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Manganese Deposits in Part of the Sierra Maestra, Cuba

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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Harold L. Ickes, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. E. Wrather, Director Bulletin 935-F MANGANESE DEPOSITS IN PART OF THE SIERRA MAESTRA, CUBA BY C. F. PARK, JR., AND M..W. COX Geological Investigations in the American Republics (Pages 307-355) UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1944 For gale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Price 75 cents 1. CONTENTS Page Abstract................................................. 307 Introduction............................................. 307 Production and reserves .............................. 308 Mining methods....................................... 310 Transportation....................................... 310 Milling methods...................................... 311 Geology.................................................. 312 Stratigraphy......................................... 312 Structure............................................ 312 Ore deposits............................................. 313 Classification and description....................... 313 Tuff ores........................................ 313 Limestone ores................................... 314 Mezclado ore..................................... 314 Ore adjacent to faults........................... 314 Irregular fracture ores.......................... 314 Surficial ores ................................... 314 Mineralogy........................................... 315 Ore minerals..................................... 315 Gangue minerals.................................. 315 Origin and localization.............................. 315 Surficial enrichment................................. 317 Mine descriptions........................................ 317 Bueycito area........................................ 318 History and production........................... 318 Stratigraphy..;.................................. 318 Structure........................................ 319 Ores............................................. 319 Biaya............................................ 320 Guisa area........................................... 321 Buenavista group................................. 321 Cadiz mine....................................... 321 Taratana mines..............v. .................... 323 Lego and Canada mines........................ 325 Segunda Gloria and Guisa mines............... 326 Effie............................................ 326 Yiyi............................................. 326 Luz.............................................. 326 Aurora........................................... 327 Mercedes......................................... 327 Morita........................................... 327 Margot........................................... 327 Antonia.......................................... 327 Josefina......................................... 328 Desperto......................................... 328 Charco Redondo area.................................. 328 Charco Redondo mine.............................. 330 Caaualidad mine.................................. 332 Lucia mine .....Co................................ 333 Mamie] mine........ 0 ............................. 334 III IV CONTENTS Mine descriptions Continued. Baire-Los Negros area................................ 334 Antonio mine..................................... 334 Caribbean group.................................. 337 La Unica......................................... 337 Pozo Prieto...................................... 339 San Alberto........o.........c.....\............. 342 Adelaida.......................................... 342 Mascota.......................................... 342 Bessie........................................... 343 Arcadio.......................................... 343 Dichosa.......................................... 343 Eduardo.......................................... 343 Amy.............................................. 344 Progreso......................................... 344 Santa Lena....................................... 344 Candas........................................... 344 Fortuna.......................................... 344 Tony............................................. 345 Emilito.......................................... 345 Yeya............................................. 345 Defensa.......................................... 346 Gaceta........................................... 346 Estrella......................................... 346 Sorpresa......................................... 347 Manacas area......o.................................. 347 Botija area.......................................... 349 Cobre area........................................... 349 San Idelfonso mine............................... 349 Segunda Veinte de Mayo........................... 350 Gran Piedra area..................................... 350 Sigua area........................................... 352 Location and history............................. 352 Geology.......................................... 352 Ore deposits..................................... 354 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Plate 51. Aerial view of typical Sierra Maestra foot­ hills. Junction of Eayamo and Guama Rivers. Courtesy U. S. Army............... 308 52. Aerial view of Pozo Prieto sinkhole topog­ raphy. Courtesy U. S. Army................ 316 53. Nodular ore, Non Plus Ultra mine, Sigua, Oriente. Nodules of high-silica manganese ore in red tuff. Hammer handle is 14 inches long................................ 316 54. Geologic map arid section of the central part of the Bueycito district, Oriente Prov­ ince, Cuba........................... In pocket 55. Geologic map and section of the Cadiz mine, Oriente Province, Cuba............... In pocket 56. Geologic map and section of the Taratana mines, Oriente Province, Cuba........ In pocket 57. Plan and section of the Canada mine workings, Oriente Province, Cuba..................... 328 ILLUSTRATIONS Plate 50. Geologic map and section of part of Charco Redondo area, Oriente Province, Cuba. In pocket 59. Geologic map and section of the Lucia mine, Oriente Province, Cuba..................... .328 60. Geologic map and section of the Antonio mine, Oriente Province, Cuba............... In pocket 61. Geologic map and section of La Unica mine, Oriente Province, Cuba............... In pocket 62. Geologic map and sections of the Pozo Prieto NV mine, Oriente Province, Cuba......... In pocket 63. Underground workings of Yeya mine, Oriente Province, Cuba....................... In pocket 64. Geologic map and section of part of the Manacas area, Oriente Province, Cuba. In pocket 65. Geologic map of the San Idelfonso mine, Oriente Province, Cuba............... In pocket 66. Sketch map of .the Che"vere mine, Gran Piedra area, Oriente Province, Cuba............... 352 67. Geologic map and section of the Sigua area, Oriente Province, Cuba............... In pocket Figure 15. Index map of Cuba showing location of manga­ nese district studied in 1941-42........... 309 16. Sierra Haestra manganese district showing location of mines mapped................... 311 17. Plan and profile of Pozo Prieto cave......... 341 18. Geologic map of the Fantasia and Capricho denouncements, Sigua area, Oriente Prov- ince, Cuba................................. 353 MANGANESE DEPOSITS IN PART OF THE SIERRA MAESTRA, CUBA By C. F. Park, Jr., and M. W. Cox ABSTRACT Manganese deposits are widely distributed in the rolling foothills north of the Sierra Maestra, Oriente Province, Cuba. The area is underlain by thick volcanic formations, principally tuffs and agglomerates, which are capped by middle or upper Eocene limestone. The rocks are gently folded along westward- trending axes and are broken by numerous faults. The principal faults trend nearly east-west, parallel to the axes of the folds, and there are many small north-south faults. Manganese deposits occur in both the volcanic, rocks and the limestones at and near their contacts, especially where the contacts are cut by fractures. The deposits were formed at or near the surface, by warm waters thought to have been associated with the late stage's of the Sierra Maestra volcanism. Pyrolusite and psilomelane are the most common manganese minerals in the deposits, though other oxides and silicates are present. Calclte, jasper, and zeolites are the most abundant gangue. minerals. Ore, to be salable, must contain 40 percent or more of manganese, and most ore must be hand-picked or otherwise concentrated in order to reach this grade. The production from the Sierra Maestra in 1941 was between 75,000 and 90,000 tons of ore, carrying 40 percent or more of manganese, oxit of a total Cuban production of about 250,000 tons. Known reserves are estimated at 300,000 tons that aver­ ages more than 40 percent manganese and at least 1,500,000 tons of rock that contains more than 20 percent manganese and more than 20 percent silica. Present production can be maintained or increased for several years. Many of the mines in the region are described. INTRODUCTION - The manganese deposits of Cuba have recently received con­ siderable attention because of their great value to the steel industry of the United States during the war period when more distant sources are cut off. Study of these deposits by the Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior, began in November 1940, under a program financed by the United States Department of State and with the consent.and cooperation 307 308 GEOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS
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