Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources:
“THE ADMINISTRATION: The Man with the Innocent Air.” TIME, 3 Aug. 1953, pp.
1–5, content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19530803,00.html.
This was a TIME Magazine cover and article that featured the CIA Director
at the time, Allen Dulles. This source helped me understand some of the
media’s perspectives on Allen Dulles.
“Army v. McCarthy.” The New York Times, 25 Apr. 1954. Times Machine,
timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1954/04/25/92570606.html?pageNumb
er=172.
This newspaper article from The New York Times displayed the headlines of
the “Army v. McCarthy” hearings held by the Senate’s Subcommittee on
Investigations. This source helped portray the downfall of Senator McCarthy
caused by his reckless accusations.
Bettmann. “Vice-President Nixon and Guatemalan President Armas.” Getty Images, Feb.
1955,
www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/guatemalan-president-carlos-castillo-ar
mas-shown-here-in-a-news-photo/515257022?
This image from January 1955 depicts VP Nixon with Castillo Armas at a
conference. I used this image to display the unusual goodwill between a vice
president and a dictator after the 1954 Guatemalan Coup. Block, Herbert. “‘You Mean I’m Supposed To Stand On That?’” The Washington Post,
29 Mar. 1950,
www.washingtonpost.com/news/act-four/wp/2016/11/01/how-legendary-washingt
on-post-cartoonist-herblock-might-have-drawn-the-2016-election/.
This image of a political cartoon from The Washington Post was the origin of
the term “McCarthyism” to describe the actions of someone that resembles
Joseph McCarthy. This source was important to show the impact of
McCarthy’s actions.
Capa, Cornell. “Goitre Control - Central American Institute Of Nutrition - Near
Guatemala City (1953).” Arts and Cultures, Google, 2011,
artsandculture.google.com/asset/goitre-control-central-american-institute-of-nutrit
ion-near-guatemala-city/PQEE82jqQptgug.
This photography pictures a poster near Guatemala City depicting Arbenz’s
land reforms. I used this source to display a positive perspective on Arbenz’s
policies.
DRAFT OF ASSIGNMENTS FOR THE RUFUS GROUP IN REFERENCE TO THE PS,
Central Intelligence Agency, 1953, pp. 1–1. CIA Reading Room,
www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000914821.pdf.
This CIA document outlined the propaganda needed to be produced for
Operation PBSuccess. This source was extremely important to my project because it showed the types of smearing the CIA was using against the
Arbenz government.
GENERAL- PBSUCCESS - SPECIFIC- ANTI-COMMUNIST PROPAGANDA - EXILED
GROUPS, 1953, pp. 1–5. CIA Reading Room,
www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000914593.pdf.
This CIA document contained scans of the anti-communist student
newspaper Boletin del Ceuage. This source was important because it served
as another piece of propaganda influencing people in Honduras and
Guatemala.
“Guatemala Erupts.” The New York Times, 20 June 1954, p. 113. Times Machine,
timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1954/06/20/92589845.html?pageNumb
er=113.
This New York Times article displays a map of Central America and images
of the two factions, Arbenz and Castillo. This was an interesting image to use
in my project as a portrayal of the conflict.
“Guatemala's Arbenz.” TIME, 28 June 1954, pp. 1–9. TIME,
content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19540628,00.html.
This TIME magazine cover and article had a highly critical take on the
Arbenz regime. I included this source because it gave another negative
perspective on Arbenz. “HAIL TRUMAN H-BOMB ORDER.” The Boston Globe, 1 Feb. 1950.
This headline from The Boston Globe reported the announcement from
President Truman beginning the development of a hydrogen bomb to combat
the Soviet’s atomic tests. I used this source to explain the growing tensions
between the USSR and United States.
Hansen, Joseph. “State Dept. Plot in Guatemala Restores Rule of United Fruit.” The
Militant, 5 July 1954, www.themilitant.com/1954/1827/MIL1827.pdf.
This headline from The Militant was a newspaper reporting a story not
necessarily uncritical of Arbenz, but much more aware of the situation in
Guatemala. I included this newspaper because it displayed one of the few
cases where the media understood who was behind the coup d’etat.
Kennedy, PAUL. “ARBENZ IS DEPOSED.” The New York Times, 28 June 1954. Times
Machine,
timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1954/06/28/83763000.html?pageNumb
er=1.
This front-page article from The New York Times reported the day after
President Arbenz resigned. I included this newspaper because I wanted to
include another media perspective on Arbenz’s resignation. KENWORTHY, E.W. “U.S. PUTS EMBARGO ON GOODS TO CUBA.” Hew York
Times , 20 Oct. 1960,
timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1960/10/20/99885437.html?pageNumber
=1.
This newspaper article from the New York Times depicted the reaction from
the media to the trade embargo imposed on Cuba by the United States after
their liberation.
Kobler, John. “Sam the Banana Man.” LIFE, 19 Feb. 1951, p. 84,
books.google.com/books?id=2EsEAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepag
e&q&f=false.
This map from LIFE magazine displayed the numerous radio stations the
United Fruit Company had constructed around Central America and the
Caribbean. I included this map to visualize the power the company held in
that area of the world.
“M'CARTHY INSISTS TRUMAN OUST REDS.” The New York Times, 12 Feb. 1950.
Times Machine,
timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1950/02/12/87017517.html?pageNumb
er=5.
This article from The New York Times talks about the accusations McCarthy
had made against the U.S. State Department. I included this article as an
accompaniment to McCarthy’s quote from his original speech. MEMORANDUM FOR MR. DULLES, p. 1. CIA Reading Room,
www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000920013.pdf.
This memo sent to the CIA Director Allen Dulles explained the premise and
results of operation PBHistory. This was extremely important towards my
research on the conclusion to PBSuccess and gave me a range of useful
information.
Mondadori . “Two Communists Being Shot.” Getty Images, 1954,
www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/two-communists-being-shot-by-the-reb
el-army-who-overthrew-news-photo/686911612?
This image from the 1954 Coup d’etat shows two communists being shot by a
group of rebel soldiers. I used this image because of its impact and brutality.
Press, Associated. “Jacobo Arbenz Guzman, Leftist President of Guatemala, Addresses
Banner-Carrying Followers June 18, 1954.” Associated Press Images, 18 June
1954,http://www.apimages.com/metadata/Index/Associated-Press-Guatemala-L4-
41259/90db915400e4da11af9f0014c2589dfb/55/0
This image from during the 1954 Coup d’etat shows Arbenz addressing a
group of his supporters amid the coup. I used this image to accompany a
quote from his resignation speech.
PROGRESS REPORT - - PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE - - PBSUCCESS, 1953, pp. 1–3.
CIA Reading Room, www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000924004.pdf. This document from the CIA described more aspects of psychological
warfare and propaganda to affect the mindsets of soldiers and civilians. I
used this document because of its strong relevance to my topic.
“RAID FROM COAST TO COAST.” The New York Times, 3 Jan. 1920. Times Machine ,
timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/01/03/102731188.html?pageNum
ber=1.
This article from The New York Times reports on the raids of suspected
communists by the secret service. I used this to accompany my information
on the Palmer Raids.
Rivera, Diego. “La Gloriosa Victoria.” Diego Rivera, 1954,
www.diego-rivera.net/gloriosa-victoria/.
This painting by Diego Rivera depicts the sum of the 1954 Guatemalan Coup
d’etat. I thought this was a good painting to include on my title page.
SPEECH RE ARBENZ' SPEECH DELIVERED AT 0310-0320 EST., 1954, pp. 1–3. CIA
Reading Room , www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000920952.pdf.
This CIA document is a transcription of President Arbenz’s full resignation
speech. UCLA. “Blacklist Materials in UCLA Library Special Collections: Video Recordings of
HUAC Testimonies.” Research Guides, 23 Nov. 2010,
guides.library.ucla.edu/c.php?g=746004&p=5350676.
This video recording of Dalton Trumbo’s HUAC testimony was an important
piece of media because it helped visualize the HUAC trials.
Walz, Jay. “Ten Film Men Cited for Contempt In Overwhelming Votes by House.” The
New York Times, 24 Nov. 1947. Times Machine,
timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1947/11/25/104380042.html?pageNum
ber=1.
This article from The New York Times reports on the Hollywood Ten when
they were convicted. This article was used to accompany my information on
the HUAC trials and the Hollywood Ten.
Secondary Sources:
Bodenheimer, Rebecca. “The Guatemalan Civil War: History and Impact.” ThoughtCo,
29 Aug. 2020,
www.thoughtco.com/guatemalan-civil-war-history-and-impact-4800364.
This image was used to accompany my paragraph on the Guatemalan Civil
War and how it was caused by the 1954 Guatemalan Coup d’etat. It depicts Guatemalan soldiers standing in front of a poster supporting the EGP rebel
group.
Britannica , The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “October Revolution.” Encyclopædia
Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 9 Feb. 2018,
www.britannica.com/topic/October-Revolution-Russian-history.
This website gave me reliable background knowledge about the October
Revolution and its effects on how communism was viewed in the United
States.
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “February Revolution.” Encyclopædia
Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1 Mar. 2020,
www.britannica.com/topic/February-Revolution.
This website gave me vital reliable information about the Russian Revolution
giving me the knowledge necessary to connect it to my topic.
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “House Un-American Activities Committee.”
Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 28 Jan. 2020,
www.britannica.com/topic/House-Un-American-Activities-Committee.
This website detailed information about HUAC including how and when it
operated. It gave a lot of reliable information that I could use in my project.
“Chapter 7.” The Best and the Brightest, by David Halberstam, Penguin Books, 1983, p.
149. Internet Archive, archive.org/details/bestbrightest00halb_0/mode/2up. I used this quote from David Halberstam’s book, The Best and the Brightest
to further emphasize the impact Joseph McCarthy had on the United States
much after his death.
CIA'S ROLE IN THE OVERTHROW OF ARBENZ, Central Intelligence Agency, 1975,
pp. 1–5. CIA Reading Room,
www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000919933.pdf.
This CIA document published in 1975 gave me a large amount of
information on Operation PBSuccess that was vital for my understanding of
the coup d’etat in general.
Cullather, Nick. Secret History, Second Edition: The CIA’s Classified Account of Its
Operations in Guatemala, 1952-1954. Stanford University Press, 2006. Internet
Archive, archive.org/details/secrethistorycia00cull_0/page/94/mode/1up.
The book Secret History was written by Nick Cullather when he was
recruited by the CIA to write a report on Operation PBSuccess. This book
was extremely important from quotes, information, and maps that were
useful in my research.
Day, John Kyle. “The United States Media and the Guatemalan Coup D'etat of 1954.”
Delaware Review of Latin American Studies, University of Delaware, 15 Dec.
2000, www1.udel.edu/LAS/Vol2-1Day.html.
This document gave me useful information on how the media reacted to the
Guatemalan Coup d’etat. “Famous Quotes From Ernesto 'Che' Guevara on His 90th Birth Anniversary.” News |
TeleSUR English, TeleSUR, 14 June 2018,
www.telesurenglish.net/news/Famous-Quotes-Sayings-From-Ernesto-Che-Guevar
a-on-His-90th-Birth-Anniversary-20180614-0010.html.
This source contained a quote from Che Guevara on his reaction to the 1954
Guatemalan Coup d’etat.
FBI. “Palmer Raids.” FBI, FBI, 18 May 2016,
www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/palmer-raids.
This website by the FBI gave me good information about the Palmer Raids
and was useful in my research.
Gleijeses, Piero. “The Agrarian Reform of Jacobo Arbenz.” Journal of Latin American
Studies, vol. 21, no. 3, Oct. 1989, pp. 453–480. JSTOR,
www.jstor.org/stable/156959.
This periodical gave me information on the agricultural reforms and land
distributions President Arbenz put into place. It gave me more background
on why the United Fruit Company was affected by the laws.
“Guatemala, 1952–1954.” FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES,
1952–1954, GUATEMALA, U.S. Department of State,
history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54Guat/comp1. This document from the State Department gave me more information on
Decree 900 and the agrarian land reforms made by Arbenz.
History.com Editors. “Joseph McCarthy.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 29
Oct. 2009, www.history.com/topics/cold-war/joseph-mccarthy.
This website gave me information on who Joseph McCarthy was and more
details on his activity in the senate.
History.com Editors. “Vladimir Lenin.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 9 Nov.
2009, www.history.com/topics/russia/vladimir-lenin#section_6.
This website gave me background information on Vladimir Lenin and his
communist activity through the Russian Revolution.
Holland, Max. “Operation PBHISTORY: The Aftermath of SUCCESS.” International
Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, vol. 17, no. 2, 2004, pp.
300–332., doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08850600490274935.
This periodical gave me information on Operation PBHistory and was very
important in my research and understanding of the conclusion of PBSuccess.
Hudson, Myles. “Why Did Joseph McCarthy's Influence Decline?” Encyclopædia
Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2021,
www.britannica.com/story/why-did-joseph-mccarthys-influence-decline.
This website gave me additional information about the downfall of Senator
McCarthy and how his ideas resonated after he was censured. Kernick, David. Interval Signals Online - Guatemala, Documentary Archives Radio
Communications, 1 Nov. 2020, intervalsignals.net/Countries/guatemala.htm.
This website provided me with the audio file of “The Voice of Liberation”
radio station from 1954. This website houses countless audio files from radio
stations across the globe and was incredibly useful in my project.
“The Cuban Revolution.” Military History Matters, 11 Mar. 2021,
www.military-history.org/feature/modern-articles/the-cuban-revolution.htm.
This image depicts Fidel Castro and his allies in the Cuban Revolution
marching through Havana, Cuba in 1960.
“The Meanings of Dictatorship.” The Time of Freedom: Campesino Workers in
Guatemala's October Revolution, by Cindy Forster, University of Pittsburgh,
2001, p. 29. Google Books,
books.google.com/books?id=AUl_WnHQd1sC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage
&q&f=false.
This book was extremely important in understanding the effect of the United
Fruit Company in Guatemala. It also showed how this specifically affected
workers in Guatemala.
“The Red Scare.” Ushistory.org, Independence Hall Association, 2021,
www.ushistory.org/us/47a.asp. This website gave me an understanding of the Red Scare that let me explain
the socio-political climate surrounding communism after the Russian
Revolution.
Schlesinger, Stephen C., et al. Bitter Fruit: the Untold Story of the American Coup in
Guatemala. Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1990. Internet Archive,
archive.org/details/bitterfruituntol00schl/page/n13/mode/2up.
This book was the most useful source of information on the 1954 Guatemalan
Coup that I was able to use. It gave a broad but also a deep understanding of
the conflict that proved useful across my project.
“Speech of a Delegate of the Fourth Duma at a Session in Tauride Palace.” THE STATE
DUMA THE FEDERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, Russian
Federation, 1917, duma.gov.ru/en/duma/about/history/information/.
This website run by the Russian government provided me with information
on the State Duma in post-tsarist Russia. It also provided me with an image
of the Fourth Duma.
Simkin, John. “David Atlee Phillips.” Spartacus Educational, Spartacus Educational,
1997, spartacus-educational.com/JFKphillips.htm.
This image is of David Phillips, the man who organized “The Voice of
Liberation” This image accompanied my information on the radio station. “UFCo Workers Unloading Bananas.” Guatemalan Human Rights Commission, June
2009,
www.ghrc-usa.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/ArbenzBananaFactSheet.pdf.
This image of Guatemalan workers handling bananas in United Fruit
Company plantations was used as an accompaniment to my information
about peasants working in Guatemala before the revolution.
Walters, David. “Lenin Quotes.” Marxists, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin Internet Archive,
www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/quotes.htm.
This website contains multiple quotes made by Vladimir Lenin. I used these
quotes to explain the ideology of the Bolsheviks and how it differed from the
United States.
“‘You Are the Un-Americans, and You Ought to Be Ashamed of Yourselves’: Paul
Robeson Appears Before HUAC.” HISTORY MATTERS - The U.S. Survey Course
on the Web, George Mason University, 20 Jan. 2021,
historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6440.
This website contained a quote by Paul Robeson exclaiming the hypocrisy of
HUAC and the unconstitutionality of their trials.