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Submarine and Subaerial Morphological Changes Associated with the 2014 Eruption at Stromboli Island

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Submarine and Subaerial Morphological Changes Associated with the 2014 Eruption at Stromboli Island remote sensing Article Submarine and Subaerial Morphological Changes Associated with the 2014 Eruption at Stromboli Island Daniele Casalbore 1,2,*, Federico Di Traglia 3 , Alessandro Bosman 2 , Claudia Romagnoli 4 , Nicola Casagli 3,5 and Francesco Latino Chiocci 1,2 1 Dipartimento Scienze della Terra, Università Sapienza di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; [email protected] 2 Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria (IGAG), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Struttura Congiunta DICEA, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy; [email protected] 3 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy; federico.ditraglia@unifi.it (F.D.T.); nicola.casagli@unifi.it (N.C.) 4 Dipartimento Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Bologna, P.za Porta S. Donato 1, Bologna 40126, Italy; [email protected] 5 National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics—OGS, 34010 Trieste, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Stromboli is an active insular volcano located in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea and its recent volcanic activity is mostly confined within the Sciara del Fuoco (SdF, hereafter), a 2-km wide subaerial–submarine collapse scar, which morphologically dominates the NW flank of the edifice. In August-November 2014, an effusive eruption occurred along the steep SdF slope, with multiple lava flows reaching the sea. The integration of multisensor remote sensing data, including lidar, photogrammetric, bathymetric surveys coupled with SAR amplitude images collected before and Citation: Casalbore, D.; Di Traglia, F.; after the 2014 eruption enabled to reconstruct the dynamics of the lava flows through the main Bosman, A.; Romagnoli, C.; Casagli, morphological changes of the whole SdF slope. Well-defined and steep-sided ridges were created N.; Chiocci, F.L. Submarine and by lava flows during the early stages of the eruption, when effusion rates were high, favoring the Subaerial Morphological Changes penetration into the sea of lava flows as coherent bodies. Differently, fan-shaped features were Associated with the 2014 Eruption at emplaced during the declining stage of the eruption or in relation to lava overflows and associated Stromboli Island. Remote Sens. 2021, gravel flows, suggesting the prevalence of volcaniclastic breccias with respect to coherent lava flows. 13, 2043. https://doi.org/10.3390/ The estimated volume of eruptive products emplaced on the SdF slope during the 2014 eruption, rs13112043 accounts for about 3.7 × 106 m3, 18% of which is in the submarine setting. This figure is different Academic Editor: Balázs Székely with respect to the previous 2007 eruption at Stromboli, when a large lava submarine delta formed. This discrepancy can be mainly related to the different elevation of the main vents feeding lava Received: 28 March 2021 flows during the 2007 eruption (around 400 m) and the 2014 eruption (around 650 m). Besides Accepted: 20 May 2021 slope accretion, instability processes were detected both in the subaerial and submarine SdF slope. Published: 22 May 2021 Submarine slope failure mobilized at least 6 × 105 m3 of volcaniclastic material, representing the largest instability event detected since the 2007 lava delta emplacement. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in Keywords: lava delta; slope failure; repeated bathymetric surveys; digital elevation models; LiDAR; published maps and institutional affil- PLÉIADES; morphological monitoring iations. 1. Introduction Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Stromboli is the north-easternmost island of the Aeolian Archipelago in the Southern Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Tyrrhenian Sea, representing the tip of a large, 3000 m-high volcanic edifice (Figure1). This article is an open access article Stromboli and Panarea volcanic edifices are part of a 45 km long volcanic area developed distributed under the terms and along a NE-SW regional extensional fault system (Figure1b) above the thinned continental conditions of the Creative Commons crust of the Calabrian Arc [1,2]. The evolution of Stromboli island occurred in the last 85 ka Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// (apart from the older Strombolicchio edifice dated at about 200 ka) and can be divided in creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ six main growth stages, with magmas ranging from calc-alkaline to potassic series, typical 4.0/). Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 2043. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13112043 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing Remote Sens. 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 23 Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 2043 2 of 22 be divided in six main growth stages, with magmas ranging from calc-alkaline to potassic series,of an arc-volcanic typical of an setting, arc-volcanic whose formationsetting, whose can beformation related to can the be subduction related to ofthe the subduc- Ionian tioncrust of beneath the Ionian the Calabriancrust beneath Arc the ([2] Calabrian and references Arc ([2] therein). and references therein). The Stromboli edifice edifice is characterized by a quasi-bilateralquasi-bilateral symmetry with respect to a tectonically controlled controlled NE NE-SW-SW axis axis (Figure (Figure 1c)1c),, which which corresponds corresponds to to the the main main orienta- orien- tiontation and and distribution distribution of of dykes, dykes, eruptive eruptive fissures, fissures, secondary secondary vents vents and and active summitsummit craters during most of the volcano evolution [[11–3].]. Dyke intrusion along this axis alsoalso promoted the development of recurrent lateral collapsescollapses along the NW and SE flanksflanks of the volcano [2,4[2,4–,55]].. Specifically,Specifically, multiplemultiple sectorssectors collapsescollapses affected the NW flankflank of thethe edifice in the last 13 ka, the last of them likely occurred during medieval times, leading to edifice in the last 13 ka, the last of them likely occurred during medieval times, leading to the development of the Sciara del Fuoco scar, SdF hereafter (Figure1c) [2]. the development of the Sciara del Fuoco scar, SdF hereafter (Figure 1c) [2]. Figure 1. ((aa)) SimplifiedSimplified geologicalgeological mapmap of of Italy Italy (modified (modified from from [6 []),6]), with with the the location location of of the the Aeolian Aeolian Islands Islands (black (black box); box); (b) zoom(b) zoom of the of Aeolianthe Aeolian archipelago archipelago in the in Southern the Southern Tyrrhenian Tyrrhenian Sea, with Sea, the with geographical the geographical location location of Stromboli of Stromboli Island (in Island red) (in red) and the main SW–NE regional system (black dashed lines) controlling the Stromboli–Panarea alignment; (c) and the main SW–NE regional system (black dashed lines) controlling the Stromboli–Panarea alignment; (c) shaded relief shaded relief map and contour lines (equidistance 500 m) of the Stromboli edifice (location in Figure 1b), with the indi- map and contour lines (equidistance 500 m) of the Stromboli edifice (location in Figure1b), with the indication of the 2002 cation of the 2002 tsunamigenic landslide scars (see also Figure 4a) and the main rift axis oriented along the SW–NE di- tsunamigenicrection. landslide scars (see also Figure 4a) and the main rift axis oriented along the SW–NE direction. The SdF is a very steep subaerial/submarine partially filled depression that funnels The SdF is a very steep subaerial/submarine partially filled depression that funnels eruptive material produced at the summit craters into the sea, where a large volcaniclastic eruptive material produced at the summit craters into the sea, where a large volcaniclas- fan, composed by debris avalanche deposits and overlying turbidite deposits, is recogniz- tic fan, composed by debris avalanche deposits and overlying turbidite deposits, is rec- able to over 3000 m water depth (mwd, hereafter) [7]. This volcaniclastic system is mostly ognizable to over 3000 m water depth (mwd, hereafter) [7]. This volcaniclastic system is fed by the persistent activity, occurring at the summit craters (South-Western, Central mostly fed by the persistent activity, occurring at the summit craters (South-Western, and North-Eastern Craters, SWC, CC and NEC, respectively, in Figure1a). This activity, Centralmostly consistingand North- ofEastern low- toCraters, mid-energy SWC, StrombolianCC and NEC, explosions, respectively, shows in Figure intensity 1a). This and Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 2043 3 of 22 frequency fluctuations over time and is punctuated by: (a) high-energy explosive events, called paroxysms [8,9], often associated with pyroclastic flows as observed in 2019 [10], and (b) lava overflows from the summit crater area [11,12] and/or effusive flank eruptions, as recently occurred in 1985–1986, 2002–2003, 2007 and 2014 [13–16]. Dyke intrusions and effusive eruptions also induce stress changes on the volcanic flanks and can generate slope instability at different spatial scales, as observed during the initial phases of the last four flank eruptions [16–18]. Of these events, only the 2002–2003 eruption was associated with the occurrence of tsunamigenic submarine and subaerial landslides (red dashed line in Figure1c; [ 19,20]). The tsunami waves related to the 2002 sub- marine and subaerial landslides severely impacted the Stromboli coastline with a maximum runup of 10 m [21], evidencing the high hazard associated with similar events that have repeatedly occurred also during the previous century [22,23]. Since then, SdF slopes
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