regional Habitat

The Regent Honeyeater is well documented from Area (ha) the Capertee-Glen Alice area immediately surrounding the Project Application Area. 228 Location records within 10km of the Project Application Area Critical Potential are known, particularly in Glen Davis where they Habitat Habitat are known to breed, up towards Kandos, clustered in the Capertee National Park and in the Gardens Within Project Application 55.28 2,543.62 of Stone National Park. The north western corner of Area the Hawkesbury Nepean CMA west of Wollemi National Park contains numerous records and is also a well utilised area for the Regent Honeyeater. Within subsidence extents 0.77 1,558.13 Given that the Project Application Area is adjacent to known breeding habitat, and 228 records exist Within proposed facilities 1.53 1.17 within a 10km radius of the Project Application footprint Area, those habitats recognised as potentially suitable for the Regent Honeyeater are considered to be of high importance for this species within the region.

113007; August 2014 Page lxiv Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Impact Assessment (a) Lead to a long-term decrease in the size of a population;

Small areas of potential (1.17 ha) and critical (1.53 ha) habitat for this species occur within the proposed surface facilities footprint. These areas only constitute approximately 0.05% of available potential habitat and approximately 2.77% of the available critical habitat within the PAA. Areas of critical habitat for this species that exist within the Project Application Area exist along the edges of the site that extend into surrounding areas that includes the Gardens of Stone National Park to the south. As a result, local populations of this bird species would extend into these adjacent protected habitats. Therefore, the loss of isolated habitat and associated impacts to the Regent Honeyeater population is considered small, relative to the available habitats.

It is highly unlikely that subsidence related ground movements would affect woodland or forest habitats such that they would become in any way unsuitable for the Regent Honeyeater. Therefore, the Project is unlikely to impact the Regent Honeyeater population such that it is likely to lead to a long-term decrease in the size of a population. (b) Reduce the area of occupancy of the species; The project is unlikely to reduce the area of occupancy of this highly mobile species. (c) Fragment an existing population into two or more populations;

The project is unlikely to fragment populations of this highly mobile species. (d) Adversely affect habitat critical to the survival of a species;

No critical habitat for this species is present on site. (e) Disrupt the breeding cycle of a population;

The minor predicted modification to potential habitats from subsidence would not disrupt the breeding cycle of a population of the Regent Honeyeater, if present. (f) Modify, destroy, remove, isolate or decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline;

The minor predicted modification to potential habitats from subsidence would not constitute a decrease in the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline. (g) Result in invasive species that are harmful to a critically endangered or endangered species becoming established in the endangered or critically endangered species’ habitat;

The Project is unlikely to contribute to an increase in invasive species that may be harmful to this species. (h) Introduce disease that may cause the species to decline; or

The Project is unlikely to introduce diseases that may cause this species to decline. (i) Interfere with the recovery of the species.

The Project is unlikely to interfere with the recovery of the Regent Honeyeater.

113007; August 2014 Page lxv Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Dasyurus maculatus maculatus Spotted-tailed Quoll

The Spotted-tailed Quoll (Dasyurus maculatus maculatus) is listed as Endangered under the EPBC Act. The nominated subspecies D. maculatus maculatus occurs from southern Queensland to Tasmania. This species is one of the largest carnivorous marsupials. This species was recorded within moist forest habitat on Genowlan Mountain during field surveys, and numerous records of the Spotted-tailed Quoll exist within a 10 km radius of the Project Application Area Extensive tracts of suitable habitat for the species occur within the Project Application Area and would occur throughout the Blue Mountains area.

The Spotted-tailed Quoll is found in a range of habitat types, including rainforest, open forest, woodland, coastal heath and inland riparian forest, from the sub-alpine zone to the coastline. Nests are made in rock caves and hollow logs or trees, and basking sites are usually found nearby.

On-site Habitat

All forest, woodland and heath vegetation communities located within the Project Application Area are considered to provide potential foraging and breeding habitat for this species.

Regional Habitat

The Spotted-tailed Quoll has a widespread Area (ha) distribution across the region. Two records exist within 10km of the Project Application Area and this Location species has been recorded on site during current Potential Breeding and surveys. Scattered records for the Spotted-tailed Foraging Habitat Quoll exist around the Project Application Area in the Capertee National Park and the Airly State Within Project 3,468.80 Forest and Wollemi National Park. It is clear Application Area through records that the stronghold for the regional population is however, further south in the Blue Within subsidence Mountains National Park near Blackheath and 2,166.20 Leura. As this species was recorded within the extents Project Application Area where records are not abundant, the habitats found within the Project Within proposed 0.00 Application Area for the Spotted-tailed Quoll may be facilities footprint of high importance for this species within the region.

113007; August 2014 Page lxvi Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Impact Assessment (a) Lead to a long-term decrease in the size of a population;

The predicted subsidence levels are not expected to adversely affect habitats for this species, and the areas required to accommodate surface facilities do not contain suitable habitat for this species. Given the large areas of higher quality habitat across the Project Application Area and surrounds that will not be impacted upon by the Project, it is unlikely to lead to a long-term decrease in the size of a population of the Spotted- tailed Quoll. (b) Reduce the area of occupancy of the species;

The area of available habitat for this species will not be affected by the Project. (c) Fragment an existing population into two or more populations;

No areas of potential habitat will become fragmented as a result of the Project. (d) Adversely affect habitat critical to the survival of a species;

The abundance of potential habitat within the Gardens of Stone National Park and neighbouring reserves suggests that the habitats within the Project Application Area are not critical to the survival of the Spotted- tailed Quoll. Notwithstanding, those areas of habitat that may be used by this species will not be adversely affected such that they would become unsuitable for these species. (e) Disrupt the breeding cycle of a population;

The minor predicted modification to potential habitats from subsidence would not disrupt the breeding cycle of a population of the Spotted-tailed Quoll. (f) Modify, destroy, remove, isolate or decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline;

The minor predicted modification to potential habitats from subsidence would not constitute a decrease in the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline. (g) Result in invasive species that are harmful to a critically endangered or endangered species becoming established in the endangered or critically endangered species’ habitat;

The Project is unlikely to contribute to an increase in invasive species, such as foxes or wild dogs that may be harmful to this species. (h) Introduce disease that may cause the species to decline; or

The Project is unlikely to introduce diseases that may cause this species to decline. (i) Interfere with the recovery of the species.

The Project is unlikely to interfere with the recovery of the Spotted-tailed Quoll.

113007; August 2014 Page lxvii Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Phascolarctos cinereus Koala

The Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) is listed as Vulnerable under the EPBC Act. This species inhabits a range of eucalypt woodlands and forests across the eastern portion of Australia, from coastal and inland QLD through NSW and into Victoria. The population in NSW is mainly confined to the central and north coasts with some populations remaining west of the Great Dividing Range in Gunnedah and surrounds.

On-site Habitat

Several Koala feed trees species have also been recorded, including Eucalyptus albens, E. viminalis, E. pauciflora, E. mannifera, E. dalrympleana. Vegetation communities that have over 50% the feed tree species listed above are considered to represent critical habitat for the Koala. Communities that are likely to represent critical habitat include MU 13, 20, 21 and 54. All other woodland habitats may also contain Koala feed trees, providing potential habitat.

Regional Habitat Area (ha)

Koala records occur throughout the Nepean Location Hawkesbury CMA with the closest records Critical Potential occurring to the south in the Newnes State Habitat Habitat Forest. One record to the west of the Project Application Area occurs along the Turon River, Within Project Application Area 550.77 2,503.60 north of the Turon National Park. This record appears to be an isolated record with no recorded population of Koalas occurring Within subsidence extents 201.96 1,551.11 nearby. Due to the presence of large, neighbouring areas of conservation lands, the Within proposed facilities potential habitats found within the Project 0.00 0.00 footprint Application Area would not be of high importance to the Koala.

Impact Assessment (a) Lead to a long-term decrease in the size of an important population;

The expected subsidence level is not expected to adversely affect habitats for this species. Therefore the Project is unlikely to lead to a long-term decrease in the size of a population of the Koala.

113007; August 2014 Page lxviii Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

(b) Reduce the area of occupancy of the species;

No Koalas were detected within the Project Application Area and no potential habitat is being removed to accommodate surface facilities. (c) Fragment an existing important population into two or more populations;

No areas of potential habitat will become fragmented as a result of the Project. (d) Adversely affect habitat critical to the survival of a species;

Habitat critical to the survival of the Koala is considered to be any form of landscape corridor which is essential to the dispersal of Koalas between forest or woodland habitats (SEWPAC 2012). Critical habitat is also defined as areas of forest or woodland where: primary Koala food tree species (as defined in DECC 2008b) comprise at least 30% of the overstorey trees; primary Koala food tree species comprise less than 30% of the overstorey trees, but together with secondary food tree species comprise at least 50% of the overstorey trees; primary food tree species are absent but secondary food tree species (as defined in DECC 2008b) alone comprise at least 50% of the overstorey trees; the above qualities may be absent in a forest or woodland but other essential habitat features are present and adjacent to areas exhibiting the above qualities (e.g. Koalas in the Pilliga are known to escape the heat of the day by taking refuge in white cypress pines, which are not food trees); or a relatively high density of Koalas is supported, regardless of the presence of food tree species. Koala population densities vary across their range and regional data should be used to judge relative density.

No potential or critical habitat for the Koala occurs within the proposed surface facilities footprint, (e) Disrupt the breeding cycle of a population;

The Project is unlikely to disrupt the breeding cycle of a population of the Koala. (f) Modify, destroy, remove or isolate or decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline;

The Project is unlikely to contribute to an increase in invasive species that may be harmful to this species. (h) Introduce disease that may cause the species to decline; or

The Project is unlikely to introduce diseases that may cause this species to decline. (i) Interfere substantially with the recovery of the species.

The Project is unlikely to interfere with the recovery of the Koala.

113007; August 2014 Page lxix Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Petrogale penicillata Brush-tailed Rock Wallaby

The Brush-tailed Rock Wallaby (Petrogale penicillata) is listed as Vulnerable under the EPBC Act. This species occupies rocky escarpments, outcrops and cliffs with a preference for complex structures with fissures, caves and ledges, often facing north. It shelters or basks during the day in rock crevices, caves and overhangs and are most active at night.

Some suitable habitat exists within the Project Application Area in the form of rock pagodas and escarpments, however limited to a few locations. Records of this species occur throughout the Gardens of Stone and Wollemi National Park, particularly along the escarpments formed by rivers, including the Capertee River, Wolgan River and Colo River. It is considered that the presence of this species is possible within the Project Application Area, however has not been recorded.

On-site Habitat

The Project Application Area includes rocky escarpments and outcrops within the Pagoda Rock Sparse Shrubland vegetation community (MU43), which subsequently represents potential breeding habitat for the species. Forested areas within 200m of these rocky outcrops represent potential foraging habitat for the species.

Regional Habitat

Area (ha) The Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby has a relatively widespread distribution in the region, however only Location one record occurs within 10km of the Project Breeding Foraging Application Area. Stronghold records for the Brush- Habitat Habitat tailed Rock Wallaby occur throughout the Wollemi National Park and Yengo National Park with other Within Project 371.69 1,421.76 occurrences found in the Parr State Conservation Application Area Area, Gardens of Stone National Park and the Blue Mountains National Park. The Project Application Within subsidence Area connects directly to the Gardens of Stone 371.69 1,395.24 extents National Park of which the nearest record exists. Due to the presence of large, neighbouring areas of conservation lands, the potential habitats found Within proposed 0.00 0.00 within the Project Application Area would not be of facilities footprint high importance to the Brush-tailed Rock Wallaby.

113007; August 2014 Page lxx Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Impact Assessment (a) Lead to a long-term decrease in the size of an important population;

The proposed panel and pillar mining methods and setbacks of first workings away from areas underneath pagoda and cliff line habitat will minimise the potential for impacts to this habitat as a result of the Project (Golder Associates 2014). Areas to be cleared for surface facilities do not include any woodland areas within 200m of the pagoda habitat, preventing any impacts to foraging habitat for this species. Therefore, any alterations to small areas of potential habitat from subsidence will not lead to a long-term decrease in a Brush-tailed Rock Wallaby population. (b) Reduce the area of occupancy of the species;

The Project is not expected to reduce the area of occupancy for this species. (c) Fragment an existing important population into two or more populations;

No areas of potential habitat will become fragmented as a result of the Project. (d) Adversely affect habitat critical to the survival of a species;

The abundance of potential habitat within the Gardens of Stone National Park and neighbouring reserves suggests that the habitats within the Project Application Area are not critical to the survival of the Brush-tailed Rock Wallaby. Notwithstanding, those areas of habitat that may be used by this species will not be adversely affected such that they would become unsuitable for these species. (e) Disrupt the breeding cycle of a population;

The minor predicted modification to potential habitats from subsidence would not disrupt the breeding cycle of a population of Brush-tailed Rock Wallaby, if present. (f) Modify, destroy, remove or isolate or decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline;

The Project is unlikely to contribute to an increase in invasive species, such as foxes and wild dogs that may be harmful to these species. (h) Introduce disease that may cause the species to decline; or

The Project is unlikely to introduce diseases that may cause this species to decline. (i) Interfere substantially with the recovery of the species.

The Project is unlikely to interfere with the recovery of the Brush-tailed Rock Wallaby.

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Chalinolobus dwyeri Large-eared Pied Bat

The Large-eared Pied Bat (Chalinolobus dwyeri) is listed as Vulnerable under the EPBC Act. It is mainly found in areas with extensive cliffs and caves, from Rockhampton in Queensland south to Bungonia in the NSW Southern Highlands. Records of this species exist in dry sclerophyll forest and woodland, both to the east and west of the Great Divide. This species recorded on numerous occasions.

On-site Habitat

Critical breeding habitat for this species within the Project Application Area is considered to occur amongst the caves and overhangs found within the Pagoda Rock Sparse Shrubland community (MU43). Critical foraging habitat is also considered to occur in remnant vegetation communities located along the valley floor. All other areas of dry sclerophyll forest and woodland communities across the Project Application Area are considered to provide potential foraging habitat for the species. Area (ha)

Location Critical Critical Potential Breeding Foraging Foraging Regional Habitat Habitat Habitat Habitat

Regionally this species tends to occur Within Project 371.69 1,596.21 1,461.87 throughout most of the northern portion of the Application Area Hawkesbury Nepean CMA with very few records occurring to the west of the Project Within Application Area within the Central West CMA. subsidence 371.69 464.56 1,290.93 It occurs in most vegetation reserves extents surrounding the Project Application Area including Wollemi National Park, Gardens of Stone National Park and Capertee National Within proposed Park and also within the more distant Newnes 0.00 0.00 0.00 facilities footprint State forest. Due to the presence of large, neighbouring areas of conservation lands, and the wide spread range of this species the potential habitats found within the Project Application Area would not be of high importance to the species.

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Impact Assessment (a) Lead to a long-term decrease in the size of an important population;

The proposed panel and pillar mining methods and setbacks of first workings away from areas underneath pagoda and cliff line habitat will minimise the potential for impacts to this habitat as a result of the Project (Golder Associates 2014). The Project includes clearing of mostly cleared grasslands for installation of required surface facilities; however, given the isolation of REA 2, it is unlikely that the site would be used for foraging purposes. The Project is therefore not expected to lead to a long-term decrease in the size of a population of the Large-eared Pied Bat. (b) Reduce the area of occupancy of the species;

The project will not reduce the area of occupancy of this species. (c) Fragment an existing important population into two or more populations;

No areas of potential habitat will become fragmented as a result of the Project. (d) Adversely affect habitat critical to the survival of a species;

Sandstone cliffs and fertile wooded valley habitat within close proximity of each other, as well as any maternity roosts, should be considered habitat critical to the survival of the Large-eared Pied Bat (Department of Environment and Resource Management 2011). The proposed panel and pillar mining methods and the setbacks of first workings away from areas underneath pagoda and cliff line habitat will minimise the potential for impacts to this habitat as a result of the Project (Golder Associates 2014). Notwithstanding, no impacts are expected to these features and subsequently no impacts would be expected to possible critical habitat, such as cave roosting sites. (e) Disrupt the breeding cycle of a population;

The proposed panel and pillar mining methods and the setbacks of first workings away from areas underneath pagoda and cliff line habitat will minimise the potential for impacts to this habitat as a result of the Project (Golder Associates 2014). The Project is therefore unlikely to damage potential breeding locations, such as caves and consequently not disrupt the breeding cycle of the Large-eared Pied Bat. (f) Modify, destroy, remove or isolate or decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline;

The Project is unlikely to contribute to an increase in invasive species that may be harmful to these species. (h) Introduce disease that may cause the species to decline; or

The Project is unlikely to introduce disease that may cause these to decline species. (i) Interfere substantially with the recovery of the species.

The Project is unlikely to interfere with the recovery of the Large-eared Pied Bat.

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Pseudomys novaehollandiae New Holland Mouse

The New Holland Mouse (Pseudomys novaehollandiae) is listed as Vulnerable under the EPBC Act. It currently has a disjunct, fragmented distribution across Tasmania, Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland. Across the species’ range the New Holland Mouse is known to inhabit dry open heathlands, eucalypt forests and woodlands with a dense leguminous understorey and sandy soils, and vegetated sand dunes. Populations are at highest densities in areas which are in early to mid-regeneration stages after disturbances such as fire (Murphy 2005).

On-site Habitat

All forest, woodland and heath vegetation communities located within the Project Application Area are considered to provide potential foraging and breeding habitat for this species.

Regional Habitat

Records of the New Holland Mouse in the region Potential Habitat Area (ha) are incredibly rare and no record within 10km of the Project Application Area exists. Two records closest Within Project to the Project Application Area are from the far east 3,468.80 Application Area of the Gardens of Stone National Park and from southern Newnes State Forest. Other records in the Within subsidence region occur as far out as Katoomba and further 2,166.20 into coastal environments. Due to the presence of extents large, neighbouring areas of conservation lands, the potential habitats found within the Project Within proposed 0.00 Application Area would not be of high importance to facilities footprint the New Holland Mouse.

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Impact Assessment (a) Lead to a long-term decrease in the size of an important population;

The predicted subsidence levels are not expected to adversely affect habitats for this species. In addition, this species has been found to tolerate disturbances where habitats are allowed to recover. Mostly cleared grasslands are proposed to be removed for proposed surface facilities. The Project is therefore not expected to lead to a long-term decrease in the size of a population of the New Holland Mouse, if present. (b) Reduce the area of occupancy of the species;

No potential habitat is to be removed as a result of proposed surface facilities. (c) Fragment an existing important population into two or more populations;

No areas of potential habitat will become fragmented as a result of the Project. (d) Adversely affect habitat critical to the survival of a species;

The abundance of potential habitat within the Gardens of Stone National Park and neighbouring reserves suggests that the habitats within the Project Application Area are not critical to the survival of the New Holland Mouse. Those areas of habitat that may be used by this species will not be adversely affected such that they would become unsuitable for these species, with the exception of a small loss of potential habitat. (e) Disrupt the breeding cycle of a population;

The minor predicted modification to potential habitats from subsidence would not disrupt the breeding cycle of a population of the New Holland Mouse. (f) Modify, destroy, remove or isolate or decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline;

The minor predicted modification to potential habitats from subsidence from clearing would not constitute a decrease in the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline. (g) Result in invasive species that are harmful to a vulnerable species becoming established in the vulnerable species’ habitat;

The Project is unlikely to contribute to an increase in invasive species, such as cats, foxes and wild dogs that may be harmful to this species. (h) Introduce disease that may cause the species to decline; or

The Project is unlikely to introduce diseases that may cause this species to decline. (i) Interfere substantially with the recovery of the species.

The Project is unlikely to interfere with the recovery of the New Holland Mouse.

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White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely's Red Gum Grassy Woodland and Derived Native Grassland

White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely's Red Gum Grassy Woodland and Derived Native Grassland (Box-Gum) Woodland is Critically Endangered under the EPBC Act and is characterised by the presence or prior occurrence of Eucalyptus albens (White Box), E. melliodora (Yellow Box) or E. blakelyi (Blakely’s Red Gum). The CEEC occurs predominantly on the western slopes of NSW from Victoria to Queensland on soils that are moderately to highly fertile, from an altitude of approximately 170 metres on the lower slopes to, and including, the tablelands. The understorey in intact sites is characterised by native grasses and a high diversity of herbs. Shrubs are generally sparse or absent, though they may be locally common.

On-site Habitat

This community is sometimes commensurate with MU 20. Some cleared land may also be commensurate with the 'derived grassland' component of this CEEC. All areas of the surface facilities footprint that were considered for this project were assessed for their potential to be part of the derived grasslands assemblage and were mostly found to not have the required component species, condition or have been derived from a different vegetation community. The exception to this was within the drainage lines of REA 2, which Potential Habitat Area (ha) was assessed as potentially containing low quality derived native grasslands of Box-Gum Woodland. Within Project 483.66 Regional Habitat Application Area

Within subsidence This community has been subject to clearing and 10.17 fragmentation within the region. The listing under extents the EPBC Act considers that the larger and more diverse a patch is, the more important it is. Within proposed 3.27 Additionally, patches that link remnants in the facilities footprint landscape, that occur in depauperate areas, that contain rare, declining or threatened species and, that encompass the entire range of the ecological community, are important to the viability of the ecological community into the future (Threatened Species Scientific Committee 2006). Therefore, whilst particular examples of this community within the Project Application Area are likely to be locally and regionally important, the low condition example of this community within REA 2 is not regarded as regionally important.

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Impact Assessment (a) Reduce the extent of an ecological community

The predicted subsidence levels are not expected to adversely affect any potential areas of this CEEC.

Site selection of proposed surface facilities has avoided the most intact areas of this occurring and potentially occurring CEEC. As a result, reduction in extent of low condition derived grasslands is restricted to 3.27 ha.

Appropriate mitigation measures (Section 8) are proposed to prevent indirect impacts to known areas of this CEEC. Therefore, the Project is not expected to reduce the extent of this CEEC. (b) Fragment or increase fragmentation of an ecological community, for example by clearing vegetation for roads or transmission lines;

The proposed surface facilities will not fragment woodlands or possible occurring derived grassland patches of this community due to the extensive commensurate habitats that surrounds the proposed footprints. (c) Adversely affect habitat critical to the survival of an ecological community;

The National Recovery Plan states that in very broad terms, habitat critical to the survival of Box - Gum Woodland is on the moderate to highly fertile soils of the western slopes of NSW and Queensland, the northern slopes of Victoria, and the tablelands of the Great Dividing Range from southern Queensland through NSW and the ACT. However, given the currently highly fragmented and degraded state of this ecological community, all areas of Box - Gum Woodland which meet the minimum condition criteria should be considered critical to the survival of this ecological community (DECCW 2010).

The 3.27 ha of derived native grassland mapped within the REA 2 site has been regarded as Box-Gum Woodland derived native grasslands as a precautionary approach and was not specifically assessed against minimum condition criteria for the listed community. As discussed in Section 4.4.2.3, many areas of uncleared MU20 were found to not meet the condition criteria for the listed community. There is therefore a real possibility that in a natural state, the 3.27 ha of mapped Box-Gum Woodland derived native grasslands was not the CEEC. In it's current form, the species composition and diversity of the Box-Gum Woodland derived native grasslands within REA 2 is very similar to the surrounding non-EEC derived native grasslands and was distinguished predominately by analysis of soil fertility. The example of the Box-Gum Woodland derived native grasslands within REA 2 bears no rare of threatened species and is highly modified such that its structure and species composition is similar to the surrounding cleared lands. Therefore, it is sensible to not regard the 3.27 ha of Box-Gum Woodland derived native grassland mapped within the REA 2 as being habitat critical to the survival of this ecological community.

The predicted subsidence levels are not expected to adversely affect any potential areas of this CEEC. (d) Modify or destroy abiotic (non-living) factors (such as water, nutrients, or soil) necessary for an ecological community’s survival, including reduction of groundwater levels, or substantial alteration of surface water drainage patterns;

The predicted subsidence levels are not expected to adversely affect any potential areas of this CEEC. The Project is not expected to modify or destroy abiotic (non-living) factors outside of the proposed clearing extents. (e) Cause a substantial change in the species composition of an occurrence of an ecological community, including causing a decline or loss of functionally important species, for example through regular burning or flora or fauna harvesting;

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The small area of this community within REA 2 is already in a highly modified state, including impacts from grazing and weed invasion. Notwithstanding, the Project will cause incremental further decline in its removal. (f) Cause a substantial reduction in the quality or integrity of an occurrence of an ecological community, including, but not limited to: I. assisting invasive species, that are harmful to the listed ecological community, to become established, or II. causing regular mobilisation of fertilisers, herbicides or other chemicals or pollutants into the ecological community which kill or inhibit the growth of species in the ecological community, or The removal of 3.27 ha of derived native grasslands is not regarded as a substantial reduction in this community. (g) Interfere with the recovery of an ecological community.

The removal of 3.27 ha of derived native grasslands is not regarded as interfering with the recovery of Box- Gum Woodland.

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+. 3 " $

113007; August 2014 Page lxxx

Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

RPS Scientific Name Common Name TSC Act EPBC Act WBM 2006 UQ 2010/2011 2012/2013

Acacia amoena Boomerang Wattle Acacia binervia Coast Myall Acacia buxifolia Box-leaf Wattle Acacia dawsonii Poverty Wattle Acacia dealbata Silver Wattle Acacia decurrens Black Wattle Acacia dorothea Dorothy's wattle Acacia elongata Swamp Wattle Acacia falcata - Acacia falciformis Broad-leaved Hickory Acacia floribunda White Sally Wattle Acacia implexa Hickory Wattle Acacia irrorata subsp. irrorata Sydney Green Wattle Acacia juncifolia Rush-leaved Wattle Acacia leucolobia a wattle Acacia longifolia subsp. longifolia Sydney Golden Wattle Acacia melanoxylon Blackwood Acacia montana Mallee Wattle Acacia myrtifolia Red Stem Wattle Acacia obtusifolia Blunt-leaf Wattle Acacia parramattensis Sydney Green Wattle Acacia penninervis Mountain Hickory Acacia terminalis Sunshine Wattle Acacia ulicifolia Prickly Moses Acaena novae-zelandiae Biddy Biddy Acaena ovina - Acianthus exsertus Mosquito Orchid Acianthus pusillus Gnat Orchid

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RPS Scientific Name Common Name TSC Act EPBC Act WBM 2006 UQ 2010/2011 2012/2013

Acmena smithii Lilly Pilly Acrotriche divaricata - Acrotriche rigida - Adiantum aethiopicum Common Maidenhair Ajuga australis Austral Bugle Allocasuarina littoralis Black She-oak Allocasuarina nana Dwarf She-oak Amperea xiphoclada var. xiphoclada Broom Spurge Amyema miquelii Mistletoe Amyema pendulum subsp. pendulum Mistletoe Angophora floribunda Rough-barked Apple Aristida ramosa Purple Wiregrass Aristida vagans Three-awn Speargrass Arrhenechthites mixtus Purple Fireweed Asplenium flabellifolium Necklace Fern Asterolasia correifolia - Astroloma humifusum Native Cranberry Austrostipa pubescens Tall Speargrass Austrostipa rudis Bamboo Grass Austrostipa scabra subsp. scabra Speargrass Backhousia myrtifolia Grey Myrtle Baeckea brevifolia - Baeckea diosmifolia Fringed Baeckea Baeckea imbricata - Banksia ericifolia var. ericifolia Heath-leaved Banksia Banksia penicillata - Banksia spinulosa var. spinulosa Hairpin Banksia Billardiera scandens Hairy Appleberry

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RPS Scientific Name Common Name TSC Act EPBC Act WBM 2006 UQ 2010/2011 2012/2013

Blechnum cartilagineum Gristle Fern Boronia pinnata Pinnate Boronia Boronia polygalifolia Dwarf Boronia Boronia rigens - Boronia serrulata Native Rose Bossiaea heterophylla Variable Bossiaea Bossiaea neo-anglica - Bossiaea prostrata - Bossiaea rhombifolia - Bothriochloa macra Red Grass Brachychiton populneus subsp. populneus Kurrajong Brachyloma daphnoides Daphne Heath Brachyscome aculeata Hill Daisy Brachyscome graminea - Brachyscome multifida var. multifida Cut-leaved Daisy Brachyscome spathulata - Breynia oblongifolia Coffee bush Brunoniella australis Blue Trumpet Bursaria spinosa var. spinosa Blackthorn Caladenia curtisepala - ROTAP: 2KC- - Callistemon pallidus Lemon Bottlebrush Callitris endlicheri Black Cypress Pine Callitris muelleri - Calochlaena dubia Rainbow Fern Calotis cuneifolia Purple Burr Daisy Calotis hispidula Bogan Flea Calotis lappulacea Yellow Burr Daisy Calytrix tetragona Common Fringe-Myrtle

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RPS Scientific Name Common Name TSC Act EPBC Act WBM 2006 UQ 2010/2011 2012/2013

Carex inversa Knob Sedge Cassinia aculeata Dolly Bush Cassinia arcuata Sifton Bush Cassinia cunninghamii Cunningham's Everlasting Cassinia quinquefaria - Cassinia sp. D - Cassinia uncata Sticky Cassinia Cassytha glabella f. glabella Slender Devil's Twine Cassytha pubescens Common Devil’s Twine Caustis flexuosa Curly Wig Caustis recurvata var. recurvata - Cayratia clematidea Native Grape Centella asiatica Swamp Pennywort Cheilanthes austrotenuifolia Rock Fern Cheilanthes distans Bristly Cloak Fern Cheilanthes sieberi subsp. sieberi Poison Rock Fern Choretrum pauciflorum Dwarf Sour Bush Chorizema parviflorum Eastern Flame Pea Chrysocephalum apiculatum Common Everlasting Clematis aristata Old Man's Beard Clematis glycinoides var. glycinoides Headache Vine Comesperma volubile Love Creeper Conospermum ericifolium - Coronidium scorpioides Button Everlasting Correa reflexa Native Fuschia Corybas aconitiflorus Spurred Helmet Orchid Crassula sieberiana subsp. sieberiana Australian Stonecrop Crowea exalata subsp. exalata -

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RPS Scientific Name Common Name TSC Act EPBC Act WBM 2006 UQ 2010/2011 2012/2013

Cryptandra ericoides Heathy Cryptandra Cryptostylis erecta Bonnet Orchid Cyathea australis Rough Tree-fern Cyathochaeta diandra - Cymbonotus lawsonianus Bears-ear Cymbopogon refractus Barbwire Grass Cynodon dactylon Common Couch Cyperus mirus - Cyphanthera albicans albicans Grey Ray Flower Dampiera stricta Blue Dampiera Daviesia acicularis - Daviesia pubigera - Daviesia ulicifolia subsp. ulicifolia Gorse Bitter Pea Dendrobium speciosum Rock Lily Dendrobium striolatum Streaked Rock Orchid Desmodium gunnii Slender Tick-trefoil Desmodium varians Slender Tick-trefoil Dianella caerulea var. caerulea Flax Lily Dianella caerulea var. producta Blue Flax Lily Dianella prunina - Dianella revoluta var. revoluta Spreading Flax Lily Dianella tenuissima a Flax Lily Dichelachne crinita Long-hair Plume Grass Dichelachne micrantha Short-hair Plume Grass Dichondra repens Kidney Weed Dicksonia antarctica Tree Fern Dillwynia phylicoides - Dillwynia retorta Eggs and Bacon

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RPS Scientific Name Common Name TSC Act EPBC Act WBM 2006 UQ 2010/2011 2012/2013

Dillwynia rudis - Dodonaea multijuga - Dodonaea viscosa subsp. angustifolia Sticky Hop-bush Dodonaea viscosa subsp. cuneata Wedge-leaf Hop-bush Dodonaea viscosa subsp. spatulata - Doodia aspera Prickly Rasp Fern Dracophyllum secundum - Echinopogon caespitosus var. caespitosus Tufted Hedgehog Grass Echinopogon intermedius Erect Hedgehog Grass Echinopogon ovatus Forest Hedgehog Grass Einadia hastata Berry Saltbush Einadia nutans subsp. nutans Climbing Saltbush Elaeocarpus reticulatus Blueberry Ash Entolasia marginata Bordered Panic Entolasia stricta Wiry Panic Epacris muelleri - ROTAP: 3RC Epacris pulchella Wallum Heath Epacris reclinata Fuchsia Heath Eragrostis elongata Clustered Lovegrass Eragrostis leptostachya Paddock Lovegrass Erigeron bellidioides - Erodium crinitum Storksbill Eucalyptus albens White Box Eucalyptus bensonii - Eucalyptus blakelyi Blakelys Red Gum Eucalyptus blaxlandii Blaxland's Stringybark Eucalyptus cannonii Cannons Stringybark V V Eucalyptus cypellocarpa Mountain Grey Gum

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RPS Scientific Name Common Name TSC Act EPBC Act WBM 2006 UQ 2010/2011 2012/2013

Eucalyptus dealbata Tumbledown Red Gum Eucalyptus fastigata Brown Barrel Eucalyptus fibrosa Broad-leaved Ironbark Eucalyptus macrorhyncha Red Stringybark Eucalyptus mannifera subsp. mannifera Red-spotted Gum Eucalyptus melliodora Yellow Box Eucalyptus piperita Sydney Peppermint Eucalyptus polyanthemos subsp. polyanthemos Red Box Eucalyptus punctata Grey Gum Eucalyptus radiata Narrow-leaved Peppermint Eucalyptus rossii Scribbly Gum Eucalyptus sparsifolia Narrow-leaved Stringybark Eucalyptus stricta Mallee Eucalyptus tenella Stringybark Euchiton gymnocephalus Cudweed Euchiton involucratus Star Cudweed Euchiton sphaericus - Eustrephus latifolius Wombat Berry Exocarpos cupressiformis Native Cherry Exocarpos strictus Pale Ballart Gahnia aspera Saw Sedge Gahnia melanocarpa Black-fruit Saw-sedge Galium gaudichaudii Rough Bedstraw Galium leptogonium - Galium leiocarpum Maori Bedstraw Geitonoplesium cymosum Scrambling Lily Geranium potentilloides var. potentilloides

L'Hér -

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RPS Scientific Name Common Name TSC Act EPBC Act WBM 2006 UQ 2010/2011 2012/2013

Geranium solanderi Cutleaf Cranesbill Glycine clandestina Twining Glycine Glycine tabacina Twining Glycine Gompholobium inconspicuum - Gompholobium latifolium Golden Glory Pea Gonocarpus tetragynus - Gonocarpus teucrioides Raspwort Goodenia hederacea subsp. hederacea Ivy-leaved Goodenia Goodenia heterophylla subsp. heterophylla Variable Leaved Goodenia Goodenia ovata Hop Goodenia Goodenia stelligera Spiked Goodenia Grevillea obtusiflora Grey Grevillea E E Hakea salicifolia subsp. salicifolia Willow-leaved Hakea Haloragis serra - Hardenbergia violacea False Sarsparilla Harmogia densifolia - Hibbertia acicularis Prickly Guinea Flower Hibbertia aspera subsp. aspera - Hibbertia circumdans - Hibbertia empetrifolia subsp. empetrifolia - Hibbertia fasciculata - Hibbertia monogyna - Hibbertia obtusifolia Grey Guinea Flower Hibbertia riparia Erect Guinea Flower Hibbertia scandens Climbing Guinea Flower Hibbertia serpyllifolia Hairy Guinea Flower Hovea linearis - Hydrocotyle laxiflora Stinking Pennywort

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RPS Scientific Name Common Name TSC Act EPBC Act WBM 2006 UQ 2010/2011 2012/2013

Hydrocotyle tripartita Pennywort Hymenophyllum cupressiforme Common Filmy Fern Hypericum gramineum Small St Johns Wort Hypericum japonicum - Imperata cylindrica Blady Grass Indigofera australis Native Indigo Isopogon anemonifolius Flat-leaved Drumsticks Isopogon anethifolius Round-leaved Drumsticks Isopogon dawsonii Nepean Conebush Juncus usitatus Common Rush Lagenophora gracilis Slender Lagenophora Lagenophora stipitata - Lasiopetalum ferrugineum var. ferrugineum Rusty Velvet-bush Lepidosperma elatius Tall Sword-sedge Lepidosperma filiforme - Lepidosperma gunnii - Lepidosperma laterale Variable Sword-sedge Lepidosperma viscidum - Leptomeria acida Native Currant Leptospermum arachnoides - Leptospermum macrocarpum - Leptospermum morrisonii - Leptospermum parvifolium - Leptospermum polyanthum - Leptospermum obovatum - Leptospermum polygalifolium subsp. polygalifolium Tantoon Leptospermum sphaerocarpum -

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RPS Scientific Name Common Name TSC Act EPBC Act WBM 2006 UQ 2010/2011 2012/2013

Leptospermum trinervium Slender Tea-tree Lepyrodia scariosa Scale Rush Leucochrysum graminifolium Pagoda Rock Daisy ROTAP: 2R Leucopogon appressus - Leucopogon ericoides Pink Beard-heath Leucopogon fraseri - Leucopogon lanceolatus Lance-leaf Beard-heath Leucopogon microphyllus var. microphyllus - Leucopogon microphyllus var. pilibundus - Leucopogon muticus Blunt Beard-heath Lindsaea linearis Screw Fern Lissanthe strigosa Peach Heath Lomandra confertifolia subsp. pallida - Lomandra filiformis subsp. filiformis Wattle Mat-rush Lomandra confertifolia subsp. rubiginosa - Lomandra glauca Pale Mat-rush Lomandra longifolia Spiky-headed Mat-rush Lomandra montana Blue Mountains Mat-rush Lomandra multiflora Many-flowered Mat-rush Macrozamia secunda - Marsdenia rostrata Common Milk Vine Melaleuca styphelioides Prickly-leaved Tea Tree Melichrus urceolatus Urn Heath Mentha satureioides Creeping Mint Microlaena stipoides var. breviseta - Microlaena stipoides var. stipoides Weeping Rice Grass Micromyrtus ciliata Fringed Heath-myrtle Monotoca scoparia Prickly Broom-heath

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RPS Scientific Name Common Name TSC Act EPBC Act WBM 2006 UQ 2010/2011 2012/2013

Morinda jasminoides Sweet Morinda Myrsine howittiana Brush Muttonwood Notelaea longifolia Mock Olive Notelaea microcarpa var. microcarpa Velvet Mock Olive Notelaea neglecta - Notelaea venosa Veined Mock Olive Ochrosperma oligomerum - Olearia elliptica subsp. elliptica Sticky Daisy Bush Olearia erubescens Silky Daisy Bush Olearia ramulosa Twiggy Daisy-bush Olearia rosmarinifolia - Omphacomeria acerba - Opercularia diphylla - Opercularia hispida Hairy Stinkweed Oplismenus imbecillis - Oxalis perennans Yellow-flowered Wood Sorrel Pandorea pandorana Wonga Vine Panicum simile Two Colour Panic Patersonia sericea Wild Iris Pellaea falcata Sickle Fern Parsonsia straminea Common Silkpod Paspalidium distans - Persoonia linearis Narrow-leaved Geebung Phebalium squamulosum subsp. squamulosum Scaly Phebalium Philotheca myoporoides subsp. myoporoides Long-leaf Wax Flower Philotheca obovalis - Phyllota phylicoides Heath Phyllota

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RPS Scientific Name Common Name TSC Act EPBC Act WBM 2006 UQ 2010/2011 2012/2013

Phyllota squarrosa Dense Phyllota Pimelea ligustrina subsp. ligustrina Tall Rice-Flower Pimelea linifolia subsp. linifolia Slender Rice Flower Pittosporum spinescens (was Citriobatus

pauciflorus) Orange Thorn Pittosporum undulatum Sweet Pittosporum Plantago debilis Slender Plantain Plantago hispida - Platylobium formosum subsp. formosum Handsome Flat-pea Platysace ericoides Heathy Platysace Platysace lanceolata Lance-leaf Platysace Plectranthus parviflorus Cockspur Flower Poa labillardierei var. labillardierei Tussock Grass Poa sieberiana var. cyanophylla - Poa sieberiana var. sieberiana Snowgrass Podolobium ilicifolium Prickly Shaggy Pea Pomaderris andromedifolia - Pomaderris betulina Birch Pomaderris

Pomax umbellata Pomax Poranthera microphylla - Pomaderris intermedia - Prostanthera linearis Narrow-leaf Mintbush Prostanthera rotundifolia Round-leaved Mintbush Prostanthera stricta Mount Vincent Mintbush V V Pseudanthus pimeleoides - Pteridium esculentum Bracken Pterostylis curta Blunt Greenhood

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RPS Scientific Name Common Name TSC Act EPBC Act WBM 2006 UQ 2010/2011 2012/2013

Pterostylis parviflora Baby Greenhood Ptilothrix deusta - Pultenaea canescens Plumed Bush-Pea Pultenaea microphylla - Pultenaea scabra - Pultenaea sp. ‘Genowlan Point’ - CE CE Pyrrosia rupestris Rock Felt Fern Rhytidosporum procumbens - Rubus moluccanus var. trilobus Native Raspberry Rubus parvifolius Native Raspberry Rubus x novus - Rytidosperma caespitosum Ringed Wallaby Grass Rytidosperma longifolium Long-leaved Wallaby Grass Rytidosperma pallidum Silvertop Wallaby Grass Rytidosperma racemosum - Rytidosperma tenuius - Sambucus australasica Yellow Elderberry Scaevola aemula Fairy Fan Flower Schoenus evansianus - Schoenus lepidosperma - Schoenus moorei - Senecio bipinnatisectus - Senecio hispidulus Hill Fireweed Senecio lautus subsp. dissectifolius Variable Groundsel Senecio minimus - Senecio quadridentatus Cotton Fireweed Senecio tenuiflorus - Sigesbeckia orientalis Indian Weed

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RPS Scientific Name Common Name TSC Act EPBC Act WBM 2006 UQ 2010/2011 2012/2013

Solanum brownii Violet Nightshade Solanum cinereum Narrawa Burr Solanum prinophyllum Forest Nightshade Solanum pungetium Eastern Nightshade Solanum vescum A Kangaroo Apple Solenogyne bellioides - Spirodela punctata Duckweed Stackhousia viminea Slender Stackhousia Stellaria pungens Prickly Starwort Sticherus flabellatus Umbrella Fern Stylidium graminifolium Grass Trigger-plant Stylidium lineare Narrow-leaved Trigger Plant Stypandra glauca Nodding Blue Lily Styphelia triflora Pink Five-Corner Themeda australis Kangaroo Grass Todea barbara King Fern Urtica incisa Stinging Nettle Vernonia cinerea var. cinerea - Veronica calycina Hairy Speedwell Veronica notabilis Forest speedwell Veronica plebeia Creeping Speedwell Viola betonicifolia Native Violet Viola hederacea Ivy-leaved Violet Viola silicestris Sandstone Violet Vittadinia cuneata var. cuneata - Vittadinia cuneata var. hirsuta Fuzzweed Wahlenbergia communis Tufted Bluebell Wahlenbergia gracilis Australian Bluebell

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RPS Scientific Name Common Name TSC Act EPBC Act WBM 2006 UQ 2010/2011 2012/2013

Wahlenbergia luteola Bluebell Wahlenbergia stricta subsp. stricta Austral Bluebell Xanthorrhoea glauca subsp. angustifolia - Xanthosia pilosa Woolly Xanthosia Zieria compacta - Zieria laevigata Smooth Zieria Zieria pilosa Hairy Zieria Zieria smithii Sandfly Zieria

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Appendix 4 Fauna Species Inventory

113007; August 2014 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Status Status under Family Genus Common Name Scientific Name under TSC EPBC Act Act Amphibia Myobatrachidae Common Eastern Froglet Crinia signifera Amphibia Myobatrachidae Eastern Banjo Frog Limnodynastes dumerilii Amphibia Myobatrachidae Brown-striped Frog Limnodynastes peronii Amphibia Myobatrachidae Spotted Grass Frog Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Amphibia Myobatrachidae Red-backed Toadlet Pseudophryne coriacea Amphibia Myobatrachidae Smooth Toadlet Uperoleia laevigata Amphibia Hylidae Green Tree Frog Litoria caerulea Amphibia Hylidae Broad-palmed Frog Litoria latopalmata Amphibia Hylidae Rocket Frog Litoria nasuta Amphibia Hylidae Peron's Tree Frog Litoria peronii Reptilia Chelidae Eastern Snake-necked Turtle Chelodina longicollis Reptilia Gekkonidae Wood Gecko Diplodactylus vittatus Reptilia Gekkonidae Lesueur's Velvet Gecko Oedura lesueurii Reptilia Gekkonidae Broad-tailed Gecko Phyllurus platurus Reptilia Scincidae Red-throated Skink Acritoscincus platynota Reptilia Scincidae Cream-striped Shinning-skink Cryptoblepharus virgatus Reptilia Scincidae Copper-tailed Skink Ctenotus taeniolatus Reptilia Scincidae White's Skink Egernia whitii Reptilia Scincidae Eastern Water-skink Eulamprus quoyii Reptilia Scincidae Three-toed Earless Skink Hemiergis decresiensis Reptilia Scincidae Dark-flecked Garden Sunskink Lampropholis delicata Reptilia Scincidae South-eastern Slider Lerista bougainvillii Reptilia Agamidae Jacky Lizard Amphibolurus muricatus Reptilia Agamidae Bearded Dragon Pogona barbata Reptilia Varanidae Unidentified Goanna Varanus sp. Reptilia Varanidae Lace Monitor Varanus varius Reptilia Elapidae Eastern Small-eyed Snake Cryptophis nigrescens Reptilia Elapidae Red-bellied Black Snake Pseudechis porphyriacus

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Status Status under Family Genus Common Name Scientific Name under TSC EPBC Act Act Reptilia Elapidae Eastern Brown Snake Pseudonaja textilis Reptilia Elapidae Bandy-bandy Vermicella annulata Aves Anatidae Grey Teal Anas gracilis Aves Anatidae Pacific Black Duck Anas superciliosa Aves Anatidae Hardhead Aythya australis Aves Anatidae Australian Wood Duck Chenonetta jubata Aves Podicipedidae Australasian Grebe Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Aves Columbidae Wonga Pigeon Leucosarcia picata Aves Columbidae Crested Pigeon Ocyphaps lophotes Aves Columbidae Common Bronzewing Phaps chalcoptera Aves Podargidae Tawny Frogmouth Podargus strigoides Aves Aegothelidae Australian Owlet-nightjar Aegotheles cristatus Aves Apodidae White-throated Needletail Hirundapus caudacutus Migratory Aves Phalacrocoracidae Little Pied Cormorant Microcarbo melanoleucos Aves Phalacrocoracidae Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo Aves Ardeidae White-faced Heron Egretta novaehollandiae Aves Accipitridae Brown Goshawk Accipiter fasciatus Aves Accipitridae Wedge-tailed Eagle Aquila audax Aves Accipitridae Black-shouldered Kite Elanus axillaris Aves Falconidae Nankeen Kestrel Falco cenchroides Aves Falconidae Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus Aves Rallidae Eurasian Coot Fulica atra Aves Charadriidae Masked Lapwing Vanellus miles Aves Cacatuidae Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Cacatua galerita Aves Cacatuidae Gang-gang Cockatoo Callocephalon fimbriatum Vulnerable Aves Cacatuidae Yellow-tailed Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus funereus Aves Cacatuidae Glossy Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus lathami Vulnerable Aves Psittacidae Australian King-Parrot Alisterus scapularis

113007; August 2014 Page xcvii Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Status Status under Family Genus Common Name Scientific Name under TSC EPBC Act Act Aves Psittacidae Little Lorikeet Glossopsitta pusilla Vulnerable Aves Psittacidae Crimson Rosella Platycercus elegans Aves Psittacidae Eastern Rosella Platycercus eximius Aves Psittacidae Red-rumped Parrot Psephotus haematonotus Aves Cuculidae Fan-tailed Cuckoo Cacomantis flabelliformis Aves Cuculidae Horsfield's Bronze-Cuckoo Chalcites basalis Aves Strigidae Southern Boobook Ninox novaeseelandiae Aves Strigidae Powerful Owl Ninox strenua Vulnerable Aves Tytonidae Masked Owl Tyto novaehollandiae Vulnerable Aves Alcedinidae Laughing Kookaburra Dacelo novaeguineae Aves Alcedinidae Sacred Kingfisher Todiramphus sanctus Aves Meropidae Rainbow Bee-eater Merops ornatus Migratory Aves Menuridae Superb Lyrebird Menura novaehollandiae Aves Climacteridae Red-browed Treecreeper Climacteris erythrops Aves Climacteridae Brown Treecreeper (eastern subspecies) Climacteris picumnus victoriae Vulnerable Aves Climacteridae White-throated Treecreeper Cormobates leucophaea Aves Ptilonorhynchidae Satin Bowerbird Ptilonorhynchus violaceus Aves Maluridae Superb Fairy-wren Malurus cyaneus Aves Dasyornithidae Pilotbird Pycnoptilus floccosus Aves Acanthizidae Yellow-rumped Thornbill Acanthiza chrysorrhoa Aves Acanthizidae Striated Thornbill Acanthiza lineata Aves Acanthizidae Yellow Thornbill Acanthiza nana Aves Acanthizidae Brown Thornbill Acanthiza pusilla Aves Acanthizidae Buff-rumped Thornbill Acanthiza reguloides Aves Acanthizidae White-throated Gerygone Gerygone albogularis Aves Acanthizidae Rockwarbler Origma solitaria Aves Acanthizidae White-browed Scrubwren Sericornis frontalis Aves Acanthizidae Weebill Smicrornis brevirostris

113007; August 2014 Page xcviii Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Status Status under Family Genus Common Name Scientific Name under TSC EPBC Act Act Aves Pardalotidae Spotted Pardalote Pardalotus punctatus Aves Pardalotidae Striated Pardalote Pardalotus striatus Aves Meliphagidae Eastern Spinebill Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris Aves Meliphagidae Red Wattlebird Anthochaera carunculata Aves Meliphagidae Yellow-faced Honeyeater Lichenostomus chrysops Aves Meliphagidae Fuscous Honeyeater Lichenostomus fuscus Aves Meliphagidae White-eared Honeyeater Lichenostomus leucotis Aves Meliphagidae Yellow-tufted Honeyeater Lichenostomus melanops Aves Meliphagidae White-plumed Honeyeater Lichenostomus penicillatus Aves Meliphagidae Noisy Miner Manorina melanocephala Aves Meliphagidae Lewin's Honeyeater Meliphaga lewinii Aves Meliphagidae Brown-headed Honeyeater Melithreptus brevirostris Aves Meliphagidae White-naped Honeyeater Melithreptus lunatus Aves Meliphagidae Noisy Friarbird Philemon corniculatus Aves Meliphagidae White-cheeked Honeyeater Phylidonyris niger Aves Meliphagidae New Holland Honeyeater Phylidonyris novaehollandiae Aves Meliphagidae Crescent Honeyeater Phylidonyris pyrrhoptera Aves Pomatostomidae White-browed Babbler Pomatostomus superciliosus Grey-crowned Babbler (eastern Aves Pomatostomidae Pomatostomus temporalis temporalis Vulnerable subspecies) Aves Psophodidae Spotted Quail-thrush Cinclosoma punctatum Aves Psophodidae Eastern Whipbird Psophodes olivaceus Aves Neosittidae Varied Sittella Daphoenositta chrysoptera Vulnerable Aves Campephagidae Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Coracina novaehollandiae Aves Campephagidae Cicadabird Coracina tenuirostris Aves Pachycephalidae Grey Shrike-thrush Colluricincla harmonica Aves Pachycephalidae Eastern/Crested Shrike-tit Falcunculus frontatus frontatus Aves Pachycephalidae Golden Whistler Pachycephala pectoralis Aves Pachycephalidae Rufous Whistler Pachycephala rufiventris

113007; August 2014 Page xcix Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Status Status under Family Genus Common Name Scientific Name under TSC EPBC Act Act Aves Oriolidae Olive-backed Oriole Oriolus sagittatus Aves Artamidae Dusky Woodswallow Artamus cyanopterus Aves Artamidae Pied Butcherbird Cracticus nigrogularis Aves Artamidae Australian Magpie Cracticus tibicen Aves Artamidae Grey Butcherbird Cracticus torquatus Aves Artamidae Pied Currawong Strepera graculina Aves Artamidae Grey Currawong Strepera versicolor Aves Rhipiduridae Grey Fantail Rhipidura albiscapa Aves Rhipiduridae Willie Wagtail Rhipidura leucophrys Aves Corvidae Australian Raven Corvus coronoides Aves Monarchidae Magpie-lark Grallina cyanoleuca Aves Monarchidae Satin Flycatcher Myiagra cyanoleuca Migratory Aves Corcoracidae White-winged Chough Corcorax melanorhamphos Aves Petroicidae Eastern Yellow Robin Eopsaltria australis Aves Petroicidae Jacky Winter Microeca fascinans Aves Petroicidae Scarlet Robin Petroica boodang Vulnerable Aves Petroicidae Flame Robin Petroica phoenicea Vulnerable Aves Acrocephalidae Australian Reed-Warbler Acrocephalus australis Aves Megaluridae Rufous Songlark Cincloramphus mathewsi Aves Timaliidae Silvereye Zosterops lateralis Aves Hirundinidae Welcome Swallow Hirundo neoxena Aves Turdidae Bassian Thrush Zoothera lunulata Aves Turdidae Common Blackbird Turdus merula* Aves Nectariniidae Mistletoebird Dicaeum hirundinaceum Aves Estrildidae Red-browed Finch Neochmia temporalis Aves Estrildidae Diamond Firetail Stagonopleura guttata Vulnerable Aves Estrildidae Double-barred Finch Taeniopygia bichenovii Aves Motacillidae Australian Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae

113007; August 2014 Page c Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Status Status under Family Genus Common Name Scientific Name under TSC EPBC Act Act Aves Fringillidae European Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis* Mammalia Tachyglossidae Short-beaked Echidna Tachyglossus aculeatus Mammalia Dasyuridae Yellow-footed Antechinus Antechinus flavipes Mammalia Dasyuridae Brown Antechinus Antechinus stuartii Mammalia Dasyuridae Spotted-tailed Quoll Dasyurus maculatus Vulnerable Endangered Mammalia Vombatidae Common Wombat Vombatus ursinus Mammalia Petauridae Sugar Glider Petaurus breviceps Mammalia Petauridae Squirrel Glider Petaurus norfolcensis Vulnerable Mammalia Pseudocheiridae Greater Glider Petauroides volans Mammalia Pseudocheiridae Common Ringtail Possum Pseudocheirus peregrinus Mammalia Phalangeridae Common Brushtail Possum Trichosurus vulpecula Mammalia Macropodidae Eastern Grey Kangaroo Macropus giganteus Mammalia Macropodidae Common Wallaroo Macropus robustus Mammalia Macropodidae Red-necked Wallaby Macropus rufogriseus Mammalia Macropodidae Swamp Wallaby Wallabia bicolor Mammalia Rhinolophidae Eastern Horseshoe-bat Rhinolophus megaphyllus Mammalia Molossidae Undescribed Freetail Bat Mormopterus "Species 2" Mammalia Molossidae Undescribed Freetail Bat Mormopterus "Species 4" Mammalia Molossidae White-striped Freetail-bat Tadarida australis Mammalia Vespertilionidae Large-eared Pied Bat Chalinolobus dwyeri Vulnerable Vulnerable Mammalia Vespertilionidae Gould's Wattled Bat Chalinolobus gouldii Mammalia Vespertilionidae Chocolate Wattled Bat Chalinolobus morio Mammalia Vespertilionidae Eastern Bentwing-bat Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis Vulnerable Mammalia Vespertilionidae Southern Myotis Myotis macropus Vulnerable Mammalia Vespertilionidae Lesser Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus geoffroyi Mammalia Vespertilionidae Large Forest Bat Vespadelus darlingtoni Mammalia Vespertilionidae Southern Forest Bat Vespadelus regulus Mammalia Vespertilionidae Little Forest Bat Vespadelus vulturnus

113007; August 2014 Page ci Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Status Status under Family Genus Common Name Scientific Name under TSC EPBC Act Act Mammalia Muridae House Mouse Mus musculus* Mammalia Muridae Bush Rat Rattus fuscipes Mammalia Muridae Black Rat Rattus rattus* Mammalia Canidae Dog Canis lupus familiaris* Mammalia Canidae Fox Vulpes vulpes* Mammalia Felidae Cat Felis catus* Mammalia Leporidae Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus* Mammalia Bovidae European cattle Bos taurus* Mammalia Bovidae Goat Capra hircus*

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Appendix 5 AnaBat Analysis

113007; August 2014 Page ciii

Bat Call Identification

Airly, NSW 2012 - 2014

Prepared for RPS Australia East Pty Ltd 241 Denison St Broadmeadow, NSW, 2292

Job Reference BC_RPS15 - July 2014

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

This report has been prepared to document the analysis of digital ultrasonic bat echolocation calls received from a third party. The data was not collected by the author and as such no responsibility is taken for the quality of data collection or for the suitability of its subsequent use.

This report was authored by

Dr Anna McConville PhD, B.Env.Sc.

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 14 July 2014

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

Contents

1.0 Introduction ...... 1

2.0 Methods ...... 1

2.1 Characteristics Used to Differentiate Species ...... 2

3.0 Results ...... 3

3.1 March 2014 ...... 3

3.2 December 2013 ...... 6

3.3 October 2013 ...... 10

3.4 July 2013 ...... 12

3.5 March 2013 ...... 14

3.6 September 2012 ...... 25

3.7 July 2012 ...... 26

4.0 Sample Calls ...... 30

5.0 References ...... 34

List of Tables

Table 3-1: Results of bat call analysis (species presence per site per night) March 2014 ...... 4

Table 3-2: Results of bat call analysis (number of passes per site per night) December 2013 ...... 7

Table 3-3: Results of bat call analysis (species presence per site per night) October 2013 ...... 11

Table 3-4: Results of bat call analysis (species presence per site per night) July 2013 .... 13

Table 3-5: Results of bat call analysis (number of passes per site per night) March 2013 A ...... 15

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

Table 3-6: Results of bat call analysis (number of passes per site per night) March 2013 B ...... 17

Table 3-7: Results of bat call analysis (number of passes per site per night) March 2013 C ...... 19

Table 3-8: Results of bat call analysis (number of passes per site per night) March 2013 D ...... 22

Table 3-9: Results of bat call analysis (number of passes per site per night) March 2013 E ...... 24

Table 3-10: Results of bat call analysis (number of passes per site per night) September 2012 ...... 25

Table 3-11: Results of bat call analysis (number of passes per site per night) July 2012 ...... 28

List of Figures

Figure 4-1: Chalinolobus dwyeri definite call ...... 30

Figure 4-2: Chalinolobus gouldii definite call ...... 30

Figure 4-3: Chalinolobus morio definite call ...... 30

Figure 4-4: Miniopterus australis possible call ...... 31

Figure 4-5: Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis probable call ...... 31

Figure 4-6: Mormopterus species 2 probable call ...... 31

Figure 4-7: Mormopterus species 4 possible call ...... 32

Figure 4-8: Myotis macropus probable call ...... 32

Figure 4-9: Nyctophilus sp. definite call ...... 32

Figure 4-10: Rhinolophus megaphyllus definite call ...... 33

Figure 4-11: Tadarida australis definite call ...... 33

Figure 4-12: Vespadelus darlingtoni probable call ...... 33

Figure 4-13: Vespadelus regulus probable call ...... 34

Figure 4-14: Vespadelus vulturnus definite call ...... 34

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

1.0 INTRODUCTION

This report has been commissioned by RPS Australia East Pty Ltd to analyse bat echolocation call data (Anabat, Titley Electronics) collected from Airly, NSW. Data was provided electronically to the author. This report documents the methods involved in analysing bat call data and the results obtained only.

2.0 METHODS

The identification of bat echolocation calls recorded during surveys was undertaken using AnalookW (Versions 3.9f and 4.0r) software. The identification of calls was undertaken with reference to Pennay and others (2004) and through the comparison of recorded reference calls from north-eastern NSW and the Sydney Basin. Reference calls were obtained from the NSW database and from the authors personal collection.

Calls were identified shortly after the recording period and have been consolidated into this report.

Each call sequence (‘pass’) was assigned to one of five categories, according to the confidence with which an identification could be made, being:

• Definite - Pass identified to species level and could not be confused with another species

• Probable - Pass identified to species level and there is a low chance of confusion with another species

• Possible - Pass identified to species level but short duration or poor quality of the pass increases the chance of confusion with another species

• Species group - Pass could not be identified to species level and could belong to one of two or more species. Occurs more frequently when passes are short or of poor quality

• Unknown - Either background ‘noise’ files or passes by bats which are too short and/or of poor quality to confidently identify.

Call sequences that were less than three pulses in length were not analysed and were assigned to ‘Unknown’ and only search phase calls were analysed. Furthermore, some species are difficult to differentiate using bat call analysis due to overlapping call

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 1

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

frequencies and similar shape of plotted calls and in these cases calls were assigned to species groups.

The total number of passes (call sequences) per unit per night was tallied to give an index of activity for the July 2012, September 2012, March 2013 and December 2013 datasets. Activity levels were not tallied for the July 2013, October 2013 and March 2014 datasets. Instead, species presence (definite, probable and possible identifications) per site per night is reported and species groups, noise or short bat calls were not identified.

It should be noted that the activity levels recorded at different sites may not be readily able to be compared. Such comparisons are dependent on many variables which need to be carefully controlled during data collection and statistically analysed. Influential variables include wind, rain, temperature, duration of recording, season, detector and microphone sensitivity, detector placement, weather protection devices etc.

2.1 Characteristics Used to Differentiate Species

Miniopterus australis was differentiated from Vespadelus pumilus, by characteristic frequency or the presence of a down-sweeping tail on pulses. However, as M. australis is not often recorded from the study site locality, these calls were assigned as possible only.

Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis was differentiated by Vespadelus sp. by a combination of uneven consecutive pulses and the presence of a down-sweeping tail. Long, high quality call sequences with regularly-spaced consecutive pulses, few down- sweeping tails and higher or lower characteristic frequencies were assigned to Vespadelus darlingtoni or Vespadelus regulus.

Calls from Mormopterus sp. were differentiated by the presence of mainly flat pulses. Mormopterus species 2 was differentiated from Mormopterus norfolkensis in long call sequences with non-alternating pulses.

Chalinolobus gouldii was differentiated from other species by the presence of curved, alternating call pulses.

Scotorepens orion, Scoteanax rueppellii and Falsistrellus tasmaniensis were unable to be differentiated from one another.

Nyctophilus sp. were differentiated from Myotis macropus from calls with a pulse interval of > 95ms and an initial slope of < 300 OPS. Calls were identified as probable Myotis macropus calls where pulse interval was < 75 ms and initial slope was > 400 OPS. Nyctophilus sp. are unable to be differentiated from one another and in this region could have been from either Nyctophilus geoffroyi or Nyctophilus gouldi.

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Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

Chalinolobus morio calls were differentiated from those of Vespadelus sp. by the presence of a down-sweeping tail on the majority of pulses.

Chalinolobus dwyeri, Rhinolophus megaphyllus and Tadarida australis were differentiated from other bat species on the basis of characteristic frequency.

3.0 RESULTS

3.1 March 2014

A total of 2,850 call sequences were recorded and included bat calls and noise files. Species recorded confidently within the site from the March 2014 dataset include:

• Chalinolobus dwyeri (Large-eared pied bat) • Chalinolobus gouldii (Gould’s wattled bat) • Chalinolobus morio (Chocolate wattled bat) • Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis (Eastern bentwing bat) • Mormopterus species 2 (Eastern freetail bat) • Rhinolophus megaphyllus (Eastern horseshoe bat) • Tadarida australis (White-striped freetail bat) • Vespadelus darlingtoni (Large forest bat) • Vespadelus regulus (Southern forest bat) • Vespadelus vulturnus (Little forest bat)

Additionally, the following bat species potentially occurred within the site, but could not be confidently identified (those calls classified as possible):

• Mormopterus species 4 (Southern freetail bat)

It should be noted that additional bat species may be present within the site but were not recorded by the detectors or able to differentiated and habitat assessment should be used in conjunction with these results to determine the likelihood of occurrence of other bat species.

Table 3-1 below summarises the results of the bat call analysis.

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Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

Table 3-1: Results of bat call analysis (species presence per site per night) March 2014

3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 Gully Gully Gully Gully Gully 2 2 2 2 2 2

IDENTIFICATION 2/2014 03/2014 03/2014 /03/2014 /03/2014 /03/2014 /03/2014 /0 /02/2014 /02/2014 /02/2014 /02/2014 hillslope hillslope hillslope Anabat Anabat Anabat Anabat Anabat Anabat Anabat Anabat Anabat 18/03/2014 19 20/03/2014 13/03/2014 17 18 19 20/03/2014 24/02/2014 25 26 24/02/2014 25 26 27 10 / 11 / Anabat Anabat Anabat Anabat Anabat Anabat 1 Upper Anabat 1 Upper Anabat 1 Upper

DEFINITE

Chalinolobus dwyeri ------x - - x - - x - x -

Chalinolobus gouldii x x - - - - x x x - x - x x - - -

Chalinolobus morio - - - - - x x x - - x x x x - x x

Rhinolophus megaphyllus x x - - - x - - - - x x x - - x x

Tadarida australis - x - - - - x x - - x x - x - - -

Vespadelus vulturnus ------x

PROBABLE

Chalinolobus dwyeri ------x - - - - x - - - - -

Chalinolobus morio - x x ------

Miniopterus schreibersii ------x - x ------oceanensis

Mormopterus species 2 ------x ------

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 4

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 Gully Gully Gully Gully Gully 2 2 2 2 2 2

Rhinolophus megaphyllus ------x - - -

Tadarida australis - - x ------

Vespadelus darlingtoni - x - - - x x x - - x x x x - x x

Vespadelus regulus - - - - - x ------x -

Vespadelus vulturnus x x - - - x x x - - x x - x - x -

POSSIBLE

Miniopterus schreibersii ------x ------oceanensis

Mormopterus species 4 ------x x - - - -

Vespadelus vulturnus - - x ------

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 5

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

3.2 December 2013

A total of 1,951 call sequences were recorded, of which 1,067 call sequences were able to be analysed (ie were not ‘noise’ files or bat calls of short length). Of the bat calls, 272 call sequences (26 %) were able to be confidently identified (those classified as either definite or probable identifications) to species level (Table 3-2). Species recorded confidently within the site from the December 2013 dataset include:

• Chalinolobus dwyeri (Large-eared pied bat) • Chalinolobus gouldii (Gould’s wattled bat) • Chalinolobus morio (Chocolate wattled bat) • Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis (Eastern bentwing bat) • Rhinolophus megaphyllus (Eastern horseshoe bat) • Vespadelus darlingtoni (Large forest bat) • Vespadelus vulturnus (Little forest bat)

Additionally, the following bat species potentially occurred within the site, but could not be confidently identified (those calls classified as possible or as a species group):

• Mormopterus species 2 (Eastern freetail bat) • Myotis macropus (Large-footed myotis) • Nyctophilus geoffroyi (Lesser long-eared bat) • Nyctophilus gouldi (Gould’s long-eared bat) • Vespadelus regulus (Southern forest bat)

Table 3-2 below summarises the results of the bat call analysis.

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 6

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

Table 3-2: Results of bat call analysis (number of passes per site per night) December 2013

IDENTIFICATION Anabat 3 Anabat 3 Anabat 3 Anabat 3 Anabat 4 Anabat 4 Anabat 4 Anabat 4 11/11/2013 12/11/2013 13/11/2013 14/11/2013 11/11/2013 12/11/2013 13/11/2013 14/11/2013

DEFINITE

Chalinolobus dwyeri 18 1 - 1 1 - 1 -

Chalinolobus gouldii 4 5 8 11 - - - -

Chalinolobus morio 3 1 - - 1 1 2 -

Rhinolophus megaphyllus - 1 ------

PROBABLE

Chalinolobus dwyeri 4 - 1 - 1 1 4 2

Chalinolobus gouldii 7 2 9 4 - - - -

Chalinolobus morio 1 1 2 - 4 2 10 3

Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis - - 1 1 - - - -

Rhinolophus megaphyllus - - 1 - 1 - - -

Vespadelus darlingtoni 6 1 7 - - - - -

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 7

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

IDENTIFICATION Anabat 3 Anabat 3 Anabat 3 Anabat 3 Anabat 4 Anabat 4 Anabat 4 Anabat 4 11/11/2013 12/11/2013 13/11/2013 14/11/2013 11/11/2013 12/11/2013 13/11/2013 14/11/2013

Vespadelus vulturnus - - 1 - - - - -

POSSIBLE

Chalinolobus dwyeri - - - - 3 - 3 1

Chalinolobus morio 1 - - - 1 - 1 -

Vespadelus darlingtoni 1 - 1 - - - - -

Vespadelus vulturnus ------1

SPECIES GROUPS

Chalinolobus gouldii / Mormopterus species 2 13 4 5 4 - - - -

Chalinolobus morio / Vespadelus vulturnus 26 5 9 12 363 58 82 65

Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis / Vespadelus darlingtoni / Vespadelus regulus - - 3 - - - - -

Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis / Vespadelus regulus - - 1 - - - - -

Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis / Vespadelus vulturnus 29 2 77 2 49 25 24 18

Myotis macropus / Nyctophilus geoffroyi / Nyctophilus gouldi - - - 1 - - 4 -

Nyctophilus geoffroyi / Nyctophilus gouldi - - - 1 - - - -

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 8

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

IDENTIFICATION Anabat 3 Anabat 3 Anabat 3 Anabat 3 Anabat 4 Anabat 4 Anabat 4 Anabat 4 11/11/2013 12/11/2013 13/11/2013 14/11/2013 11/11/2013 12/11/2013 13/11/2013 14/11/2013

Vespadelus darlingtoni / Vespadelus regulus 22 4 8 2 - - - -

UNKNOWN

‘Noise’ files 598 105 - - 22 5 2 -

Unknown 40 7 24 6 18 27 22 8

TOTAL 773 139 158 45 464 119 155 98

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 9

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

3.3 October 2013

A total of 8,829 call sequences were recorded and included bat calls and noise files. Species recorded confidently within the site from the October 2013 dataset include:

• Chalinolobus dwyeri (Large-eared pied bat) • Chalinolobus gouldii (Gould’s wattled bat) • Chalinolobus morio (Chocolate wattled bat) • Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis (Eastern bentwing bat) • Rhinolophus megaphyllus (Eastern horseshoe bat) • Tadarida australis (White-striped freetail bat) • Vespadelus darlingtoni (Large forest bat)

Additionally, the following bat species potentially occurred within the site, but could not be confidently identified (those calls classified as possible or as a species group):

• Miniopterus australis (Little bentwing bat)

Table 3-3 below summarises the results of the bat call analysis.

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 10

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

Table 3-3: Results of bat call analysis (species presence per site per night) October 2013

IDENTIFICATION 10/2013 10/2013 10/2013 10/2013 10/2013 10/2013 /10/2013 /10/2013 /10/2013 /10/2013 Anabat 3 Anabat 3 Anabat 3 Anabat 3 Anabat 3 Anabat 3 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 20130930 20130930 1/ 20131001 1/10/2013 20131001 2 20131002 2/10/2013 20131002 3 20131003 3 20131003 4 30/09/2013 10 / 30/09/2013 081013 BSCE 081013 BSCE 081013 BSCE 081013 BSCE 081013 BSCE 081013 BSCE

DEFINITE

Chalinolobus dwyeri - x x ------

Chalinolobus gouldii - x x ------

Chalinolobus morio - x x ------

Rhinolophus megaphyllus - x x - - - - x x x x - - -

PROBABLE

Chalinolobus dwyeri ------x -

Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis - x x ------

Tadarida australis - - x ------

Vespadelus darlingtoni - x x ------

POSSIBLE

Miniopterus australis - x ------

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 11

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

3.4 July 2013

A total of 353 call sequences were recorded and included bat calls and noise files. Species recorded confidently within the site from the July 2013 dataset include:

Table 3-4 below summarises the results of the bat call analysis.

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 12

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

Table 3-4: Results of bat call analysis (species presence per site per night) July 2013

IDENTIFICATION /07/2013 /07/2013 /07/2013 /07/2013 /07/2013 /07/2013 21/05/2013 15/07/2013 16 17 18 21/05/2013 15/07/2013 16 17 18 190713 BS RS 190713 BSRS 190713 BSRS 190713 BSRS 19071 3 BS RS 190713 BSRS Anabat homestead Anabat homestead Anabat homestead Anabat homestead Anabat homestead Anabat witches hut Anabat witches hut Anabat witches hut Anabat witches hut Anabat witches hut pond 190713 BS RS pond 190713 BS RS pond 190713 BS RS pond 190713 BS RS pond 190713 BS RS

DEFINITE

Chalinolobus dwyeri - - - x ------

Chalinolobus gouldii - x x x ------

Chalinolobus morio - - - x ------

PROBABLE

Chalinolobus gouldii x ------

Miniopterus schreibersii - - - x x - - - - - oceanensis

Mormopterus species 2 - - - x ------

Vespadelus darlingtoni - - - x x - - - - x

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 13

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

3.5 March 2013

A total of 40,524 call sequences were recorded, of which 19,389 call sequences were able to be analysed (ie were not ‘noise’ files or bat calls of short length). Of the bat calls, 3,064 call sequences (16 %) were able to be confidently identified (those classified as either definite or probable identifications) to species level (Tables 3-5 to 3-9). Species recorded confidently within the site from the March 2013 dataset include:

• Chalinolobus dwyeri (Large-eared pied bat) • Chalinolobus gouldii (Gould’s wattled bat) • Chalinolobus morio (Chocolate wattled bat) • Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis (Eastern bentwing bat) • Mormopterus species 2 (Eastern freetail bat) • Mormopterus species 4 (Southern freetail bat) • Myotis macropus (Large-footed myotis) • Rhinolophus megaphyllus (Eastern horseshoe bat) • Tadarida australis (White-striped freetail bat) • Vespadelus darlingtoni (Large forest bat) • Vespadelus regulus (Southern forest bat) • Vespadelus vulturnus (Little forest bat)

Additional bat species that are known to exist within the locality of the site, but could not be confidently identified to species (those classified as possible or as a species group), include:

• Falsistrellus tasmaniensis (Eastern falsistrelle) • Miniopterus australis (Little bentwing bat) • Nyctophilus geoffroyi (Lesser long-eared bat) • Nyctophilus gouldi (Gould’s long-eared bat) • Saccolaimus flaviventris (Yellow-bellied sheathtail bat) • Scoteanax rueppellii (Greater broad-nosed bat) • Scotorepens orion (Eastern broad-nosed bat) • Vespadelus pumilus (Eastern forest bat)

Tables 3-5 to 3-9 below summarises the results of the bat call analysis.

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 14

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

Table 3-5: Results of bat call analysis (number of passes per site per night) March 2013 A

IDENTIFICATION Anabat 2 20121109, Anabat 3 02112012, Anabat 2 02112012, Anabat 2 02112012, Anabat 2 02112012, Anabat 2 02112012, 20121201, 1/12/2012 20121202, 2/12/2012 20121031, 1/11/2012 20130204, 4/02/2013 20130204, 5/02/2013 20130205, 5/02/2013 20130205, 6/02/2013 20121105, 5/11/2012 20130211, 11/02/2013 20130211, 12/02/2013 20130212, 12/02/2013 20130213, 13/02/2013 20130214, 14/02/2013 20121029, 29/10/2012 20121029, 30/10/2012 20121031, 31/10/2012 20130211, 11/02/2013 20130212, 12/02/2013 20130212, 13/02/2013 20130212, 14/02/2013 20130114, 14/01/2013 20130114, 15/01/2013 20130115, 15/01/2013 20130116, 16/01/2013 20130117, 17/01/2013 20121026, 26/10/2012 Anabat 1 150212 BS MF, Anabat 1 150212 BS MF, Anabat 1 150212 BS MF, Anabat 1 150212 BS MF, Anabat 1 150212 BS MF, Anabat 1 150212 BS MF, Anabat 1 150212 BS MF, Anabat 2 080213 BS MF, Anabat 2 080213 BS MF, Anabat 2 080213 BS MF, Anabat 2 080213 BS MF, Anabat 2 150213 BS MF, Anabat 2 150213 BS MF, Anabat 2 150213 BS MF, Anabat 2 150213 BS MF, Anabat 2 20130118 ce bs, Anabat 2 20130118 ce bs, Anabat 2 20130118 ce bs, Anabat 2 20130118 ce bs, Anabat 2 20130118 ce bs,

DEFINITE

Chalinolobus dwyeri - - 2 2 ------5 - - - 2 -

Chalinolobus gouldii - - 45 35 ------7 63 - 27 6 3 -

Chalinolobus morio - - 1 1 - - - 2 - 13 31 - 1 - 5 - - 1 1 2 14 - 2 2 - -

Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis ------1 - - - - -

Mormopterus species 4 ------1 - - - - -

Rhinolophus megaphyllus - - 3 ------1 2 1 - - - - 10 6 1 - - 5 2 2 -

Tadarida australis - - 5 2 ------1 - 2 - - - - 46 4 - 9 13 3 -

PROBABLE

Chalinolobus dwyeri - - 5 4 ------1 - - 1 3 3 -

Chalinolobus gouldii - - 19 8 - - - - - 2 - 1 ------35 45 - 33 5 16 -

Chalinolobus morio - - 2 - - - - 1 1 13 9 3 7 - - - - 1 1 6 3 - - 1 - -

Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis ------2 ------

Mormopterus species 4 ------10 ------

Myotis macropus ------2 - 1 - - -

Rhinolophus megaphyllus ------1 2 - - - - 2 1 ------

Tadarida australis - - 1 1 ------1 ------

Vespadelus darlingtoni - - 2 4 ------16 - 4 1 3 -

Vespadelus regulus - - 3 ------2 - - - 1 - -

Vespadelus vulturnus - - 2 ------1 1 ------3 ------

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 15

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

IDENTIFICATION Anabat 2 20121109, Anabat 3 02112012, Anabat 2 02112012, Anabat 2 02112012, Anabat 2 02112012, Anabat 2 02112012, 20121201, 1/12/2012 20121202, 2/12/2012 20121031, 1/11/2012 20130204, 4/02/2013 20130204, 5/02/2013 20130205, 5/02/2013 20130205, 6/02/2013 20121105, 5/11/2012 20130211, 11/02/2013 20130212, 12/02/2013 20130212, 13/02/2013 20130212, 14/02/2013 20130114, 14/01/2013 20130114, 15/01/2013 20130115, 15/01/2013 20130116, 16/01/2013 20130117, 17/01/2013 20121026, 26/10/2012 20130211, 11/02/2013 20130211, 12/02/2013 20130212, 12/02/2013 20130213, 13/02/2013 20130214, 14/02/2013 20121029, 29/10/2012 20121029, 30/10/2012 20121031, 31/10/2012 Anabat 1 150212 BS MF, Anabat 1 150212 BS MF, Anabat 1 150212 BS MF, Anabat 1 150212 BS MF, Anabat 1 150212 BS MF, Anabat 1 150212 BS MF, Anabat 1 150212 BS MF, Anabat 2 080213 BS MF, Anabat 2 080213 BS MF, Anabat 2 080213 BS MF, Anabat 2 080213 BS MF, Anabat 2 150213 BS MF, Anabat 2 150213 BS MF, Anabat 2 150213 BS MF, Anabat 2 150213 BS MF, Anabat 2 20130118 ce bs, Anabat 2 20130118 ce bs, Anabat 2 20130118 ce bs, Anabat 2 20130118 ce bs, Anabat 2 20130118 ce bs,

POSSIBLE

Chalinolobus dwyeri - - - 1 ------1 - - - - 1 - - -

Chalinolobus gouldii - - - 3 - - - - - 1 ------9 8 - 68 19 17 -

Chalinolobus morio ------1 1 4 - - 2 - - 2 1 ------

Miniopterus australis ------1 ------

Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis ------1 ------

Mormopterus species 4 ------5 - - - 1 - -

Rhinolophus megaphyllus ------1 2 - - - - - 1 -

Vespadelus vulturnus ------1 1 -

SPECIES GROUPS

Chalinolobus dwyeri / Chalinolobus gouldii ------1 2 -

Chalinolobus dwyeri / Saccolaimus flaviventris ------1 - - 1 - - -

Chalinolobus gouldii / Mormopterus species 2 - - 2 ------1 ------6 - 65 47 47 -

Chalinolobus gouldii / Mormopterus species 4 ------33 1 - 1 1 1 -

Chalinolobus gouldii / Scoteanax rueppellii - - 17 20 - - - 3 - 6 3 - 2 - 2 - - - - 6 8 - 3 - 1 -

Chalinolobus morio / Vespadelus vulturnus - - 179 141 - - - 170 113 320 262 151 162 - 144 - - 113 170 19 124 - 146 83 113 -

Falsistrellus tasmaniensis / Scotorepens orion - - 10 7 - - - 6 - - 9 - 4 ------3 47 - 2 3 6 -

Miniopterus australis / Vespadelus pumilus - - 1 1 ------1 ------3 1 1 -

Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis / Vespadelus - - 103 73 - - - 69 44 84 21 19 60 - 28 - - 12 6 131 46 - 108 33 36 - regulus

Myotis macropus / Nyctophilus geoffroyi / - - - 1 - - - 1 1 - 3 1 - - - - - 1 - 2 33 - 11 8 24 - Nyctophilus gouldi

Nyctophilus geoffroyi / Nyctophilus gouldi ------2 1 - - - - -

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 16

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

IDENTIFICATION Anabat 2 20121109, Anabat 3 02112012, Anabat 2 02112012, Anabat 2 02112012, Anabat 2 02112012, Anabat 2 02112012, 20121201, 1/12/2012 20121202, 2/12/2012 20121031, 1/11/2012 20130204, 4/02/2013 20130204, 5/02/2013 20130205, 5/02/2013 20130205, 6/02/2013 20121105, 5/11/2012 20130211, 11/02/2013 20130212, 12/02/2013 20130212, 13/02/2013 20130212, 14/02/2013 20130114, 14/01/2013 20130114, 15/01/2013 20130115, 15/01/2013 20130116, 16/01/2013 20130117, 17/01/2013 20121026, 26/10/2012 20130211, 11/02/2013 20130211, 12/02/2013 20130212, 12/02/2013 20130213, 13/02/2013 20130214, 14/02/2013 20121029, 29/10/2012 20121029, 30/10/2012 20121031, 31/10/2012 Anabat 1 150212 BS MF, Anabat 1 150212 BS MF, Anabat 1 150212 BS MF, Anabat 1 150212 BS MF, Anabat 1 150212 BS MF, Anabat 1 150212 BS MF, Anabat 1 150212 BS MF, Anabat 2 080213 BS MF, Anabat 2 080213 BS MF, Anabat 2 080213 BS MF, Anabat 2 080213 BS MF, Anabat 2 150213 BS MF, Anabat 2 150213 BS MF, Anabat 2 150213 BS MF, Anabat 2 150213 BS MF, Anabat 2 20130118 ce bs, Anabat 2 20130118 ce bs, Anabat 2 20130118 ce bs, Anabat 2 20130118 ce bs, Anabat 2 20130118 ce bs,

Vespadelus darlingtoni / Vespadelus regulus - - 24 35 - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - - - 7 3 2 131 - 63 11 30 -

UNKNOWN

Unknown - - 95 81 - - - 96 47 91 193 46 40 - 47 - - 40 28 93 75 - 186 157 189 -

Noise' Files 1 3 2518 2415 1188 50 63 258 196 67 568 14 1 3 4 4 5 357 219 138 23 4 15 - 2 5

TOTAL 1 3 3039 2835 1188 50 63 607 402 599 1104 244 283 3 234 4 5 548 438 561 657 4 755 400 503 5

Table 3-6: Results of bat call analysis (number of passes per site per night) March 2013 B

IDENTIFICATION Anabat 3 20121109, Anabat 3 20121109, Anabat 3 20121109, Anabat 3 02112012, Anabat 3 02112012, Anabat 3 02112012, Anabat 3 02112012, Anabat 3 02112012, 20130206, 6/02/2013 20130207, 7/02/2013 20121105, 5/11/2012 20121105, 6/11/2012 20121107, 7/11/2012 20130204, 4/02/2013 20130205, 5/02/2013 20130206, 6/02/2013 20130207, 7/02/2013 20121030, 1/11/2012 20130204, 4/02/2013 20130205, 5/02/2013 20130211, 11/02/2013 20130211, 12/02/2013 20130212, 12/02/2013 20130212, 13/02/2013 20130212, 14/02/2013 20130218, 18/02/2013 20130218, 19/02/2013 20130219, 19/02/2013 20130219, 20/02/2013 20130219, 21/02/2013 20121029, 29/10/2012 20121029, 30/10/2012 20121030, 30/10/2012 20121030, 31/10/2012 Anabat 3 150213 ce lw, Anabat 3 150213 ce lw, Anabat 3 150213 ce lw, Anabat 3 150213 ce lw, Anabat 3 150213 ce lw, Anabat 3 220213 BS LV, Anabat 3 220213 BS LV, Anabat 3 220213 BS LV, Anabat 3 220213 BS LV, Anabat 3 220213 BS LV, Anabat 3 080213 LV LW, Anabat 4 080213 LV LW, Anabat 4 080213 LV LW, Anabat 4 080213 LV LW, Anabat 4 080213 LV LW, Anabat 3 080213 LV LW, Anabat 3 080213 LV LW, Anabat 3 080213 LV LW,

DEFINITE

Chalinolobus dwyeri ------36 14 - 20 - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - - -

Chalinolobus gouldii ------1 - - 1 2 - 1 - 1 - - - 83 ------

Chalinolobus morio ------1 14 2 ------

Rhinolophus megaphyllus 1 - - - 4 - - - - - 1 - - 1 - 2 1 33 16 - 18 1 - 1 1 1

Tadarida australis - 1 2 - - 2 1 - - 1 - - - - 14 6 4 3 2 - 1 - - 1 - -

PROBABLE

Chalinolobus dwyeri 1 ------6 1 ------1 - - 1 1 - - - -

Chalinolobus gouldii ------1 - 2 - - - 8 ------

Chalinolobus morio 1 1 ------7 1 - 1 - - - - 2 2 ------

Miniopterus schreibersii ------1 ------oceanensis

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 17

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

IDENTIFICATION Anabat 3 02112012, Anabat 3 02112012, Anabat 3 02112012, Anabat 3 02112012, Anabat 3 20121109, Anabat 3 20121109, Anabat 3 20121109, Anabat 3 02112012, 20121030, 1/11/2012 20130204, 4/02/2013 20130205, 5/02/2013 20130206, 6/02/2013 20130207, 7/02/2013 20121105, 5/11/2012 20121105, 6/11/2012 20121107, 7/11/2012 20130204, 4/02/2013 20130205, 5/02/2013 20130206, 6/02/2013 20130207, 7/02/2013 20121029, 29/10/2012 20121029, 30/10/2012 20121030, 30/10/2012 20121030, 31/10/2012 20130211, 11/02/2013 20130211, 12/02/2013 20130212, 12/02/2013 20130212, 13/02/2013 20130212, 14/02/2013 20130218, 18/02/2013 20130218, 19/02/2013 20130219, 19/02/2013 20130219, 20/02/2013 20130219, 21/02/2013 Anabat 3 150213 ce lw, Anabat 3 150213 ce lw, Anabat 3 150213 ce lw, Anabat 3 150213 ce lw, Anabat 3 150213 ce lw, Anabat 3 220213 BS LV, Anabat 3 220213 BS LV, Anabat 3 220213 BS LV, Anabat 3 220213 BS LV, Anabat 3 220213 BS LV, Anabat 4 080213 LV LW, Anabat 4 080213 LV LW, Anabat 4 080213 LV LW, Anabat 4 080213 LV LW, Anabat 3 080213 LV LW, Anabat 3 080213 LV LW, Anabat 3 080213 LV LW, Anabat 3 080213 LV LW,

Rhinolophus megaphyllus 1 1 - - 1 ------4 1 - 1 3 - - - -

Tadarida australis - - - - 1 - - 1 ------1 - - - - - 1 - - - - -

Vespadelus darlingtoni 3 1 9 - 4 - - - - 3 - - - - - 1 - - 5 ------3

Vespadelus regulus ------1 ------

Vespadelus vulturnus ------1 - - 1 ------

POSSIBLE

Chalinolobus dwyeri 2 ------2 - - - - 1

Chalinolobus gouldii - - - - - 11 - 2 1 - 1 - - - 4 - 1 - 1 ------

Chalinolobus morio ------1 - - 1 ------

Mormopterus species 4 ------1 3 ------

Rhinolophus megaphyllus ------2 1 - - - -

Vespadelus darlingtoni - - 1 ------

Vespadelus vulturnus ------2 ------

SPECIES GROUPS

Chalinolobus dwyeri / - - - - 1 - 1 ------1 ------Chalinolobus gouldii

Chalinolobus gouldii / - - 2 - 1 1 - - - 1 ------2 - 4 ------Mormopterus species 2

Chalinolobus gouldii / ------1 9 ------Mormopterus species 4

Chalinolobus gouldii / 1 1 ------1 - - - - - 1 2 18 - 1 1 - - - - Scoteanax rueppellii

Chalinolobus morio / 113 10 22 - 46 9 11 14 47 190 60 - 100 88 11 22 20 452 196 - 179 66 6 9 4 44 Vespadelus vulturnus

Falsistrellus tasmaniensis / - - - - 2 ------1 ------Scotorepens orion

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 18

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

Miniopterus australis / ------3 - 3 1 ------1 - - - - 2 8 15 11 Vespadelus pumilus

Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis / Vespadelus 62 14 21 - 12 39 42 61 47 93 111 - 12 30 8 5 1 444 476 - 199 59 19 24 14 135 regulus

Myotis macropus / Nyctophilus 16 1 2 - 25 - - - 1 - 1 - 2 - 1 ------1 geoffroyi / Nyctophilus gouldi

Vespadelus darlingtoni / 29 8 5 - 17 17 18 5 23 29 6 - 7 4 1 - - 238 102 - 287 49 9 14 - 45 Vespadelus regulus

UNKNOWN

Unknown 200 40 47 - 124 58 85 128 142 34 35 - 27 27 51 66 36 244 137 - 145 33 17 22 24 76

Noise' Files 12 137 5 21 18 - - 7 - 11 3 2 7 5 12 8 23 33 7 3 4 21 1 - 2 -

TOTAL 442 215 116 21 256 137 162 218 265 430 239 2 180 155 108 122 90 1457 1063 3 842 235 54 79 60 317

Table 3-7: Results of bat call analysis (number of passes per site per night) March 2013 C

IDENTIFICATION 28/02/2013 25/02/2013 26/02/2013 26/02/2013 27/02/2013 28/02/2013 21/01/2013 22/01/2013 22/01/2013 23/01/2013 24/01/2013 26/02/2013 27/02/2013 Site 2, 20130225, Site 2, 20130225, Site 2, 20130226, Site 2, 20130226, Site 2, 20130226, Site 1, 20130226, Site 1, 20130226, Site 1, 20130226, LV LW, 20130121, LV LW, 20130121, LV LW, 20130122, LV LW, 20130122, LV LW, 20130122, 20130211, 11/02/2013 20130211, 12/02/2013 20130121, 21/01/2013 20130121, 22/01/2013 20130122, 22/01/2013 20130122, 23/01/2013 20130122, 24/01/2013 20130114, 14/01/2013 20130114, 15/01/2013 20130115, 15/01/2013 20130115, 16/01/2013 20130115, 17/01/2013 20130115, 18/01/2013 Anabat 4 150213 ce lw, Anabat 4 150213 ce lw, Anabat 4 250113 LV LW, Anabat 4 250113 LV LW, Anabat 4 250113 LV LW, Anabat 4 250113 LV LW, Anabat 4 250113 LV LW, Anabat Bernview 250113 Anabat Bernview 250113 Anabat Bernview 250113 Anabat Bernview 250113 Anabat Bernview 250113 Anabat dat 010313 as ms, Anabat dat 010313 as ms, Anabat dat 010313 as ms, Anabat dat 010313 as ms, Anabat dat 010313 as ms, Anabat dat 010313 as ms, Anabat dat 010313 as ms, Anabat dat 010313 as ms, Anabat A 20130118 ce bs, Anabat A 20130118 ce bs, Anabat A 20130118 ce bs, Anabat A 20130118 ce bs, Anabat A 20130118 ce bs, Anabat A 20130118 ce bs,

DEFINITE

Chalinolobus dwyeri 6 2 - 2 - - - 45 14 - 1 1 - - 5 - 17 - - - - 5 - - 3 1

Chalinolobus gouldii 1 187 - - - - - 22 39 - 34 34 - - 64 - 68 - - - - 2 - - 10 4

Chalinolobus morio - 73 - - - - - 15 3 - 4 - - - - - 3 - - - - 5 7 - - -

Mormopterus species 2 ------1 ------

Rhinolophus megaphyllus ------1 - - 2 - - - - - 3 - - 8 ------

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 19

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

IDENTIFICATION 21/01/2013 22/01/2013 22/01/2013 23/01/2013 24/01/2013 26/02/2013 27/02/2013 28/02/2013 25/02/2013 26/02/2013 26/02/2013 27/02/2013 28/02/2013 Site 1, 20130226, Site 1, 20130226, Site 1, 20130226, Site 2, 20130225, Site 2, 20130225, Site 2, 20130226, Site 2, 20130226, Site 2, 20130226, LV LW, 20130121, LV LW, 20130121, LV LW, 20130122, LV LW, 20130122, LV LW, 20130122, 20130211, 11/02/2013 20130211, 12/02/2013 20130121, 21/01/2013 20130121, 22/01/2013 20130122, 22/01/2013 20130122, 23/01/2013 20130122, 24/01/2013 20130114, 14/01/2013 20130114, 15/01/2013 20130115, 15/01/2013 20130115, 16/01/2013 20130115, 17/01/2013 20130115, 18/01/2013 Anabat 4 150213 ce lw, Anabat 4 150213 ce lw, Anabat 4 250113 LV LW, Anabat 4 250113 LV LW, Anabat 4 250113 LV LW, Anabat 4 250113 LV LW, Anabat 4 250113 LV LW, Anabat Bernview 250113 Anabat Bernview 250113 Anabat Bernview 250113 Anabat Bernview 250113 Anabat Bernview 250113 Anabat dat 010313 as ms, Anabat dat 010313 as ms, Anabat dat 010313 as ms, Anabat dat 010313 as ms, Anabat dat 010313 as ms, Anabat dat 010313 as ms, Anabat dat 010313 as ms, Anabat dat 010313 as ms, Anabat A 20130118 ce bs, Anabat A 20130118 ce bs, Anabat A 20130118 ce bs, Anabat A 20130118 ce bs, Anabat A 20130118 ce bs, Anabat A 20130118 ce bs,

Tadarida australis ------4 - 4 4 - 1 10 - 39 - - 3 - 11 5 - 24 1

PROBABLE

Chalinolobus dwyeri 8 - - - - - 1 1 - - 1 1 - - 1 ------1 - - 1 -

Chalinolobus gouldii - 7 - - - - - 4 8 - 8 9 - - 33 - 55 - - - 1 - 3 - 6 1

Chalinolobus morio - 19 - - - - - 3 3 - 4 4 - - - - 1 - - - - 1 7 - - -

Miniopterus schreibersii - 2 ------1 ------oceanensis

Mormopterus species 4 ------1 ------

Rhinolophus megaphyllus - - 1 ------1 1 - 1 - 1 -

Tadarida australis ------1 - - - - - 1 - 4 - - 1 ------

Vespadelus darlingtoni 2 133 - - - - - 7 - - 7 11 - - 4 - 31 - - - - 4 26 - 1 -

Vespadelus regulus ------2 1 - - 1 ------

Vespadelus vulturnus - 9 - - - - - 1 3 - 7 9 - - 5 ------1 - - -

POSSIBLE

Chalinolobus dwyeri 5 - 1 1 ------

Chalinolobus gouldii - 4 - - - - - 5 13 - 11 31 - - 16 - 11 - - 1 - - 1 - 1 -

Chalinolobus morio - 4 - - - - - 1 ------

Miniopterus australis - 1 ------

Miniopterus schreibersii ------2 ------oceanensis

Tadarida australis - - - - - 1 ------

Vespadelus darlingtoni - 6 ------

Vespadelus vulturnus ------1 ------

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 20

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

SPECIES GROUPS

Chalinolobus dwyeri / ------2 ------Chalinolobus gouldii

Chalinolobus gouldii / ------4 40 - 43 85 - 1 75 - 85 - - 1 - 2 6 - 6 2 Mormopterus species 2

Chalinolobus gouldii / ------1 - 2 - - - 10 - 2 - - - - - 2 - 2 - Mormopterus species 4

Chalinolobus gouldii / - 3 1 - - - - 2 ------4 - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - Scoteanax rueppellii

Chalinolobus morio / 190 252 40 68 - 475 28 78 84 - 112 166 - 24 46 - 56 - - 250 5 44 72 - 44 2 Vespadelus vulturnus

Falsistrellus tasmaniensis / ------12 11 - 17 7 - - 9 - 5 ------Scotorepens orion

Miniopterus australis / - 1 ------1 - - 1 - - - - 33 - - - - 1 - Vespadelus pumilus

Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis / Vespadelus 70 297 9 9 - 22 3 9 13 - 33 23 - 10 27 - 31 - - 5 1 7 - - 7 - regulus

Myotis macropus / Nyctophilus geoffroyi / - 2 - - - - - 36 11 - 9 14 - - 3 - 7 ------Nyctophilus gouldi

Nyctophilus geoffroyi / ------2 6 - 1 1 - - 1 - 2 ------Nyctophilus gouldi

Vespadelus darlingtoni / 50 803 29 5 - 7 - 30 26 - 36 44 - 14 14 - 51 - - 4 - 10 91 - 8 2 Vespadelus regulus

UNKNOWN

Unknown 42 50 72 58 - 225 45 85 134 - 120 105 - 31 96 - 140 - - 136 5 36 26 - 37 1

Noise' Files 7 2 21 2 2 - 3 15 37 2 1 123 470 194 2 15 28 24 1 18 699 14 4 32 5 7

TOTAL 382 1857 174 145 2 730 80 381 453 2 459 674 470 275 430 15 640 24 1 461 713 142 253 32 157 21

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 21

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

Table 3-8: Results of bat call analysis (number of passes per site per night) March 2013 D

IDENTIFICATION 20/02/2013 21/02/2013 25/11/2012 26/11/2012 27/11/2012 27/11/2012 28/11/2012 28/11/2012 29/11/2012 20130304, 4/03/2013 20130305, 5/03/2013 20130305, 6/03/2013 20130305, 7/03/2013 20121125, 25/11/2012 20121126, 26/11/2012 20121126, 27/11/2012 20121127, 27/11/2012 20121127, 28/11/2012 20121127, 29/11/2012 Anabat orange 301112 as, Anabat orange 301112 as, Anabat orange 301112 as, Anabat orange 301112 as, Anabat orange 301112 as, Anabat orange 301112 as, Marcus 220213, 20130220, Marcus 220213, 20130220, MS BS, 20130304, 4/03/2013 MS BS, 20130305, 5/03/2013 MS BS, 20130305, 6/03/2013 MS BS, 20130305, 7/03/2013 Anabat data (no tape Marcus Marcus tape (no data Anabat Marcus tape (no data Anabat Marcus tape (no data Anabat 220213, 20130218, 18/02/2013 220213, 20130218, 19/02/2013 220213, 20130220, 20/02/2013 Anabat data Burnview 2 080313 Anabat data Burnview 2 080313 Anabat data Burnview 2 080313 Anabat data Burnview 2 080313 Anabat data (pink tape - mt geno Anabat data (pink tape - mt geno Anabat pink 301112 as, 20121125, Anabat pink 301112 as, 20121126, Anabat pink 301112 as, 20121126, Anabat pink 301112 as, 20121127, Anabat pink 301112 as, 20121127, Anabat pink 301112 as, 20121128, Anabat pink 301112 as, 20121128, Anabat data RPS 3 080313 MS BS, Anabat data RPS 3 080313 MS BS, Anabat data RPS 3 080313 MS BS, Anabat data RPS 3 080313 MS BS,

DEFINITE

Chalinolobus dwyeri - - 8 - - 10 2 9 4 1 8 3 - - 52 1 - 4 - - 6 - - 4 - -

Chalinolobus gouldii 2 3 122 - - - 7 2 18 2 6 3 1 - 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - -

Chalinolobus morio 1 - 12 - 63 3 - - 1 - - 1 - - - - - 1 - - 4 2 - - - -

Rhinolophus megaphyllus 2 1 1 - 1 - 2 - - - 5 - - - 2 ------

Tadarida australis - - - - 3 - 1 - 1 - - 1 - - - - - 1 - - 1 - - 1 - -

PROBABLE

Chalinolobus dwyeri ------2 2 - 1 2 2 - - 1 4 - 3 - - - - - 3 - -

Chalinolobus gouldii 1 - 15 - - - - 1 3 1 1 4 - - 1 ------

Chalinolobus morio - 1 5 - 46 - - 1 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - - 8 - - - - -

Miniopterus schreibersii ------1 ------oceanensis

Rhinolophus megaphyllus 1 - - - - - 2 - - - 1 - - - 1 ------

Vespadelus darlingtoni 9 2 22 - - 21 1 19 36 2 16 44 7 - 11 2 ------

Vespadelus vulturnus - - 1 - - - - 1 ------1 - -

POSSIBLE

Chalinolobus dwyeri - - 1 - - - - - 1 ------3 ------1 - -

Chalinolobus gouldii - - 3 ------1 1 1 ------

Chalinolobus morio - - 2 - 5 ------

Rhinolophus megaphyllus ------1 ------

Saccolaimus flaviventris 1 ------

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 22

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

IDENTIFICATION 20/02/2013 21/02/2013 25/11/2012 26/11/2012 27/11/2012 27/11/2012 28/11/2012 28/11/2012 29/11/2012 20130304, 4/03/2013 20130305, 5/03/2013 20130305, 6/03/2013 20130305, 7/03/2013 20121125, 25/11/2012 20121126, 26/11/2012 20121126, 27/11/2012 20121127, 27/11/2012 20121127, 28/11/2012 20121127, 29/11/2012 Anabat orange 301112 as, Anabat orange 301112 as, Anabat orange 301112 as, Anabat orange 301112 as, Anabat orange 301112 as, Anabat orange 301112 as, Marcus 220213, 20130220, Marcus 220213, 20130220, MS BS, 20130304, 4/03/2013 MS BS, 20130305, 5/03/2013 MS BS, 20130305, 6/03/2013 MS BS, 20130305, 7/03/2013 Anabat data (no tape Marcus Marcus tape (no data Anabat Marcus tape (no data Anabat Marcus tape (no data Anabat 220213, 20130218, 19/02/2013 220213, 20130220, 20/02/2013 220213, 20130218, 18/02/2013 Anabat data Burnview 2 080313 Anabat data Burnview 2 080313 Anabat data Burnview 2 080313 Anabat data Burnview 2 080313 Anabat data (pink tape - mt geno Anabat data (pink tape - mt geno Anabat pink 301112 as, 20121125, Anabat pink 301112 as, 20121126, Anabat pink 301112 as, 20121126, Anabat pink 301112 as, 20121127, Anabat pink 301112 as, 20121127, Anabat pink 301112 as, 20121128, Anabat pink 301112 as, 20121128, Anabat data RPS 3 080313 MS BS, Anabat data RPS 3 080313 MS BS, Anabat data RPS 3 080313 MS BS, Anabat data RPS 3 080313 MS BS,

SPECIES GROUPS

Chalinolobus gouldii / 5 - 12 - - 2 8 - 3 1 7 3 2 - 3 1 - - - - 2 1 - - - - Mormopterus species 2

Chalinolobus gouldii / ------8 - - - - - 1 1 ------Mormopterus species 4

Chalinolobus gouldii / - - 2 - - - - 1 ------Scoteanax rueppellii

Chalinolobus morio / 33 46 204 - 108 3 6 50 127 8 3 29 3 - 198 94 - 39 - - 46 59 - 29 - - Vespadelus vulturnus

Falsistrellus tasmaniensis / 1 - 14 ------Scotorepens orion

Miniopterus australis / 1 ------1 - - 1 - - 2 ------Vespadelus pumilus

Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis / Vespadelus 15 12 53 - 2 18 3 11 20 5 28 67 6 - 21 14 - 14 - - 34 2 - 33 - - regulus

Myotis macropus / Nyctophilus - 3 - - 1 - - 1 1 - - 1 ------geoffroyi / Nyctophilus gouldi

Vespadelus darlingtoni / 27 5 131 - 69 105 1 124 69 32 96 175 23 - 130 23 - 19 - - 64 15 - 15 - - Vespadelus regulus

UNKNOWN

Unknown 87 44 62 - 42 36 38 186 277 25 58 116 6 - 171 31 - 20 - - 30 8 - 16 - -

Noise' Files 629 106 12 22 31 9 11 3 2 18 11 15 51 1 23 117 3 165 6 1 7 227 7 1962 340 11

TOTAL 815 223 682 22 371 207 85 411 573 96 244 466 100 1 619 291 3 266 6 1 203 314 7 2065 340 11

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 23

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

Table 3-9: Results of bat call analysis (number of passes per site per night) March 2013 E

IDENTIFICATION 20121201, 1/12/2012 20121202, 2/12/2012 20121129, 29/11/2012 20121129, 30/11/2012 20121130 , 30/11/2012 Anabat pink 301112 as, Anabat pink 301112 as, Anabat pink 301112 as, Anabat pink 301112 as, Anabat pink 301112 as,

DEFINITE

Chalinolobus dwyeri 7 - - - -

Chalinolobus morio 1 - - - -

Tadarida australis 2 - - - -

PROBABLE

Chalinolobus dwyeri 1 - - - -

Chalinolobus gouldii 2 - - - -

Tadarida australis 1 - - - -

Vespadelus darlingtoni 2 - - - -

Vespadelus vulturnus 2 - - - -

SPECIES GROUPS

Chalinolobus gouldii / Mormopterus species 2 5 - - - -

Chalinolobus morio / Vespadelus vulturnus 88 - - - -

Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis / Vespadelus regulus 18 - - - -

Myotis macropus / Nyctophilus geoffroyi / Nyctophilus gouldi 1 - - - -

Vespadelus darlingtoni / Vespadelus regulus 41 - - - -

UNKNOWN

Unknown 23 - - - -

Noise' Files 289 715 108 18 2

TOTAL 483 715 108 18 2

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 24

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

3.6 September 2012

A total of 95 call sequences were recorded, of which 72 call sequences were able to be analysed (ie were not ‘noise’ files or bat calls of short length). Of the bat calls, 17 call sequences (24%) were able to be confidently identified (those classified as either definite or probable identifications) to species level (Table 3-10). Species recorded confidently within the site from the September 2012 dataset include:

• Chalinolobus gouldii (Gould’s wattled bat) • Chalinolobus morio (Chocolate wattled bat) • Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis (Eastern bentwing bat) • Mormopterus species 2 (Eastern freetail bat) • Rhinolophus megaphyllus (Eastern horseshoe bat)

Additional bat species that are known to exist within the locality of the site, but could not be confidently identified to species (those classified as possible or as a species group), include:

• Vespadelus darlingtoni (Large forest bat) • Vespadelus regulus (Southern forest bat) • Vespadelus vulturnus (Little forest bat)

Table 3-10 below summarises the results of the bat call analysis.

Table 3-10: Results of bat call analysis (number of passes per site per night) September 2012 1 1 1 IDENTIFICATION Anabat Anabat 10/09/2012 11/09/2012

DEFINITE

Chalinolobus gouldii 4 1

Chalinolobus morio 1 1

Rhinolophus megaphyllus - 1

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 25

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

1 1 1 IDENTIFICATION Anabat Anabat 10/09/2012 11/09/2012

PROBABLE

Chalinolobus gouldii 4 1

Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis 2 -

Mormopterus species 2 - 2

POSSIBLE

Chalinolobus gouldii 2 -

SPECIES GROUPS

Chalinolobus gouldii / Mormopterus species 2 - 3

Chalinolobus morio / Vespadelus vulturnus 7 7

Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis / Vespadelus regulus 11 19

Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis / Vespadelus vulturnus 5 -

Vespadelus darlingtoni / Vespadelus regulus 1 -

UNKNOWN

Unknown 11 8

‘Noise’ files 3 1

TOTAL 51 44

3.7 July 2012

A total of 15,266 call sequences were recorded, of which 871 call sequences were able to be analysed (ie were not ‘noise’ files or bat calls of short length). Of the bat calls, 97 call sequences (11%) were able to be confidently identified (those classified as either definite or probable identifications) to species level (Table 3-11). Species recorded confidently within the site from the July 2012 dataset include:

• Chalinolobus dwyeri (Large-eared pied bat) • Chalinolobus gouldii (Gould’s wattled bat) • Chalinolobus morio (Chocolate wattled bat) • Rhinolophus megaphyllus (Eastern horseshoe bat)

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 26

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

• Tadarida australis (White-striped freetail bat) • Vespadelus darlingtoni (Large forest bat) • Vespadelus vulturnus (Little forest bat)

Additional bat species that are known to exist within the locality of the site, but could not be confidently identified to species (those classified as possible or as a species group), include:

• Falsistrellus tasmaniensis (Eastern falsistrelle) • Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis (Eastern bentwing bat) • Mormopterus species 2 (Eastern freetail bat) • Myotis macropus (Large-footed myotis) • Nyctophilus geoffroyi (Lesser long-eared bat) • Nyctophilus gouldi (Gould’s long-eared bat) • Scoteanax rueppellii (Greater broad-nosed bat) • Scotorepens orion (Eastern broad-nosed bat) • Vespadelus regulus (Southern forest bat)

Table 3-11 below summarises the results of the bat call analysis.

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 27

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

Table 3-11: Results of bat call analysis (number of passes per site per night) July 2012

IDENTIFICATION Anabat 1 Anabat 1 Anabat 1 Anabat 1 Anabat 1 Anabat 1 Anabat 2 Anabat 2 Anabat 2 Anabat 2 Anabat 2 Anabat 2 22/05/2012 23/05/2012 24/05/2012 28/05/2012 29/05/2012 30/05/2012 22/05/2012 23/05/2012 24/05/2012 28/05/2012 29/05/2012 30/05/2012 22/05/2012 23/05/2012 24/05/2012 28/05/2012 29/05/2012 30/05/2012 31/05/2012 22/05/2012 23/05/2012 24/05/2012 28/05/2012 29/05/2012 30/05/2012 31/05/2012 Anabat (tape) Anabat (tape) Anabat (tape) Anabat (tape) Anabat (tape) Anabat (tape) Anabat (tape) Anabat (no tape) Anabat (no tape) Anabat (no tape) Anabat (no tape) Anabat (no tape) Anabat (no tape) Anabat (no tape)

DEFINITE

Chalinolobus dwyeri ------1 - - - - - 3 - - -

Chalinolobus gouldii - - 3 - 3 3 - 2 3 ------2 1 - - - 2 - - - -

Chalinolobus morio - - - 1 ------

Rhinolophus megaphyllus 1 ------3 2 - - - - 2 1 2 4 ------

Tadarida australis - 1 - 1 - 1 - 8 2 ------1 ------

PROBABLE

Chalinolobus gouldii 1 - 12 - - - - 1 1 ------1 - - - - 2 - - - -

Chalinolobus morio - 2 - 1 ------1 ------1 - 3 - - -

Rhinolophus megaphyllus - - - - 1 1 - - - - 3 - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 1 - - 1

Tadarida australis ------2 ------1 ------

Vespadelus darlingtoni - 1 ------1

Vespadelus vulturnus ------1 3 - - - - -

POSSIBLE

Chalinolobus gouldii - - 6 - - 3 - - 1 ------

Chalinolobus morio - - - - - 1 ------

Rhinolophus megaphyllus - - - 1 1 - 2 ------

Vespadelus darlingtoni - 1 ------

SPECIES GROUPS

Chalinolobus gouldii / 1 - 108 2 2 41 - 36 137 - - - - 1 - - 1 - 2 2 15 47 - 1 9 - Mormopterus species 2

Chalinolobus morio / 7 16 - 3 - - - - - 3 2 1 4 2 - 1 - 1 - 10 24 10 4 5 1 1 Vespadelus vulturnus

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 28

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

IDENTIFICATION Anabat 1 Anabat 1 Anabat 1 Anabat 1 Anabat 1 Anabat 2 Anabat 2 Anabat 2 Anabat 2 Anabat 2 Anabat 2 Anabat 1 22/05/2012 23/05/2012 24/05/2012 28/05/2012 29/05/2012 30/05/2012 22/05/2012 23/05/2012 24/05/2012 28/05/2012 29/05/2012 30/05/2012 22/05/2012 23/05/2012 24/05/2012 28/05/2012 29/05/2012 30/05/2012 31/05/2012 22/05/2012 23/05/2012 24/05/2012 28/05/2012 29/05/2012 30/05/2012 31/05/2012 Anabat (tape) Anabat (tape) Anabat (tape) Anabat (tape) Anabat (tape) Anabat (tape) Anabat (tape) Anabat (no tape) Anabat (no tape) Anabat (no tape) Anabat (no tape) Anabat (no tape) Anabat (no tape) Anabat (no tape)

Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis / Vespadelus - 1 1 1 1 6 15 8 2 - - - 15 - - - - - 21 22 85 - 9 5 - regulus

Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis / Vespadelus - 1 ------vulturnus

Nyctophilus geoffroyi / Nyctophilus gouldi / Myotis ------2 ------2 - macropus

Falsistrellus tasmaniensis / Scotorepens orion / Scoteanax ------1 ------rueppellii

Vespadelus darlingtoni / - 20 - 1 - - - 1 7 - - - 1 18 ------1 2 - 7 1 1 Vespadelus regulus

UNKNOWN

Unknown 6 13 61 1 9 19 - 20 85 - 6 2 2 9 - - 6 4 2 28 50 130 8 12 6 14

‘Noise’ files - 1 2 - 19 - 1 10 79 12 1 5 10 26 129 10 9 90 9 4930 4687 3850 9 5 1 7

TOTAL 16 57 193 11 35 75 1 95 326 17 16 10 17 71 129 12 24 97 19 4996 4803 4129 28 39 25 25

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 29

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

4.0 SAMPLE CALLS

A sample of the calls actually identified from the site for each species is given below.

Figure 4-1: Chalinolobus dwyeri definite call

Figure 4-2: Chalinolobus gouldii definite call

Figure 4-3: Chalinolobus morio definite call

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 30

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

Figure 4-4: Miniopterus australis possible call

Figure 4-5: Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis probable call

Figure 4-6: Mormopterus species 2 probable call

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 31

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

Figure 4-7: Mormopterus species 4 possible call

Figure 4-8: Myotis macropus probable call

Figure 4-9: Nyctophilus sp. definite call

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 32

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

Figure 4-10: Rhinolophus megaphyllus definite call

Figure 4-11: Tadarida australis definite call

Figure 4-12: Vespadelus darlingtoni probable call

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 33

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

Figure 4-13: Vespadelus regulus probable call

Figure 4-14: Vespadelus vulturnus definite call

5.0 REFERENCES

Adams, M., Reardon, T.R., Baverstock, P.R. and Watts, C.H.S. (1988). Electrophoretic resolution of species boundaries in Australian Microchiroptera. IV. The Molossidae (Chiroptera). Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 41: 315-326.

Australasian Bat Society Incorporated (undated) Standards for reporting bat detector surveys, http://batcall.csu.edu.au/abs/issues/ABS Anabat survey standards.pdf

Churchill, S. (2008). Australian Bats. Second Edition Allen & Unwin; Crows Nest, NSW.

Hoye, G.A, Law, B.S. and Lumsden, L.F. (2008). Eastern Free-tailed Bat Mormopterus sp. Pp. 493-495 in The Mammals of Australia: Third Edition (S. van Dyck and R. Strahan, Eds.); New Holland; Sydney.

Law, B.S., Turbill, C. and Parnaby, H. (2008). Eastern Forest Bat Vespadelus pumilus. Pp. 567-568 in The Mammals of Australia: Third Edition (S. van Dyck & R. Strahan; Eds.); New Holland; Sydney.

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 34

Bat Call Analysis Airly, NSW

Law, B.S., Reinhold, L. and Pennay, M. (2002). Geographic variation in the echolocation calls of Vespadelus spp. (Vespertilionidae) from New South Wale and Queensland, Australia. Acta Chiropterologica 4: 201-215.

Pennay, M., Law, B. and Reinhold, L. (2004). Bat calls of New South Wales: Region based guide to the echolocation calls of Microchiropteran bats. NSW Department of Environment and Conservation, Hurstville.

Reinhold, L., Law, B., Ford, G. and Pennay, M. (2001a). Key to the bat calls of south-east Queensland and north-east New South Wales. Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines, State Forests of New South Wales, University of Southern Queensland, and New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service, Australia.

Reinhold, L., Herr, A., Lumsden, L., Reardon, T., Corben, C., Law, B., Prevett, P., Ford, G., Conole, L., Kutt, A., Milne, D. and Hoye, G. (2001b). Geographic variation in the echolocation calls of Gould’s wattled bat Chalinolobus gouldii. Australian Zoologist 31: 618-624.

Richards, G.C., Ford, G.I. and Pennay, M. (2008). Inland Free-tailed Bat Mormopterus sp. Pp. 494-495 in The Mammals of Australia: Third Edition (S. van Dyck and R. Strahan, Eds.); New Holland; Sydney.

Thomas, D.W., Bell, G.P. and Fenton, M.B. (1987). Variation in echolocation call frequencies recorded from North American vespertilionid bats: a cautionary note. Journal of Mammalogy 68: 842-847.

Van Dyck, S. and Strahan, R. (Eds.) (2008). The Mammals of Australia: Third Edition. New Holland; Sydney.

Job Reference: BC_RPS15 July 2014 Page 35 Airly Mine Extension Project Flora and Fauna Assessment

Appendix 6 Peer review by Gingra Ecology

113007; August 2014 Page civ AIRLY MINE EXTENSION PROJECT REVIEW OF RPS FLORA AND FAUNA ASSESSMENT

SUMMARY

Roger Lembit B.Sc.Agr. Principal Ecologist Gingra Ecological Surveys

June 2014

Presence of Derived Native Grassland

A field inspection of the proposed Reject Emplacement Area was undertaken on 18th June 2014. During this field inspection 5 transects were assessed to determine the composition of vegetation within the cleared pasture land. At 1 m intervals along each 50 m transect the species occurring beneath the left hand edge of the transect tape was recorded; if not plant material was directly beneath the tape the closest species was recorded. This approach gave a measure of the ground layer species present and the relative proportion of native and exotic species.

The paddocks on and beyond the western edge of the proposed Reject Emplacement Area do not comprise derived native grassland as they have a higher level of pasture improvement with evidence of cultivation and sowing with exotic pasture species and a history of regular application of fertiliser. A clear fenceline boundary is evident on aerial photos and in teh field and the difference in pasture condition does not relate solely to recent grazing pressure.

Presence of Box-Gum Woodland Derived Native Grassland

RPS have prepared a Flora and Fauna Assessment for the Mine Extension Project which indicates that areas supporting vegetation consistent with the Box-Gum Woodland endangered ecological community are present in proximity to the cleared lands which constitute the proposed Reject Emplacement Area.

The possibility that some of the cleared land within the proposed Reject Emplacement Area constitutes Box-Gum Woodland derived native grassland has been considered as part of this review.

The characterisation of cleared pasture dominated by native grasses and herbs as derived from one particular vegetation type or another is not a simple process.

Factors to take into account include:

• the plant species present and their relative abundance

• the characteristic ground layer species of particular vegetation types, including relevant final determinations of the Scientific Committee

• the nature of characteristics of soils including nutrient status, and other aspects of soil chemistry

• characteristics of the geology and landform of the locality

• patterns of disturbance and the distribution of exotic plant species

In completing the assessment I have had regard to the draft Airly Mine BSAL Verification Assessment report prepared by Clayton Richards of SLR Consulting and the soil laboratory analysis which supports that report. The report by Richards describes one soil type, c. Dystrophic Brown Kurosols, as having a Moderate rating for cation exchange capacity (CEC), indicating these soils are relatively fertile in comparison to other soils in the study area. These soils occur within the broad gully drainage lines which flow in a westerly direction across the proposed Reject Emplacement Area.

These areas also coincide with patches where a common component of the pasture vegetation is the native species, Tussocky Poa (Poa labillardierei), listed as a characteristic species of Box-Gum Woodland in the Final Determination of the Scientific Committee.

Box-Gum Woodland EEC derived native grassland is present but is confined to drainage lines and adjacent lower slopes.

The extent of Box-Gum Woodland EEC derived native grassland within the Reject Emplacement Area is estimated to be approximately 4.3 ha or just over 10% of the REA. This is a provisional estimate which will be refined based on aerial photograph interpretation and mapping.

As one moves upslope Weeping Meadow Grass (Microlaena stipoides) becomes dominant. This species is not listed as a characteristic species of Box Gum Woodland. A number of other native grass species usually associated with soils of low fertility were present on the mid to upper slopes and spurs; such species included Wiregrass (Aristida ramosa), Redanther Wallaby Grass (Rytidosperma pallidum) and Lovegrass (Eragrostis leptostachya). The derived native grassland across this part of the Reject Emplacement Area appears to be derived from MU38 Capertee Grey Gum – Narrow-leaved Stringybark – Scribbly Gum – Callitris – Ironbark Shrubby Open Forest and not Box-Gum Woodland EEC.

REFERENCES

Benson J.B. (1996) What is a native grassland? Proc. Eleventh Annual Conf. Grassld. NSW pp 92-96.

NRAC (2010) Understanding Our Native Grasslands, agricultural, environmental and indigenous values and management for the future Natural Resources Advisory Council, Sydney.

Richards C. (2014) Airly Mine BSAL Verification Assessment report to Centennial Coal Pty Ltd SLR Consulting Australia, New Lambton.