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Co-Management of Artisanal Fisheries in Mozambique: a Case Studyof Kwirikwidge Fishing Community in Angoche District, Nampula Province

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Co-Management of Artisanal Fisheries in Mozambique: a Case Studyof Kwirikwidge Fishing Community in Angoche District, Nampula Province CO-MANAGEMENT OF ARTISANAL FISHERIES IN MOZAMBIQUE: A CASE STUDYOF KWIRIKWIDGE FISHING COMMUNITY IN ANGOCHE DISTRICT, NAMPULA PROVINCE S. LOPES H. GERVÁSIO Institute for the Development of Small-scale Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries, Mozambique ABSTRACT In 1999 the National Institute for the Development of Small-scale Fisheries (IDPPE) in collaboration with the Institute for Fisheries Management carried out a social study in Kwirikwidge fishing community, to evaluate the degree of implementation of the artisanal fisheries co-management program. The research concluded that although some effort should be exerted to consolidate the process, the most relevant aspects resulting from the co-management program in Kwirikwidge are noted: i) The establishment of fisheries management committee to implement the fishing regulations and deliberate the relevant decisions together with the local government and other stakeholders; ii) The improvement of compliance with the (local) fisheries regulations, as evidenced by the diminishing number of offences among local fishermen and between them and migrants, the withdrawal of a considerable number of destructive nets, and other aspects, and; iii) An increase of participation by community members in fisheries management forums. Despite these results the lack of a legal framework for co-management approach in Mozambique and a lack of understanding of the concept of community involvement by some of the relevant institutions, constitutes among others the main constrains toward sustainable fishery. Introduction Mozambique is situated on the east coast of Africa between 10°27´S and 20°52´S latitude and has a coastline of 2 780 km, which can be divided into three regions: the Northern region characterized by the occurrence of corals and rocks, the Central sandy region and the Southern region composed mainly of dunes. Partly, this division determines the distribution and potential of the marine ecosystems, their access and influence of the choice of both fishing methods and equipment. In Mozambique, fishing is a very important economic activity not only for generating jobs in the local labor force but also for the provision of protein to the local population as well as earning hard currency for the country. The main marine resources are crustaceans (mainly prawns, lobsters and crabs), pelagic and demersal fish, shellfish and marine algae/seaweed, presently cultivated in Cabo Delgado province. Artisanal fishing is an important subsector in the socioeconomic life of the country for the social stability it provides amongst the coastal communities. During the last 20 years, prawn fishing/fishery is considered one of the most important national revenue resource, accounting for approximately 40% of Mozambique’s total exports. Over 500 000 people in Mozambique depend on artisanal fishing activities, of which 100 000 are directly involved. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management 1 However, the lack of knowledge on fishery still persists. There are few scientific (and consistent) studies about artisanal coastal resources, which results in the scarcity of data on the potential and sustainability of the resources of this fishing subsector. The little data available points to the need for the introduction of urgent protection measures and rational utilization of national resources. The Fisheries Master Plan approved by the Mozambican Government in 1994 sets the priorities and strategies for development to be pursued in subsequent years. With regards to the management of small- scale fisheries, the Master Plan lays emphasis on the involvement of fishermen in setting and enforcing these management regimes. Therefore, pilot measures for user-sensitization began three years ago in Nampula provínce, district of Angoche, in the fishermen village of Kwirikwidge, where the Institute for Development of Small-scale Fisheries (IDPPE) Angoche delegation had initiated an artisanal project. Study Objectives and Methodology The present study is a continuation of a research process which began in the Kwirikwidge area in 1996 and its main objective is to evaluate the present stage and expectations of the fisheries resources co- management program. The study was carried out using both oral and written sources. The written sources included various documents considered important for the theoretical background of the study, namely: several reports, fishing legislation, Maritime Fishing Regulation, Fisheries Master Plan and various monographs about the Angoche district. The consultations were carried out in Maputo and Angoche. The oral sources in turn consisted of semi-structured surveys, which involved interviewing fishermen, Maritime Administration Officers and other authorities, including some local nongovernment organizations. A total of 40 fishermen, including owners (members and nonmembers) of the Kwirikwidge co-management committee, seamen and traders were interviewed. In addition, a seminar with a view to evaluate the co-management activities underway was organized in that part of the country. This enabled us to collect valuable data for the study. The survey was structured to enable a qualitative evaluation of the socioeconomic, cultural and institutional attributes related to the co-management arrangements in this area and which had been identified in the previous study. The type of information collected and analyzed include demography, resource access and ownership, current structure of economical activities, level of participation in the decision-making process and the attitude of community members in relation to collective action and the co-management program. Characteristics of the Area under Study Geographic Location and Number of Fishermen The district of Angoche is situated between 15° 58’ S and 17° 01’S latitude (Anon. 1986), and covers an area of about 3 500 km². (Anon. 1945) It has a fishing population of about 12 000 people (IDPPE 1996). Kwirikwidge community is located in the Morua village, about 25 km away from the Angoche capital city. The Kwirikwidge fishing community has 15 km of coastline, and it is bound at the north where the praia das pedras (Sangage village) is, to the south by Natancala village, to the west by the village of Morua, and to the east by the open sea. The Kwirikwidge fishing community has about 700 fishermen, of which 100 are owners of fishing nets (mainly the beach seine fishing nets) and fishing boats. The remainder are those who do not own fishing gears and constitute the local working class. Physical and Biological Attributes Along the Kwirikwidge coast there is a hill range whose altitude gradually increases from 90 m to 120 m. The hills are covered with vegetation, which becomes more rhonchus/rala near Sangage Bay. By and Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management 2 large, the coast is generally lowlying and arborous in some parts. Further north, the coast is edged by sandy beaches and pinnacled further down and edged with rocks. The coral reefs begin 10 meters from the shoreline. But the south of Kwirikwidge has a sandy/argillaceous seabed, appropriate for trail fishing. The average depth accessible for artisanal fishing in this area is 20 m, whereas the average wave height in the same fishery is a minimum of 2 meters and a maximum of 4 meters (Anon. 1986). The fishes caught in artisanal fishing in Kwirikwidge are demersals, big swallow and deepwater pelagic (mainly, germon and saw-fish), small pelagic (for example sardine, anchovy, Hilsa kellee, horse mackerel, silver fish) deep-sea cephalopods and crustaceans. Climate Like in the rest of the country, the climate in the area of study is humid and tropical, with temperatures varying between 17°- 24°C minimum and 27°- 33°C maximum. Throughout the year, there are calm winds mainly along the coast in the mornings but rarely in the afternoons. By and large, the wind blows from the south, with a 15-30 km/h speed from March to September and in a north-south direction during the remaining period of the year. In general, the rainy season is from December to March (Balói & Premigi 1997). The Fisheries According to an IDPPE census carried out in 1998, beach seines represent over 70% of the total fishing methods used in artisanal fishing in Angoche. Normally, the beach seine fishing nets are operated between 100 m to 250 m and, in some cases, over 650 m from the beach. The wings of these nets have a 24 mm to 48 mm mesh size. During the field work, it was noted there were about 90 beach seine nets, of which 73 were fitted with mosquito nets. The use of mosquito net was a common practice, which results in the catching of great quantities of spawns and juveniles. These nets are cast from small boats, locally known as almadias, with a capacity for 7 to 10 people. When the catch is particularly big more that 10-12 people join in to help trail the net ashore in exchange for a small percentage of the product. During the peak period these nets can be cast 3 to 4 times per day. Very few gill nets are used in Kwirikwidge. These account for 15% of the total nets used in Angoche. They have a maximum length of 200 m and are cast in deep waters for 2-3 hours from small boats. Use of hand line fishing was not recorded in this area. Species Caught The type of species caught in the study area varies according to the weather conditions and migratory characteristics of the fish. The main ones caught are fish belonging to the Engraulidae family (predominantly between the months of March to July), Clupeidae (which occur mainly in January, August, September and December), Sillaginidae and prawn from the Penaeidae family (whose peak months are April, May, June and October). In addition, a great quantity of small, unidentified species, believed to be anchovy is also caught (Baloi and Premigi 1997). According to Balói and Premigri, the main species caught from the Engraulidae family are Thryssa vitrirostris and Thryssa baelama. The predominant species from the Clupeidae family are Sardinella albella and Hilsa kellee.
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