Natural Environment Research Council

INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Geological Survey of and Wales

Geological notes and local details for 1:lOOOO sheets NZ05NW, NE, SW and SE Edmondbyers and Hedley on the Hill

Part of 1: 50000 sheet 20 ()

D. A. C. Mills

Bibliographic reference Mills, D. A. C. 1982. Geological notes and local details for 1: 10000 sheets NZ05NW7 NE, SW and SE (Edmondbyers and Hedley on the Hill) (Keyw0rth:Institute of Geological Sciences.)

Author D. A. C. Mills, BSc, MIGeol Institute of Geological Sciences Ring Road, Halton,Leeds LS15 8TQ Production of this report was supported by the Department of the Environment

The views expressed in this reportare not necessarily those of the Department of the Environment

@ Crown copyright 1982 KEYWORTHINSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1982 The area covered by National Grid square NZ 05 lies in the south-western portion of the country shown on l:5O 000 geological sheet 20 (Newcastle upon Tyne),and falls within a section of that sheet whichhas been surveyed as part of a contract between the Department of the Environment and the Institute of Geological.Sciences. Napping was carried out between 1977 and 1981 by Messrs E.A. Edmonds, J.R. Davies and D.A.C. Mills, under the supervision of Mr. J.G.O. Smart and Dr. D.B. Smith as District Geologists. The Department of the Environment is supplied with a geological map, relevant overlays and a report for each 1:LO 000 sheet covered by the contract. The report that follows was written by Messrs E.A. Edrnonds and J.R. Davies.

GoM. Brown Director, Institute of GeologicalSciences

Institute of Geological Sciences Exhibition Road South Kensington London S1q7 2DE CONTENTS Page

PREFACE

INTRODUCTION 1

NAMITRIAN ROCKS Eds?rondbyers and Muggleswick Barelaw Hill Shotleyfield Burn Consett and Shotley Bridge Healey area Fairleymay Gill Burn

WESTPHALIAN ROCKS 7 STRATA UP TO THE GANISTER CLAY 7 Shotleyfield Burn and Small Burn 8 Mere Burn and Yecklish Burn 8 Area east of the River Dement 9 Kellas Plantation to Fairley May 10 Hejley - Wheelbirks area 11 Stocksfield Burn to Stocksfield 12 STRATA ABOVE: WE GANISTER CLAY 12 Dement Reservoir to Minsteracres 12 Greymare Hill Shotley Low Quarter 13 Consett and Shotley Bridge 14 Newlands area 14 Whittonstall area 15 Hollings - Labourn's Fell area 15 Hedley on the Hill area 16

STRUCTURE 16

MINING 17

DRIFT DEFOS ITS 19

21

22

23 ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1 Sketch map showing main localities Fig. 2 Distribution of Namurian and Westphalian strata Fig. 3 Generalised vertical sectionof the solid rocks Fig. 4 Sketch map showing distributionof sand and gravel, worked out opencast coalareas and principal buried valleys

See also geo1ogica.l maps and overlays GEDLOGY OF THE COUNTRY BETWEEN EDMONDBYERS AND HEDLEY ON TkE HILL (NATIONAL GRID SQUARE NZ 05)

INTRODUCTION

The area represented by 1:25 000 sheet NZ 05 extends from Healeyand &&Ley on the Hill in the north to Edmondbyers andConsett in the south (Fig. 1). Minsteracres lies just within its western margin and Ebchester immediately beyond its eastern. The whole is underlain by Carboniferousrocks of Namurian andWestphalian age (Fig, 2), mostlyobscured by a mantleof &acid drift which is generally less than 5 m thick but in places fills deep buried valleys. Withinthe 'solid' succession the Quarterburn (Gastrioceras subcrenatum) Marine Band is taken to mark the Namurian (Millstone Grit Series) - Westphalian (CoalMeasures) junction and the Harvey(Anthracoceras vanderbecki) Marine Band the junction bet1Qeen Westphalian A (Lower CoalMeasures) and Westphalian B (MiddleCoal Measures) (Fig. 3). The mainmappable rocktype is sandstone. Principal coal seams,limestones and marine bands are also delineated,and the intervening shales, mudstones, seatearths and thin sandstones are shown as 'undivided'.Thick, massive sandstones are typical of the upper Narnurian andlowermost Westphalian successions. They formprominent topographic features,readily discernible even where coatedwith drift, Smaller features, attributableto sandstones elsewhere in the succession, are common, and the main mapping technique within this area of generally poor exposure is the delineation of ridgesand scarps markingsandstones, and 'slacks' and depres- sions eroded in predominantly argillaceous rocks. Superficial deposits comprisewidespread boulder clay or till, mainly stony clay with subordinate silt, sandand laminated clay in places, and patches of glacial sand and gravel clearly defined at Edmondbyers and Muggles- wick andwest and north-west of Ebchester but largely indistinguishable from sandy boulder clay around Hindley. Because of a very gentle easterly regional dip, workable coals occur mainly in the east of thearea, Much mining has takenplace, but underground working is currently confined to a small private mine in Westriding Wood, nearHedley on the Hillo Small-scalesubsidence has produced locally irregular ground surfaces and ill-drained hollows which interrupt a broad pattern of dairy ?ad arable farming on the sandier soils and dairying and stock-rearing 2

on theheavier clays. !Two largeareas, south of Idhittonstall and at Greymare Hill, and several smaller ones, havebeen worked out for opencast coal and theland restored to farming. Such a process removes the problems associated withlocalised subsidence. West ofthe Stocksfield Burn,sandy rocks mainly of early Westphalian age are overlain by thin acid sandy peaty soils supporting much commercial forestry. The southern prt of the area is traversed by tunnels which form part ofthe Kielder Water Scheme.The Letch House - Dement Tunnel extendssouth from Greymare Hill, via a headpond reservoir at Airy Holm CO&i' 53g11, to emerge north of the River Dement c0427 51451 ., The Dement - Wear Tunnel starts immediatelysouth of theRiver Dement cob5 50771 andextends beyond thesouthern limits ofthe area. Detailed information on thegeology encount- ered during the construction of these tunnels, of site investigation boreholes, andof the geotechnical properties of the various strata involved is available from the site investigation reports of Ehbtie Shaw and Morton, IGS records and TRRL SupplementaryReport 676.

The characteristic feature of the Namurian rocks is thepresence of thick grit sequences.

EdEondbyers andf4uggleswick. Grits andinterbedded argillaceous strata north of Edmondbyers andwest of luggleswick form boldescarpments. Exposure is poor,and most of the detailed information available is based on recordsof boreholesand tunnel sections. One ofthe Dement Dam boreholes E0229 50891 proved the following low Narnurian sequence: Surface c. + 230 m A.O.D. Drift and weathered sandstone Shale, grey to brown, sandy at base GrindstoneSill: sandstone, brown-grey,massive to cross-bedded Shale,grey, sandy, micaceous Sandstone,greyish brown, argillaceous,massive Shale,grey, with fine-grained' sandstone laminae, some slurnps Shale,dark grey Upper Felltop Limestone (?>: grey,massive and sand.y towards base, lowest part dark grey and crinoidal 41.68 1;1

hational Grid Reference within the 100 km square NZ 3

Seatearth-sandstone, brown, argillaceous to 42.37 m Sandstone, white, fine-grained,cross-bedded to base of hole at 42.67 m Disused quarries, as at Berrybank [OljO 50651 and We Hill COO30 53451 , show coarse-grained,cross-bedded, feldspathic sandstones which give rise to marked featureso llhe high fells west of Edmondbyers areunderlain by topmost Namurian sandstones, with outliers of Westphalianrocks forming local prominencessuch as Turfhole Hill COO0 5051-

Barelaw Hill. On thenorthern side of the Dement Reservoir a sequence similar to that around Edmondbyers is much obscured by drift, and topographical featuresare less well defined. Disused quarries north of Cronkley E0175 52901 and near Birkenside c0307 52351 , Carterway Heads LO475 51821 and Fine House E0470 53101 are all in sandstones, medium- tocoarse-grained, flaggy or cross beddedand locallypebbly and feldspathic.Argillaceous rocks are exposed at Calfclose Hole [OjgO 52301 , where black fissile shales, 3 m, are overlain by blockygrey silty shales, 2 m, cappedby flaggy sandstone, 0.5 m. The same black shales, in a disused quarry LO350 52221 , have yielded fish fragments. Disused adits nearby mark the position of a thin impersistent coal in these argillaceous measures. The high ridges around Moor Game Lo285 53851 and to the north-east of Manor House E0445 52501 are capped by sandstones close to the top of the Narnurian sequence.

Shotleyfield Burn. An isolatedsection through the Quarterburn Marine Band and the highest Namurian strata occurs in Shotleyfield Burn upstream from Hammermill Bridge E0649 52991 : rn Quarterburn Marine BandLO624 53101: Mudstone, blue-grey, fissile, with shell debris 0~36 Ironstonenodule band, fossiliferous, with abundant bivalves and a few brachiopods 0.03 Mudstone, blue-grey, with Lingula 0.31 Ironstone nodule band 0.03 Mudstone, blue-grey,silty, fissile, with Lingula 0033 Sandstonepost, green-grey, fine- to medium-grained, argillaceous and micaceouslaminae, abundant Zoophycus, rareLingula 0.10 4

rn Seatearth-mudstone,pale grey, silty, with listric surfaces 0.60 Siltstone,pale grey, argillaceous, flaggy Mudstone, grey,silty Sandstonepost, dark blue, micaceous, very hard,with Zoophycus on upper surface Seatearth-mudstone,pale grey, clayey towards top, silty towards base 0.60 Mudstone, grey, silty, with impersistent siltstone and fine-grained sandstone beds Sandstone,white to orange, medium-grained, flaggyto cross-bedded,micaceous, soft andclayey towards top; exposed to bridge

Consettand Shotley Bridge, The RiverDement and its tributaries in the vicinity of Shotley Bridge and Consett provide numerous sections through top Namurian and bottom Westphalian strata. Mere Burn flows east to join the River Dewent south of Ebchester at LO937 54981. It traversesthe following easterly dipping succession: m Quarterburn Marine Band C0887 54851 : sandstone post, green-grey, medium-grained, argillaceous andmicaceous laminae,abundant Zoophycus, highly fossiliferous ferruginousnodules 0020 Seatearth-mudstone,pale grey, silty,gradational base Oe15 Seatearth-sandstone,pale brown, fine-grained,micaceous, becoming coarser and more strongly cementedtowards base 1000 Sandstone,pale brown, medium- tocoarse-grained, micaceous, flaggy to cross-bedded, exposed to confluence with River Dement at cog37 54981 25 ,OO Seatearth-mudstones overlying flaggy sandstones in Snow's Green Burn downstreamfrom Snow's Greenburn Bridge CO9V 53411 are thought to equate with the seatearths below the Quarterburn Marine Band seen in Mere Burno The inferred position of themarine band is immediatelybelow the bridge. Posts of hard, dark blue-green sandstone with the trace fossil Zoophycus are seen in sporadic exposures in Burnhouse Gill downstreamfrom Shotley Bridge Road E076852901. They resemblethe Zoophycus post of Mere Burn and 5

Shotleyfield Burn and are accordingly thought to lie close to the Quarter- burn Marine Band. Underlyingcoarse-grained, cross-bedded feldspathic sandstones are exposed in the stream bed Lo808 52761 immediatelyupstream of a fault that brings these Namurian rocks into contact with lowWestphalian strata. Thesame high Namurian bedsprobably occur beneath the drift in the lower reaches of Burnhouse Gill, For about 0.5 km south of Shotley Bridge LO907 52751 the River Dement flowsthrough a steep-sided ravine incised into the thick sandstone which underliesthe Quarterburn Marine Band,The sides ofthe gorge are up to 15 m high. The sandstone is medium tocoarse grained, micaceous, flaggy to cross bedded and locally pebbly and feldspathic. Impersistent beds of silty shale also occur. Wallishwalls Burn enters the River Dement north of Allensford Bridge LO769 50241 and thefollowing composite section has beenrecorded: m Sandstone, brown to white, medium- to coarse-grained cross-bedded, conglomeratic towards basecross-bedded,conglomeratictowards 4.00 Siltstone,green-grey, argillaceous, micaceous, eroded top 0095 Sandstone,pale brown to white, medium- tocoarse-grained, massive,flaggy and cross-bedded, conglomeratic towards base 12moo Mudstones, darkgrey, silty, with thin beds of fine- g rained sandstone, eroded top eroded sandstone, grained 3025 S andstone, green-yellow, coarse-grainedgreen-yellow, Sandstone, 1,25 dark grey,Mudstone, dark silty 1.85 Sandstone,pale brown, medium-grained,cross-bedded; in river exposed in bed 0.75

Healeyarea. Healey Burn,downstream from COO07 58581, runs on thinsandstones and shales. Low cliffs alongside the burn show up to 6 m ofthe overlying medium- to coarse-grained,thick-bedded to massive, current-bedded feldspathic sandstone.Shales immediately below thissandstone, a few metreswest of the area, have yieldedfossils indicating the presence of a marineband, Strata above the sandstone, sporadically exposed in the twin headwaters of the burn, compriseabout 5 rr, of shales, mudstonesand silty shales with seatearths and ferruginous nodules, and with a thin coal seam near the top of the sequence; 6 they are presumed,from evidence to the west of the area, to contain the Quarterburn Narine Band. Shales, locally nodular, with mudstonesand thinsandstones, crop out COO86 5668 to 0088 5G56I in Healey East Burn south of the Ninety Fathom Fault.Their position relative to theinferred crop of theGanister Clay to the south suggests that they may contain the Quarterburn Marine Band.

Fairlepay Gill. Fairleymay Gill flowsinto Stocksfield Burn nearBridges Farm, just southof the Ninety Fathom Fault. The section is as follows: rn brown, medium-grainedSandstone, brown, 5.0 Shales,grey, rubbly, fossiliferous (presumedQuarterburn Marine Band) E0441 57231 , on shales, seatearths and thin sandstones;uncertainthickness thin ? 10.0 Sandstone, brown, medium- tocoarse-grained, current- bedded, massiye bedded, 10 00 Shale, grey, fossiliferous grey,Shale, LO447 57463 0.6 Seatearth, brownish grey brownish Seatearth, 0*3 The lower fossiliferous shale may be equated with the marine band recorded in Healey Burn andabove the WhitehouseLimestone in Stocksfield Burn.

Stocksfield Burn. ‘The valley of theStocksfield Burn,between Mheelbirks Cottages and Hindley Bridge, and the lower reaches of the tributary Lynn Burn, traverse a shallow dome showing the following succession: m Sandstone, brown, nedium-grained,current-bedded; massive and thickly beddedbelow, finer grained and thinner beddedabove 1000 Shale,grey, sandy, micaceous 100 Cod., soft,bright 0.2 Shale,dark grey, carbonaceous 001 Seatearth, brown, sandy 0.4 Shales,grey, with thin sandstones 100 Sandstone,greyish brown, fine-grained,blocky, with plantfragments 1.0 Shale , grey Sandstone,greyish brown, fine-grained 0-5 Shales,grey, with thin sandstones 7

Shale,blue-grey, micaceous, with ironstone nodules and penetrated by adit c0534 59583 1.0 Seatearth,ferruginous 1.5 Sandstone,greyish brown, fine-grained,knobbly, with roots and abundant Zoophycus 100 (Quarterburn Marine Band presumed hereabouts) Shale,locally ferruginous Sandstone,grey, fine-grained, knobbly Shale,grey Seatearth,brownish grey Sandstone, brown, medium- tocoarse-grained, current- bedded;mainly massive but thinner beddedtowards top 10.0 Section obscured 1*0 Shale,grey, with thin fossiliferous sandy limestone LO531 5924 and 0508 58461 0.4 Sandstone,grey, fine-grained 0~25 Seatearth, greyish brown 0 05 Sandstone, brown, fine-grained,soft, with roots 1*0 Shale,grey 0.2 Limestone,grey-brown, fossiliferous (WhitehouseLimestone) LO570 58301 0.2 Shales,grey, and sandstones, greyish brown, fine-grained ? 10.0 The marinebands of the WhitehouseLimestone and the sandy limestone about 2 m above it were notrecorded in a continuous section, but occur so in Reaston Gill just westof the area. The sandylimestone probably equates withthe marine band in Healey Burn. Foraminifera from the Whitehouse Limestone of the Lynn Burn are of Kinderscoutian age,

WESTPHALIAN ROCKS

Strata u-p to the Ganister Clay

Westphalian strata below the Ganister Clay are predominantly arenaceousO and more like the underlying Namurian grits than the overlying Coal Measureso Coalseams, including the Ganister Clay, are generdly impoverished and impersistent and havebeen little workedQ In thesouthern half of the area the Ganister Clay has not been definitely identified at outcrop; its position 8

is inferred by reference to the Quarterburn Marine Band andyounger coal seamG.

Shotleyfield Burn andSmall Burn. The valley sides north of Shotleyfield Burn, near Shotley Field Mill Lo610 53251, exhibit marked features attri- butableto low Westphaliansandstones and shales. The followingsection occurs in Small Burn Lo609 53071 : m Sandstone,pale brown, coarse-grained,cross-bedded, micaceous, conglomeraticand feldspathic towards base 4.00 Seatearth-sandstone, brown,medium-grained with shaly siltstoneintercalations, eroded top 1.20 Shaly siltstones, grey-brown, with thin beds of fine-grained sandstone,ripple-cross-laminated, rootlets towards top, gradational base 2.00 Shale, silty, dark grey with thin beds of fine-grained micaceoussandstone; overlies Quarterburn Marine Band exposed Shotleyfieldin Burn EO624 53101 (seeabove) 1.50 To- the south of Shotleyfield Burn, strata between the Quarterburn Narine knd and the Ganister Clay are concealed beneath thick drift deposits.

Mere Burn andYecklish Burn. The following strata exposed downstream from Mereburn Bridge Lo859 54881 overlie the Mere Burn Namurian sequencedescribed above : rn Sandstone,pale brown, coarse- to medium-grained, cross- bedded 5 ,oo 0 Shale,dark grey, fissile, poorly exposed, commonly cut out by erosionbyout surface bexleath overlyingsandstone 0.60 Mudstone, palegrey, with silty andcarbonaceous laminae 1.50 Seatearth-sandstone, orange-brown, fine-grained,micaceous, ganisteroid at top 0.96 Interbeddedsandstones, fine-grained, micaceous, flaggy with ripple marks,shales and silty le20 r;ludstones, darkgrey,ironstone nodules towards base 3-00 Sh ear zone, brecciated shale and claybrecciatedzone,Shearand shale gouge 0.10 Quarterburn Marine Band: fossiliferous sandstone post with abundant Zoophycus 0.20 9

The upper reaches of Mere Burn provide sections through younger strata, mainly medium- tocoarse-grained, flaggy to cross-bedded, micaceous sandstones Lo778 5445;0720 5433; 0694 5420; 0626 54291. Bcposuresof the intercalated argillaceous rocks are less common, butblack micaceous shales were seen at C0698 54201. YeckLish Burn provides the following section E078854801: m S hales, black Shales, fissile 1.oo Sandstone,purple, medium-grained, crudelybedded, bioturbated 0.40 Xudstone,sandy, palegrey, micaceous, gradational base 0.75 S andstone, pale grey, pale Sandstone, medium-grained 1.15 Sandstones are extensively exposed in the upper reaches of the burn below the inferred position LO697 54921 of the Ganister Clay.

Area east of the River Derwent. The steep valley sides common east of the River Dement are largely free of drift, and detailed feature ma2ping is possible. The following strata exposed in Snow'sGreen Burn upstream from Snow's GreenburnBridge [OgZl 53411 overlie the Narnurian rocks of this burn described above : m Sandstone,pale brown, coarse-grainedto conglomeratic, feldspathic,massive to cross-bedded, with ganisteroid beds 15 .oo Seatearth-sandstone-mudstone,pale grey, soft, micaceous, eroded top 0*40 Sandstonepost, green-brown, coarse-grained,ferruginous 0,40 Sandstone,dark grey to brown, shaly, fine-grained,micaceous, friable,with more massivebeds, poorly fossiliferous 1.30 Sandstone, orange-brown, fine-grained,micaceous, ferruginous 020 Coal , bright O,l5 Seatearth-sandstone,yellow-grey, fine-grained, micaceous, capped by capped ganister (0.10 m> 0.78 Sandstone, grey-brown,medium-grained, micaceous, ripple- cross-laminated, gradational base gradational cross-laminated, 0.30 Cross-laminated fine-grained sandstones and siltstones with shaly beds and laminae, becoming more shaly downwards, gradational base 3,20 10

m silty, dark grey darkMudstone, silty, 1.20 The break in section beneath the bridge is the inferred position of the Quarterburn Marine Band. Farther to the east cog70 53083 a 15-cm shaly coal exposed in a tributary of Snow's Green Burn may be the Ganister Clay. The steep cliff sections which form the eastern bank of the River Dement to the north and south of Westlaw Wood CO96 5431 are oflow West- PhaZiansandstones. A thincoal observed at the base of the cliff EO951 53971 may equate with the unnamed seam exposed in Snow's Green Burn. Records exist of Westphalian strata up to the Ganister Clay formerly exposed along Blackstone Burn. The stream has been cdverted and its valley is now largely filled by made ground, but exposures of massive sandstone are visible at cog53 51751. Earlier surveysalso recorded a coal, presumed to be theGanister Clay, cropping out cog07 50031 in a stream south of The Grove.

Kellas Plantation to Fairley May.On the south side of theNinety Fathom Fault, a coal seam runningeast-west through the northern part of Minsteracres grounds is considered, from its relationship to youngerseams to the south, to be theGanister Clay. It was seen in the gas pipeline trench E022456241 to be 0.2 m thick, resting on a sandy seatearth and within a sequencemainly of shales andmudstones. The Westphalian rocks below the Ganister Clay west of Minsteracres includethree sandstone successions. Strata extending from thelowest to the middlesandstone in Healey East Burn are as follows COLO 5641: m Sandstone, brown, medium-grained, flaggy 3 00 Sh ale, grey Shale, 1*o San dstone, grey, rooty,Sandstone,grey, onseatearth sandy 0.8 grey-brown, sandyShale , grey-brown, 1,6 Sh ale, grey,Shale, with thin ripple-markedsandstones 5.0 Sandstone, grey-brown, fine-grained,hard 0.1 Seatearth, sandstonebrown,rooty and sandy, 1.6 Sandstone, brown, medium-grained, flaggy 2.5 In Fairleymay Gill an argillaceous sequence above the lowest sandstone is overlain by a middle sandstone, mainly medium-grained andthick-bedded or massive but with some thinner beds, succeeded by another shaly sequence 11 containing a thin (0.075 m> coal b393 56571. The topsandstone is medium- grained and thick-bedded and overlain by the following beds in Newfield Burn lo37 5631: m Sandstone, brown, medium-grained 1.5 Shale, grey 3.5 Sandstone, grey-brown, silty 0.07 Shale, grey-brown, withsphaerosiderite about 1 m abovebase 3.5 C oal (Ganister Clay) (Ganister Coal 0.15 Seatearth, brown 1.15 Thin sandstones and shales, greyish brown 3 00 Shale,grey, rooty, on seatearth 100 Sandstone, grey-brown,thin-bedded 100 Sandstone, brown, medium- tocoarse-grained, thick-bedded 2.0

Healey-Wheelbirksarea. The argillaceous strata exposed in the headwaters ofHealey Burn andpresumed to include the Quarterburn Marine Band (see above)contain, just below overlying medium- tocoarse-grained feldspathic sandstones, a thin (0.03 rn) coal seam COO47 5822; 0067 58401 corresponding to that near the top of the Stocksfield Burn section given above. Between these two localities, and on the north side of the Ninety Fathom Fault,lies an area of poorly exposed lowWestphalian strata. The ground rises to High Fotherley c0200 57251, as doesthe succession, with alternating crops of predominantly arenaceous and predominantly argillaceous strata curvinground the high ground. Sandstonesunderlie large areas. They are mainlyfine-grained and commonly flaggy,but medium- to coarse-grained andthick-bedded towards the base of the succession, as on Eastwoodhouse Fell COO3 4981, and locallyelsewhere [0246 58261. Two thincoal seam, possibly theSaltwick and the Gubeon, arepresent. The lower one (? Saltwick) is marked by three collapsed adits and thickens from 0.03 rn near Healey Hall to 0.6 m in Broomleyfell Plantation, which contains a number of trial shafts and two adits, and 0.3 to 0.6 m in the east aroundFotherley Gill. The higher seam is thinner, difficult to trace and marked by few trials, but was seen in a gas pipeline trench LO244 57'87;0239 58301 near Low Fotherley as thin streaks of coal in up to 1 m ofcoaly shale. High Fotherleystands upon a prominentsandstone ridge, The baseof the ridge is considered, from reference to the general succession, to coincide with the horizon of the Ganister Clay,but the only 12

coal. seen occurred as thin streaks in the gas pipeline trench c0248 57,291.

Stocksfield Burn toStocksfield. A compositesection of the beds immediately overlying the Stocksfield Burn section given above is as follows:

Shale 1 0.45 Sandstone, soft Sandstone, 1 0.45 1 Shalewith coal (Ganister Clay) j Quarry LO567 59131, now 0.3 filled andploughed Sandstone,soft 1 1.5 1 J Shale, with thin sandstones 1 200 Shale, carbonaceous Shale, 1 100 Sandstone, brown, fine-grained,massive, current-bedded LO645 59841 8.0 Thinsandstones and shaleswithtraces of coal ? 2.0 Shale,grey, with flaky micaceoussandstone ? 500 Sandstone, brown, fine-grained,flaggy 102 J Sandstones, grey-brown, thin,with interbedded shale 1 ? 2.0 Sandstone, brown, fine-grained,platy 1 0.3 Shale,grey Sandstone,grey-brown, fine-grained Section obscured Sandstone, brown, fine-grained,flaggy J Shale,grey, with sandstone, coaly traces 1 004 Sandstone, brown, fine-grained 1 0015 1 'Coal, locally split with sandstone intercalations 1 0.15 Shale , grey 1 0.5 1 Shales,mudstones and thin sandstones 1 ? 5.0

Strata above the Ganister Clay

The strata above the Ganister Clay form the lower part of the Productive Coal Measures. Rocks between thecoal seams compriseinterbedded sandstones, shalesand mudstones, but in contrast to theunderlying strata sandstones tend to be thinner, lenticular and impersistent.

Derwent Reservoirto Minsteracres, The ground rises steadily from the shore of thereservoir northwards towards the watershed between the Rivers Derwent and Tyne which runs approximatelyeast-west along grid line 55. The coal seams Marshall Green, Victoria and Brockwell are present, in an outcrop pattern much affected by faulting. A series of disused adits along Woodhouse Burn records former working in the Marshall Greenseam, which a borehole COO23 54551 showed to be 0.40 m thick. A higher seam which crops out to the north is probablythe Victoria; it hasbeen proved in several NCB test boreholes, and at COO84 54611 was 0.36 m thick. The Brockwell seam has been extensively worked both from adit around COO4 5483 andby opencast operations at Barley Hill. Sandstones between the Marshall Greenand Victoria seams are exposed in an old quarry near Wall House COO10 54-06], and sandstones between the Victoria and Brock- well seams in another near School House c0214 54051. Farthernorth, rubbly exposures in the gas pipeline trench running parallel to, and just outside, the western boundary of Minsteracrespark, showed thefollowing upward succession:Ganister Clay seam (0-2 rn) LO226 56311; shales and mudstones with scattered thin sandstones; a sequence predom- inantly of sandstone; shales and mudstones with coal streaks C0219 55781, probablyrepresenting the Marshall Green seam; medium-grained sandstones; shales with thin coals representing the Victoria seam EO217 55461; and a broadcrop mainly of shales, mudstones and siltstones with ferruginous nodules extending across theroad that bordersthe park on its southernside. Farther west, in Kellas Plantation, the sandstones above the Ganister Clay seam are seen in Healey East Burn andHealey West Burn to bemedium-grained, some thick-beddedand some flaggy. No trace of the Marshall Green seam was found in this locality, A small opencastworking E014 5551, now restored,near West Minsteracres probably rnarks the crop of the Top Victoria searno

Greymare Hill andShotley Low Quarter, Greymare Hill has been the site of extensive NCB exploration and coalextraction. Both theGanister Clay (0.13 m) and the Marshall Green (0.5 m) seamshave been proved by boreholes, buthave not been worked. Higherseams ranging from the Bottom Victoria to the Top Bustyonce followed concentric crops around the hill, but most of the

. ground containing these seams has been worked out by opencast mining and is now fullyrestored. Old ironstoneworkings recorded during previous surveys EO531 55211 marked local extraction of the German Bands Ironstone which occurs irnpersistently immediately above the Bottom Victoria seam. Broad interfluves stretch eastwards across and to the south of Shotley Low Quarter.Sandstones immediately overlying the inferred crop of the Ganister Clay capthese ridges and crop out extensively. Sections occur at Pikehill Quarry LO735 53921 and at Blue House LO771 53451, where 5 m of pde brown, medium-grained,massive to cross-beddedsandstone have been recordedo 14

Consettand Shotley Bridge. Strata beneath Consett and Shotley Bridge range from theGanister Clay seam to the Three-Quarter. Inthe south the crops of seams ranging from theMarshall Green to the Three-Quarter are now largely concealed by theextensive spoil tips of the Consett Steel Works. Sandstones . .. within the drift-free spurs which characterise the eastern side of the Derwent valley are generally lenticular and impersistent. To the north, the Top Victoria and Bottom and Top Brockwellseams have been workedby opencast methods to the south of West Law ClOO 5391. Sand- stones below these seams are well exposed in Snow'sGreen Burn Cog80 53221 and its tributaries to the south cog90 53051 and in a disused quarry at Greenwood cog72 54001.

Newlands area. The followingsection is exposedalong Mill Dene: m Sandstone, brown, medium- tocoarse-grained, massive LO914 55361 Shale, grey-brown,sandy, with thinshaly sandstones 3*3 Sandstone, brown, flaggy 1.0 Shale,grey 1.3 Sandstone, medium- tocoarse-grained, massive, ochreous, locally passing laterally into thinner beds 1.6 SWe,grey, with thin sandstones 2.5 Sandstone, brown, flaggy,current-bedded 3.0 Fault,trend north-west, downthrow north-east Shale (mainly),grey, degraded, adit and bellpit in north bank '(probableGanisterpositionClay) of ? 3.0 Sandstone,micaceous brown, flaggy, 006 Sha le, grey, blocky, locally nodularlocally blocky, grey, Shale, 2.5 Seatearth, brown, sandy,ferruginous locally 2.0 Shale, grey-brown,sandy, micaceous, locallynodular with a few fine-grainedthin sandstones (River Dement) 5 .o It is consideredthat the strata above(upstream of) the fault lie beneath the Ganister Clay, whose cropprobably passes between the top of the section and Newlands Bridge. Upstream of thebridge occur a few exposuresof medium- grainedflaggy sandstone. They underliethe Marshall Green seam which is seen at the water's edge CO873 55631 to be 0.G m thick.

Whittonstallarea. The highground onwhich Whittonstallstands constitutes another outlier of strata containing workable coal seams ranging from the Victoriato the Harvey. Most ofthe coal south-west of the B 6309 road been dug out from surfaceworkings and the ground restored, but a prominent feature trending west-south-west from Whittonstall Sproats attests the presence of a thick and persistent sandstone beneath the Brockwell seam. Sandstoneshigher in the sequenceare discontinuous, The thickestcoals, theBrockwell, Bottom Bustyand Top Busty, crop out respectively as rubbly exposures in old workings LO704 57211 , alongside a house in the village c0737 57061 , and in a small disusedquarry c0741 57021. The area north-east of the €3 6309 road has been intensively drilled down to the level of the Victoria seam. Features parallel to the Whittonstall-Fairley road, and a few scattered exposures,suggest the presence of much sandstone and two thin coals between theMarshall Green and Victoria seams, Sandstones of variablethickness are common higher in the succession, especially between theThree-Quarter and Bottom Busty seams. Strata from theVictoria seam to the Harvey areabout 70 m thick.

Hollings - Labourn'sFell area. A wooded valleyrunning south-east from Spring House, and passing south of Hollings, bounds the Whittonstall prospect on its north-eastern side. Slopesrising north-eastward are extensively scarred byworkings along thecrops of the Brockwell, Three-Quarter, Bottom Bustyand Top Busty seams. A section LO959 56761 at the foot of the sorting plant in Broadoak Quarry shows seatearth 0.54; rn, overlain by coal (Top Brockwell) 0.75 m, shale with scattered silty nodules and plantremains 1.3 m, shale with ferruginous nodules 0.7 m, shale with thin sandstones 1 m and thick-beddedsandstone 1.5 m. Higher in the succession the Tilley, Harveyand Ruler seams,and the HarveyMarine Band, havebeen proved in boreholes, The overlying strata comprisethick sandstones, apparently without any notable development of the Hutton seam. Quarries cog0 5871 immediatelysouth of theNinety Fathom Fault, near Airy Hill, show up to 6 m ofmassive, thick-bedded and thin-bedded sand- stones, commonly micaceousand current-bedded, with a few shaly intercalations. A borehole alongside the quarries proved mainly sandstone to a depth of 28.7 m. 16

Hedleyon the Hill area. The steepslope rising eastwards from New Ridley Road comprisesthree sandy gorse-covered small ridges and the complementary slacks.Probably the former are attributable to sandstones and the latter contain the horizons of the Marshall Green, Victoria, BrockweLl andThree- Quartercoal seams, thetop and bottom seams about 40 m apart. An adit LO715 59271 was driven in the Brockwell seam, here 1.9 rn thick but split by 0.86 m of sandstone and shale. Highground of Hedley on the Hill, andHedley Fell to the east, are ringed by the crops of coal seams ranging from theThree-Quarter to the Durham Low Main, all cutoff to the south by the Ninety Fathom Fault.Their positions on the map are based largely on boreholeevidence, Exposure is poor,but mappable sandstonesoccur between the higher seams and sporadically elsewhere. In Westriding Wood, adits of the only active mine in the area show the Top Busty seam 1 m thick. Rubbly exposu-res alongsidethe Hedley- road show traces of coal probably marking the positions of the Bottom Busty, Top Busty, Tilley and Harvey seam. The HarveyMarine Band hasbeen proved in boreholes,but its crop is everywhereinferred. A prominentridge above it shows exposed fine-grained platy and €laggy sandstone near Hedley on the Hill andHedley Grange, and abundantdebris elsewhere. TheDurham Low Plain seam is exposed Lo896 58853 in the farmyard at Airy Hill, just north of the Ninety Fathom Fault, andrepresented in rubble fromburrows C0879 58871 and bellpits lo865 58771 near by,

An easterly regional dip prevails, but so slight as commonly tobe impercept- ible in exposure. The courseof outcrop of coal seams suggests a fall 0 0 generally between 1 and 3 . Slightflexures occur locally, as where a gentle dome crossed by the Stocksfield Burn south-east of Hindley brings upNamurian strata extending down to the WhitehouseLimestone. Steeperdips affect strata in some places near faults, as shown by outcrop patterns near the Ninety Fathom Fault south of Hedley on the Hill; a north-west-trending fault exposed cog90 56211 in kckworth Letch separates horizontal strata to the north-east fron? bedsdipping @OSW to the south-west, The Ninety Fathom Fault runs west-south-west from east of Hedley on the Hill toKellas Plantation. Its (northerly) downthrow ranges from over 30 m in the east to about 11 m in Wheelbirks Woods and nearHealey, Except where bordered to the south by thick sandstones overlying the Ruler seam (see above),the Ninety Fathom Fault, in common with other faults, is usually marked by a surfacedepression, Splay faults from this major fracture trendwest-south-west and south-west across Whittonstall Common, oneof them branching beneath Greymare Hill and displacing strata by 15 - 20 rn. Strata east of Whittonstall are cut by small faults coursing north-west andnorth-east; throws usually do notexceed 10 m. Two important NILSE fracture lines, both downthrowing to the north- esst, crossthe southern part of the area, The HealeyfieldFault runs from Wallish Walls C063 5021 to Greymare Hill. Its throw, 85 rn inthe south, diminishes northwards and the fault is truncated by the Greymare Hill splay fault referred to above. Lead/silvermineralisation is associatedwith the Healeyfield Fault in theDement gorge immediately south of the area. A fracture zone here termed the Muggleswick Fault was encountered during the construction of the Dement-WearTunnel of the Kielder Water Scheme and equates with one proved by the Dement Dam site investigation, A throwof 55 m was estimatedin the tunnel. The faultpasses north-westwards beneaththe reservoir, truncating the Greymare Hill splayfault. At Bale Hill COO5 5351 thethrow is 125 rn and it may be that the Muggleswick Fault hastaken up the throwof the waning HealeyfieldFault to theeast. Severe distortions of dip in the vicinity of the 14uggleswick Fault were noted in the Dement-WearTunnel. Joint planes are very steep or vertical, and best displayed in thick sandstones. They comprise two sets,trending approximately north or east within the ranges north-north-west/north-north-east andeast-north-east/ east-south-east, Two tributaries of theStocksfield Burn nearBridges Farm [Oh 5741 swing to northerly courses where they cut through thick sandstones; theyhave followed a principal joint direction and it seems likely that similar controlsof drainage channels have operated elsewhere. Most notable of the sedimentary structures are the eroded surfaces beneath many of the thick sandstones, which latter may be seen in exposure to cut out underlyingbeds, and the widespread current bedding, which although somewhat variable is generally indicative of a northerly source of sediment.

In the north-east of thearea, underground workings (see overlay to quarter sheet NZ 05 NE) on the northern side of the Ninety Fathom Fault extend 18 westwards to the site ofthe abandonedHedley Colliery c071 5931. The coal seams that havebeen worked range from theBrockwell up to the Durham LOW Main,Beyond thebreak in workingsmarking the lineof the fault, mining has extended south to Hollings Hill andwest to Hollings and Spring House. Workings extend from theBrockwell seam up to the Harvey,above which there is much sandstone(see above). The only active underground mining takes place at Hedley Pit, a small private mine in Westriding ‘Wood, whose workings are currently confined to the Top Busty seam. A northernadit LO734 58571 was closed in 1981, as that part ofthe concession was worked out, but a southern drift c0749 58341 continues in operation. East of Whittonstall, seams from the Brockwell to the Top Bustyhave been mined. South-westof the B 6309 road,subsequent opencast operations, now concluded,were carried down to theVictoria seam (Fig. 4). An application to carry out a similar programme north-east of theroad, taking coal from strata extending from the Top Victoria seam to the Harvey seam, was refused; future extraction there remains possible. At Greymare Hill, mining down to the Brockwell seam hasbeen followed by opencast extraction of coals ranging from the Top Victoria seam to the Top BustyoImmediately to the west, the Brockwell seam hasbeen mined underground from outcrop, the workingsextending about 130 m north-south by 50 M east- west LO37 5541. Surfaceworking of the Top Victoria seam extended for about 370 m along thecrop c014 4551 near West Minsteracres,South of Minsteracres, at Barley Hill LO24 5481 , the Brockwell seam has been exploited by underground and opencast mining. On the eastern edgeof the area, at West Law [lo0 5383, the Victoria and Brockwellseams have been worked by opencastmethods- Two collapsedadits EO205 5945; 0210 59451 in BroomleyfellPlantation mark the entrance to a very small undergroundworking of a coal, possibly theSaltwick, about 20 m above thebase of theWestphalian. The seam is 0.62 m thick at the eastern adit, andworkings extend south-westwards for about 200 me Any future large-scale extraction of coal will be by opencastmining, mainlywithin areas already worked underground.Proved reservesexist immediatelyeast of Whittonstall(see above), and the same rangeof seam is presentaround Hollings and Woodhead, beyond the valley that forms thenorth- eastern boundary of the Whittonstall prospect. Coal crops skirting the rise on which stands Hedley on the Hill suggest that workingof seams from theBrockwell to the Harveymight be contemplated in an area stretching from Westriding Wood to HedleyPark and beyond, Higher seams (Ruler to Low PIain) occur on the northern side of the lJinety Fathom Fault south-east and east ofHedley on the Hill; the Low Main locally exceeds 2 m in thickness; both it and the Hutton seamshave been worked underground, butlimitation of extent, the presence of thick sandstones, and theproximity of faults suggest that future working,although possible, is less likely than in the lower seams farther from the fault. West of Greymare Hill, it appears likely that the Top Victoria seam is thin. However, theBrockwell seam may be workable east of thesouthern entrance to Evlinsteracres,and ground form suggests its possiblepresence between there and West Minsteracres. The adit c0534 59581 alongside the Stocksfield Burn is driven slightly northof west in shales. It continuesfor 12 m to a 2-m vertical drop into a chamber 3 m across, and thence for 5 M in the original direction to where thedescending roof meets the floor. The shalesare locally slightly ferru- ginous, and contain scattered ironstone nodules, and the adit must be presumed to be a failed trial for ironstone.Farther upstream the remains of an old bloomery c0-487 57971 point to early attempts at smelting, The early growth of the iron and steel industry around Consett stemmed from thepresence of local ores, including the German Bands ironstone,but no workablereserve exists.

DRIFTDEPOSITS

The high ground east of Hedley on the Hill carries little or no drift, Elsewhere, among the largest drift-free areas are the expanses of made ground resulting from restoration of opencast worksaround Whittonstall Sproats and Greymare Hill, the high moors north-westof Edmondbyers and the spurs below Consett on the eastern side of the River Dement, Most of the superficial cover is boulder clay less than 5 m thick, generally comprising variable stiff, mottled grey andochreous sandy and stony clays. "he containedstones are mainly sandstone of localderivation, but a few volcanic rocks from more distantsources are alsopresent, >io good sections exist, but some details were afforded by boreholes of the Kielder Water Scheme. A stonyclay mantle east of Gallow Hill Farm C0278 59671 is rarelyover 5 m thick, To thesouth, alongside Hindley Burn c0353 58811 , it 20

exceeds 20 M, suggestingthe presence of a buriedvalley. Alongside the track between Fell House andHindley, a borehole LO373 58453proved silty sandy clay to 1.2 rn, stony clay to 5,l m, andclayey sand passing down into sand(not bottomed) to 6 m. Still farther south, over 13 rn of stonyclay occuralongside the headwaters of theStocksfield Burn E0381 57381. A gas pipeline trench south of Gallow Hill Farm showed 1 m of poorly sorted gravel beneath 2 m of stony clay. Glacialsand and gravel is shown (Fig. 4) covering a considerablearea aroundHindley LO49 5923 but lateral transition into sandyboulder clay is common and theboundaries are locally arbitrary, The farmer at Brookside c0421 59441reports up to 5 rn of sand beneath the field immediately east of the farmhouse,Small mounds of sandand gravel occur to the south and west, andthe southernmost LO42 5721has been dug €or sand. Fox Bill cO7O 5841 is a small circular mound of sand, Sandand gravel is extensive between Hollings Hill LO97 5741 and Newlands. Several small hills lie west of the main outcrop,and a disused pit cog5 5641 in one of them shows degraded faces of up to 10 m of sand and stony gravel, South of Hollings Hill, boreholes for coal proved up to 51.8 m of drift, probablybroadly comprising sand andgravel on boulder clay. Broadoak Quarry Cog8 5671 is being worked for sand and gravel.Faces show up to 10 m ofsand andpebbly sand, locally cementedand in places current bedded, In the south of the area sand and gravel deposits fom a series of isolated masses. They consisttypically of poorlysorted, medium- to coarse- grained unconsolidated sands and gravels with variable clay contents, are commonly cross beddedand locally contain discrete beds of laminated silty clay. Such depositsgive rise to characteristic moundy ground,and contacts with adjacent boulder clay are usually marked by seepages or spring lines. At Edmondbyers degraded gravel pits COU5 50151 occur in a large isolated deposit of sandand gravel; sections remain unobscured at c0124 50071and c0148 50121. To theeast more extensivedeposits south of theDement Dam contain a small quarry E0287 50991 showing 4 to 5 rn of cross-beddedsands ad gravels. A borehole c0467 50041 has shown that irregular mounds at Muggleswick comprise at least 8 m of sand and gravel.Other deposits occur at Manor House E042 5221,south of Greenhead C053 5151 and in the vicinity of thesouthern portal of theLetchouse-Dement Tunnel E044 51-61?where 3 to 4 M or" clayey gravelsand cross-bedded sands wereexposed during construction. Sandand gravel deposits form the aounds of Broom Hill LO79 5091 and Brown% Hill Lo80 5151 and theridge through Orchard Field EO72 51-53. Patches .of sand and gravel north of Burnhouse Gill show traces of former workings, The deposit mapped to the south of thestream above Burnmill LO72 5283 is very thin. The deepest buried valley in the area is that of the River Dement (Fig. 4); up to 90 rn of drift havebeen proved LO558 50151 and thesequence comprises interdigitated boulder clay, sands and gravels and laminated silts andclays. The river is bordered by depositsof silt, clay,sand and gravel, mainlyalluvium with tracts of first andsecond terrace. Control of river flow from the Dement Reservoir has resulted in much of the old flood plain ly-ing zbove the limits of normal flooding, and such areas have been mapped as part ofthe river terrace system.Elevated terrace features at Derwent Bridge LO32 5131 and Low Waskerley C086 5331 are interpreted as remnantsof anearly post-glacial flood plain. This appearsto havebeen cut into the boulder clay of the buried valley, and displays channel gravels and a ptchy veneer of unconsolidated silts and,fine-grainedsands, Discontinuous strips of alluvium and terrace occur alongside many of the tributary streams which flow into the Dement. Lacustrine alluvium rests on boulder clay in a few small isolated hollows.Peat mantles small areas of high moorlandnorth-west of Edmondbyers, and the presence of scarp features on this high ground has facilitated the accumulation of alluvialfan deposits, Fotherley Moss lo16 5751 is anarea ofpeat of maximum extent 500 m x 300 M. Its eastern part is commonly wet, with a patchy cover of rushes; in the west thin woodland grows on drier friablepeat. The thickness of peat is unknown, but is unlikelyto exceed 2 m. Ektensive areas of landslip occur on the slopes of the Dement valley westof Consett.

CONSTRUCTION AND MISCELLANEIOUS MATERIALS

Small. quarries, opened for use in the immediate vicinity andabandoned when sufficient stone for building or field wall had been extracted, occur sporad- ically within most ofthe thicker sandstones, Only at Airy Hill is there a quarry more than a few metres across; the workings are nowmuch overgrown andextend for about 200 m. Nowhere in the north of the area is there a development of stone of such thickness and quality as to justify extraction in the forseeable future - even as road aggregate. Sandand gravel adjacent to the Marley Tile Works LO92 5611 are considered to be worked out, In andaround Broadoak Quarry Log8 5671 reserves are large 22

in relation to the scale of operations.Elsewhere, sand and gravel too commonly grade into sandy boulder clay, or occur in too small isolated patches,to comprise economic reserves- No clayhas been worked in the area, but old mapsshow 'Minsteracres Tile Works' to havebeen situated COl5 5521 just west of West Minsteracres. Presumably a small local industry served the Minsteracres estate and its surrounds, using Coal Measures shales possibly near the horizon of the Brockwell seam. No similar future development is likely, and no lacustrine clays other than thin partings in glacid drift, are known, The peats of Fotherley Moss and Edmondbyers are insufficient to comtitute a useful resource.

PLANNING AND ENGINEERING

The possibility that coal seams dug underground in the past constikute reserves that will justify opencast working in the future suggests that land overlying mines in the present area should remain free from anydevelopment that mightprevent such recovery of theremaining coal, Major problems of subsidence into old workings,which are mostly at fairly shallow depth, would also beavoided. Restored ground, once consolidated by time, and mechanically compactedwhere necessary, presents no great problems to small- scale engineering projects or the stability of snzall. buildings. Areaswest of Greymare Hill where the Brockwell seam may be present (seeabove) might also merit protection until explored, but lower seams in this western part of the area do not constitute a valuableresource. Sand and gravelaround Broadoak Quarry (Fig. 4) are probably also worth preserving as availablereserves, although not at great cost, since they are a poorlysorted somewhat variablemixture. An impressionbased entirely on the spread of old pits is that more systematic extraction and restoration should be possible if required. Little information is available about the engineering properties of the rocks of the area. A gaspipeline trench, seen from Gallow Hill Farm to the south side of Minsteracres, showed that strata from about 17 m above the base of theWestphalian up to the Brockwell Sean couldbe dug out to depths of four or fivemetres without the need of explosives. More details are contained in a site investigation report (1975) by Messrs,Babtie Shaw andNorton about the route of a rising main of the Xielder Water Scheme from east of Gallow Hill Farm to Greymare Hill, Boulderclay proved stiff to very stiff where clayey and compact to verydense where sandy;the underlying sandstones exhibited different degrees of weathering, the most weatheredshowing less resistance to penetration thm did Some of theglacial drift. Data on particlesize distribution, plasticity, and compression, compaction and penetration tests are given in the report. The Ninety Fathom Faultcrosses the mea (see above). It probablytakes the form of a series of parallel and en 6chelon fractures occupying a fault zone.Although the groundappears stable, it would perhaps be inadvisable to site any major structure within 200 rn of the line shown on the map. The presence of slipped ground alongside the Ever Dement has been mentionedabove. Recent mass movement of theeastern valley slopes immediately west of the Consett spoil heaps, as shown by tilted trees and telegraph poles, may have been triggered by removal of spoil andconsequent changes in water pressures within the rocks.

Babtie Shaw and Morton (consultingengineers) 1975. Report on a site investigation at Kielder Water Scheme - pumping main. Geotechnic21 report.Cementation Ground Engineering Ltd. Davies, T.P., Carter, PIG., Mills, D.A.C. and West, Go 1981. Kielder aqueducttunnels - predicted and actual geology.Transport and Road Research Laboratory Supplementary Report 676. I 1

STOCKSFiELD

Hedley Emtwoodhouse -Fell Fell +Hedley on BmomleyFM the Hill Plantation

Fdl

+Spring House Hollings Holling: Whittonstall Hill common +

+ Whittonstall - Sproeta Broadoal +Fairley May Quarry i-Fairley

' Kelres Plantation

Fig. 1. Sketch map showing main localities mentioned in the text 400 410 - 560

+ Healey

-I- Whittonstall

ca

cn

550 - 550 400 . 410 Fig. 2. Distribution of Namurian (cn), Westphalian A (ca) and Westphalian B (cb) strata I- ,Fault, crossmark on downthrow side ,,-,,Marine Band DURHAM LOWMAINITOP BRASS THILL 1.8

BOTTOM BRASS THILL 0.3 TOP HUTTON 0.2 BOTTOM HUTTON, thin

RULER 0.7

Harvay Marine Band PENNYHILL, thin HARVEV 0.76 HODGE 0.2 TOP TILLEY 0.8 BOTTOM TlLLEY 0.2

TOP BUSTY 1.0

BOTTOM BUSTY 1.2

THREE-OUARTER 0.8

BROCKWEU RIDER 0.3

TOP BROCKWEU 0.86 BOTTOM BROCKWEU 0.26

TOP VICTORIA 0.3 Germen Bands Ironstone BOTTOM VICTORIA -

COAL. thin

MARSHALL GREEN

GANISTER CLAY

COAL. thin

COAL, thm

COAL. thin

Ouarterburn MarinaBand .

COAL. thin

COAL, thin

Whitehouse Limestone

Grindstone Limestone

Upper FMtop Umartone

Coalcleu h Shell Bed COAL, thg . '

Scale 1:lOOO Sandstones shown stippled Fig. 3. Generalized vertical section of the solid rocks. Fox Hill3 .. 0 1 2km I

p.-,Manor House

4 Ftg. 4. Sketch map showing distribution of sand and gravel (stippled), worked out opencast coal areas (ruled) and principal buried valleys (arrowed).