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KEBIJAKAN PEMERINTAHAN TOKUGAWA SKRIPSI Skripsi Ini KEBIJAKAN PEMERINTAHAN TOKUGAWA SKRIPSI Skripsi Ini Diajukan Kepada Panitia Ujian Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan Untuk Melengkapi Salah Satu Syarat Ujian Sarjana Dalam Bidang Ilmu Sastra Jepang. Oleh: MARIA MONIKA TARIGAN 160722002 PROGRAM STUDI SASTRA JEPANG EKSTENSI FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2018 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA KEBIJAKAN PEMERINTAHAN TOKUGAWA SKRIPSI Skripsi Ini Diajukan Kepada Panitia Ujian Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan Untuk Melengkapi Salah Satu Syarat Ujian Sarjana Dalam Bidang Ilmu Sastra Jepang Oleh: MARIA MONIKA TARIGAN 160722002 Pembimbing I Pembimbing II Drs.Amin Sihombing Prof. Drs. Hamzon Situmorang, M.S.,Ph.D. NIP:19600403 1991031 1 001 NIP : 19580704 1984 12 1 001 PROGRAM STUDI SASTRA JEPANG EKSTENSI FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2018 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA DISETUJUI OLEH : Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan Medan, Februari 2018 Program Studi Sastra Jepang Ekstensi Ketua, Prof. Drs. Hamzon Situmorang, M.S.,Ph.D. NIP : 19580704 1984 12 1 001 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA KATA PENGANTAR Puji dan syukur penulis ucapkan kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa karena dengan rahmat dan hidayah-Nya penulis diberikan kesehatan selama mengikuti perkuliahan hingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Cukup banyak hambatan dan kesulitan yang penulis hadapi dalam menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Namun usaha dan diiringi doa merupakan dua hal yang memampukan penulis untuk menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Skripsi yang berjudul “Kebijakan Pemerintahan Tokugawa” ini penulis susun sebagai salah satu syarat untuk meraih gelar sarjana pada jurusan Sastra Jepang Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara. Dalam penulisan skripsi ini, penulis menyadari sepenuhnya bahwa penulis tidak terlepas dari bimbingan, dorongan serta bantuan dari berbagai pihak. Untuk itu penulis mengucapkan terima kasih yang sedalamnya kepada: 1. Bapak Dr. Budi Agustono, MS selaku Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan. 2. Bapak Prof. Drs. Hamzon Situmorang. M.S., Ph.D., selaku Ketua Program Studi Sastra Jepang Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan, sekaligus selaku Dosen Penasehat Akademik, yang telah banyak memberi masukan, pengarahan, dan meluangkan waktu, tenaga, serta pikirannya dengan sabar dalam penyusunan skripsi ini hingga selesai. i UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3. Bapak Drs. Amin Sihombing selaku dosen pembimbing pertama yang telah bersedia meluangkan waktu dan pikirannya untuk membimbing dan memberikan petunjuk kepada penulis dalam menyelesaikan skripsi ini. 4. Bapak Prof. Drs. Hamzon Situmorang. M.S., Ph.D., selaku dosen pembimbing kedua yang telah memberi masukan, pengarahan, dan meluangkan waktu, tenaga, serta pikirannya dengan sabar dalam penyusunan skripsi ini hingga selesai. 5. Semua Bapak/Ibu Dosen Program Studi Sastra Jepang Universitas Sumatera Utara yang telah memberikan pengajaran bahasa dan sastra Jepang selama masa perkuliahan. Dan juga kepada Bang Djoko dan Kak Putri selaku pegawai staf administrasi Departemen Sastra Jepang yang telah banyak membantu kelancaran administrasi penulis. 6. Kepada kedua orang tua penulis, yang selalu mendukung dan mendoakan penulis agar selalu sehat semangat, dan telah banyak memberikan dukungan moral dan material yang tidak terhingga sehingga penulis bisa menyelesaikan skripsi ini, menyelesaikan perkuliahan dan mendapatkan gelar sarjana seperti yang telah dicita- citakan, dan tanpa kedua orang tua penulis, penulis tidak akan mampu untuk menjadi seperti sekarang ini. Semoga Allah membalas semua kebaikan dan tiap tetes keringat mereka. 7. Kepada rekan-rekan mahasiswa/i Sastra Jepang Ekstensi angkatan 2016, terima kasih untuk pertemanan kita dan segala bantuannya selama lebih kurang dari 2 tahun, maaf karena tidak dapat disebutkan UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA satu-persatu. Kepada sahabat terdekat penulis, Imoia Boang Manalu yang selalu memberi semangat dan nasihat serta menghibur satu sama lain. 8. Dan untuk semua pihak yang telah membantu penulis dalam menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Penulis sadar bahwa skripsi ini masih banyak kekurangan dan jauh dari sempurna, untuk itu penulis sangat mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang membangun agar dapat memperbaiki kesalahan pada masa mendatang. Akhir kata, penulis berharap kiranya skripsi ini bermanfaat bagi penulis sendiri dan khusunya bagi pembaca. Medan, Februari 2018 Maria Monika Tarigan 160722002 iii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR................................................................................. i DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................................... iv BAB I PENDAHULUAN ....................................................................... 1 1.1 Latar belakang Masalah........................................................... 1 1.2 Perumusan Masalah ................................................................ 6 1.3 Ruang Lingkup Pembahasan ................................................... 7 1.4 Tinjauan Pustaka dan Kerangka Teori ..................................... 8 1.5 Tujuan Penelitian dan Manfaat Penelitian................................ 9 1.6 Metode Penelitian ................................................................... 10 BAB II TINJAUAN UMUM TENTANG PEMERINTAHAN TOKUGAWA............................................................................... 12 2.1 Sekilas Tentang Asal Muasal Keshogunan Tokugawa ............. 12 2.2 Perang Sekigahara................................................................... 19 2.3 Pemerintaha Tokugawa.......................................................... ... 41 BAB III USAHA MEMPERTAHANKAN KEKUASAAN DAN HILANGNYA KEKUASAAN TOKUGAWA……………….. 53 3.1 Tokugawa Mempertahankan Tokugawa .................................. 53 3.2 Hilangnya Kekuasaan yang terjadi Pada Masa Pemerintahan Tokugawa……………………………………………………. 66 iv UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA BAB IV KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN...................................................... 77 4.1 Kesimpulan............................................................................. 77 4.2 Saran....................................................................................... 78 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ABSTRAK LAMPIRAN v UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah Di Jepang, Pemerintahan Tokugawa adalah pemerintahan oleh rezim militer di Jepang yang pernah berlangsung pada abad 17 sampai 19. Pemerintahan ini dikepalai oleh seorang jenderal atau yang dikenal dengan shogun dan dibantu oleh daimyo atau kepala pemerintahan di daerah atau han. Shogun dipegang secara turun-temurun oleh keluarga Tokugawa. Pemerintahan militer Jepang menerapkan sistem pengawasan yang ketat pada rakyatnya demi mempertahankan kekuasaannya. Pada zaman ini juga merupakan zaman feodalisme yang ditandai dengan perebutan kekuasaan antar kelompok penguasa yang terdiri dari samurai. Pemerintahan di Jepang pada zaman pertengahan dikenal dengan pemerintahan bakufu (Shogun).Shogun berasal dari kata Sei I Tai Shogun yang berarti panglima paling tertinggi. Pemerintahan Shogun merupakan pemerintahan militer. Jadi di Jepang saat itu terdapat dua sistem pemerintahan, yaitu pemerintahan kekaisaran yang dipimpin oleh Tenno sebagai bangsawan istana (Kuge) dan penguasa politik secara nyata yang dipimpin oleh para Shogun (bangsawan Buke). Dalam hal ini, masa pemerintahan bakufu (Shogun) di Jepang terbagi ke dalam tiga, yaitu yang berpusat di Kamakura (1185-1333), yang berpusat di Muromachi/Kyoto (1333/1573), dan yang berpusat di Edo/Tokyo (1603-1867). Shogun sebenarnya mulai dikenal sejak zaman Nara (710-794) dan zaman Heian (794-1185), akan tetapi jabatan Shogun pada Zaman Nara dan Heian tidaklah 1 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA memiliki kekuasaan penuh sebagaimana Zaman Kamakura hingga Zaman Edo (era Tokugawa), Shogun Zaman Nara/Heian hanya bertindak sebagai jenderal perang. Selain itu jabatan Shogun pada Zaman Nara/Heian masih dipegang secara bebas tanpa melihat keturunan. Barulah sejak Zaman Kamakura (1192-1333) jabatan Shogun hanya diperuntukkan keturunan klan Minamoto dan memiliki kekuasaan penuh pemerintahan dengan kaisar bertindak hanya sebagai simbol. Setelah masa perang berakhir, yang kemudian diakhiri oleh kemunculan Shogun Tokugawa yaitu ketika Tokugawa Ieyasu berhasil memenangkan pertempuran Sekigahara. Ketika Toyotomi Hideyoshi wafat, ada perebutan kekuasaan antara pihak yang dipimpin oleh Tokugawa Ieyasu melawan pihak Ishida Mitsunari. Pertempuran dimenangkan oleh Tokugawa Ieyasu yang memuluskan jalan menuju terbentuknya Shogun Tokugawa. Tokugawa Ieyasu berhasil merebut kekuasaan pemerintah pusat . Keberhasilan lebih yang diperoleh Tokugawa Ieyasu adalah keberhasilan diangkat sebagai Shogun oleh kaisar pada tahun 1603. Tokugawa Ieyasu merupakan Shogun pertama sekaligus pendiri Shogun Tokugawa.TokugawaIeyasu bertindak sebagai pemimpin militer (bakufu) yang menganut sistem feodalisme. Pada zaman feodal di Jepang berlangsung dari abad ke-12 hingga abad ke19, ditandai oleh pemerintahan daerah yang diperintah oleh keluarga-keluarga daimyo dibawah kendali pemerintahan militer keshogunan. Kaisar hanya berperan sebagai kepala negara de jure sementara kekuasaan berada ditangan shogun. Martin (1990:165-166) mengatakan bahwa masyarakat feodal adalah masyarakat yang militeristik yang hidup “di atas” tanah yang terpecah belah. Hal 2 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ini terjadi karena lahirnya banyak penguasa feodal yang memberikan perlindungan atas produksi, terutama
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