Аннотация
В работе проведены расчеты по устойчивости энергосистемы(транзит север-восток-юг) ЛЭП 500кВ в нормальном и аварийном режиме работы, а также рассмотрены существующие принципы работы противоаварийной автоматики в Национальной электрической сети Казахстана
Annotation
The work has carried out calculations on the stability of the power supply system of 500 kV power lines in normal and emergency operation, and also examines the existing principles of operation of emergency control automation in the National Electrical Network of Kazakhstan
Андатпа
Жұмыста қалыпты және төтенше жағдайда 500 кВ-тық электр тарату желілерінің энергетикалық жүйесінің (солтүстік-шығыс-оңтүстік транзит) тұрақтылығы туралы есептер жасалды және Қазақстанның Ұлттық электр желісінде авариялық-құтқару жүйесінің қолданыстағы принциптері қаралды
6
Introduction
Currently, for emergency control automation, three methods (algorithms) of emergency control are considered: II-DO, I-DO, I-AFTER. The II-DO algorithm refers to this method of selecting dosages, when settings (decision table) are pre-calculated by staff (several times a year), and when an alarm arrives, control actions are issued depending on the network status (repair scheme number) and the amount of flows over controlled sections, which are compared with the settings. In this diploma work, the general concepts of north-east-south distribution networks are considered, the problems are considered, their power and optimal installation location are carried out, calculations are performed with different network modes, and general conclusions on the work done are given.
7
Content
Introduction ...... 7 1 Structure of UES of Kazakhstan ...... 9 1.1Entering the North-East-South transit…………… ..………………………...9 2 The existing principles of emergency automation in the National Electric Network of the Republic of Kazakhstan ...... ….15 2.2 Analysis of the current state of the emergency control system of the Unified Energy System of Kazakhstan………………………………………………….....19 2.3. Analysis of the state and principles of the organization of the existing system of ASU and the principles of organization of the designed devices of the APSU according to the implemented projects of power grid construction in the Unified Energy System of Kazakhstan (including the East-South transit of the Unified Energy System of Kazakhstan)...... 21 2.3.1. The principles of the existing APNU UES of Kazakhstan in a 500 kV network...... 21 2.4 Overview of modern emergency control systems in the countries of near and far abroad ...... 29 3 Calculation of operating modes...... 33 3.1 Short description of the program worked «Rastr3WIN» ...... 33 3.2 Calculation of scheme North-East-South transit 500kV ...... 34 4 Labor protection and life safety ...... 41 4.1. Analysis of working conditions at substations ...... 43 4.2 Substation plan ...... 44 4.3 Calculation of lightning protection substation ...... 46 4.4 Calculation of grounding substation ...... 49 5. Technical data of the reactor and calculation of economic efficiency ...... 50 5.1 stability control using the WAMS system ...... 50 5.2 Calculation of cost and net profit ...... 55 5.3 Investment Performance Indicators ...... 56 Conclusion ...... 59 List of references ...... 60
8
1 Structure of UES of Kazakhstan
The Unified Electric Power System of the Republic of Kazakhstan (UES RK) is a combination of power plants, power lines and substations that provide reliable and high-quality power supply to consumers of the country. State regulation in the field of electric power industry is carried out in order to: -maximally meeting the demand of energy consumers and protecting the rights of participants in the electricity and heat market by creating competitive market conditions that guarantee consumers the right to choose electricity and heat suppliers; -ensuring reliable and stable operation of the electric power complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan; -unity of management of the electric power complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan as a particularly important life support system for the country's economic and social complexes. The state authorized body exercising control and regulation in the field of electric power industry is the Ministry of Industry and New Technologies of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
1.1 Entering the North-East-South transit
A special place in the development of the economy of any country is occupied by the energy complex. As part of the implementation of the State Program "Nurly Zhol", a special place is given to the development of the energy complex. In the context of the development of the energy complex, we mean the construction of a 500 KV (kilovolt) overhead line, a North-East-South transit. What does it mean. In fact, the territory of Kazakhstan is much larger and certainly the concentration of places where electricity is consumed for the most part, that is, at the center of consumption, is rather generalized. In this regard, for sustainable energy supply of consumers, it is necessary to build lines that ensure the transfer of this electricity to consumers. The northern region becomes a donor for other regions where such generation is not carried out, but consumption is higher than the generation volume. Thus, we need to transfer a sufficient amount of electricity and power from surplus areas in terms of the power of the north to the deficit areas in terms of the power of the south. In addition, the southern region has high rates of economic development, and we must rely on the fact that all growth rates should be satisfied with the increase in electricity. Thus, the project "North-South" will be confirmed by its solvency in the future.
9
figure(1.1.) North-East-South transit
10
The purpose of this branch implementation is to increase the capacity of the capable network and ensure coverage of the capacity deficit of the East Kazakhstan Region, regardless of the transit of electricity capacity from the Russian power system and ensuring full power output of the Shulbinskaya HPP. The implementation period of the first stage from 2011 to 2017. The project cost is 53.3 billion tenge Power lines of 500 kV are built, this is Ekibastuz - Shulbinsk HPP-Ust- Kamenogorsk. The total length is 598.5 km and 220 KV is the connection Semey- Shulbinskaya HPP with access to the substation 500 KV Semey with a length of 106 km. Completed construction and installation work at all these substations, this is the 500 KV Semey substation, the 500 KV Ust-Kamenogorsk substation and the 1150 KV Ekibastuz substation, and also the 220 KV Shulbinskaya HPP The duration of this project from 2012 to 2018. The project cost is 105.5 billion tenge. Financing is carried out both at the expense of the company itself, as well as KZT 47.5 million received from the UAPF under the coupon bond of KEGOS JSC. The implementation of the second stage is carried out in accordance with the schedule; at present, construction and installation works are underway in all areas of the facility. The total length is 883 km, the line - 500KV The second phase of the North-East-South transit corridor included the construction of a 500 kV line Shulbinskaya HPP - Aktogai - Taldykorgan - Almaty. The implementation of this project will increase the transit potential of the national electrical network in the direction of "North-South". From the implementation of the project obtained a significant multiplier effect. Equipment and materials produced by domestic manufacturers were widely used in construction: reinforced concrete products, metal supports, cabling and wiring products, communication capacitors, voltage transformers, auxiliary transformers and relay protection and automation panels. The input of these transmission lines increased the transit of electricity from the northern power plants to the southern regions of Kazakhstan from 1,450 MW to 2,100 MW. In addition, the new OHL will allow to solve a number of important tasks, including to strengthen communication with the East Kazakhstan region, where until now electricity has been supplied through the territory of Russia. It will also cover electricity demand for electrified sections of railways and energy- intensive facilities of the region’s mining industry. It is also important that the commissioning of eastern transit will give impetus to the development of renewable energy sources, in particular small hydropower plants. Equally important is the social component of the project. During the construction period, more than 1,800 workplaces were created, and with the commissioning of transmission lines, 84 permanent jobs will be created. By the 25th anniversary of Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan, KEGOC JSC plans to complete ahead of schedule the implementation of the first stage of the project “Construction of 500 kV overhead lines for the North-East-
11
South transit,” that is, 500 kV high-voltage lines (EkVastuz-Shulbinskaya HPP (Semey) – Ust - Kamenogorsk. As is known, the project “Construction of transit of 500 kV overhead lines North-East-South” is being implemented by KEGOC JSC as part of the Nurly Zhol - Path to the Future State Program and consists of two stages: 1. 500 kV overhead line Ekibastuz - Shulbinsk HPP (Semey) - Ust- Kamenogorsk (1st stage, planned implementation period 2017) and 2. 500 kV overhead line Shulbinsk HPP (Semey) - Aktogai - Taldykorgan - Alma (2nd stage, implementation period 2018). And after carrying out the complex testing of equipment, it is planned to commission the 500 kV Ekibastuz - Shulbinsk HPP (Semey) - Ust-Kamenogorsk high-voltage lines in December of this year, which is one year ahead of schedule. It will be a weighty gift from Kazakhstani power engineers for the 25th anniversary of Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan. According to representatives of the company in the framework of the first phase of the project, more than 673 km of the planned 700 km of 500 kV and 220 kV transmission lines have already been built, of which 5003 kV - 573 km and 220 kV lines - 100 km. Construction and installation work is underway at the 500 kV Semey substation (PS), the 500 kV Ust-Kamenogorsk substation and the 1150 kV Ekibastuz substation. The construction uses domestic ferro-concrete products, metal supports, cable-conductor products, coupling capacitors, auxiliary transformers, etc. The commissioning of the 500 kV Ekibastuz - Shulbinsk HPP (Semey) - Ust-Kamenogorsk OHL will increase the transmission capacity of the networks in the North-East direction, ensure coverage of the electricity deficit in the East Kazakhstan region, regardless of the state of the existing networks connecting East Kazakhstan the region with the power grid and passing through the networks of the UES of Russia, which is also important in the context of ensuring the country's energy security. In the future, the new transit will ensure the issuance of full capacity of the cascade of Irtysh hydroelectric stations. In general, during the implementation of the large-scale project "Construction of 500 kV overhead lines of the North-East-South transit", high- voltage power lines of 500 and 220 kV with a total length of over 1,700 km are being built (of which 500 kV - 1,500 km and 220 kV - 200 km) and three new substations with a capacity of 500 kV “Semey”, “Aktogay” and “Taldykorgan”. The existing 1150 kV Ekibastuzskaya substations, 500 kV Alma, 500 kV Ust- Kamenogorsk and 220 kV ORU Shulbinskaya HPP are also expanding. Completion of the second stage will allow increasing the transit potential of the NPG in the direction of North-South Kazakhstan, to ensure coverage of the electricity needs of electrified sections of railways, energy-intensive objects of the mining industry, to create conditions for the development of border areas and sources of renewable energy, which is especially important in the context of the concept implemented in Kazakhstan transition to a "green economy", as well as to
12
strengthen the connection of the Eastern Zone with the unified electric system of Kazakhstan. The second 500kV North-South transit line doubled the ability to transfer electricity to the south of the country from 600 MW to 1,259 MW and provided a solution to the problem of covering the acute shortage of electricity in southern Kazakhstan at that time. A line construction Zhitikara-Ulke (which connected the Aktyubinsk and Kustanai oblasts) eliminated the problem of the acute shortage of Kazakhstani electricity in the Aktyubinsk energy hub, and also ensured the independence of regional consumers from the supply of electricity from Russia. Moreover, this project was implemented for the first time in the power industry on the basis of a concession agreement. Most power plants, whether hydro, thermal (nuclear power plants, thermal power plants and others) or wind farms, use for their work the energy of rotation of the generator shaft. Depending on the energy source (in particular, the type of fuel) e. stations are: 1. Nuclear Power Plants (NPP) 2. Power plants operating on organic fuel (thermal power plants (TPP) in the narrow sense) 3. Gas power plants 4. Fuel oil power plants 5. Solid fuel power plants 6. Hydroelectric Station (HPP) The Unified Electric Power System of the Republic of Kazakhstan (UES RK) is a combination of power plants, power lines and substations that provide reliable and high-quality power supply to consumers of the country. State regulation in the field of electric power industry is carried out in order to: -maximally meeting the demand of energy consumers and protecting the rights of participants in the electricity and heat market by creating competitive market conditions that guarantee consumers the right to choose electricity and heat suppliers; - ensuring reliable and stable operation of the electric power complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan; - Unity of management of the electric power complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan as a particularly important life support system for the country's economic and social complexes. The state authorized body exercising control and regulation in the field of electric power industry is the Ministry of Industry and New Technologies of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The annual maximum load of 2018 was recorded on December 25 at 19-00 and amounted to 14,823 MW. Compared with the maximum of 2017 (December 13, 2017 7:00 pm), the maximum load increased by 629 MW or 4.4%.
13
Generation amounted to 14555 MW, which is higher by 339 MW or 2.4% of the same indicator in 2017. At the same time, the external balanced power flow (deficit) was 268 MW. Of these, reception from Russia is 108 MW; reception from Central Asia is 160 MW. Electricity generation for the reporting period in 2018 in Kazakhstan amounted to 106797.1 million kWh, including: -thermal power plants 86795.1 million kWh -hydroelectric power stations 10343.0 mln.kWh -gas turbine power stations 9119.3 million kWh -SES, WPP and BGU 539.7 million kWh The electricity consumption of Kazakhstan for the reporting period in 2018 compared to the same period in 2017 increased by 5371.7 million kWh (5.5%) and amounted to 103228.3 million kWh. The increase in consumption occurred in the southern zone of Kazakhstan by 1,388.9 million kWh (6.8%), in the northern zone the growth of electricity consumption by 2,975.0 million kWh (4.6%) and in the western zone the growth of electricity consumption by 1007, 8 million kWh (8.1%). As a rule, during the execution of the enormous scale venture "Development of 500 kV overhead lines of the North-East-South travel", high-voltage electrical cables of 500 and 220 kV with an absolute length of more than 1,700 km are being worked (of which 500 kV - 1,500 km and 220 kV - 200 km) and three new substations with a limit of 500 kV "Semey", "Aktogay" and "Taldykorgan". The current 1150 kV Ekibastuzskaya substations, 500 kV Alma, 500 kV Ust- Kamenogorsk and 220 kV ORU Shulbinskaya HPP are additionally extending. Culmination of the second stage will permit expanding the travel capability of the NPG toward North-South Kazakhstan, to guarantee inclusion of the power needs of zapped segments of railroads, vitality serious objects of the mining business, to make conditions for the improvement of fringe regions and wellsprings of sustainable power source, which is particularly significant with regards to the idea executed in Kazakhstan progress to a "green economy", just as to reinforce the association of the Eastern Zone with the brought together electric arrangement of Kazakhstan. The second 500kV North-South travel line multiplied the capacity to move power toward the south of the nation from 600 MW to 1,259 MW and gave an answer for the issue of covering the intense deficiency of power in southern Kazakhstan around then. A line development Zhitikara-Ulke (which associated the Aktyubinsk and Kustanai oblasts) dispensed with the issue of the intense deficiency of Kazakhstani power in the Aktyubinsk vitality center, and furthermore guaranteed the autonomy of local purchasers from the supply of power from Russia. Additionally, this venture was actualized without precedent for the power business based on a concession understanding.
14
2 The existing principles of emergency automation in the National Electric Network of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Emergency automation devices are designed to automatically respond to the occurrence of a weighted or emergency mode in the power system in order to return the system to normal operation. The presence of PA devices in the power system is due to the need to solve two main tasks: ensure the safety of equipment; increase of permissible power flows along the lines of electric networks. In emergency control systems of substations and generating facilities, it is conditionally possible to distinguish two levels of emergency control: the level of devices of the local user agent and the level of devices of the centralized user agent. The difference between the equipment of these two levels is in the amount of input information processed and the set of functions performed by the devices. Devices of the local user agent process information from one or two connections, while the device of the centralized user agent collects and processes data from a number of connections belonging to one power region, including both generating facilities and substations. Devices of a centralized PA, as a rule, operate under the control of the UCSA DSPA (control and computing complex of the centralized emergency control automation system), which is under the authority of the system operator (CO), and the devices of the local userâ € ™ intro for exploitation. Emergency control automation (PA) is a set of devices that measure and process the parameters of the electric power mode of the power system, transfer information and control commands and implement control actions in accordance with predetermined algorithms and settings to identify, prevent the development and eliminate the emergency mode of the power system. The resulting 500kV ring leads to the complexity of the electrical network and, accordingly, the choice of the principles of emergency control. To preserve the stability of the combined power system, it is necessary to automatically control the power of its energy sources in emergency conditions. The functions of automatic emergency power control are assigned to special emergency control devices operating according to predetermined programs based on calculations of the stability of the power system in various modes. The actions of such a PA are mainly reduced to a reduction in the load in that part of the power system where there is a shortage of power, and, if necessary, to the launch of other separating relief devices at the nodes of the power system. PA start-up factors are the shutdowns of transit loaded transmission lines with control of previous power through them, the direction of this power, the achievement of maximum power flows and transmission angles through transit connections, the consequences of short circuits and other emergency transients with control of their “severity”, the operation of some other types PA and RZA. Typically, the scheme provides the ability to start the PA with various combinations of these factors, depending on the task.
15
For the transfer of start-up factors from distant objects to the installation site of the PA, as well as the transfer of control actions from the PA, high-frequency channels are used over power lines. The device APAH main consists of two stages. The first stage - APAH according to the rate of change of resistance, the second stage - APAH with a cycle counter and the definition of the electric center of oscillations. In addition, there is still APAH in an incomplete phase mode. The second phase of the APAH with a cycle counter figures how frequently the power sign on our line has changed during an offbeat kept running in a piece of the framework that is remote from us. In this mode, the 2-level APAH is a long-distance backup for neighboring connections.
figure 2.1
And the last one - the resistance relay, which determines the electric center of oscillations, is part of the 2 steps of the APAH. For some reason, our stage 1 may not work during an asynchronous run on our line, and then stage 2 will still disconnect the line. Those. our stage 2 reserves the failure of our stage 1 To understand the principle of operation of these devices, remember what an asynchronous process is. This is a process of deep violation of the stability of the operation of two conventional systems connected to our line, in which the EMF vectors of two sources cannot maintain a stable position and rotate relative to each other by 360 °.
16
In this case, during the entire period of existence of the asynchronous mode, the voltage on the line will change from the nominal EMF of the system generator to zero when passing through our line of the electric center of oscillations. We remember that the current and voltage in the line are out of phase, so at that moment when the voltage is nominal and the angle between the two vectors is zero - the load current is zero, and at that moment when the voltage is zero - the load current is fault current corresponding to the length of the line segment. This point is called the electric center of swing. APAH of the first stage are two resistance relays, which calculate the approach to our line of the electric center of oscillations. The logic of the relay is as follows: APAH - automatic termination of asynchronous operation. Asynchronous mode is a consequence of the violation of the stability of parallel operation of individual parts of the power system and is characterized by the fact that one power plant or part of the power system operates at a frequency different from that of the other part of the power system, while maintaining electrical communication between the parts of the power system that have gone out of sync. Characteristic features of the asynchronous mode are periodic changes in the angle between the equivalent emf of asynchronously operating parts of the power system, as well as voltage, current, and active power of the transmission. As a rule, the existence of a long asynchronous mode is not allowed in complex interconnected power systems. Such a regime should be eliminated by high-speed devices dividing automation. They automatically divide intersystem or intrasystem transit connections when an asynchronous move arises over them. The simplest of these is dividing automatics using current relays that react to a periodic increase in current at AH. However, the detuning of such devices from other modes of current increase (short-circuit, overload) is not always possible; they do not provide speeds due to the need to introduce a delay according to the terms of coordination with other devices oncurrent principle. To detect asynchronous operation, voltage relays, impedance relays, and power relays can be used. They react to periodic changes in the parameters of electricity (voltage, resistance, direction of power). These changes (cycles) are fixed in the circuits by a special counter of asynchronous stroke cycles, the setpoint on which can be set from 1 to 5 or more cycles. With the help of cycle counters, you can adjust the time of the RH during short circuits and match two or more APAH devices to close transits. However, due to the need to slow down devices in complex power systems with heavily loaded transits, they can only be used as backup devices for the APAX. Devices using a detecting organ, measuring the angle of divergence of vectors of equivalent electromotive forces, have found application as basic
17
APAHs. The vectors of equivalent EMF are modeled by a special compensating circuit, their phases are compared by a phase-sensitive circuit. The most perfect are the devices in angle, providing selectivity of action (SAPAH-selective APAH). SAPAH reacts to an increase in the angle between the simulated emf and, depending on which part of the power system there is a deficit of active power, it acts: a) in the main zone (up to an angle of 180 ±), when the deficit of active power arose towards the tires from the installation site of SAPAH; b) in the reserve zone (after the asynchronous twist), when the deficit of active power arose in the direction of the line from the installation site SAPAH. SAPAH acts without delay to turn off the line. Blocking from short-circuit performed by a special filter that reacts to the asymmetry of the phase currents. In the main zone SAPAH can have two angles of operation. With a smaller angle, SAAPA acts on the launch of the SAON at the power facilities of the power system in order to relieve the load from this transit and reduce the angle. In case the angle continues to grow, the SAPAH acts on disconnecting the transit when the second angle setpoint is reached. AFOL fixes the state of overhead lines according to the position of the switches of this line. When both switches are disconnected in three phases or the switches are disconnected in three phases from the opposite side, the command "Switching off the overhead line" and "Repair the overhead line" is formed. When the overhead line is turned on, the “On the overhead line” command is formed on both sides. Information on switching on or off the overhead transmission line is transmitted via HF channels using ANKA-AUVA. In case of unsuccessful testing of overhead lines with voltage or unsuccessful TAPV, the command “Switching on overhead lines” is not formed. In a successful cycle, AFOL does not work. When the overhead line is turned off for a time longer than 10 s, the lamp “Overhead line is turned off” lights up on the AFOL panel. AFOL should always be on; All works on the AFOL panel are performed only when the line is disconnected; If one line switch is to be repaired, it is necessary to transfer the key to its “BB under repair” position on its panels, then the AFOL panel excludes this switch from its circuit and does not react to operations with it that will be performed during its repair; When taking out the repair of both line switches, it is necessary to transfer the key on the AFOL panel of the CRL line mode control to the “Rmont” position, then the AFOL will not react to both of these switches so that we do not do it during the repair; Before turning on the switch after repair it is necessary to turn the key on its panel to the “BB in Operation” position;
18
Before switching on the overhead line, the CRL key must be switched to the “Work” position; If we forgot to translate the explosive key in its panel, the AFOL may falsely send commands.
2.2 Analysis of the current state of the emergency control system of the Unified Energy System of Kazakhstan.
Emergency control (PAH) is designed to automatically prevent and localize emergency modes in the event of regulatory disturbances - disconnecting network elements, emergency generation loss and disconnecting large consumers, leading to rapid (up to 10 seconds) electromechanical transients that can lead to system accidents and equipment damage. Emergency control is performed for: 1) increase of permissible power flows in the backbone network of 110-500 kV in normal and repair schemes; 2) prevent the cascade development of an accident during emergency shutdowns of network elements and generation; 3) prevent disturbances in the stability of power systems with regulatory emergency disturbances in accordance with the “Guidelines for the Sustainability of Power Systems”; elimination of asynchronous modes; - prevent unacceptable reduction or increase in frequency; -prevent unacceptable reduction or increase in voltage; -prevent unacceptable current loads on electrical equipment. Emergency control in Kazakhstan originated during the creation of power systems in the 40–50 years, first in the form of automatic frequency unloading (ACP), and then, in the 60–70 years and later, as the power systems of Kazakhstan and the UES of the USSR were formed and developed, in the form of automation prevent the violation of the stability of the power systems (APNU), the automation of the elimination of asynchronous modes (ALAR), as well as the automation of the increase (ALP) and voltage reduction (ASN). Methods of choosing the principles and settings of the device APNU upon disconnection of network elements (OHL or AT), power surge. Based on the calculations, in accordance with the guidelines on sustainability, those elements of the network are determined whose disconnection leads to a violation or unacceptable reduction of the stability margin or overload of the network from the current. In this case, only those network elements are fixed, if they are disconnected, the value of the limiting flow decreases by more than 10%. For each of the selected launching units (SW), the first control setting of the prior mode (CRC) in a controlled section is determined, in which emergency control is not required. Specified is defined as follows:
19
-for each software, the emergency overflow is determined by the weighting of the mode when the network element (software) is turned off for the winter and summer mode; -When the power balance of emergency flow and the disconnected network element (SW), enable the disconnected network element (SW); in the received mode, the power of the initial mode is measured in the CRC section. From the lower value of the CRC, the error of the equipment is subtracted, this will be the first stage of the CRC-1; The second stage of the CRC-2 and the following are determined by the formula:
CRC-2 = CRC-1 + HC-1, (1.1) where: HC-1 - the value of the control action of the first stage.
CRC-3 = CRC-2 + HC-2, (1.2) where: HC-2 - the value of the control action of the second stage
CRC-4 = CRC-3 + HC-3, (1.3) where: HC - 3 - the value of the control action of the third stage
The selected settings of the CRC and HC are checked by calculations on the condition of maintaining dynamic stability and if stability is not preserved, then the CRC settings are reduced to the value at which the dynamic stability is maintained. In case of unacceptable power surges on adjacent sections as a result of the control actions of the HC-1, 2, 3, a balancing action is performed. If the control action is performed to disconnect the load (OH), then the balancing action of the same magnitude is performed to disconnect the generators (FG), and vice versa. Automation from power surge (ASM). ASM is designed to limit unacceptable power flow caused by emergency power imbalance when the adjacent OHL is disconnected, generated, consumed, or a violation of the dispatch schedule during maintenance. The operation of the ASM is performed to cut off the load (OH) or turn off generation (DG) in the lesser of the power systems, in order to reduce the flow. Determine the installation location of the ASM. The most preferred is the cross section of overhead lines for which the permissible flow is monitored and over which the most stable power limit is dependent on consumption; Calculated marginal flows for stability in normal and repair schemes at the installation site of the ASM; AHM setting is selected for a normal circuit according to the formula:
20
푅푢푠푡 = 푅푝푟 푥 퐾푝, (1.4)
where: 푅푝푟- limiting overflow by stability; 퐾푝 - error, depending on the equipment (from 0.92 to 0.97); The ASM device should not impede the achievement of an emergency- permissible flow; AHM setting is selected for repair schemes, which is automatically or quickly changed; in the case of installation of the AHM near the electric center of oscillation, the AHM device is complemented by a voltage reduction control with a setting:
푈푠푒푡 = 0,9푈푛표푚 (1.5)
2.3. Analysis of the state and principles of the organization of the existing system of ASU and the principles of organization of the designed devices of the APSU according to the implemented projects of power grid construction in the Unified Energy System of Kazakhstan (including the East-South transit of the Unified Energy System of Kazakhstan).
2.3.1. The principles of the existing APNU UES of Kazakhstan in a 500 kV network.
APNU is designed to prevent the violation of stability: -in case of emergency shutdown of network elements (N-1) with short circuit; -in case of emergency surge of active power, caused by emergency loss of generation, or separation of an adjacent network into asynchronous parts. Currently, automatic emergency control, designed to prevent the violation of stability in the backbone network of the UES of Kazakhstan, is carried out by a number of local and node PA devices, each of which controls only a limited network segment (decentralized APNU). Control actions are performed on disconnecting generators (EG), disconnecting loads (OH), dividing the network (DS), disconnecting reactors 500 kV. The APNU of the Western Zone of the Unified Energy System of Kazakhstan was not considered in this feasibility study due to the lack of a 500 kV network and an ADV in a 220 kV network. The following effects may be used as control actions of the APSU in the Northern zone of the UES of Kazakhstan: 1) turning off the generators of the ECE (OG-1, OG-2); 2) disconnection of generators in the UES of Siberia (OG-1); 3) shutdown of generators of the Altai hydroelectric power station: a) 1st stage - OG-2 BGES (120-150 MW);
21
b) 2nd stage - OG-4 BGES (240 - 300 MW); c) 3rd stage - OG-4 BGES + OG-1 UKGES (300 - 380 MW); d) 4th stage - OG-4 BGES + OG-1 UKGES + OG-1 ShGES (360 - 500 MW); 4) disconnection of generators of the Shulbinsk Hydroelectric Power Station: (OG-1, OG-2, OG-3 of ShGPP). 5) launch of backup generators of the Altai hydroelectric power station: a) AZG-1 Altai (1GG BGES + 1GG UKGES) - 150 MW; b) AZG-2 of Altai (2GG BGES + 1GG UKGES) - 225 MW; c) AZG-3 of Altai (3GGG BHPP + 2GG UKGES) - 380 MW; d) AZG-4 of Altai (4GG BGES + 3GG UKGES + 1GG ShGES) - 650 - 700 MW. 6) load disconnection in Kustanai region: a) OH-1 Kustanaya; b) OH-2 Kustanaya. 7) load disconnection in the Central region: a) ON-BGMK, ON-DGMK ("Kazakhmys"); b) HE KMK (Arcelor Mittal Temirtau ”); c) IT MPS (Kazakhstan Temir-Zholy RSE); d) IT RTI; e) HE KGOK (“Karaganda Zharyk”); e) OH ZPMK ("Silicium Kazakhstan"); g) HE Car Cement. 8) load disconnection in Akmola region: h) HE PLHP-2; a) HE PS Siberia; b) OH Kokchetav site. 9) shutdown of the load of the CEC: (off. L-2087 at EGRES-1 and off. L- 2138 at SS Osakarovka). 10) shutdown of the load of the Eastern region: c) OH-1 Altai; d) OH-2 of Altai; e) OH-3 of Altai; e) OH-4 Altai. 11) shutdown of the R-500kV No. 3 reactor at SS Yesil; 12) shutdown of the R-500kV overhead line Zhitikara overhead substation at Sokol Substation (as part of the OH-1 Kustanai exposure); 13) network division by section L-5300 + L-5320 + L-2303. For the centralized impact on load disconnection, the SAON “ON-350 Kazakhstan” integrated stage was completed in the Northern zone of the Unified Energy System of Kazakhstan, including the volume: HE BGMK, HE DGMK, OH KIK, OH-1 and AZG-2 Altai, ON Akmola region; The following effects can be used as control actions of the APSU in the Southern zone of the UES of Kazakhstan:
22
1) Load cut-off in the Almaty region (ON AZhK and ON TATEK): a) OH-1 Almaty; b) OH-2 Almaty; c) OH-3 Almaty; 2) Disconnection load in the South Kazakhstan region: a) HE PS Zhambyl-500 (OH "Kazphosphate"); b) HE PS PS Shymkentskaya-220; c) HE of Shymkent CHP-3; 3) Shutting off the load in the Kentau-Kzyl-Orda region: a) HE PS Kentau; b) OH Kzyl-Ordinskaya; c) OH Kzyl-Orda CHPP-6; 4) Shut-off of R-500 kV reactors No. 1, No. 2 or No. 3 at YuKGRES; 5) Launch of backup hydrogenerators at hydroelectric power plants: a) AZG Kapshagay hydroelectric station; b) AZG Moinak hydroelectric station; 6) Switching off the generator of the Moinak hydroelectric station (OG-1 MGES). 7) Network division: a) network division by section L-2183 + L-2193 + L-2283 + input 220 kV AT-3 PS Shu; b) network division by section L-2183 + L-2193 + L-2283; c) network division by section L-2303. The existing decentralized complexes of the APSU in the UES of Kazakhstan control the following network volumes of 500 kV: APNU transit Kazakhstan-Ural. The functions of the APNU transit Kazakhstan-Ural are performed by a microprocessor-based control computer complex (UVK ADV) of the Ekibastuz- 1150 substation with the start-up authorities of the Ural direction. Designed to maintain stability in case of emergency disconnection of 500 kV overhead lines: EGRES-1-TsGPP (L-5050), TsGPP-Esil (L-5071), Esil-Sokol (L-5086), Sokol- Kostanay (L-5096), Kostanay-Chelyabinsk (L-1103), Ekibastuz-Kokshetau (L- 1101), Kokshetau-Kostanay (L-1102), Aurora-Tavricheskaya (L-5561), Aurora- Kurgan (L-5201), as well as during transit break Kazakhstan-Central Asia in normal and repair schemes. In UVK ADV PS Ekibastuzskaya-1150 for the Ural direction are controlled power flows in the following sections: 1) L-1102 + L-5086 + L-5201 + VL Voskhod-Vityaz; 2) L-1101 + L-5050 + L-5561 + VL Voskhod-Vityaz; 3) L-1101 + L-5050 + L-5561 + VL Voskhod-Vityaz + L-5300 + L- 5320 (total issue in the North and South directions);
23
4) L-1102 + L-5086 + L-5201 + VL Voskhod-Vityaz + L-5300 + L- 5320 (total issue in the North and South directions); 5) The pre-emergency information collection system for UVK ADV PS Ekibastuzskaya-1150 is implemented on the Tornado telemechanics equipment (Tornado-KP and Tornado-TsPPS). An exchange of pre-emergency information about the modes and status of the 500 kV network between UVK ADV PS Ekibastuzskaya and UVK ADV PS Voskhod (UES of Russia) was also organized. As control actions of UVK ADV PS Ekibastuzskaya-1150 for the Ural direction are provided: a) Switching off generators, stages “OG-1”, “OG-2”, “OG-3”, with the possibility of impact on OG-1 of Siberia (400 MW at the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric station), on OG-1 and OG-2 of Kazakhstan ( 300 MW and 600 MW at ECE); b) Disconnecting the load, the “OH-350 of Kazakhstan” stage (normally withdrawn), with the possibility of influencing consumers in the Northern, Central and Eastern regions of the Unified Energy System of Kazakhstan with a total volume of up to 250 MW.
APNU North-South transit. The North-South transit ABC functions are performed by UVK ADV YuKGRES and UVK ADV PS Ekibastuzskaya (with start-up agencies of the South direction). Designed to maintain stability in case of emergency disconnection of 500 kV overhead lines: Ekibastuz-Agadyr (L-5170), EGRES-1-Nura (L-5120), Nura-Agadyr (L-5138), YuKGRES-Agadyr (L-5300, L -5320), YuKGRES-Almaty (L-5313), Almaty-Shu (L-5343), YuKGRES-Shu (L-5333), YuKGRES-Alma (L- 5363), Shu-Frunzenskaya (L-5143) in normal and repair schemes, as well as when two AT-500 SS Almaty shut-offs, two AT-500 PS Alma alarms, and during operation of the MChDA PS Almaty. In UVK ADV PS YuKGRES controlled power flow in the following sections: - L-5300 + L-5320; - L-5333 + L-5343; - L-5143 + AT-3 PS Shu + L-2283 + L-2763 + L-2193 + L-2183; - L-5313 + L-5343 + L-5363; - L-5313 + L-5333 + L-5363. In UVK ADV Substation Ekibastuzskaya-1150 for the South direction, power flows are monitored in the following sections: - L-5120 + L-5170; -(L-5120 + L-5170) - (L-5300 + L-5320) (deficit of the Central Region); - L-5138 + L-5170;
24
- (L-5138 + L-5170) - (L-5300 + L-5320) (deficit of the Central Region); The pre-emergency information collection system for UVK ADV YuKGRES is implemented on the Tornado telemechanics equipment (Tornado-KP and Tornado-TsPPS). As control actions of UVK ADV YuKGRES and UVK ADV PS Ekibastuzskaya-1150 (for the South direction) are provided: a) Load Shutdown in the Central Region (200 MW): OH-1, OH-2 of the Karaganda energy center; OH-2, OH-3 of the Balkhash energy center; OH-2, OH-3 of the Zhezkazgan energy center; b) Shutdown of load in Almaty region (200 MW): - OH-2, OH-3 of the Almaty energy center; c) Disconnection of the load of the South of Kazakhstan (200 MW): OH Zhambyl power unit; OH of Shymkent power unit; OH of Kentau-Kyzylorda energy center; d) Disconnection of load in the UES of Central Asia (100 MW) - normally derived; e) Distribution of the network of 500-220 kV across the North-South and Kazakhstan-Central Asia sections: 1)L-5300 + L-5320 + L-2303; 2)L-2283 + L-2183 + L-2193 + input 220 kV AT-3 PS Shu; 3)L-2283 + L-2183 + L-2193; Also, YuKGRES installed an ANM microprocessor device (automation from power surge) on 500 kV overhead lines L-5300, L-5320 Agadyr-YuKGRES (power measurement by the sum of two circuits), with control of the direction of power both from North to South and from South to North, in normal and repair schemes for North-South transit, and with additional control of voltage reduction on 500 kV YuKGRES tires. As control actions of the ASM YuKGRES are provided: a) Disconnection of 500 kV reactors (Р-1, Р-2, Р-3) at YuKGRES; b) Disconnection of the load of the South of Kazakhstan (100 - 200 MW); c) Disconnecting the load in the UES of Central Asia (100 MW); d) Disconnection of generation in the UES of Central Asia (OG-1 of the UES of CA), disconnection of one generator at the Toktogul hydroelectric station or the Syr-Darya GRES– normally derived. APNU North-East-South transit (Ekibastuz-Semey-Ust-Kamenogorsk section). The ABC transit 500 kV North-East functions are performed by microprocessor complexes UVK ADV PS Semey and UVK ADV PS Ust- Kamenogorsk, which are designed to maintain stability during emergency outages of 500 kV overhead lines: Ekibastuz-Semey (L-5370), Semey-Ust-Kamenogorsk
25
(L-5384), Ust-Kamenogorsk-Rubtsovsk (L-5544), Rubtsovsk-ECE (L-5527), Rubtsovsk-Barnaul (L-551), as well as disconnection of two AT-500 Substation Ust-Kamenogorsk in normal and repair schemes. As control actions of UVK ADV PS Semey and UVK ADV PS Ust- Kamenogorsk include: a) Disconnection in the Eastern region (SAON of Altai): OH-1, OH-2, OH-3, OH-4 (up to 500 MW); b) Disconnection of hydrogenerators at the Bukhtarma hydroelectric station, Ust-Kamenogorsk hydroelectric station, Shulbinskaya hydroelectric station (OG Altai): OG-1, OG-2, OG-3, OG-4 (up to 500 MW); c) Automatic loading of hydrogenerators at Bukhtarma hydroelectric station, Ust-Kamenogorsk hydroelectric station, Shulbinskaya hydroelectric power station (Altai AZG): AZG-1, AZG-2, AZG-3, AZG-4 (up to 500 MW); The pre-emergency information collection system for UVK ADV Semey Semey and UVK ADV Ust-Kamenogorsk PSA is implemented on the Tornado telemechanics equipment (Tornado-KP and Tornado-TsPPS). APNU Zhezkazgan energy center. It consists of an ADV relay device at PS-500 kV Zhezkazgan. Designed to maintain stability through a shunt network of 220 kV at emergency disconnection of 500 kV overhead lines Agadyr-Zhezkazgan (L-5148) or AT-500 PS Zhezkazgan with control of power flow via L-5148 in the normal circuit and during repairs of the 220 kV network. It acts on the SAON of the Zhezkazgan energy center: OH-1, OH-2, OH-3 (up to 100 MW). Also, in the shunt network 220 kV of the Zhezkazgan energy center, ASM devices are installed that act on the SAON of the Zhezkazgan energy center when the flow through it is exceeded, emergency values are allowed. APNU Aktobe power center. It consists of an ADV microprocessor device at the 500 kV Ulke PS. It is intended to maintain the stability of the shunt network 220 kV in case of emergency disconnection of VL-500 kV Zhitikara-Ulke (L-5740), AT-500 PS Ulke, VL-220 kV: Orsk-Kimpersay (L-2012), Kimpersay-Akzhar (L- 2022), Orsk- Aktyubinskaya (L-2032), Aktyubinskaya-Ulke (L-2042), Aktobe-Akzhar (L- 2092), Akzhar-Ulke (L-2102), Ulke-Novotroitskaya (L-5012) in normal and repair schemes. In ADV Substation Ulke, the total power flow over the cross section of L- 5740 + L-5012 + L-2012 + L-2032 is controlled to receive at the Aktobe power center. The ADV Substation Ulke operates at the SAON of the Aktobe energy center (up to 200 MW). Also, the ASM function was implemented in the ADV Substation Ulke with power control over the same section, with the SAON of the Aktobe energy center acting on the same volume. The pre-emergency information
26
collection system for the ADV Substation Ulke is implemented on the Tornado telemechanical equipment (Tornado-KP and Tornado-TsPPS). In addition, in the shunt network of 220 kV Aktobe power unit installed ARL devices acting on the SAON Aktobe power unit (up to 100 MW) when the current is exceeded on them, long-term acceptable values. APNU Almaty power unit. The functions of the APSU of the Almaty energy center are performed by the ADV YuKGRES. Designed to maintain stability in case of emergency shutdown of L-5313 YuKGRES-Almaty, L-5343 Almaty-Shu, L-5363 YuKGRES- Alma, VL-500 kV Alma-Taldykorgan, VL-500 kV Taldykorgan-Aktogai in repair diagrams. Acts on the SAON of the Almaty energy center (200 MW), as well as the AZG of the Kapshagay and Moinak hydropower stations. APNU of the Eastern energy center. Consists of ADV on the SS-500 kV Ust-Kamenogorsk. Designed to preserve the stability of the network of 500-220 kV of the Eastern energy center during emergency shutdown of L-5544 Ust-Kamenogorsk-Rubtsovskaya, L-5384 Ust- Kamenogorsk-Semey in the normal circuit and repair diagrams. It acts on the SAON of the Eastern energy center (500 MW) and the OG of the power stations of the Bukhtarma hydroelectric station, Ust-Kamenogorskaya hydroelectric station, and Shulbinskaya hydroelectric station (up to 500 MW in total). APNU schemes for the issuance of power capacity of the ECE. It consists of relay devices ADV, installed at the EEC, and intended to preserve the stability of the 500-220 kV network included in the EEC issuance scheme in case of emergency disconnection of adjacent 500 kV overhead lines in some repair circuits on 500 kV Kazakhstan-Siberia and Ural lines : 1) ADV L-5017 - acts upon disconnection of the 500 kV overhead line EEC- EGRES-1 (L-5017) with control of the power flow along the L-5017 from ECE buses. 2) ADV L-5537 - acts upon disconnection of the 500 kV EEK-Irtyshskaya (L- 5537) or 500 kV Irtysh-Tavricheskaya (L-555) overhead lines with the control of the flow through the L-5537 from ECE buses. The control actions of the ADV L-5017 and ADV L-5537 are two stages of disconnecting the generators (OG-1 and OG-2) with the possibility of prompt selection of the implementation at the OG of the EEC or OG of Siberia. 3) ADV L-5527 (EEC-Rubtsovsk) - through ADV L-5527, the OG-1 of Kazakhstan control action is implemented, which is formed by the PA system of the Siberian Environment Power System of Siberia. Affects the shutdown of one ECE generator. Also on the 220 kV overhead line L-2077, L-2287, ARL devices are installed that act on OG-1 or OG-2 EEK when the current is exceeded along them, for a long time, the allowable values. APNU of the scheme for issuing capacity of EGRES-1 power plant.
27
It consists of local ADV devices installed at EGRES-1 and designed to preserve the stability of the 500-220 kV network included in the scheme of issuing EGRES-1 during emergency shutdown of adjacent 500 kV overhead lines in some repair circuits on 500 kV Kazakhstan-Siberia connections and Kazakhstan-Ural: 1) ADV L-5017 - acts upon disconnection of the 500 kV overhead line EEC- EGRES-1 (L-5017) with control of the power flow through the L-5017 from EGRES-1 buses. The control action of ADV L-5017 supposes the disconnection of EGRES-1 generators (OG-1 or OG-2 EGRES-1), but due to the lack of real power output modes from EGRES-1 to L-5017 - ADV L-5017 at present not used. 2) ADV L-5577 - acts upon disconnection of 500 kV overhead lines EGRES-1-Tavricheskaya (L-5577) with control of the power flow along L-5577 from EGRES-1 tires. The control actions of the ADV L-5577 are two stages of disconnecting the generators (OG-1 and OG-2) with the possibility of prompt choice of implementation at the EG of the ECE or OG of Siberia. Also on EGRES-1, on VL-500 kV EGRES-1 - TsGPP (L-5050), an overload locking device (UFP L-5050) was installed, fixing the surge of power on L-5050 in the direction from EGRES-1 buses, and forming control action "OG-1" (OG-1 EEC or OG-1 Siberia). AOSN 500 kV substation. ACN devices of the 500 kV network are designed to automatically increase the throughput of 500 kV transit connections and act on the disconnection of 500 kV line or bus reactors. In the UES of Kazakhstan, the AOCH function is implemented in the terminals for the protection of 7SJ635 type reactors from Siemens. It should be noted that the decentralized local APNU complexes have a number of functional and hardware limitations: The “2DO” principle is used, that is, the setting of local ADVs is calculated in advance, according to the worst variant of possible circuit-mode situations, while the actual network bandwidth varies continuously, both in the context of the seasons and the time of day. Measurement of the power of the CRC does not take into account the areas of stability, the full configuration, the shunt network and the change in the circuit- mode parameters, which leads to a deafening of the settings of the CRC and excessive PAH. Step setting of the CRC and HC settings. The need to make an operational restructuring of the ADV during repairs and emergency outages of the network, which reduces the reliability of the regime In order to simplify the structure of the existing APNU, the automation setting, as a rule, lays down the control of disconnecting network elements only in the normal circuit and for some single repairs. Thus, all options for the configuration of 500 kV network schemes are not covered, which in some cases leads to a decrease in allowable flows in the repair schemes.
28
2.4 Overview of modern emergency control systems in the countries of near and far abroad
Inside the control room, a review of the creation procedure is made accessible utilizing ergonomically-structured Operator Control stations. Any disturbance to the procedure can be intently checked as visual, alert logs and verifiable chronicles. Administrators are given continuous data important to make appropriate remedial activities to return the procedure to follow. Should any baseless procedure upset happen regardless of administrator development, the influenced procedure units will be shutdown naturally by the exceptionally incorporated SIS. The SIS counteracts heightening of procedure agitates because of hardware disappointment, abrupt change in procedure parameters or human blunder, while controlling the control highlights. The smooth activity of the Plant is to a great extent subject to the viability of the control methodologies executed by the PCS. These incorporate dealing with the start-up lenient, start-up detour, grouping control, appropriate tuning of PID control circles, legitimate interlocking and recording capacities, for example, succession of occasions, authentic filing and caution the board. In the crisis state of hydrocarbon gas spillage, smoke or even flame episode, the Fire and Gas framework (FGS) will identify any flood event and execute defensive activities. These incorporate flame alert sounding, fire reference points, fire or gas zone sign and falling sign to the SIS to ensure process gear by closing down the influenced units. Inside the control room, a review of the creation procedure is made accessible utilizing ergonomically-structured Operator Control stations. Any disturbance to the procedure can be intently checked as visual, alert logs and verifiable chronicles. Administrators are given continuous data important to make appropriate remedial activities to return the procedure to follow. Should any baseless procedure upset happen regardless of administrator development, the influenced procedure units will be shutdown naturally by the exceptionally incorporated SIS. The SIS counteracts heightening of procedure agitates because of hardware disappointment, abrupt change in procedure parameters or human blunder, while controlling the control highlights. The smooth activity of the Plant is to a great extent subject to the viability of the control methodologies executed by the PCS. These incorporate dealing with the start-up lenient, start-up detour, grouping control, appropriate tuning of PID control circles, legitimate interlocking
29
and recording capacities, for example, succession of occasions, authentic filing and caution the board. In the crisis state of hydrocarbon gas spillage, smoke or even flame episode, the Fire and Gas framework (FGS) will identify any flood event and execute defensive activities. These incorporate flame alert sounding, fire reference points, fire or gas zone sign and falling sign to the SIS to ensure process gear by closing down the influenced units. ITEC building gives devices to screen vitality so you can settle on educated choices on power use and expenses. In view of a web-empowered administration programming bundle, this gives you access to basic vitality data from for all intents and purposes any area. The product joins information gathering, customer server applications, and Microsoft's progressed .NET™ Web innovation to furnish you with a total vitality the executives choice help instrument. You can catch, examine, store, and offer vitality information with key partners utilizing a standard internet browser. This makes it easy to circulate the information important to advance vitality utilization, oversee control quality, connect vitality use, decide cost to generation, and improve effectiveness. The PlantPAx® Process Automation System from Rockwell Automation is a modern distributed control system (DCS), built on a standards-based architecture by using Integrated Architecture™ components that enable multi-disciplined control and premier integration with the Rockwell Automation® intelligent motor control portfolio. ITEC engineering has joined the Rockwell Automation Recognized System Integrator Program. Qualified members of the program represent system integrators that meet program criteria for operational excellence, application expertise and customer focus.
30
Figure 2.1
Administrator Training on Virtual Plant very robotized plants require higher administrator abilities. This is causing an expanded interest for continuous preparing for plant administrators. Likewise, there is an incredibly high level of administrators moving toward retirement age. Task Managers are looked with is finding a successful and proficient approach to lead information move from the accomplished administrators to the up and coming age of administrators. The better methodology is putting resources into a virtual plant. Precisely the same administrator designs, alerts and controls utilized in the on-line control framework are duplicated into a control framework test system made by ITEC building. The administrator takes a shot at the precise reproduction of the framework in the control room. An ongoing, powerful model of the IO and procedure is utilized to give IO sign to the recreated control framework. The administrator and control framework seem, by all accounts, to be controlling the real procedure. Also, the whole arrangement is actualized in a virtual, private cloud condition. By utilizing the Virtual Plant, the client has a viable instrument for decreasing the dangers in mechanizing and working the plant. These dangers include:
31
- Hidden blunders and issues in the computerization framework application programming undetected until they cause procedure or operational issues. - Inappropriate administrator activities or on the other hand, administrators not making a move when they should. - Operating systems that are in blunder or fragmented with the end goal that they are not utilized or trusted. By testing the robotization framework and preparing administrators with the virtual plant, the client can moderate these dangers and amplify the gainful task of the plant. Our ICSS are planned with simple remote access and information benefits through LAN, Ethernet, WiFi, 3G, Satellite, and so on The adaptability enables a client to interface remote ICSS in a situation where correspondence advancements are always showing signs of change. Our answer utilizes an outbound association over the industrial facility LAN (HTTPS port 443 or UDP 1194). This makes the ICSS access to be segregated from Internet by working with private IP address, non reachable from the Internet. No IT/firewall changes are expected to set up correspondence. A key resource that your IT group will appreciate! We can utilize this arrangement as an information passage enabling you to screen and gather your information. Regardless of whether you need caution the board and notice, information logging and recovery. The work force of «Prosoft Systems» organization has actualized the gear of Urengoy SDPS with the programmed crisis control framework (Instability aversion mechanization). The client of the undertaking was the branch «Urengoy SDPS» of JSC «Inter RAO - Electrogeneratsiya». Urengoy SDPS mechanization of IPA has been intended to save the strength of the Northern Energy Area and the vitality office itself in regards to potential aggravations inside the 220 kV organize. Specialized re-hardware of the crisis control framework at the power office has been executed based on gadgets produced by «Prosoft Systems» Ltd. Inside the structure of the undertaking, the Urengoy State District Power Station has been provided with programmed solidness control gear (IPA) in view of the Electic Power System Node System Integrity Prrotectior Scheme IED (UPAE) bureau and the bureau of estimation transducers dependent on ARIS MT200 controllers. The experts of «ProsoftSystems» regulated the entire cycle of computerization exercises, since plan to the conveyance of the completed framework to the client, Inside the structure of the undertaking, planning and working documentation was created and concurred with the client and the part of «SO UES» JSC (Tyumen Regional Dispatch Control Center, RDCC), development and establishment exercises was done - new cupboards were introduced, links were laid and associated, every single essential assessment of gear and link items were done after establishment . Additionally, dispatching exercises have been executed, including the alteration of UPAE cupboards, the current crisis control framework MKPA cupboards and Device for transmission of crisis and control signals.
32
Acknowledgment tests were executed mutually with the agents of the client and the part of JSC «SO UES» of Tyumen RDCC as per the recently concurred program and test technique. It is important to take note of that the named exercises because of the venture were executed inside the Far North conditions, and in winter and brief time. The masters of the organization «ProsoftSystem» have played out all turnkey exercises in full and in opportune way.
3 Calculation of operating modes 3.1 Short description of the program worked «Rastr3WIN»
How about we give a short portrayal of the determined piece of the "RASTR" program. Complex program RASTR is intended for figuring and breaking down the consistent state methods of electrical frameworks on the IBM PC and are good with it. RASTR permits count, equivalentization and weighting of the mode, gives screen information and redress of source information, rapidly detaching hubs and parts of the plan, has system zoning capacities, likewise gives a graphical portrayal of the plan or its individual pieces, alongside practically any determined and starting parameters RASTR has no product confinements on the volume of undertakings to be determined. Catch memory is controlled by the size of the determined plan, and right now the most extreme measure of the plan is 1200-1500 hubs (contingent upon the design of the plan) with a base number of occupant programs. Data format "Nodes": 1) District - the number of the district to which the node belongs; 2) Number - the node number in the equivalent circuit; 3) N is the number of the static characteristic; 4) O - not set; 5) 1.2 - standards (sewn into the program); 6) Name - the name of the node (0-12 characters); 7) Unom - the rated voltage of the node or the module of the node (determined by the standard voltage scale); 8) Rload, Qload - active and reactive load of the node (determined by reference measurements, or calculated data are used); 9) Rgen, Qgen - active and reactive generation of a node, are also set according to control measurements for those nodes where there is generation; 10) Qmin, Qmax - the minimum and maximum possible limits of change in the generation of the reactive power of a node (determined by the technical capabilities of the equipment). Setting limits allows the program to determine the optimal reactive power generation for a given node. Data format "Branches": 1) Nstart, Nend - numbers of nodes bounding the line; 2) R, X - resistance;
33
3) B - conductivity (µS) for power transmission lines - full conductivity of shunts of the "U" -shaped circuit (<0), for a transformer - conductivity of the "G" - shaped circuit (> 0); 4) Kt in Kt / m - the real and imaginary component of the transformation ratio; The branch resistance must be reduced to voltage Ustart, and the transformation ratio is defined as the ratio Uend / Uend. Data format "Areas": Number - the number of the district; Name - the name of the area; Result command Subcommand "Nodes" The calculation results are presented in the form of a table, when viewing which we use the PGUP, PGDN keys to scroll the table back and forth through the pages. All links of the node are always shown on the screen (if they do not fit on the screen, the node is not shown completely). To go directly to the node of interest, you must dial its number and press Enter (the number> pa is displayed on the first line of the screen). "Losses" subcommand Designed to display a structural analysis of active power losses for a given area or the entire network. To print the table - F8. Technical characteristics of the RASTR program has no software limitations on the volume of tasks to be calculated. Capture memory is determined by the size of the calculated scheme. The memory calculation was made under the assumption that no resident programs using extended memory are installed. During operation, the program can create three types of files: 1) * .rge contains information about the source data and the mode of the circuit and requires 1 KB of disk space per 10 circuit nodes; 2) * .uk contains information about the trajectory of weighting; 3) *. Cxe contain information about the graphic image of the scheme.
3.2 Calculation of scheme North-East-South transit 500kV
Computations will be made utilizing the RASTR program for most extreme (emergency) and least (base) modes. To enter information into the RASTR program, we utilize the information exhibited in the second part. Since the Rastr program gives momentary misfortune esteems, it is important to figure the quantity of yearly misfortunes of dynamic influence.
34
Figure 3.1 - The obtained information of the calculated of the base operation mode “Nodes” of this net
35
Figure 3.2 - The obtained information of the calculated of the base operation mode “Branches” of this net
36
Figure 3.3 - Replacement scheme of North-East-South transit in the base operation mode 500kV
37
Figure 3.5 - The obtained information of the calculated of the emergency operation mode “Nodes” of this net
38
Figure 3.6 - The obtained information of the calculated of the emergency operation mode “Branches” of this net
39
Figure 3.3 - Replacement scheme of North-East-South transit in the emergency operation mode 500kV
40
4 Labor protection and life safety
Calculation of the grounding is made in order to determine the resistance of the constructed ground loop during operation, its size and shape. As is known, the ground loop consists of vertical earthing, horizontal earthing and grounding conductor. Vertical grounding is driven into the soil to a certain depth. Horizontal earthing connect the vertical earthing. The ground conductor connects the ground loop directly to the electrical panel. The size and number of these earthing, the distance between them, the resistivity of the soil - all these parameters are directly dependent on the ground resistance. Grounding is used to reduce the touch voltage to a safe value. Due to grounding, the dangerous potential goes into the ground, thereby protecting a person from electric shock. The amount of current flowing into the earth depends on the resistance of the grounding circuit. The lower the resistance, the less dangerous potential on the body of the damaged electrical installation. Grounding devices must meet certain requirements imposed on them, namely the magnitude of the resistance of the spreading currents and the distribution of dangerous potential. Therefore, the basic calculation of protective grounding is reduced to the determination of the resistance of the spreading current of the grounding. This resistance depends on the size and number of grounding conductors, the distance between them, the depth of their laying and the conductivity of the soil. The main purpose of the grounding calculation is to determine the number of grounding rods and the length of the strip that connects them. Lightning protection is a complex of technical measures aimed at organizing the protection of a structure against a direct lightning strike (PIP). With us you will receive expert advice and the calculation of the parameters of protection from PIP for your object. Equipping the facility with a set of lightning protection equipment allows you to catch a lightning bolt, carry it along the paths intended for it and pass it through the grounding system to the soil without harming property and protecting it from destruction. The building lightning protection system includes: The lightning rod is an element that takes on discharge. In everyday life, the more popular name for this device is a lightning conductor or lightning conductor. Externally, it looks like a metal pointed rod or mast or a horizontal cable stretched along the ridge of the roof Current lead - laid on the outer wall, metal construction elements or away from the building metal wire through which the high voltage current flows during the discharge of lightning.
41
Grounding - metal structures made according to different schemes, immersed in the soil in accordance with engineering calculations. They are connected to the current lead and transmit an electrical discharge to earth. High-quality connection of all elements of the lightning protection system prevents the appearance of sparks, increases the circuit's conductivity, ensuring maximum design efficiency. Single-rod - made in the form of a pointed rod or mast. Rod lightning protection is installed directly on the building at its highest point or next to it at some distance, not exceeding the radius of the lightning protection zone. Double-rod, made with the same or different heights - are installed at opposite ends of buildings or with the maximum possible distance from each other, but at the same time creating an inseparable zone of lightning protection in a drawn contour. Multiple pivotal - are used to create a dense zone of lightning protection of a complex form on large areas allocated for low-rise buildings. Single cable is made from a stranded metal cable stretched along a building or power line at the highest points of the structure and fixed to supports connected to grounding by means of current leads. The cable lightning protection ensures the safety of long distance objects. Multiple cable - made in the form of a grid, made of metal cables. A preliminary calculation of the zones of lightning protection protects the distance between the parallel cables forming the net. At the intersection of the faces of the cells, welding is used to ensure a reliable connection of the cores that prevents the formation of a spark. The grid is placed on top of the upper plane of the object, securely fixed and connected through the down-conductors to the grounding system. There are two types of lightning protection: Passive lightning protection - a system that takes on a direct lightning strike during a discharge. Active lightning protection - a device that provokes an electrical discharge in itself. It is carried out by initiating the process of air ionization with increasing voltage potentials that occur before the onset of lightning. The effect of using lightning protection is to create around them a zone in which a direct lightning discharge will occur with a minimum probability. When building a system and calculating the zones of lightning protection, it is not only the height at which the highest point of the lightning conductor should be located, but also the degree of reliability of the protection created. Distinguish the degree of reliability: And - its rate is> 99.5% of the probability of intercepting a direct lightning strike during a thunderstorm. B - the parameter ranges from 95 ... 99.5% of the reliability of protection against electrical discharge to the controlled object.
42
figure(4.3)
Zone A is included in the construction of a lightning protection zone for residential buildings, high-risk facilities (easily flammable, explosive), high- responsibility and valuable objects. Zone B is calculated for agricultural complexes, hangars, parking lots, warehouses, not related to the storage of particularly valuable products and goods. In the section, made on the vertical of the lightning conductor, these zones of lightning protection are superimposed, moreover, A is located inside B. The outer boundaries of zone A should cover all structures located on the territory of control. Zone B has a larger coverage.
4.1. Analysis of working conditions at substations
When designing a power supply substation, it is necessary to consider and prevent the possibility of their being struck by lightning strikes. This especially applies to open electrical installations. Direct lightning strikes the conductor or electrical equipment of the installation leads to their electrodynamic destruction. To avoid this danger, power supply systems are supplied with lightning conductors. To protect the designed substation from lightning strikes, select the type of protection with a lightning rod. We intend to protect a suitable air line with a lightning conductor along its entire length. Type of protection zone when using lightning rods - zone B. Category of lightning protection - II. Initial data: height of the protected object ℎ푥 = 6 m; object dimensions 푎푥푏 = 48x50 m; lightning current 퐼푚 = 150 kA;
43
electric strength of air 퐸푣 = 500 kV / m; electric strength of the earth 퐸푧 = 300 kV / m.
4.2 Substation plan
figure(5.1) substation look plan
The area occupied by the substation is 48m 50m. The area belongs to the 2nd climate zone. At modern substations, pipes with a length of 2–3 m and a diameter of 25– 50 mm, as well as angle steel 50–50 or 63–63 mm, are used as earthing. Electrodes are buried 0.5–0.7 m from the ground and are interconnected by a steel strip with a thickness of at least 4 mm or with round steel with a diameter of at least 10 mm welded to the upper ends of the electrodes.
44
figure (5.2) substation principle scheme In accordance with the rule, electrical grounding devices should be used at a voltage of 380 V and above AC and 440 V and above DC in all cases, and in rooms with increased danger, especially dangerous and in outdoor electrical installations - at nominal voltages above 42 V AC and 110 V DC. According to the rule of electrical installation, the resistance of grounding devices, Ohm, must be: in electrical installations with voltages above 1000 volts of networks with effective neutral grounding - 푅3 ≤ 0,5; in electrical installations with voltage above 1000 volts of networks with 250 ungrounded neutral - 푅3 = ; RЗ ≤ 10 Ом; IЗ – earth fault current, A. 퐼3 if the grounding device is simultaneously used also for installations up to 125 1000 volts, - 푅3 = ; 퐼3 All parts of electrical equipment that are normally not energized, but which may be life-threatening voltage as a result of damage to the insulation, are subject to grounding.
45
figure(5.3) substation measurements
Inside the switchgear, grounding buses are laid, connected in at least two places to the grounding circuit. Grounding conductors can also be used as grounding conductors. To the main grounding wires attach objects to be grounded. There should be no disconnecting devices or fuses in the grounding wiring circuits. Each grounded object must be connected to the ground network through a separate branch. Serial connection of grounded objects is not allowed due to the fact that when one of the objects is disconnected from the grounding network, all the others are not grounded. According to the Electrical Installation Rule, the resistance of the grounding device for 35 kV installations should not be higher than 10 Ohms. Thus, RZ = 10 Ω is taken as the calculated one. No artificial grounding. The calculation of grounding is reduced mainly to the calculation of the actual earthing, as the grounding conductors in most cases are accepted under the terms of mechanical strength and corrosion resistance.
4.3 Calculation of lightning protection substation
1. The average annual number of lightning strikes per 1km2 of the earth’s surface for our region, with an average annual thunderstorm 40-60 hours n = 6:
−6 푁 = (푏 + 6ℎ푥) × (푎 + 6ℎ푥)푛 × 10 (5.1)
46
The expected number of lightning strikes per year in buildings and structures that are not equipped with lightning protection 푁 = 0,0431; 2. Amplitude pulse voltage at a lightning conductor, the top of which is located at a height of hx:
퐼 150 푈 = 푚 (푅 + √푅2 + ℎ2) = (10 + √102 + 62) = 1624kV (5.2) 푚푎푥 2 и и 푥 2
where Rи = 10 Оhm — ground impulse impedance.
3. Air distance must be at least:
푈푚푎푥 1624 푆푚𝑖푛.푒 = = = 3,25m. (5.3) 퐸푒 500
4. Distance in the ground
퐼푚푅и 150×10 150×10 푆푚𝑖푛 = = = = 5 m 퐸з 퐸з 300 (5.4)
With such values of distances, there will be no breakdown between lightning conductors and the protected structure..
5. We will perform the protection with two separately-mounted metal rod- type lightning rods h1 = 26,1 m; h2 = 27,2 m; Define the parameters of the protection zone, given that L >h, where L = a+2·Sз = 40+2·5 = 50 distance between lightning arresters, m;
6. The height at which the top of the circular cone is located:
h0.1 = 0,85∙h1 = 0,85∙26,1 = 22,185 m (5.5)
h0.2 = 0,85∙h2 = 0,85∙27,2 = 23,12 m (5.6)
The radius of the circle protection zone at ground level:
r0.1 = (1,1 – 0,002∙h1)∙h1 = (1,1 – 0,002∙26,1)∙26,1 = 27,34 м (5.7)
r0.2 = (1,1 – 0,002∙h2)∙h2 = (1,1 – 0,002∙27,2)∙27,2 = 28,44 м (5.8)
Mid-span protection zone between lightning rods:
47
푟 +푟 27,34+28,44 푅 = 0,1 0,2 = = 27,89푚 (5.9) 푐 2 2
The radius of the circle of protection zone level hX = 6 м:
ℎ 6 푟 = (1,1 − 0,002ℎ ) (ℎ − 푥 ) = (1,1 − 0,002 × 26,1) (26,1 − ) = 푥1 1 1 0,92 0,92 20,51m (5.10)
ℎ 6 푟 = (1,1 − 0,002ℎ ) (ℎ − 푥 ) = (1,1 − 0,002 × 27,2) (27,2 − ) = 푥2 2 2 0,92 0,92 21,62m (5.11)
7. Define the parameters of the protection zone at the point L / 2 (midway between the lightning arresters). Height: ℎ푐1 = ℎ01 = 22,185 − (0,17 + 0,000326,1)(50 − 26,1) = 17,93m (5.12)
ℎ푐2 = ℎ02 − (0,17 + 0,0003ℎ2)(퐿 − ℎ2) = 23,12 − (0,17 + 0,000327,2)(50 − 27,2) = 19,06m (5.13)
ℎ +ℎ 17,93+19,06 ℎ = 푐1 푐2 = =18,5 m (5.14) 푐 2 2
Internal area of protection at height hx:
(ℎ푐+ℎ푥) (18,5−6) 푟푐푥 = 푟푐 = 27.89 =18,84 m (5.15) ℎ푐 18,5
In addition to the selection and installation of lightning arresters, we provide four vertical electrodes, each interconnected by a steel strip. To protect the object from the secondary manifestations of lightning, electromagnetic and electrostatic induction, and the introduction of high potentials into the structures, we provide the following measures:
a) to protect against potentials arising from electrostatic induction, reliably ground all conductive elements of the object, as well as equipment and communications inside the object; b) to protect against sparks caused by electromagnetic induction, all parallel metal communications are connected by metal jumpers; c) in order to protect the object from the skidding of high potentials, we attach all metal communications and cable sheaths (at the point of their entry into the room) to the grounding conductor of protection against secondary effects of lightning.
48
4.4 Calculation of grounding substation
1. Determine the resistivity of the soil for vertical and horizontal earthing:
rрв = kс·r = 2·100 = 200 Оhm·m (5.14)
rрг = kс·r = 6·100 = 600 Оhm·m (5.15)
where kс — coefficient of seasonality, taking into account the freezing and drying of the soil; r = 100 Оhm·m — he resistivity of the soil (loam) at the site of the earthing construction.
2. Earthing depth:
푡 = 푡0 + 0,5푙 = 0,7 + 0,5 × 3 = 2,2m (5.16)
wher t0 = 0,5–0,7 — depth of the upper end of the grounding, m.
3. Determine the resistance to spreading of a single vertical electrode - angle number 50 with a length of 3 m:
0,366푝 2푙 1 4푡+푙 0,366×200 2×3 1 4×2,2+3 푅 = 푃퐵 (푙𝑔 в + 푙𝑔 в) = (푙𝑔 + 푙𝑔 ) = 푙в 0,95푏 2 4푡−푙в 3 0,95×0,05 2 4×2,2−3 55,04Оhm (5.17)
where rрв — estimated soil resistivity, Оhm·m; lв — electrode length, m; b — corner shelf width, m; t — depth of laying, m. 4. Approximate number of vertical earthing
푅 55,04 푛푏 = = = 9 (5.18) 푘푖푏푅3 0,65×10
where kи.в — vertical ground utilization factor.
5. Determine the length of the horizontal grounding:
lг = 1,05·nв·a = 1,05 · 9 · 6 = 56,7 м (5.19)
6. Resistance to spreading of horizontal electrodes - strips 40ґ4 mm2, welded to the upper ends of the corners:
0,366푝 2푙2 1 0,366×600 2×56,72 푅 = 푝푔 푙𝑔 푔 = 푙𝑔 = 64,88 Оhm (5.20) 푘푖푔푙푔 푏푡 0,32 56,7 0,04×0,7
49
7. Specified resistance of vertical electrodes:
푅 푅 64,88×10 푅 = 푔 3 = = 11,88 Ом (5.21). 푅푔−푅3 64,88−10
Specified number of vertical electrodes:
푅В 64,88×10 푛퐸 = ` = = 11,88 (5.22) 푘ИВ푅퐵 64,88−10
5. Technical data of the reactor and calculation of economic efficiency 5.1 stability control using the WAMS system
The development of innovation vector synchronized parameter estimations in the online mode enables you to make an arrangement of checking the set up and transitional methods of the framework, which give an open door not exclusively to sort out uninvolved perception of intensity framework parameters, yet additionally to make versatile frameworks for controlling EPS modes, anticipate perilous modes that lead to strength infringement, including observing of vibrational steadiness Today, WAMS is broadly utilized in Europe and America, which is put together etsya with respect to information originating from gadgets synchronized vector estimations (PMU). Utilizing the WAMS framework permits the identification of low-recurrence motions (LFOs), which can prompt interruption of the parallel task of generators on the current frail connections between power frameworks. Along these lines, for instance, in the UK, variances with a recurrence of 0.5 Hz were recorded, in Taiwan - 0.78-1, 05 Hz, with the partition of the vitality framework interfacing the western pieces of the USA and Canada, fixed LFCs with a recurrence of 0.224 Hz, in the nations of the Scandinavian Peninsula - 0.5Hz, in China - 0.4Hz, in Italy - 0.55 Hz, and so on. Europe additionally have hundred, wherein there NCHK with chastotami0,2 Hz and 0.3 Hz, among Western and Eastern piece of 0.4 Hz and 0.5 Hz among north and south Europe. Until this point in time, more than 50 PMU gadgets have been introduced to screen these changes in territory Europe. The best number of intensity blackouts were brought about by changes with frequencies from 0.1 to 0.7 Hz, and in this way, NFC information are considered in global practice as the most risky. Utilizing the world experience of actualizing WAMS in remote nations, the Republic of Kazakhstan plans to step by step make such frameworks in national electrical systems (UES RK), beginning from establishment on a set number of controllers objects WAMS gadgets are utilized in spine and dispersion electrical systems of intensity frameworks, just as intersystem electrical associations. The specialized plausibility of utilizing certain gadgets ought to be set up based on the
50
consequences of figurings of consistent state modes, the soundness of the power framework and homeless people under standardized unsettling influences in the power framework.
figure(5.1) Transmission and processing structure
The main objective of the project is to assess the possibility of using the WAMS system on the transit of 500 kV North-South of the NPG of Kazakhstan. Successful approbation of a synchronized vector measurement system based on PMU and PTK devices allows us to speak about the effectiveness of using WAMS in NES Kazakhstan to study the dynamic characteristics of monitoring modes using current measurements of the mutual angle, voltage, current, frequency and power module at the Ekibastuzskaya and PS-500 connections KV "Alma". In addition to monitoring the specified parameters, it is possible to monitor the intersystem and local low-frequency oscillations in normal, emergency, and post-accident modes of operation of the power system. To identify low-frequency oscillations in the NES of Kazakhstan using WAMS technologies, the WAProtector program uses a special module by definition NCHK.
51
The article presents the results of monitoring and analyzing frequency fluctuations in the North-South transit of Kazakhstan NPGs. Figure 2.1 and 2.2 show daily graphs of the main parameters of local low-frequency oscillations along the Ekbastuz-Agadyr overhead line 500 kV for June 19, 2016, caused by changes in the operating mode one or several generators of one power plant when the load of the power system changes. Figure 5.2 shows oscillations in different frequency ranges: 1) from 0.75 Hz to 1.334 Hz (blue color); 2) from 1.334 Hz to 2.371 Hz (green); 3) from 2.371 Hz to 4.217 Hz (red color)
figure (5.2)
Figure 5.3 shows the daily cut-off of the amplitudes of the power of local LFCs.
figure (5.3)
The amplitude values of power fluctuations reached 1 MW. These NCHK shown in figures 5.3. and 5.2., do not lead to the danger of violation of oscillatory stability. During the observation period on June 19th, the oscillations fade out. Figure 5.4 and 5.5 show daily graphs of the main parameters of intersystem low- frequency oscillations on the Ekibastuz-Agadyr OHL-500 kV for June 19, 2016, caused by a change in the operation mode of several power plants as the power
52
system load changes. Figure 5.4 shows oscillations in different frequency ranges: 1 ) from 0.075 Hz to 0.133 Hz (blue); 2) from 0.133 Hz to 0.237 Hz (orange color); 3) from 0.237 Hz to 0.420 Hz (red); 4) from 0.422 Hz to 0.75 Hz (green)
figure (5.4)
figure (5.5)
Figure 5.5 shows the daily cut-off of the amplitudes of the power of the intersystem LFCs. The sufficiency esteems of control vacillations by means of intersystem correspondence achieved 6 MW. The demonstrated NChCs appeared in Figures 3.1. what's more, 3.2., likewise don't prompt the risk of aggravation of oscillatory soundness. During the time of exploratory perceptions of the North-South travel of Kazakhstan's NPGs with WAMS innovation, a few crisis circumstances were recorded both in the power matrices of Kazakhstan and in the neighboring republics that affected the steady task of the framework. Along these lines, because
53
of the detachment of the 220 kV HVL On May 30, 2016, during the fix of 220 kV overhead lines Kurpsay Hydroelectric Station – Krystal, the Shamaldysay Hydroelectric Station emptied 90 MW and the Kurpsay Hydroelectric Station by 170 MW and further the North-South travel intensity of Kazakhstan expanded, It was 180 MVt.Na Figure 5.4. demonstrates the estimation of the shared edge between the Ekibastuz substation and the Alma substation at the season of the crisis, Calculations should be performed on the normal power system diagrams, as well as on the repair schemes, when one network element is disconnected, which has the greatest impact on the regional regime. As such an element can be considered a generator, a group of single-phase shunt reactors, the most loaded power lines, the most powerful transformer. In some cases, post-emergency conditions arising after switching off the two above-mentioned elements should be considered. To calculate the technical and economic efficiency, we take the three-phase reactor RTM-50000/110. Technical characteristics of the reactor are given in the table.
Table 3.1 - Technical characteristics of the reactor Type of Voltage , Rated Rated Rate Wiring Type Voltage equipme kV power, voltage d connection of regulatio nt kVA ВН, kV Curr pattern and coolin n method ent, group g А РТМ- 110 50000 110 262 Ун М - 50000/1 10
Capital investment in the three-phase reactor RTM-50000/110 consists of the cost of the reactor, transportation and its installation. Table 3.2 - Capital in a three-phase reactor Name of amount Price per Transportation Installation Всего, equipment unit., (10%) of the (25%) of the mln.tg mln.tg price, mln. tg pric, mln.tg
equipment amount Price per Transportation Installation Total identification unit, (10%) of the (25%) of the mln.tg mln.tg price, mln.tg price, mln.tg РТМ- 1 46,34 4,54 10,98 61,86 50000/110
The total capital investment on the reactor is 61.86 million tenge.
54
5.2 Calculation of cost and net profit
In general, the operating costs of the substation where our reactor is located, as a rule, consist of: - energy supply of economic type (heat and light supply of premises and buildings); - repair (all types and types of repair planned and not coordinated with the schedule); - energy, compensating for losses; - materials for operation (expenses for maintenance of equipment, materials for main and auxiliary production, materials ensuring compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements and safety engineering, fuel and lubricants); - salary (production and administrative staff); - wear; - on assignment (administrative and production personnel); - to the office. But since we are talking about the reactor, the calculation will be made only for it. Annual depreciation costs:
αам И к , (3.1) ам.год 100% ЭС
where ам - the norms of deductions for depreciation,%.
1 И = 61,68 = 0,6168 mln.tenge 푎푚.푦푒푎푟 100%
where Иам – annual depreciation costs (45% of total costs);
Идр – other costs (55% of total costs)
0,6168 ×0,45 И = = 0,5061 mln.tenge др 0,55
∑ И = И푎푚.푦푒푎푟 + Идр = 1,1229 mln tenge Before the establishment of the reactor, the capacity of the 110 kV line was 30 MW, after its installation the capacity became 12 MW more, respectively, with the increase in capacity, the income became more:
ДW KT,З раб (3.4)
where W – power, 12 Мвт ;
KЗ – load factor, accept as 0,8;
Tmax – the number of operating hours of the reactor, accept as 1825 hours.
55
Д=12x1000x0,8x1825=17,5
T=9 tenge / kWh - electricity price for KEGOC company Revenue from projected transmission:
V Д Т; (3.5)
V=9x17,5=157,5mln tenge Profit, including costs:
157,5-1,17=156,3 mln.tenge
Net benefit, counting 20% of wage assess:
ЧП=157,6x0,8=126,08 mln. Tenge
60% of the gotten state of crisis is coordinated to reimburse speculation stores:
ЧПинв=0,6x126,08=75,6 mln. tenge
A portion of the net benefit within the sum of 50% short the sum apportioned for the recovery of speculation reserves will be utilized to plan the domain, decontaminate and green the vegetation and fauna of the substation. ЧПи=0,5x75,6=37,8mln. tenge Cash flow is determined by:
CF ЧПИНВ Иам (3.6)
CF=37,8+0,64757=38,44 mln. Tenge
5.3 Investment Performance Indicators
This procedure is based on the comparison of marked down streams with ventures. In arrange to decide NPV, it is required to create a figure of the measure of the budgetary streams for each annual extend period, and after that diminish to a common denominator and compare in time. Net display esteem:
СF ЧПС n I , (3.7) t1 (1 r)n c
where Ic - investments in this project, mln. Tenge, r – discount rate
56
n – project implementation time, year.
Let us assume that CF is constant in time. The calculation is reduced to the table below. Table 6.5 - Calculation of investment performance indicators year CF , mln.tg СF ЧПС , mln.tg I , mln.tg c , mln.tg (1 r)n -64,48
38.44 27,4968977 -33,21 38.44 24,2483437 -12,24 38.44 27,1954696 11,14
The calculation is made before the first number is greater than zero, that is, at this discount rate, the project is paid back for the enterprise, since the amount of income is greater than the rate of return at the current time. The payback period was about 3 years. Internal rate of return:
CF IRR 1 n , (3.8) Ic
29.97 IRR(1) 100%22.64%.3 64,75
The possibility ponder of the reactor uncovered the financial achievability of the venture. It was too calculated that the desired add up to capital speculations rise to to 61.86 million tenge, taking under consideration the markdown rate (9%), will pay off in 3 a long time. In this pre-diploma report, the calculation of the productivity of the usage of the reactor at a 110 kV substation within the Almaty locale was considered. Evaluation of the financial productivity of speculation movement plays a significant part within the legitimization and selection of possible objects of speculation. Our choice to form the correct speculation choice, the term of return on speculation, the advancement of enterprises, industry, locale, society depends on the rightness of our appraisal of this choice. Optimization of administration choices within the field of long-term venture needs exceptionally near consideration to the budgetary and financial appraisal of speculations, determining future cash streams. In our case, the objectivity and unwavering quality of the
57
assessment of speculations are to a great extent utilizing cutting edge methods of financial defense of speculation activities. In this paper, the characteristics of the three-phase reactor RTM-50000/110, i.e. its specialized and financial information
58
Conclusion
An extraordinary spot in the advancement of the economy of any nation is involved by the vitality complex. As a component of the usage of the State Program "Nurly Zhol", an uncommon spot is given to the advancement of the vitality complex. With regards to the advancement of the vitality complex, we mean the development of a 500 KV (kilovolt) overhead line, a North-East-South travel. What does it mean. Indeed, the region of Kazakhstan is a lot bigger and unquestionably the centralization of spots where power is devoured generally, that is, at the focal point of utilization, is somewhat summed up. In such manner, for supportable vitality supply of buyers, it is important to manufacture lines that guarantee the exchange of this power to shoppers. As of now, for crisis control computerization, three strategies (calculations) of crisis control are considered: II-DO, I-DO, I-AFTER. The II-DO calculation alludes to this strategy for choosing doses, when settings (choice table) are pre-determined by staff (a few times each year), and when a caution arrives, control activities are issued relying upon the system status (fix plan number) and the measure of streams over controlled areas, which are contrasted and the settings. In this certificate work, the general ideas of north-east-south appropriation systems are considered, the issues are considered, their capacity and ideal establishment area are done, computations are performed with various system modes, and general ends on the work done are given.
59
List of references
1В.А. Козлов «Городские распределительные сети»: Энергоатомиздат, Ленингр. отделение, 1982. 2 Ю.С Железко «Выбор мероприятий по снижению потерь электроэнергии в электрических сетях» Энергоатомиздат 1989. - 175с. 3 Anderson P.M. “Power system control and stability”, 2003y. p.256-285 4 Противоаварийная автоматика в ЕЭС России В.А. Семенов 5 Kundur P. “Power system stability and control”, New York, 1994y. p.364-384. 6 С.Е. Соколов «Регулирование реактивной мощности и напряжения в электрических сетях» – Алма-ата.: «АНА ТІЛІ», 1991, 135с. 7 https://so-ups.ru 8 Г.П. Минин «Реактивная мощность» – Ленинград.: «Государственное энерге-тическое издание»,1963. 9 С.С. Рокотян «Справочник по проектированию электрических систем»- Энергоатомиздат, 1985. 10 Л.Д. Рожкова, В.С. Козулин Электрооборудование станций и подстанций : Энергоатомиздат, 1987. - 648 с. 11 Идельчик В.И «Электрические системы и сети» Энергоатомиздат 1989г. 12 http://kegoc.kz
60