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The Personal Story of the Upper House on the English Constitution

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The Personal Story of the Upper House on the English Constitution THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE THE PERSONAL STORY OF THE UPPER HOUSE ON THE ENGLISH CONSTITUTION THE GOVERNANCE OF ENGLAND. By SIDNEY Low, M.A., Late Lecturer of Modern History, King's College, London. Demy 8vo, cloth, 7s. 6d. net. THE ENGLISH PEOPLE : A STUDY OF THEIR POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY. By EMILE BOUTMY, Member of the French In- stitute. Translated by E. ENGLISH. With an Introduction by J. E. C. BODLEY. Demy 8vo, cloth gilt, i6s. THE COMING OF PARLIAMENT (England from 1350-1660). By L. CECIL JANE. Fully Illustrated. Large crown 8vo, cloth, 53. ("The Story of the Nations.") PARLIAMENTARY ENGLAND : THE EVOLUTION OF THE CABINET SYSTEM. By EDWARD JENKS, M.A. With 47 Illustrations. Large crown 8vo, cloth, 53. (" The Story of the Nations.") LONDON : T. FISHER UNWIN. THE PERSONAL STORY OF THE UPPER HOUSE BY KOSMO WILKINSON LONDON: T. FISHER UNWIN PATERNOSTER SQUARE MCMV [All rights reserved.} CONTENTS CHAPTER I. PACK INTRODUCTORY . .13 Scope of book explained Analogy between the Upper House and the Crown as regards compensations of social influence for surrender of political power The transformation of the House of Lords from a parliamentary estate into a real house of notables Origin and development of the different styles of nobility English adaptation of Roman titles Early judicial and administrative functions Popular origin of the House of Lords Comparison with that of the House of Commons. CHAPTER II. EARLY ORGANISATION OF THE BARONS AND STEPHEN LANGTON'S WORK . ...... 28 Steady progress of Barons' organisation Sometimes retarded, however, by internal jealousies, especially between temporal and spiritual lords Lanfranc's and Anselm's national work How they prepared the way for Langton Stephen Langton His fusion of the temporal and spiritual peers into one united " House of Lords" His relations with Pope Innocent III. His nomination by Innocent and election to the See of Canterbury Archbishop Langton regarded as the mediator between John and the Barons Robert Fitzwalter and Eustace de Vesci Langton heads the Barons, who demand their rights from King John, as expressed in the Charter of Henry I. This earlier Charter the basis of Magna Charta. 6 CONTENTS CHAPTER III. SOCIAL SIDELIGHTS ox THE THIRTEENTH-CEXTURY PEERAGE . 44 Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, compared with Stephen Langton Other thirteenth - century leaders in the Lords William, Earl of Pembroke, and de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, respectively the soldier and the statesman of the Barons Leicester and King Henry III. The Mad Parliament at Oxford and those who took part in it Bohun, Earl of Hereford Bigod, Earl of Norfolk Walter Cantilupe, Bishop of Wor- cester Fulk Basset, Bishop of London The Provisions of Oxford The Barons' War The baronial the popular party Dissensions among the Barons Gloucester's indecision Earl Simon as the first Protectionist The Barons aggressors after the Amiens Award A Pluralist of the period Secession from the baronial party of Prince Henry of de Vaux, L'Estrange, de Cliffort, de Leybourne, of the Earl of Warenne and Surrey, of Percy, and of Fulk FitzWarren Rapprochement between Scotch and English Peers, produced by reviving loyalty De Sandwich, Bishop of London, Cantilupe, Bishop of Worcester, in concession to opinion among the Peers, sent to negotiate with the king at Lewes Failure of this mission to the king Preparations on both sides for the Battle of Lewes Social interest and significance to the peerage and the country of that battle and its results. CHAPTER IV. FROM MONTFORT TO THE DESPENSERS . .63 The Earl of Leicester's character and influence His successor found in his second son Simon True character of the young Montforts Clare of Gloucester, the renegade His bitterness against the Montfort family baffled by the intervention of other royalists Earl Simon's widow and her daily life as illustrations of fashionable life in the thirteenth century Sic vos non vobis, as a motto for the Peers in this age The victories of the Barons to be fully realised in the triumphs of the Com- mons Leaders in the Lords under Edward I., Robert Burnell, Walter de Merton, Archbishops Peckham and Winchelsea How the spiritual lords rallied the temporal Peers and the nation round them against Edward I.'s efforts at dictatorship Edward II., Thomas and Henry of Lancaster, and the Despensers Life in the Lords during this period. CONTENTS 7 CHAPTER V. PEERS OF THE Two ROSES . .78 First separate meeting of Lords and Commons (1332) John Stratford Burghersh, the Treasurer and Court favourite the of the Peers of the Stratford, representative ; Burghersh Court The Frenchified nobility of the period Scandals in the Lords Edmund, Earl of March Co-operation of Lords and Commons John of Gaunt His power over both Houses William of Wykeham as Financial Reformer and House of Lords worthy The first recorded impeachment The Good Parliament The Gaunt Reaction The Lords Appellant Archbishop Arundel and his State rival, Cardinal Beaufort Exhaustive effect on the Lords of the Wars of the Roses Union of the two Houses necessary to resist the King John, Duke of Bedford Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury The Bedford Russells The Norfolk Howards Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, the Kingmaker Rise of the Nevilles The Abergavenny branch Reflection of intellect in the Lords Lady Juliana Berners John Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester Lord Rivers Lord Hastings. CHAPTER VI. PERSONALITIES AMONG THE TUDOR PEERS . .105 After Bosworth The Stanleys Cardinal Morton John, Earl of Oxford Peers far less powerful under Tudors than under Plantagenets Bishop Fox and Archbishop Warham Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey, and his son, the third Duke of Nor- folk Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, as a type of the accom- plished peer Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset Cardinal Pole The fourth Duke of Norfolk The Cecils Some typical statesmen : William, Lord Burleigh ; Robert, Lord Salisbury ; of Robert Dudley, Earl Leicester ; and Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex Matthew Parker, the typical churchman in the Peers Edward Vere, Earl of Oxford, the typical dandy in the Upper House and the bully of society. CHAPTER VII. WIT, WEALTH, AND FASHION IN THE FIRST STUART'S HOUSE . 125 The commencement of the Lords' Journals The Peers settled in the old House of Lords Conspicuous Peers in the reign of James I. Lord Herbert of Cherbury Viscount Falkland- 8 CONTENTS Lord Harrington Lord Sackville, the most intellectual peer of his day The Earl of Bristol Progress of Impeachments James's misconception of the position of the Upper House George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham Lord Willoughby Lord Ellesmere Absence of serious collision between the two Houses up to the Stuart period. CHAPTER VIII. STATE CHURCH AND SWORD . .144 Thomas Wentworth, Lord Strafford Archbishop Laud Other Peers on the Episcopal Bench Bishop Juxon Archbishop Abbot Temporal Peers on the Opposition side The Earls of Essex and Warwick, and Viscount Saye and Sele Lord Fairfax. CHAPTER IX. FROM ALBEMARLE TO JEFFREYS . .165 The Stuarts and the Lords The attempts of Charles I. to create differences between the two Chambers Harry Marten and the Lords Cromwell's Upper House Monk, Duke of Albemarle George Saville, Marquis of Halifax Charles II. 's visits to the Lords Lord Holies The Earl of Essex James, third and fourth Earls of Salisbury Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury How Habeas Corpus passed the Lords The fat peer counts for ten Hyde, Earl of Clarendon The second Duke of Buckingham Robert Spencer, Earl of Sunderland Lawrence Hyde, Earl of Rochester Sydney, Earl of Godolphin Judge Jeffreys. CHAPTER X. FROM STUART TO HANOVER . .185 Popularity of Peers after the Commonwealth Activity of the spiritual members Danby, Duke of Leeds William's two Secretaries of State : Finch, Earl of Nottingham, and Talbot, Duke of Shrewsbury Sancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury Compton, Bishop of London Difference between the two Houses over James' successor The Non-Jurors Ken, Bishop of Bath and Wells George Bull, Bishop of St. David's John Tenison, Archbishop of Canterbury Charles Mordaunt, Earl of Peterborough Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury Robert Harley, Earl of Oxford Henry St. John, Viscount Bolingbroke. CONTENTS 9 CHAPTER XI. EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY LEADERS IN THE LORDS . 203 The Lords as a court of social justice and honour Disinclina- nation of Peers to oppose Commons They, however, resist " " impeachments in William's reign in reply to tacking by the Commons Robert Spencer, Earl of Sunderland Influence exerted at different times by Upper House over Lower Earl Somers Edward Russell, Earl of Orford John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough Charles, third Earl of Sunderland Charles, Viscount Townsend Earl Stanhope Philip, Duke of Wharton John, Duke of Argyle Atterbury, Bishop of Rochester Robert Walpole, Earl of Orford. CHAPTER XII. A REPRESENTATIVE SENATE . .224 Queen Anne the last sovereign who attended the sittings of the Lords The number of members in the Upper House The object of the Peerage Bill Charles Seymour, Duke of Somerset The Duke of Ormond John, Earl of Stair A sailor peer, George Byng, Viscount Torrington Viscount Molesworth Granville, Lord Lansdowne Charles Lennox, Duke of Richmond William, Earl Cowper The Anti-Papist Bill in the Lords Cowper a Jacobite and Papist ? CHAPTER XIII. FROM CHESTERFIELD TO CHATHAM ..... 242 Lord Chesterfield Richard Cromwell's visit incognito to the House of Lords Chesterfield a successful Irish Viceroy Bishop Berkeley The Playhouse Bill and the Calendar Reform The Duke of Queensbury Lord Hardwicke Carteret, Earl Granville Pulteney, Earl of Bath Alexander Wedderburn, Lord Chancellor Loughborough His defence of Clive The Duke of Newcastle William Pitt, Earl of Chatham. CHAPTER XIV. FROM BUTE TO BYRON ...... 261 Thomas Howard, Earl of Effingham Charles Wyndham, Earl of Egremont The Duke of Devonshire Bute's Lansdowne House Bute's introduction to Frederick, Prince of Wales io CONTENTS His consequent rise and fall Henry Fox, Lord Holland Two noble blackguards Sir Francis Dashwood, Baron le Despencer, and John George Montagu, Earl of Sandwich The Duke of Grafton His encounter with Lord Chancellor Thurlow The Marquis of Rockingham Lord Shelburne, Marquis of Lansdowne The Earl of Liverpool.
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