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On the National Debt
ON THE NATIONAL DEBT T the æra of the Revolution no national debt existed ; i. e. no debt debtA borrowed on Parliamentary security, for discharging the interest of which, national taxes were imposed and mortgaged. It is one of the most astonishing facts in all the records of history, that in the century which has elapsed since that memorable event, a debt has been contracted by the Government of this country, which cannot be estimated at less than two hundred and fifty millions sterling ; a sum so vast, that it probably exceeds the whole aggregate value of the precious metals actually in circulation throughout all the kingdoms of the globe. A political phenomenon so extraordinary could not fail to excite the attention, and employ the sagacity, of the ablest statesmen and philosophers, closely connected as it is with considerations of the utmost importance to the welfare, and even the exigence of the state. In opposition, however, to the most confident predictions, and indeed contrary to every apparently reasonable ground of expectation, we find by experience, that the kingdom is not only capable of sustaining the pressure of this immense load, but that it exhibits plain indications of internal vigour, and even of increasing wealth and prosperity. That there is a point, however, beyond which the accumulation of the public debt must prove destructive and fatal, cannot be doubted ; and to this general conviction we owe the late institution of a permanent fund for its gradual redemption. It is well known, that in the year 1716, Sir Robert Walpole established a fund, distinguished by the appellation of the Sinking Fund, which was appropriated, under the authority of Parliament, to the sole purpose of redeeming the national debt, at that time amounting to about fifty millions. -
The Early Court of Queen Victoria
Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2008 witii funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation littp://www.arcliive.org/details/earlycourtofqueeOOjerrricli THE EARLY COURT OF QUEEN VICTORIA THE EARLY COURT OF QUEEN VICTORIA BY CLARE JERROLD AUTHOR OF The Fair Ladies of Hampton Court" Etc LONDON EVELEIGH NASH 1912 5l y ^ PREFACE No apology need be made for this book, though perhaps a reason for publishing it may be given. In these pages I have endeavoured to show Queen Victoria in her natural setting during her youth, hoping thereby to present her as a really human person. For twenty-five years at least the tendency among those who write has been so to overwhelm the late Queen with adulation that the ordinary reader turns from the subject in disgust. We are not fit for perfection; we believe that perfection is only an ideal—one which would probably become insufferable were it to de- generate into actuality—and when biographers, whose line, it is true, has been more or less laid down for them, depict Queen Victoria without fault and possess- ing almost preternatural wisdom and virtue, then there must be danger of unpopularity for the great Queen. " As a child my loyalty was upset by the I will be good" story, and in my childish heart I despised the childish utterer of that sentence. The fault of this lay not in the fact that the little Princess made an impul- sive resolution, but in the further fact that that story has been used as an example for other children by all adults who know it. -
The Public Finances: a Historical Overview
BRIEFING PAPER Number 8265, 22 March 2018 The public finances: a By Philip Brien historical overview Matthew Keep Contents: 1. Income and spending, 1689- 2016 2. Major areas of spending 3. Raising revenue 4. Parliamentary scrutiny and reform www.parliament.uk/commons-library | intranet.parliament.uk/commons-library | [email protected] | @commonslibrary 2 The public finances: a historical overview Contents Summary 3 1. Income and spending, 1689-2016 4 2. Major areas of spending 6 2.1 War 6 2.2 Civil spending 7 2.3 Poverty 9 2.4 Abolition of slavery 10 2.5 Other spending 11 3. Raising revenue 14 3.1 Taxes, customs and duties 15 18th century 16 19th century 17 20th century 17 3.2 Debt 18 Annuities 19 Lotteries 19 3.3 Other ways of raising revenue 22 The Post Office 22 Casual revenues 22 4. Parliamentary scrutiny and reform 24 Acknowledgements: Thanks to Professor Iain McLean, Professor of Politics at Oxford University, for his comments on a draft of this briefing. 3 Commons Library Briefing, 20 March 2018 Summary The past 300 years have seen major changes in the way Britain handles its public finances. Between the revolutions of 1688-89 and the Great Recession of the late 2000s, the amount of money both collected and spent by the government increased dramatically, from less than 10% of GDP to well over 30%. Much of the government’s money was raised and spent on the wars it fought during this period. The Napoleonic Wars in particular cost an immense amount of money, and military spending still made up the majority of all government spending right into the mid- nineteenth century. -
Household of Frederick, Prince of Wales (1729-1751)
Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons The Database of Court Officers 1660-1837 History: Faculty Publications and Other Works 1-1-2019 Household of Frederick, Prince of Wales (1729-1751) Robert Bucholz Loyola University Chicago, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/courtofficers Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, and the European History Commons Recommended Citation Bucholz, Robert, "Household of Frederick, Prince of Wales (1729-1751)" (2019). The Database of Court Officers 1660-1837. 94. https://ecommons.luc.edu/courtofficers/94 This List is brought to you for free and open access by the History: Faculty Publications and Other Works at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Database of Court Officers 1660-1837 by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. © 2019 Robert Bucholz Household of Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales 1729-1751 (omits officers of the Duchy of Cornwall) Frederick’s household was paid for out of the hereditary revenues of the Prince of Wales and an allowance of £24,000 per annum paid out of the Civil List. This was raised following his marriage to Princess Augusta in 1736 to £50,000 per annum, and then in 1742 to £100,000 per annum. He also borrowed extensively from private German sources.1 1. A. C. Thompson, George II: Elector and King (New Haven, 2011), pp. 85, 112, 117, 143, 219-20. The Prince’s Council Chancellor and Keeper of the Great Seal 1729-1751 In 1729 the chancellor and keeper of the great seal made £400 per annum. -
Household of Frederick, Prince of Wales
Household of Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales 1729-1751 (omits officers of the Duchy of Cornwall) (compiled by J. C. Sainty, Sarah Deas, and R. O. Bucholz) Aislabie, Robert Footman app. 6 Mar. 1728[/29] (Add. MS. 24397, p. 30). Occ. 1729-1735 (Chamberlayne [1729] II iii, *266). Vac. [rem.?] by 5 Jan. 1732[/33] (Add. MS. 24397, p. 69). Footman app. 28 Feb. 1732[/33] (Add. MS. 24397, p. 70). Occ. 1735 (Chamberlayne [1735] II iii, 120). Diss. by 15 Nov. 1735 on app. of Samuel Clayton (Add. MS. 24397, p. 82). Aldridge, --- Chaplain occ. 1737 (Chamberlayne [1737] II iii, 250). Office no further occ. Andrews, Richard Clerk [to the Treasurer] occ. 1735 (Chamberlayne [1735] II iii, 116). Vac. by 1736 (Chamberlayne [1736] II iii, 237). Andrews, Robert Remembrancer to the Council occ. Est. of Dec. 1735-1743 (Add. MS. 74066; Chamberlayne [1736] II iii, 237; Add. MS. 37836, f. 1; last occ. Chamberlayne [1743] II iii, 225). Clerk of the Council occ. 1745-1749 (Chamberlayne [1745] II iii, 237; last occ. CCR [1749], p. 99). Vac. by 1750 on app. as Auditor to the Duchy of Cornwall (CCR [1750], p. 97). Anthony, Charles Postilion app. 6 Mar. 1728[/29] (Add. MS. 24397, p. 24). Occ. 1729-1735 (Chamberlayne [1729] II iii, *266; last occ. ibid. [1735] II iii, 120). Vac. by 10 June 1736 on app. of Thomas Williams (Add. MS. 24397, p. 84). Anthony, Charles Soil Carrier app. 3 Aug. 1736 (Add. MS. 24397, p. 96). Occ. Est. beg. LD 1738-1748 (RA EB 30, p. 4; Chamberlayne [1741] II iii, 261; last occ. -
A Handbook of Who Lived Where in Hampton Court Palace 1750 to 1950 Grace & Favour a Handbook of Who Lived Where in Hampton Court Palace 1750 to 1950
Grace & Favour A handbook of who lived where in Hampton Court Palace 1750 to 1950 Grace & Favour A handbook of who lived where in Hampton Court Palace 1750 to 1950 Sarah E Parker Grace & Favour 1 Published by Historic Royal Palaces Hampton Court Palace Surrey KT8 9AU © Historic Royal Palaces, 2005 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN 1 873993 50 1 Edited by Clare Murphy Copyedited by Anne Marriott Printed by City Digital Limited Front cover image © The National Library, Vienna Historic Royal Palaces is a registered charity (no. 1068852). www.hrp.org.uk 2 Grace & Favour Contents Acknowledgements 4 Preface 5 Abbreviations 7 Location of apartments 9 Introduction 14 A list of who lived where in Hampton Court Palace, 1750–1950 16 Appendix I: Possible residents whose apartments are unidentified 159 Appendix II: Senior office-holders employed at Hampton Court 163 Further reading 168 Index 170 Grace & Favour 3 Acknowledgements During the course of my research the trail was varied but never dull. I travelled across the country meeting many different people, none of whom had ever met me before, yet who invariably fetched me from the local station, drove me many miles, welcomed me into their homes and were extremely hospitable. I have encountered many people who generously gave up their valuable time and allowed, indeed, encouraged me to ask endless grace-and-favour-related questions. -
The Personal Story of the Upper House on the English Constitution
THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE THE PERSONAL STORY OF THE UPPER HOUSE ON THE ENGLISH CONSTITUTION THE GOVERNANCE OF ENGLAND. By SIDNEY Low, M.A., Late Lecturer of Modern History, King's College, London. Demy 8vo, cloth, 7s. 6d. net. THE ENGLISH PEOPLE : A STUDY OF THEIR POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY. By EMILE BOUTMY, Member of the French In- stitute. Translated by E. ENGLISH. With an Introduction by J. E. C. BODLEY. Demy 8vo, cloth gilt, i6s. THE COMING OF PARLIAMENT (England from 1350-1660). By L. CECIL JANE. Fully Illustrated. Large crown 8vo, cloth, 53. ("The Story of the Nations.") PARLIAMENTARY ENGLAND : THE EVOLUTION OF THE CABINET SYSTEM. By EDWARD JENKS, M.A. With 47 Illustrations. Large crown 8vo, cloth, 53. (" The Story of the Nations.") LONDON : T. FISHER UNWIN. THE PERSONAL STORY OF THE UPPER HOUSE BY KOSMO WILKINSON LONDON: T. FISHER UNWIN PATERNOSTER SQUARE MCMV [All rights reserved.} CONTENTS CHAPTER I. PACK INTRODUCTORY . .13 Scope of book explained Analogy between the Upper House and the Crown as regards compensations of social influence for surrender of political power The transformation of the House of Lords from a parliamentary estate into a real house of notables Origin and development of the different styles of nobility English adaptation of Roman titles Early judicial and administrative functions Popular origin of the House of Lords Comparison with that of the House of Commons. CHAPTER II. EARLY ORGANISATION OF THE BARONS AND STEPHEN LANGTON'S WORK . ...... 28 Steady progress of Barons' organisation Sometimes retarded, however, by internal jealousies, especially between temporal and spiritual lords Lanfranc's and Anselm's national work How they prepared the way for Langton Stephen Langton His fusion of the temporal and spiritual peers into one united " House of Lords" His relations with Pope Innocent III. -
The New Black List
THE NEW BLACK LIST, A COMPARATIVE TABLE OF ALLOWTO RICH AAB POOR PAUPERS, WITH A YARlKTy OF OTHER USEFUL INFORMATION, IMPORTANT ALIKE TO THP* A'ON-CONSUMING PRODUCERS, AND TO THE NON-PRODUCING CONSUMERS. ANNUAL SALARIES OF THT BRITISH ANNUAL SALARIES OF THE AMERICAN EXECUTIVE^' EXECUTIVE. Poinds Sterling1. — Dollars. The Queen & Royal EsAily £785,000 President of the United States 25,000 VT.nrd Lieutenant of Ireland . 20,000 Vice President of ditto .. .. 5,000 ~J>rv»‘^»^TJBVXRlNET. THE CABINET. Bifst Lord of the Treasury, 6,000 Secretary of State 6,000 Xord High Chancellor, .. 14,000 Secretary of War 6,000 Lord President of the Council, 2,000 Secretary of the Navy . 6,000 Lord Privy Seal .... 2,000 Postmaster-General .. 6,000 Chancellor of the Exchequer . 5,000 Attorney-General .. .. .. 4,000 Sec. State for the Home Dep. 5,000 NOT OF THE CABINET. Sec. State for Foreign Affairs, 5,000 Secretary to the Senate . 3,000 Sec. State for Colonial Affairs, 5,000 Commissioner of Patents . 3,000 First Lord of the Admiralty, 4,500 Paymaster-General .. 2,500 Pres, of the Board of Control 3,500 Pres, of the Board of Trade, 2,000 Total, American Dollars 72,500 Secretary of War .. 2,580 Chan, of Duchy of Lancaster, 44)00 N. B.—The American Dollar -NOT OR T»E CABINET. contains 371 3-8 grains of pure silver; Master of the Rolls . 7,000 ia British coined Sovereign contains Vice Chancellor 6,000 113 1-8 grains of phfe gold ; thedattgr Lord-Chancellor of Ireland, 8,000 is consequently worth, nearly, fivh Secretary of State (Ireland) 5,500 American Dollars; or in other words Paym. -
Household of Queen Catherine
Household of Queen (from 1685 Queen Dowager) Catherine 1660-1705 (compiled by J.C. Sainty, Lydia Wassmann, and R. O. Bucholz) Aboab, Jacob Groom of the Privy Chamber in Extraordinary 14 Nov. 1670 (NLS Adv. MS 31.1.22). No further occ. Acheson, [?Martha], Lady Lady of the Privy Chamber in Extraordinary 5 July 1670 (NLS Adv. MS 31.1.22). No further occ. Acker, George Waterman 12 Mar. 1662 (LC 3/25, f. 95v). No further occ. Adams, Edward [Servant] occ. 22 Nov. 1686 (LR 5/80). No further occ. Adams, Thomas Turnbroach occ. Est. of LD 1694-Est. ending-Mich. 1698 (LR 5/95). No further occ. (But a Mr. Adams received a payment of £13 13s 9 on the salary warrant of 5 Aug. 1706: LR 5/93) Addison, Henry Under Porter at Somerset House pd from LD 1692 to 23 Dec. 1697 (LR 5/80- 95). No further occ. Pos. will dated 18 Apr. 1699 (PROB 11/450/152). Adelham (Addleham), John (Placid) Chaplain (Priest in Chapel) app. 1662 (Baldwin Diss., p. 180). Occ. Est. of Mich. 1671-Est. ending Mich. 1678 (Weale, p. xxxi; last occ. Add. MSS. 15897, f. 35). No further occ. Adson, Thomas Waterman 12 Aug 1671 (NLS Adv. MS 31.1.22; nl Est. of Mich 1671: Weale, p. xxx; occ. LR 5/78-80). Last occ. Est. ending LD 1693 (LR 5/91). Vac. by Est. of LD 1694 (LR 5/95). Agar (Ager, Eyre), Thomas Carver 16 Dec. 1677 (NLS Adv. MS 31.1.22). Occ. 1679-Est. ending Mich. -
Household of Queen Henrietta Maria
Household of Queen (Mother) Henrietta Maria 1660-1669 (Compiled with the special assistance of Professor Erin Griffey) At the Restoration, the jointure worked out for Henrietta Maria at her marriage to King Charles I in 1626 settling on her revenue from Crown lands was reinstated. This yielded £25,000 per annum, which rose to £40,000 by the time of her death in 1669.1 1. C. D. Chandaman, The English Public Revenue 1660-1688 (Oxford, 1975), p. 111. Chamberlayne [1669 1st ed.], p. 311 gives £30,000 plus a pension out of the Exchequer of £30,000. Council and Revenue Chancellor 1660-1665 1660 Digby, Sir K., Kt. Commission for Chancellor c. 1669 By 1669 Long, Sir R., Bart. By 1669 Wintour, Sir J., Kt. By 1669 Wood, Sir H., Kt. Secretary and Master of Requests 1660-1669 The secretary and master of requests made £200 per annum in salary with an allowance of £400.1 1. TNA E 351/2714. 1660 Wintour, Sir J., Kt. Clerk to Secretary Wintour c. 1669 By 1669 Aubery, -- Steward of the Revenue 1660-1669 The steward of the revenue made £100 per annum.1 1. TNA E 351/2714. 1660 St. Albans, 1st. Earl of Treasurer and Receiver General 1660-1669 The treasurer and receiver general received an annual fee of £50 and made £200 in salary with an additional allowance of £10 per annum.1 1. TNA E 351/2714. 1660 Wood, Sir H., Kt. Clerk to Sir Henry Wood 1660-1669 The clerk to Sir Henry Wood made £60 per annum.1 1. -
Introduction
Introduction The royal household served a unique and ever-evolving purpose during the later Stuart and Hanoverian periods. It existed to provide a wide variety of services to the monarch and the nation, not all of which are reducible to structural analysis or rational measures of efficiency or cost. To the extent that it provided the King and his attendants with their lodging, food, fuel, transportation and medical services, it is fairly easy to determine the responsible structures and personnel. More difficult is to gauge the quantity and quality of the services it provided, the rationality of its administrative and financial arrangements, the suitability and assiduity of its officeholders, the rectitude of its administrators, the shrewdness of its purchasing officers and the integrity of its purveyors and suppliers. To the extent that the court provided the monarch, his courtiers and the nation as a whole with useful and meaningful rituals and inspiring or pleasurable art or entertainment, it is more difficult still to explain its methods or assess its effectiveness. And to the extent that the court was intended to provide a habitat or a rallying point for members of the ruling class, the delineation of means and evaluation of success is even less amenable to traditional methods of historical inquiry. The following pages seek to explain the administrative and financial structures and procedures of the court and to evaluate their effectiveness, primarily, against the first of these sets of functions. As a result, that most intangible thing called a court will be reduced to an assemblage of lists, establishments, ordinances and accounts. -
Houses of Orange
William III The practical author of the palatial landscape in The Netherlands and England 1672-1702 William III The practical author of the palatial landscape in The Netherlands and England 1672-1702 Merel Haverman 10359427 Supervisor: mw. dr. Hanneke Ronnes Second reader: Prof. dr. Rob van der Laarse Master thesis Heritage and Memory Studies University of Amsterdam Faculty of Humanities February 2018 Content Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 2 William III: soldier, hunter and cultural patron ................................................................................. 4 Research, outline and method ............................................................................................................ 6 Chapter I .................................................................................................................................................. 9 ‘First we shape our buildings and afterwards our buildings shape us’- Winston Churchill ............ 10 Norbert Elias and Versailles as model of power ............................................................................... 11 Architecture, ceremony and the ‘Politics of intimacy’ ...................................................................... 12 Architecture and privacy ................................................................................................................... 13 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................