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Houses of Orange William III The practical author of the palatial landscape in The Netherlands and England 1672-1702 William III The practical author of the palatial landscape in The Netherlands and England 1672-1702 Merel Haverman 10359427 Supervisor: mw. dr. Hanneke Ronnes Second reader: Prof. dr. Rob van der Laarse Master thesis Heritage and Memory Studies University of Amsterdam Faculty of Humanities February 2018 Content Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 2 William III: soldier, hunter and cultural patron ................................................................................. 4 Research, outline and method ............................................................................................................ 6 Chapter I .................................................................................................................................................. 9 ‘First we shape our buildings and afterwards our buildings shape us’- Winston Churchill ............ 10 Norbert Elias and Versailles as model of power ............................................................................... 11 Architecture, ceremony and the ‘Politics of intimacy’ ...................................................................... 12 Architecture and privacy ................................................................................................................... 13 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 16 Chapter II ............................................................................................................................................... 18 The development of the Orange-Nassau Court ................................................................................. 19 Frederik Hendrik and the new standard of court architecture in The Netherlands .......................... 25 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 34 Chapter III ............................................................................................................................................. 36 William’s building activities in the Republic 1674-1688 .................................................................. 37 The organisation of William’s court ................................................................................................ 47 Form follows function ....................................................................................................................... 53 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 56 Chapter IV ............................................................................................................................................. 58 William’s movements and building activities between 1689 and 1702 ............................................. 59 Combining courts .............................................................................................................................. 67 Your place or mine? .......................................................................................................................... 73 Balancing power, ceremony and privacy at the Anglo-Dutch court ................................................. 75 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 83 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 85 References ............................................................................................................................................. 89 Appendix A ........................................................................................................................................... 94 Appendix B ......................................................................................................................................... 102 Fig. 0.1. William III by Sir Godfried Kneller, 1690. (Courtesy Royal Collections) 1 Introduction ‘…and [we] went even before the afternoon to satisfy our curiosity to a certain extent, by witnessing the palace of this famous excellent royal seat, built by order of the great William, King of Great-Britain and Stadholder of these United Netherlands, to be a memorial… 1’ - Theodorus Beckeringh (1712-1790) on his visit to Het Loo in 1740 The Stadholder-King William III (1650-1702) was brought up during the Golden Age, a time celebrated for its wealth, innovation and cultural development. Together with his wife Mary Stuart II (1662-1694), whom he married in 1677, William oversaw significant political and cultural change throughout his reign as Stadholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel in The Netherlands from 1672 onwards, and as King of England, Ireland and Scotland from 1689 until his death in 1702.2 The most tangible reminders of his reign are the many buildings he either built, rebuilt or decorated with lavish gardens and interiors. At the end of his life, he had around seventeen palaces, country retreats and hunting lodges scattered across the two countries at his disposal.3 Some of which are destroyed, to a certain amount preserved or either, as in the case of Het Loo, restored to its ‘former’ glory. It is on these buildings that I will be focusing in this thesis. Over the centuries, royal structures have been appreciated and admired in different ways: as examples of a certain architectural style, but also as symbols of the monarchs that had lived there. Two of William’s creations in The Netherlands -Soestdijk and Het Loo- are currently open to the public, of which only Het Loo, open to the public since 1984, claims to display 4 the domestic lifestyle of William and his wife Mary. It is questionable to what extent Het 1 Beckeringh 1895: 364. 2 Haley 1988: 39-49, Maccubbin & Hamilton-Philips 1989: 3-4. The political consequences of the Glorious Revolution, including the move towards a parliamentary democracy, is generally considered as the most significant legacy of the reign of William. 3 William had inherited the castle at Breda and Buren and the seats at Dieren, Rijswijk, Honselaarsdijk, the Binnenhof and the Old Court from his father. The houses of Soestdijk, Het Loo, Kruidberg and Huis ten Bosch were bought by William between 1674 and 1684. After his coronation, the houses of Richmond, New Market, Windsor Castle, Whitehall, St. James’s palace and Hampton Court came into his possession. He purchased the house at Kensington in 1689. 4 In 2017, it was announced that both palaces will be undergoing major renovations in the coming years and will be closed to the public in the course of 2018. The plans for Het Loo consist of much-needed maintenance work, an expansion to provide more space for temporary exhibitions and public facilities, and the improvement of the interior layout of the forty royal rooms in the corps-the-logis to have a more ‘logical arrangement’. The palace will open to the public again in 2021. The plans of Soestdijk are more controversial. In June of 2017, it was announced by the government that the palace was to be sold to the MeyerBergman Erfgoed Groep and, according to their plans, Soestdijk will be partly converted into a hotel and into a ‘forum for innovation and entrepreneurship’ with exhibition spaces dedicated to highlight ‘the innovative strength and outstanding 2 Loo properly replicates the couple’s domestic lifestyle, as William and Mary share the space with other former occupants.5 The presentation at Het Loo leads visitors through several furnished period rooms, each representing the function and style of one of the many occupants of Het Loo. It does, however, lack the overall coherence of style and lifestyle; as well as a deeper understanding of the principles and motivations lying behind the interior planning of palaces. In Great Britain, William and Mary face similar competition by sharing the musealized spaces at Hampton Court and Kensington Palace with previous and future occupants.6 Even collectively, as tourist heritage sites, the palaces evoke only a fragmentary image of the domestic lifestyle of its past occupants. One wonders if William and Mary would recognize it as their former residences at all. Rob van der Laarse, professor of Heritage Studies at the University of Amsterdam, has pointed out that palaces are complex places with a cultural biography that reflects the dynamics of material change as well as the dynamics of our memory.7 The palatial landscape carries traces of past life, but it is human activity that ultimately gives meaning to those traces. The biographical approach can be used as a tool to bring insight into these dynamics and its actors.8 For a proper understanding of William’s domestic lifestyle, the past rather than the present must be investigated, stripping away the layers of history and appropriation of present-day authorship by starting on a blank page. With this thesis, I strive to further achievements of the Kingdom of the Netherlands’. Although according to its buyers the estate will be developed with full respect for its context, it will
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