March 10, 2016

Mr. Todd Noethen Vice President, Distribution Support Services AVDC, Inc. 300 Phillipi Road Columbus, Ohio 43228

RE: Archaeological and Paleontologic Assessment Jupiter Project – Navajo Road Apple Valley, San Bernardino, Project # 2070.01

Dear Mr. Noethen:

Northgate Environmental Management, Inc. (Northgate) is submitting the attached Final Archaeological and Paleontological Resources Phase I Assessment, for the Jupiter Project property located on Navajo Road in the City of Apple Valley, San Bernardino County, California.

Should you have any questions or require additional information, please do not hesitate to call at (949) 716-0050 ext. 101.

Sincerely, Northgate Environmental Management, Inc.

Derrick Willis Principal

Attachment: Archaeological and Paleontological Resources Phase I Assessment, cc: Roland M. Longo, Haskell Architects & Engineers PA Michael H. Wheeler, Haskell Architects & Engineers PA

428 13th Street, 4th Floor 24411 Ridge Route Drive, Suite 130 20251 Century Boulevard, Suite 315 Oakland, California 94612 Laguna Hills, California 92653 Germantown, Maryland 20874 tel 510.839.0688 tel 949.716.0050 tel 301.528.1500

www.ngem.com

ATTACHMENT

ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES PHASE I ASSESSMENT

Archaeological and Paleontological Resources Phase I Assessment

Jupiter Project – Navajo Road, Town of Apple Valley, San Bernardino County, California

Prepared for:

Northgate Environmental Management, Inc. 24411 Ridge Route Drive, Suite 130 Laguna Hills, California 92653

Prepared by: Denise Ruzicka, M.A., M.S., RPA

Edited by: Robin Turner, M.A. Michael X. Kirby, Ph.D.

ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management Inc. 1531 Pontius Ave, Suite 200 , CA 90025 424.248.3316

USGS 7.5-Minute Topographic Quadrangle: Apple Valley North (1970 revised 1993) Area: 106.4 acres

March 2016 This document contains sensitive information regarding the location of archaeological sites which should not be disclosed to the general public or other unauthorized persons. Archaeological and other heritage resources can be damaged or destroyed through uncontrolled public disclosure of information regarding their location. Therefore, information regarding the location, character, or ownership of archaeological or other heritage resources is exempt from the Freedom of Information Act pursuant to 16 USC 470w-3 (National Historic Preservation Act) and 16 USC Section 470(h) (Archaeological Resources Protections Act). This report and records that relate to archaeological sites information maintained by the Department of Parks and Recreation, the State Historical Resources Commission, or the State Lands Commission are exempt from the California Public Records Act (Government Code Section 6250 et seq., see Government Code Section 6254.19). In addition, Government Code Section 6254 explicitly authorizes public agencies to withhold information from the public relating to Native American graves, cemeteries, and sacred places maintained by the Native American Heritage Commission.

ii ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. (APRMI) was contracted to perform an Archaeological and Paleontological Phase I Assessment of the Jupiter Project – Navajo Road in the Town of Apple Valley. This Project is located on 106.4 acres of undeveloped land southwest of the intersection of Navajo Road and Lafayette Road. The Project involves excavation and grading for a 1.36 million square-foot one-story Big Lots distribution warehouse and associated at-grade parking.

One historic refuse site (CA-SBr-6842H) and one historic isolate (P36-012856) that were previously recorded within the Project boundaries were relocated during the field reconnaissance for this Project. The site consists of an amethyst and aqua glass scatter as well as metal brackets/straps, a rusted bolt, tin cans, and non-diagnostic white earthenware sherds. It appears to date to the early-20th century, specifically the 1920s. The previously recorded historic isolate is a KC baking powder can with a date range of 1925 to 1950. One additional historic site and five additional historic resources were encountered during the field reconnaissance. The newly recorded site consists of three artifacts within a 15-foot radius: a vent-hole can, the top of a colorless glass milk bottle, and the base of a colorless glass probable beverage bottle. The site probably dates to the mid-20th century. The newly recorded historic isolates include three vent-hole cans and two church-key-opened flat top beverage cans. Three previously recorded resources were not relocated and include a Pennzoil bucket, a hole-in-top can, and a prehistoric white chert flake. In addition to the resources on site, six resources are located within a mile of the Project. They consist of a prehistoric artifact scatter, an isolated prehistoric black chert flake, another historic refuse site, two historic wood-lined shallow depressions, and a historic U-shaped rock enclosure that probably served as a fire pit.

No paleontological resources have been previously recorded on the Project site. However, six fossil localities are present in the Project in similar sediment as is present on the surface of the Project (older Quaternary alluvium). These fossil localities yielded vertebrate specimens of horse, bison, camel, hare, and meadow vole.

The Native American Heritage Commission’s search of the Sacred Lands Inventory did not locate any recorded Native American traditional sites or places, but such searches do not preclude the possibility of subsurface sites or unrecorded Native American sites. In addition, a response was received from one of the names on the Native American Contacts List, which expressed concern regarding the Project area.

Due to the quantity of artifacts observed in the Project area during the field reconnaissance, there is a high potential to uncover archaeological resources in Project-related excavations at least up to five feet below the surface. Therefore, full-time archaeological monitoring of any construction-related earth-moving activities for the Project is required until the archaeologist determines that there is no further potential for archaeological materials to be observed or collected. In addition, if any prehistoric artifacts or sites are observed during Project-related ground disturbances, it is recommended that a Native American monitor be retained from that point on for any excavations on the Project. Due to the potential to uncover paleontological resources below the surface, full-time paleontological monitoring of all construction- related earth-moving activities below three feet is required unless the paleontologist determines that there is no potential for fossil remains within the Project area, based on observations of subsurface sediment and stratigraphy.

iii ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment

ACRONYMS amsl above mean sea level APN Assessor’s Parcel Number APRMI ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. AT&SF Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway AVIM Indian Museum BNSF Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway CCR California Code of Regulations CEQA California Environmental Quality Act CHL California Historical Landmarks CHRIS California Historical Resources Information System CPHI California Points of Historical Interest CRHR California Register of Historical Resources CRM Cultural Resource Management CSRR California Southern Railroad DPR (California) Department of Parks and Recreation EIR Environmental Impact Report GIS Geographic Information Systems HRI (California State) Historic Resources Inventory HSC Health and Safety Code LACM Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County MBA Michael Brandman Associates MLD Most Likely Descendent MMRP Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program mya million years ago NAGPRA Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act NAHC Native American Heritage Commission NRHP National Register of Historic Places OHP Office of Historic Preservation PRC Public Resources Code RPA Registered Professional Archaeologist SCA Society for California Archaeology SCCIC South Central Coastal Information Center SPRR Southern Pacific Railroad SRS Scientific Resource Surveys SVP Society for Vertebrate Paleontology TCP Traditional Cultural Property UCMP University of California Museum of Paleontology USC United States Code USGS United States Geological Survey

iv ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... iii ACRONYMS ...... iv INTRODUCTION ...... 1

PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION ...... 1 NATURAL SETTING ...... 3 PROJECT PERSONNEL ...... 4 REGULATORY SETTING ...... 5

STATE LAWS ...... 5 LOCAL LAWS ...... 7 SOCIETY OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY PROCEDURES AND GUIDELINES ...... 9 CULTURAL SETTING ...... 12

PREHISTORIC BACKGROUND ...... 12 Paleo-Indian Period (~12,000 to 9,000 B.C.) ...... 12 Lake Mojave Period (~9000 to ~5000 B.C.) ...... 12 Pinto Period (5000 to 2000 B.C.) ...... 13 Gypsum Period (2000 B.C. to A.D. 500)...... 13 Saratoga Springs Period (A.D. 500 to 1200) ...... 14 Protohistoric Period (A.D. 1200 to Contact) ...... 14 ETHNOGRAPHIC BACKGROUND ...... 15 HISTORIC BACKGROUND ...... 18 Spanish Period (A.D. 1769 to 1821) ...... 18 Mexican Period (A.D. 1821 to 1848) ...... 19 American Period (A.D. 1848 to Present) ...... 20 History of Project Vicinity ...... 22 GEOLOGIC AND PALEONTOLOGIC SETTING ...... 24 METHODOLOGY ...... 28

CULTURAL RESOURCES RECORDS SEARCH ...... 28 ARCHIVAL RESEARCH ...... 28 PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES RECORDS SEARCH ...... 29 FIELD RECONNAISSANCE ...... 29 RESULTS OF RECORDS SEARCHES ...... 29

CULTURAL RESOURCES RECORDS SEARCH ...... 29 ARCHIVAL RESEARCH ...... 31 PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES RECORDS SEARCH ...... 32 RESULTS OF FIELD RECONNAISSANCE ...... 32

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY ...... 33 PALEONTOLOGICAL SURVEY ...... 38 NATIVE AMERICAN CONTACT ...... 39 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 40 REFERENCES ...... 42

v ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment

APPENDIX A: PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES RECORDS SEARCH APPENDIX B: STATE OF CALIFORNIA DPR SITE RECORDS APPENDIX C: NATIVE AMERICAN CORRESPONDENCE

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Overview Map of Project Area ...... 1 Figure 2. Map of Project Location ...... 2 Figure 3. Historic Mojave Indian Territories Map ...... 16 Figure 4. Geology of Project area and vicinity ...... 27 Figure 5. Project overview with Bell Mountain in background and possible bombing target in foreground ...... 33 Figure 6. Flora/fauna in Project area: creosote bush on left, animal burrow on right ...... 34 Figure 7. Cultural Resources Observed within Project Area ...... 35 Figure 8. Disturbance (potholes) on CA-SBr-6842H, facing southeast ...... 36 Figure 9. KC Baking Powder can lid in CA-SBr-6842H ...... 37 Figure 10. KC Baking Powder can (P36-012856) ...... 37 Figure 11. Isolated historic tin cans found in Project area: Jup-ISO-1 on right, Jup-ISO-5 on left ...... 38 Figure 12. Oil cans found in Project area ...... 38 Figure 13. Colorless glass jug found in Project area...... 38 Figure 14. Sanitary can found in Project area ...... 39

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Divisions of Recent Geologic Time ...... 26 Table 2. List of Reports within One-Mile Radius of Project ...... 31

vi ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment

INTRODUCTION

Project Description and Location

The Jupiter Project (the Project) property is located southwest of the intersection of Navajo Road and Lafayette Road on 106.4 acres of undeveloped land in the Town of Apple Valley in San Bernardino County (Figures 1 and 2). The Project is bordered on the south by the western extension of Livermore Street and on the west by the northern extension of Dachshund Avenue.

Figure 1. Overview Map of Project Area (from TOPO! 2006) 1 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment

Figure 2. Map of Project Location (from TOPO! 2006)

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The Project completely encompasses six parcels (APN 0463-231-07, -08, -10, -42, -43, and -60) and the northern portions of three parcels (APN 0463-231-26, -27, and -28) (Willis and Galloway 2015). It is primarily located in the southeast quarter of Section 21 of Township 6N Range 3W of the San Bernardino Base and Meridian on the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Apple Valley North 7.5-minute quadrangle (1970 revised 1993). Its pre-construction surface elevation ranges from 3012 feet above mean sea level (amsl) in the southwest corner of the Project to 3058 feet amsl in the northeast corner.

The proposed project is a warehouse facility that consists of a 1.36 million square-foot one-story building and associated at-grade parking. The one-story building is to be a Big Lots distribution warehouse. The facility design also includes two 10 to 20-foot deep on-site detention basins designed to collect rainwater. Grading for the project will consist of cutting up to 10 feet or more in some areas, while filling other areas with as much as 19 feet of soil. A portion of the former bombing target area will be lowered to create a roadway and stormwater transfer ditch. A 12-inch water main bypass and diversion ditch are also planned.

Natural Setting

The Project is located along the northern edge of the Apple Valley, which is a broad, flat alluvial plain in the southern portion of the in the between Bell Mountain on the west and Fairview Mountain on the east. It is just over a mile east-southeast of the Bell Mountain Wash, which is a tributary of the Mojave River that is over 6 miles distant. An ephemeral wash not connected to the Bell Mountain Wash crosses through the Project (Figure 4) along with a number of shallow wadies (Figure 2) in a southwest to northeast direction (USGS 1970; Rand McNally 2007; Cisneros 2011; Sundberg and Whitney-Desautels 1991). The Victor Valley is north of the San Bernardino and , east of the Antelope Valley, and north of the Cucamonga Valley. The Mojave is a interior to the formed by the rain shadow cast by the mountainous area to the west of it. It also serves as a large “alluvial-filled basin” (Schoenherr 1992:411). The of California are marked by low precipitation, high evaporation, wind, poor soil, and temperature extremes. While natural standing water is not prevalent in the Mojave, it occasionally receives rain and/or snow in the winter with some vegetation growth during the winter and spring seasons. The Project sits at an elevation that is at the upper end of the Joshua Tree Woodland vegetation zone in the Mojave Desert, just below the lower boundary of Desert Chaparral (Schoenherr 1992). However, on-site field observations found that the Project area was primarily covered in creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), which typically occurs between 1000 and 2000 feet amsl. According to Schoenherr (1992), creosote bush scrub is the dominant shrub of the Mojave Desert and is most common on well-drained soils of bajadas and flats. It often occurs alongside bur-sage or burro bush (Ambrosia dumosa).

Despite the current harsh conditions, the Mojave Desert was once a lusher environment. Prior to the beginning of the Holocene Epoch, during the Pleistocene Epoch (2.6 million to 11.7 thousand years ago), greater water sources were available in the area when the California deserts experienced a higher rate of precipitation (Schoenherr 1992). The climate was cooler thus decreasing evaporation, and precipitation was such that several pluvial lakes and rivers, including the Mojave River that is now only intermittent (ephemeral) and mostly underground, were present in the Mojave Region during that time. Pleistocene-age lakes covered large expanses of land and were surrounded by green forests that supported an abundance of wildlife. However, after the Pleistocene, these lakes began to evaporate and shrink, with many disappearing altogether. For example, in the southern Victor Valley exists the dry lake beds of El Mirage Lake to the west-northwest of the Project and Lucerne Lake within the Lucerne Valley to the east (Blackwelder 1954). Not far to the south is the north shore of the ancient freshwater lake Apple Valley Dry Lake. Historically, the lake bed would fill partially with water due to runoff created by episodes of heavy rainfall (Tang et al. 2006; Quinn and Smallwood 2006).

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Project Personnel

The APRMI personnel that contributed to this Project consisted of:

Denise Ruzicka holds a Master of Arts in Anthropology from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas and a Master of Science degree in Astronomy from the Swinburne University of Technology. She is a Registered Professional Archaeologist (RPA) with over ten years of experience in Cultural Resource Management (CRM) including archaeological and paleontological survey, excavation, site recordation, resource evaluation, construction monitoring, laboratory processing and analysis, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) mapping, and technical report writing. She meets the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualifications Standards for Archaeology. She also served as a volunteer for the George C. Page Museum of La Brea Studies for three years and is a qualified paleontological resources monitor per the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology’s (SVP) guidelines. Ms. Ruzicka conducted the cultural resources records search, the archival research, the field reconnaissance (archaeological and paleontological survey), and was the primary author of this report.

Michael X. Kirby holds a Doctor of Philosophy in Geology from the University of California, Davis. Dr. Kirby has over twenty years of experience in paleontological resource management and environmental compliance and has performed paleontological fieldwork and excavation throughout the western United States. His experience includes supervising paleontological field crews and conducting CEQA environmental impact studies, stratigraphic analysis, paleoenvironmental interpretation, and fossil microvertebrate analysis. He has also authored several peer-reviewed paleontological articles. He is certified as a professional paleontologist throughout and is a qualified professional paleontologist per SVP guidelines. Dr. Kirby edited the geological and paleontological sections of this report.

Robin Turner is the Principal Investigator and President for ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. (APRMI). She holds a Masters of Arts degree in Anthropology, with an emphasis on Public Archaeology, from California State University, Northridge. Ms. Turner has over 30 years of experience in the CRM and the paleontological fields, and has conducted major field and technical investigations throughout southern California. She meets the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualifications Standards for Archaeology and is a qualified professional paleontologist per SVP guidelines. Ms. Turner is also a Research Associate at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County and at the George C. Page Museum of La Brea Discoveries, as well as a Scientific Advisor to the Buena Vista Museum of Natural History and Sciences in Bakersfield. Ms. Turner served as the principal investigator and project manager for this project as well as the final editor for this report.

Meghan Barge-Livshits is an Archaeological Technician and Paleontological Resources Monitor for APRMI. She holds a Master of Arts degree in Anthropology with an emphasis in Public Archaeology from California State University, Northridge. She has worked on archaeologically-sensitive sites for seven years, has served as an archaeological and paleontological resources monitor for APRMI for over three years, and is a skilled archaeological laboratory technician who specializes in faunal analysis. Ms. Barge helped conduct the field reconnaissance for this project.

Kimberly Harrison is a Staff Archaeologist for APRMI. She holds a Masters of Arts in Anthropology from the University of Mississippi. Ms. Harrison has over five years of experience in CRM, which includes archaeological excavation, archaeological survey, GIS mapping, bioarchaeological analysis, and technical report writing. She has directed field crews for multiple projects and has fire-fighting training on National Forest land. Ms. Harrison helped conduct the field reconnaissance for this project.

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REGULATORY SETTING

State Laws

California Register of Historical Resources (PRC §5024.1) The California State Historical Resources Commission enacted Public Resources Code §5024.1, which established the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR). The statute encourages public recognition and protection of resources of architectural, historical, archaeological, and cultural significance. The register itself is a listing of all properties considered to be significant historical resources in the state. Resources are considered significant (and thus eligible for the register) if they retain integrity and meet one of the following criteria:

1) Associated with events which have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of California’s history and historical heritage 2) Associated with the lives of persons significant in California’s past 3) Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or represent the work of a master, or possess high artistic value, or 4) Yield, or are likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.

The California Register specifically provides that historical resources listed, determined eligible for listing on the California Register by the State Historical Resources Commission, or resources that meet the California Register criteria are resources, which must be given consideration under CEQA (see below). Other resources, such as resources listed on local registers or in local surveys, may be listed if they are determined by the State Historic Resources Commission to be significant in accordance with criteria and procedures to be adopted by the Commission and are nominated; their listing in the California Register is not automatic.

According to the federal laws to which the State of California defers when its own laws do not apply to a situation, historical resources are evaluated if they are 50 years or older, unless they are exceptional according to a set of criteria considerations. The Instructions for Recording Historical Resources (California Office of Historic Preservation [OHP] 1995:2) states that “[a]ny physical evidence of human activities over 45 years old may be recorded for purposes of inclusion in the OHP’s filing system.” This five-year difference is to compensate for the amount of time that usually occurs between a resource’s discovery and its official documentation as well as the implementation of any mitigation procedures.

California Environmental Quality Act The California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) is a statute that requires state and local agencies to identify significant environmental impacts of their actions, including damages to cultural or historical resources, in order to avoid or mitigate those adverse impacts or changes. §5020.1 of CEQA establishes “substantial adverse change” as the “demolition, destruction, relocation, or alteration such that the significance of an historical resource would be impaired” (see below for the definition of historical resource). The “threshold of significance” is the level at which a lead agency finds the effects of a Project to be significant.

The destruction of unique, non-renewable cultural resources is a significant impact on the environment that requires mitigation of the impact. Construction excavation in archaeologically sensitive deposits that underlie a Project Area is a significant impact that could be prevented, minimized, or mitigated through the development of project alternatives (e.g., avoidance of the cultural resource) or mitigation measures for the purpose of recovering data that might otherwise be destroyed (e.g. archaeological excavation prior to construction excavation and archaeological monitoring of construction excavation of a known site; or 5 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment archaeological monitoring of construction excavation of an archaeologically sensitive area). Even if a historical resource, archaeological site, or human remains cannot be identified within a project area before project implementation (i.e., if the resources are not visible on the surface during a Phase I survey, or if Extended Phase I testing does not reveal subsurface archaeological material), the area may still be archaeologically sensitive, based on the characteristics of the environmental background of the area or its current environmental setting, that said resources are predicted to exist within the project area/remains could be present within the project area. Mitigation measures to avoid project impacts to as-yet undiscovered historical resources or human remains may be employed by the Lead Agency, even if these resources have not been identified within or adjacent to the project area. A study must consider a project’s current baseline environmental setting and physical conditions so that the lead agency can determine whether project impacts would cause a significant change to that environment.

§ 15091(a) and (d) of the CEQA Guidelines require the Lead Agency to adopt a program for reporting on or monitoring the changes—that it has either required for the project or has made a condition of approval— in order to avoid or substantially lessen significant environmental effects. A Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program (MMRP) provides for the monitoring of mitigation measures that may be required by a project’s Environmental Impact Report (EIR), if the EIR identifies potentially significant adverse impacts and mitigation measures to reduce those impacts to a less-than-significant level. An archaeological resources/built environment data recovery or monitoring plan may be part of an MMRP if archaeological resources/built environment will be affected.

A significant historical resource, as defined by CEQA, is referred to as a “Historical Resource.” Such Historical Resources have been determined eligible for inclusion in the CRHR per Title 14, California Code of Regulations (CCR), §15064.5(a)(3), include historic properties eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) per PRC §5024.1, or are historically significant at a local level, such as a city, town, community, or county.

Paleontological resources are protected by Appendix G (Part V) of CEQA, which indicates that the destruction of unique, non-renewable paleontological resources is a significant impact on the environment that requires mitigation of the impact. It specifically asks whether a project would “directly or indirectly destroy a unique paleontological resource or site or unique geologic feature.” Construction excavation in paleontologically sensitive deposits that underlie a project area is a significant impact that can be mitigated via the salvage and identification of excavated fossils from the deposit.

California Administrative Code Title 14, Section 4307 of the California Administrative Code states that “no person shall remove, injure, deface, or destroy any object of paleontological, archaeological, or historical interest or value.”

Public Resources Code Section 5097.5 of the California Public Resources Code (PRC) protects both cultural and paleontological resources. It states that

[n]o person shall knowingly and willfully excavate upon, or remove, destroy, injure or deface any historic or prehistoric ruins, burial grounds, archaeological or vertebrate paleontological site, including fossilized footprints, inscriptions made by human agency, or any other archaeological, paleontological or historical feature, situated on public lands, except with the express permission of the public agency having jurisdiction over such lands.

As used in this section, “public lands” means lands owned by, or under the jurisdiction of, the state, or any 6 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment city, county, district, authority, or public corporation, or any agency thereof.

Native American Heritage Act The Native American Heritage Act, passed by California in 1976, established the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) for the purpose of protecting Native American religious values on state property (PRC §5097.9). The NAHC not only protects the heritage of California Native Americans, but also ensures their participation in matters concerning heritage sites. The commission’s duty is to assist both federal and state agencies in protecting Native American sacred places and provide recommendations concerning Native American heritage in accordance with environmental law and policy. As required by Government Codes §65352.3 and §65562.5, for purposes of consultation with California Native American Tribes, the NAHC maintains a list of California Native American Tribes with whom local governments and public agencies must consult.

The act also protects burials from disturbance, vandalism, and accidental destruction. It stipulates what specific procedures, laid out in the California Health and Safety Code (HSC), must be implemented if a Native American burial is uncovered during project construction or archaeological data recovery.

California Health and Safety Code Section 7050.5 of the HSC states that if human remains are found, construction and/or excavation must cease within the general vicinity, and the remains must be inspected by the county coroner. If the coroner determines that they are Native American in origin, then the coroner must contact the NAHC. The NAHC will then determine and notify a Most Likely Descendant (MLD). The MLD must complete inspection of the site within 48 hours of notification and may recommend scientific removal and nondestructive analysis of human remains and items associated with Native American burials.

Sections 8010-8011 of the HSC establish a state repatriation policy that is consistent with and facilitates implementation of NAGPRA. NAGPRA was passed in 1990 and required that museums and federal agencies document all Native American human remains within their collections, or uncovered on projects, as well as their cultural ties. These agencies must then notify any tribe that may be affiliated with the remains and provide the opportunity for their repatriation along with any associated cultural items (grave goods). The California state version (Cal NAGPRA) mandates publicly funded agencies (state and local government agencies) and museums to repatriate human remains and associated cultural items to California Native American Tribes, not just federally recognized tribes within California, and establishes penalties for noncompliance.

Senate Bill 18 The California Senate Bill 18, passed in 2004, establishes a procedure to help California indigenous tribes and jurisdictions define tribal cultural resources and sacred areas more clearly as well as incorporate their protection into a General or Specific Plan prior to its adoption or amendment. The law also requires that California cities and counties contact and consult with California Native American tribes prior to designating land as open space. By involving tribes in local land use decisions, impacts to sites of cultural significance can be mitigated.

Local Laws

County of San Bernardino General Plan According to the San Bernardino County’s General Plan (URS Corporation 2007b: V-18), it is the County of San Bernardino’s goal to “preserve and promote its historic and prehistoric cultural heritage.” In order to do so, several policies and programs were instituted to protect cultural and paleontological resources.

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Regarding cultural resources, it is the County’s policy to “[i]dentify and protect archaeological and historic cultural resources,” both in areas that have “known cultural resource sensitivity” and where there will be “disturbance of previously undisturbed ground” (URS Corporation 2007b: V-18 to V-19). For areas where the cultural resource sensitivity is known, a cultural resources field survey and evaluation needs to be prepared by a qualified professional and mitigation of impacts to important resources must be conducted that is line with CEQA guidelines. For areas of unknown cultural resource sensitivity, a records search at the local Information Center must be conducted and if resources are present or potentially present, a field survey and evaluation must be conducted by a qualified professional. A Cultural Resources Preservation Overlay may be applied to areas where archaeological and historical sites are known or are likely to be present, and certain procedures must be undertaken including site recordation, collection of artifacts, test excavations, preservation, and proper curation of recovered materials (URS Corporation 2007a).

The County requires that all site records and technical reports be filed with the local repository (information center) for the California Historical Resources Information System (CHRIS). Preliminary reports verifying that “all necessary archaeological or historical fieldwork has been completed” are required prior to project grading and/or building permits (URS Corporation 2007b: V-19), while final reports must be “submitted and approved prior to project occupancy permits.” Artifacts collected or recovered “as a result of cultural resource investigations must be catalogued per County Museum guidelines and adequately curated in an institution with appropriate staff and facilities for their scientific potential to be preserved.” In regards to archaeological sites or historic structures that are to be avoided or preserved, a “program detailing how such long-term avoidance or preservation is assured will be developed and approved prior to conditional approval” (URS Corporation 2007b: V-20).

According to URS Corporation (2007b: V-19 to V-20), the County “will comply” with Senate Bill 18 by “consulting with tribes as identified by the California Native American Heritage Commission on all General Plan and specific plan actions” as well as ensure that “important cultural resources are avoided or minimized to protect Native American beliefs and traditions.” In particular, the County will “work and consult with local tribes to identify, protect and preserve ‘traditional cultural properties’ (TCPs),” that include “man- made sites and resources as well as natural landscapes that contribute to the cultural significance of areas” (URS Corporation 2007b: V-21). The County will also make sure that confidential information is protected, that Native American artifacts are returned to local affected tribes if requested or if not requested placed in a California State Historical Resources Commission-qualified repository, and that Native Americans are allowed future access to any identified sites. In addition, local Native American tribes as well as the Native American Heritage Commission must be contacted regarding excavation of a Native American archaeological site and their concerns must be considered. Human remains must be handled as required by the state Health and Safety Code (see above). If cultural resources are encountered, then work must stop in the vicinity of the find, a qualified archaeologist must assess the find, and the local Native American tribe must be contacted and consulted regarding the find (URS Corporation 2007b).

In regards to paleontological resources, projects in areas of “potential but unknown sensitivity,” must have a field survey conducted prior to grading to establish the “need for paleontologic monitoring.” Projects that require grading plans that are “located in areas of known fossil occurrences, or demonstrated in a field survey to have fossils present, will have all rough grading (cuts greater than 3 feet) monitored by trained paleontologic crews working under the direction of a qualified professional, so that fossils exposed during grading can be recovered and preserved.” Fossils, as defined, include both large and small vertebrate fossils, with the small fossils being recovered via screen washing of bulk soil samples (URS Corporation 2007b: V-20). The County has developed a Paleontologic Resource Overlay to assist in the planning process, and if a project is within an overlay, several criteria must be evaluated as laid out in URS Corporation (2007a) including survey, monitoring, handling of recovered specimens, a report of findings, etc.

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If mitigation monitoring of a project occurs, then a “report of findings with an itemized accession inventory” must be prepared to prove that monitoring was successfully completed (URS Corporation 2007b: V-20).

Town of Apple Valley General Plan

The Town of Apple Valley strives to adhere to CEQA guidelines when addressing archaeological and historic resources. When the Town is acting as the lead agency, it is “required to ensure that archaeological, historical and cultural sites within its jurisdiction, are located, identified, and evaluated to the greatest extent feasible.” In addition, when future development has the “potential to negatively impact sensitive cultural resources,” it is required that “site specific cultural resources studies” be implemented that “mitigate any potential impacts” (Terra Nova/ Town of Apple Valley 2009: III-65).

The Town of Apple Valley has instituted policies and programs so that “all elements of the Town’s cultural heritage, including archaeological and historic sites, artifacts, traditions and other elements, shall be professionally documented, maintained, preserved, conserved and enhanced” (Terra Nova/ Town of Apple Valley 2009: III-67). The policies and programs relevant to the Project include

Program 1.A.1: Where proposed development of land uses have the potential to adversely impact sensitive cultural resources, it shall be subject to evaluation by a qualified specialist, comprehensive Phase I studies, and appropriate mitigation measures that shall, as necessary, be incorporated into project approvals.

Policy 1.C: The Town shall, to the greatest extent possible, protect sensitive archaeological and historic resources within the Town, including those identified in focused cultural resources studies.

Program 1.C.1: Any information, including mapping, that identifies specific locations of sensitive cultural resources, shall be maintained in a confidential manner, and access to such information shall be provided only to those with appropriate professional or organizational ties.

None of the Town’s goals, policies, or programs specifically address paleontological resources. Therefore, such resources fall under the purview of county and state laws and should be protected/mitigated accordingly.

Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Procedures and Guidelines

The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (SVP), an international scientific organization of professional paleontologists, has issued guidelines and policy statements entitled Assessment and mitigation of adverse impacts to nonrenewable paleontologic resources - standard guidelines (SVP 1995), Member Bylaw on Ethics Statement, Article 12 – Code of Ethics (SVP 2009), and Standard Procedures for the Assessment and Mitigation of Adverse Impacts to Paleontological Resources (SVP 2010). These statements outline acceptable professional practices in paleontological resource assessments and surveys, monitoring and mitigation, data and fossil recovery, sampling procedures, curation, and specimen preparation, identification, and analysis.

According to the SVP (1995), significant nonrenewable paleontologic resources are “vertebrate fossils and their taphonomic and associated environmental indicators.” While the SVP definition of nonrenewable paleontological resources “excludes invertebrate or botanical fossils . . . [c]ertain plant and invertebrate fossils or assemblages may be defined as significant by a project paleontologist, local paleontologist, specialists, or special interest groups, or by Lead Agencies or local governments” (SVP 1995).

Fossil remains in general are not found unless exposed by natural forces or by human activity. A 9 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment paleontologist cannot determine fossil quality or quantity until a geological unit is exposed/disturbed or until alluvial deposits are disturbed. Paleontologists make conclusions about sensitivity based upon what types of fossils have been found previously in the same type of rock unit or sediment type and based upon the likelihood that the depositional environment resulted in the burial and preservation of fossils (SVP 1995). The SVP (1995) states

The determination of a site’s (or rock unit’s) degree of paleontological potential is first founded on a review of pertinent geological and paleontological literature and on locality records of specimens deposited in institutions. This preliminary review may suggest particular areas of known high potential. If an area of high potential cannot be delimited from the literature search and specimen records, a surface survey will determine the fossiliferous potential and extent of the sedimentary units within a specific project. The field survey may extend outside the defined project to areas where rock units are better exposed. If an area is determined to have a high potential for containing paleontologic resources, a program to mitigate impacts is developed. In areas of high sensitivity a pre- excavation survey prior to excavation is recommended to locate surface concentrations of fossils which might need special salvage methods. The sensitivity of rock units in which fossils are known to occur may be divided into three operational categories:

I. HIGH POTENTIAL. Rock units [or alluvial or aeolian deposits] from which vertebrate or significant invertebrate fossils or significant suites of plant fossils have been recovered are considered to have a high potential for containing significant non-renewable fossiliferous resources. These units include, but are not limited to, sedimentary formations and some volcanic formations which contain significant nonrenewable paleontologic resources anywhere within their geographical extent, and sedimentary rock units temporally or lithologically suitable for the preservation of fossils. Sensitivity comprises both (a) the potential for yielding abundant or significant vertebrate fossils or for yielding a few significant fossils, large or small, vertebrate, invertebrate, or botanical and (b) the importance of recovered evidence for new and significant taxonomic, phylogenetic, ecologic, or stratigraphic data. Areas which contain potentially datable organic remains older than Recent, including deposits associated with nests or middens, and areas which may contain new vertebrate deposits, traces, or trackways are also classified as significant.

II. UNDETERMINED POTENTIAL. Specific areas underlain by sedimentary rock units for which little information is available are considered to have undetermined fossiliferous potentials. Field surveys by a qualified vertebrate paleontologist to specifically determine the potentials of the rock units are required before programs of impact mitigation for such areas may be developed.

III. LOW POTENTIAL. Reports in the paleontological literature or field surveys by a qualified vertebrate paleontologist may allow determination that some areas or units have low potentials for yielding significant fossils. Such units will be poorly represented by specimens in institutional collections. These deposits generally will not require protection or salvage operations.

Fossils are seldom distributed uniformly within a rock unit or within an alluvial or fluvial deposit. Even if the majority of a rock unit or deposit lacks fossil remains, the same rock unit or deposit may contain concentrations of fossils in specific locations. In addition, within a fossiliferous portion of the rock unit, fossil remains may be present in varying densities. Because the presence or location of fossils within a rock unit cannot be discovered without exposure, SVP (1995) standard guidelines state that the entire rock unit 10 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment possesses one level of sensitivity. Most fossil sites recorded during construction-impact mitigation studies have had no pre-project surface expression. Monitoring of construction-related excavation of a rock unit by an experienced paleontologist increases the probability that scientifically significant fossils will be discovered and preserved.

According to SVP (2009: Article 12.1), vertebrate paleontologists must ensure that vertebrate fossils are collected in a professional manner, “which includes the detailed recording of pertinent contextual data, such as geographic, stratigraphic, sedimentologic and taphonomic information.” The ethics bylaw also states that fossil “vertebrate specimens should be prepared by, or under the supervision of, trained personnel” (SVP 2009: Article 12.3) and that “[s]cientifically significant fossil vertebrate specimens, along with ancillary data, should be curated and accessioned in the collections of repositories charged in perpetuity with conserving fossil vertebrates for scientific study and education (e.g., accredited museums, universities, colleges and other educational institutions)” (SVP 2009: Article 12.4). The SVP (1995) standard guidelines state that vertebrate fossils are significant, nonrenewable paleontological resources and that the

potential for destruction or degradation by construction impacts to paleontologic resources on public lands (federal, state, county, or municipal) and land selected for development under the jurisdiction of various governmental planning agencies is recognized. Protection of paleontologic resources includes: (a) assessment of the potential property to contain significant nonrenewable paleontologic resources which might be directly or indirectly impacted, damaged, or destroyed by development, and (b) formulation and implementation of measures to mitigate adverse impacts, including permanent preservation of the site and/or permanent preservation of salvaged materials in established institutions.

Under the criteria stated above, all fossil remains may be considered significant by California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) standards. Significant fossil remains may also be considered scientifically significant by the SVP. An individual fossil specimen is considered scientifically significant if it is:

 Identifiable  Complete  Well preserved  Age diagnostic  Useful in paleoenvironmental reconstruction  A type or topotypic specimen  A member of a rare species  A species that is part of a taxonomically diverse assemblage  A skeletal element different from, or a specimen more complete than, those now available for that species (SVP 1995, 2010; Scott and Springer 2003)

Both terrestrial and marine fossil remains are considered scientifically significant because they have the potential to indicate the geological age of the sedimentary unit, and its depositional environment. Additionally, vertebrate remains are comparatively rare in the fossil record. Fossil plants are also considered scientifically significant because they are sensitive indicators of their environment and help paleontologists reconstruct paleoenvironments.

11 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment

CULTURAL SETTING

Prehistoric Background

The generally accepted chronology of four distinct Horizons for the region has been devised by W.J. Wallace (1955). His initial classification reflected the qualitative nature of archaeological sites and lacked absolute dates. It was divided into Early Man (Horizon I), Millingstone Period (Horizon II), Intermediate Period (Horizon III), and Late Prehistoric (Horizon IV). Despite lacking dates, the generalized themes from Wallace provided the foundation for regional prehistory (Moratto 1984). Presently, regional (desert) archaeologists generally follow Wallace’s format, but the loosely established times for each period are often challenged. Warren (1984) later established a chronology specific to the California desert region. The documented stages are as follows:

• Paleo-Indian Period (~12,000 to 9,000 B.C.) • Lake Mojave Period (9000 to 5000 B.C.) • Pinto Period (5000 to 2000 B.C.) • Gypsum Period (2000 B.C. to A.D. 500) • Saratoga Springs Period (A.D. 500 to 1200) • Protohistoric (A.D. 1200 to Contact)

Paleo-Indian Period (~12,000 to 9,000 B.C.) The arrival of humans to California occurred no later than 10,000 B.C. (Moratto 1984) and possibly as early as 12,000 B.C. (Fagan 2003). This earliest period of definite human occupation, which occurred during the late Pleistocene-early Holocene transition, has been termed the Paleo-Indian Period by Chartkoff and Chartkoff (1984) and the Fluted-Point Tradition by Moratto (1984). Archaeological evidence for this period is ephemeral and subject to scientific debate due to a scarcity of artifacts and human remains associated with hunting and gathering activities, lack of depositional context for many sites, and lack of reliable dateable artifacts, all of which limit the reconstruction of cultural patterns for southern California’s earliest prehistoric sites (Moratto 1984; Chartkoff and Chartkoff 1984). Despite a paucity of newer information, the Paleo-Indian period has been defined by the presence of fluted projectile points at sites throughout the Americas, including a few recovered within the Mojave Desert near extinct desert valley lakes (Moratto 1984; Forbes 1989). These fluted points, also known as Clovis and Folsom points, are sometimes associated with the remains of large mammals that became extinct at the end of the Pleistocene (Moratto 1984). During this period and earlier, large lakes formed in basins in much of the now-dry deserts. The closest documented large playas to the Project are to the east and west and are currently known as Mirage Lake and Lucerne Lake (Blackwelder 1954). These lakes were filled with water due to the wetter climate and lasted for several thousand years including into the early part of the following period. Numerous flaked lithic sites are known on the periphery of Pleistocene lakes, in particular China Lake in the northwestern Mojave Desert (Moratto 1984).

Lake Mojave Period (~9000 to ~5000 B.C.) The Lake Mojave Complex is a well-known manifestation of the Western Pluvial Lakes Tradition, which occurred in the western including the Mojave Desert. During this time, numerous pluvial lakes were present (see above) along with marsh and grassland environments (Moratto 1984). This pluvial lake tradition has also been known by the term San Dieguito Complex (Warren 1967). The Lake Mojave complex was defined by the artifact collection present on the shores of Pleistocene Lake Mojave (modern- day Silver and Soda lakes) northeast of Barstow. Similar artifacts have been found on the shorelines of other pluvial lakes throughout the southwestern Great Basin. This period is marked by an increased reliance on small game as many of the large animals died out. While collecting of wild plants occurred, it is unlikely that hard seeds were part of the diet due to a lack of grinding stone implements during this period. The stone 12 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment tool assemblage was marked by percussion-flaked foliate knives and points including Lake Mojave and other long-stemmed points, shorter-stemmed Silver Lake points, and lanceolate (leaf-shaped) bifaces. Other tools present included crescents, scrapers, choppers, planes, hammerstones, drills, and gravers. The climate resulting from the Altithermal caused many of the pluvial lakes to start drying in 6000 B.C. By 5000 B.C. the pluvial lakes had virtually disappeared along with their concomitant lifeways, and a transition to a tradition better adapted to arid environments commenced (Moratto 1984).

Pinto Period (5000 to 2000 B.C.) Few sites can be attributed to the Pinto Period in the Mojave Desert and western Great Basin, and most of the sites present are found near ephemeral lakes and currently dry streams and springs. It has been argued that full-scale abandonment of the region may have occurred during the early part of the period, or at least that many of the previous inhabitants left for more comfortable (cooler, wetter) environs. During the middle part of the period, a wetter climate may have returned, but by the end of the Pinto, arid conditions once again prevailed. The sites attributed to the Pinto Period are small and surficial (no middens) suggesting that occupation was temporary and seasonal and was conducted by small, highly mobile groups (Warren 1984). This period is marked by the presence of the Pinto point, a triangular projectile point that comes in many varieties but generally takes the form and size of a dart (spear-point) suggesting that spears and spear- throwers (atlatls) were still being used (Chartkoff and Chartkoff 1984; Forbes 1989; Jennings 1989; Oswalt 1988). Chartkoff and Chartkoff (1984) state that manos and flat milling stones (metates) were present, although in small numbers, and were used to process hard seeds and possibly mesquite and screw beans. Warren (1984), on the other hand, states that there is a lack of millingstones, at least in the eastern Mojave, but believes that some seed-grinding must have occurred in order to survive during this extremely arid period. The Pinto Basin Complex is not only defined by Pinto points and possibly the first appearance of grinding stones but also flat-keeled scrapers, scraper planes, choppers, hammerstones, and knives (Warren 1984; Chartkoff and Chartkoff 1984). Overall, the Pinto Period seems to be characterized by a generalized hunting and gathering lifestyle with more emphasis on plants as evidenced by the increase in plant processing.

Gypsum Period (2000 B.C. to A.D. 500) A slight variation in tool type appears during the Gypsum Period, which is represented by Gypsum (Cave) points, Elko (Eared, Corner-notched, Side-notched) points, and Humboldt (Concave Base) points (Warren 1968). The Gypsum point is typified by its contracting stem, whereas Elko points tend to be notched although they also come in split-stemmed and contracting-stemmed types, and Humboldt points are lanceolate points with concave bases (basal-notched) (SCA 2016; Jennings 1989). Other lithic tools present include rectangular-based knives, flake scrapers, T-shaped drills, large scraper-planes, choppers, and hammerstones. Manos and metates become common, while the mortar and pestle make their first appearance demonstrating more reliance on hard seeds and mesquite. Other artifacts present include shaft straighteners, incised slate and sandstone tablets and pendants, drilled slate tubes (possibly pipes), shell ornaments including beads, and bone awls (Warren 1984).

Few sites from this time period have been excavated in California and so there is not a lot of information about this complex for the Mojave Desert. The complex is mostly defined by sites in the neighboring Great Basin region although some trends are noted in the Mojave including the first occurrence of house pits, sites appearing in previously unoccupied areas, and the introduction of southwestern pottery in the eastern part of the region (in Nevada) towards the end of the period. There are also split-twig figurines that “migrated” from the American Southwest. These miniature animal figurines are constructed of a long, thin willow branch that is split down the middle, bent, and folded so as to resemble an animal. In some areas of the Mojave, larger sites that contain a wide variety of artifacts occur suggesting the first permanent, but still seasonally-occupied, sites. These larger sites often have smaller campsites located nearby suggesting that the inhabitants engaged in a seasonal round. The abalone (Haliotis sp.) and olive (Olivella sp.) shell beads 13 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment and ornaments demonstrate contact and trade with the California coast (Warren 1984). Overall, this period is characterized by a larger variety of artifacts including ritual items, more advanced adaptations, increased socioeconomic ties with surrounding areas, and some semi-sedentism.

Saratoga Springs Period (A.D. 500 to 1200) The Saratoga Springs Period is characterized by the presence of manos and metates, mortars and pestles, incised stones, and slate pendants, as well as the introduction of the bow and arrow. The arrowheads present throughout the Mojave include Rose Spring and Eastgate points (Warren 1968). Rose Spring points are primarily small, corner-notched points but can also come in contracting-stem and side-notched varieties. They are dated from ca. A.D. 400 to 1300. Eastgate points are small points that have either expanding stems or split stems and are dated from ca. A.D. 600 to 1300. Both types of points have sometimes been combined into one series of points known as Rosegate (SCA 2016). This period is environmentally similar to earlier periods, but is marked by distinct regional development. These include the Northwestern Mojave, Eastern Mojave, Southern Desert, and Antelope Valley. The Eastern Mojave is unique in that there is evidence of turquoise mining and Anasazi influence in the form of pottery, while the Southern Desert has Colorado River and Anasazi pottery as well as Cottonwood Triangular and Desert Side-notched projectile points. The Northwest Mojave is not very distinctive except in the petroglyphs present in the Coso Range, which is the origin of much of the obsidian in the region. The Antelope Valley is located in the far western Mojave and is characterized by Rose Spring and Cottonwood Triangular points. In addition, there are large semi-permanent village sites dating from 250 B.C. to A.D. 1650. These villages are marked by a large amount of shell beads and other artifacts from the California coast including items made of steatite (Warren 1984). All the patterns mentioned demonstrate the continuation of diverse resource use although with increasing outside influence.

Apple Valley is along the east side of the Mojave River Valley, which falls within the northern end of the Southern Mojave area. In the Southern Desert, the first evidence for Hakataya (lower Colorado River) influence was in the form of intrusive Basketmaker III pottery that first appeared before A.D. 750 along with a few Patayan pottery sherds. The Willow Beach Phase, from A.D. 900 to 1150, is characterized by Pyramid Gray ware, which is a lower Colorado pottery style, as well as intrusive Anasazi pottery sherds. However, the sites in the area around the Mojave River near Victorville lack pottery. This area, known as the Oro Grande Complex and dating to A.D. 900 to 1100, also does not have Desert Side-notched points, at least not until after A.D. 1100. It does have shell beads from the California coast, suggesting that trade was occurring along the Mojave River route to the Colorado River. According to Warren (1984:423), the “Mojave Sink,” which is in the Cronise Basin near Soda Lake and Zzyzx, became the “seat of culture climax” due to trade between the Colorado River and the southern California coast as well as the presence of two semi-permanent lakes (Warren 1984:422). Trade along the Mojave River extended Hakataya influence far to the west in the latter part of the period, which prevented Anasazi influence west of the Cronise Basin after A.D. 900 (Warren 1984).

Protohistoric Period (A.D. 1200 to Contact) During the Protohistoric Period, the regional developments continued although the northern and eastern groups appeared to have “merged” making only three distinct regions: Southern Desert, Northern Mojave, and Antelope Valley. The influence of Anasazi (Southwest) cultures on the Northern (and Eastern) Mojave diminished while Hakataya influence increased just prior to this period and artifact assemblages started to more closely resemble those of the historic Paiute. This assemblage includes brownware, Desert Side- notched (and Cottonwood Triangular) points, steatite beads, and evidence for the intense exploitation of the piñon (pine) nut. In the , permanent villages also developed, while the Halloran Springs turquoise mines were taken over by the Hakataya. The Antelope Valley continued to have strong ties with coastal peoples while being little influenced by the Hakataya and other groups along the Mojave River. The Southern Desert sites show continued influences from the Hakataya as well as trade with the coast. Colorado 14 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment

River pottery (Brown and Buff wares) and Cottonwood and Desert points diffused across the region after A.D. 900. Shell beads, steatite shaft straighteners, and painted utilitarian items such as metates accompany Colorado River pottery (including Red-on-Buff) at several sites along the Mojave River. Other items found at Mojave River sites include green slate pendants, manos and millingstones, mortars and pestles, ceramic pipes, pottery disks with central perforations, and occasional painting of utensils or unmodified rocks. Due to trade along the Mojave River, and the wealth that accompanied it, village sites with house pits developed at the head of the Mojave River that were similar to the Antelope Valley villages, although they possessed pottery that the Antelope Valley villages did not. Even though the later sites along the Mojave River had ties with the Yuman of the Colorado River (Hakataya) until historic times, they appear to be the prehistoric precursors of the Serrano (Warren 1984).

The Saratoga Springs Period and Protohistoric Period together are also known as the Late Prehistoric, or Shoshonean period (Sutton 1988). During the Late Prehistoric, Shoshonean-speaking people immigrated into the southern California region. It is theorized that the immigration originated from a change in climate, specifically a drought that affected a large swath of the Southwest and Mexico. This long-term drought affected substance procurement in the eastern Great Basin and forced people to migrate from the Great Basin region southwestward into the southern California interior and finally to the coast, bringing with them their technology and culture but also interrupting the trade networks (Warren 1984; Kroeber 1925).

Towards the end of the period, trade networks appear to break down as evidenced by declining trade goods at Mojave sites, such as pottery and Coso obsidian. This breakdown in trade may have resulted in the abandonment of sites along the Mojave River as well as the large village sites within the Antelope Valley. This abandonment is often attributed to an environmental decline that caused several lakes in the area to dry up and even Lake Cahuilla to recede (Warren 1984; Sutton 1980). Disease may have also played a role as Spanish explorations reached the Colorado River and the coast around this time (Sutton 1980). According to Sutton (1980), some researchers argue that the “abandonment” was really just a shifting of settlement location to adapt to the drought, and that ethnohistoric villages may have been present in the western Antelope Valley as late as 1811 when many of the indigenous inhabitants were brought to the San Fernando Mission (Warren 1984).

Ethnographic Background

The Mojave Desert was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans including the Mojave (or Mohave), Chemehuevi, Cahuilla, Serrano, Tataviam (or Alliklik), Kitanemuk, Kawaiisu, Tubatulabal, Western Mono, Koso, Southern Paiute, and Shoshone (Figure 3). With the exception of the Mohave, who are a Yuman-speaking people, all the groups listed are of the Shoshonean linguistic stock. The tribe that inhabited the southern portion of the Victor Valley was a branch of the Serrano known as the Vanyume that primarily lived in the southern and western Mojave Desert (Kroeber 1925; Feller 2012d). According to Terra Nova/ Town of Apple Valley (2009), Apple Valley is near the supposed boundary between the traditional territories of the Vanyume and Serrano.

The Serrano territory was centered around the , and the name Serrano is derived from a Spanish term that means “mountaineer” or “highlander” (Terra Nova/ Town of Apple Valley 2009: III-57). The overall Serrano’s territory is difficult to define, but they were believed to have been located along the southern rim of the Mojave Desert, east of the Cajon Pass area, north of Yucaipa, west of Twenty- Nine Palms, and south of Victorville (Bean and Smith 1978). The Serrano spoke a language that belongs to the Cupan group of the Takic family of the Uto-Aztecan stock, a language division that includes the Shoshonean groups of the Great Basin (Bean and Smith 1978; Kroeber 1925; Shipley 1978). The total Serrano population at contact was roughly 2,000 people, but after 1900 it was reduced significantly to just over 100 (Bean and Smith 1978; Kroeber 1925). 15 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment

Figure 3. Historic Mojave Desert Indian Territories Map (from Feller 2012a)

The Serrano are not as well-known as some of their neighbors, such as the Cahuilla. While they were once fairly numerous, disease, a failed revolt, and a possible massacre greatly diminished their numbers. By the time Serrano populations began to be studied in the early part of the last century, there were few left who remembered what life was like prior to the arrival of the Europeans. What is known about the Serrano is that they were a “non-political ethnic nationality,” meaning that they consisted of politically independent groups (Bean and Vane 2002). They have been described as a local lineage-oriented group tied to traditional territories or use-areas. The various groups were composed of patrilineal, patrilocal corporate clans consisting of two moieties, Coyote and Wildcat. Villages were typically small settlements placed near a spring or other water source and consisted of clusters of family homes centered around a ceremonial house. The family homes were circular domes with a central fire pit that were constructed of willow frames with tule thatching. Other structures included sweathouses and basketry granaries for storage of food (Bean and

16 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment

Vane 2002; Bean and Smith 1978).

Despite being hunter-gatherers in a desert environment, the Serrano exhibited a sophisticated technology that included decorated baskets and other basketry items, ceramics, arrow accessories, musical instruments, costumes, and other items made of shell, wood, bone, stone, and plant fibers. In particular, a large number of pottery vessels have been found in the area and were likely used for carrying water and storage. Pottery was also used to cache important items in caves when necessary. Basketry items included woven bags, storage pouches, cording, mats, and nets. The musical instruments included wood rasps, bone whistles, bull-roarers, and flutes. During the winter, the Serrano used woven rabbit skin blankets and wore clothing made of animal hide. For ceremonial events, garments were made or decorated with feathers, while rattles were made of turtle and tortoise shells, deer-hooves, rattlesnake rattles, and various cocoons. In the early 20th century, the Serrano and Cahuilla often conducted their traditional ceremonies together (Bean and Smith 1978; Bean and Vane 2002).

The Serrano subsistence involved hunting deer, sheep, pronghorn, and small animals including rabbit and quail as well as fishing and gathering roots, tubers, and seeds of various kinds. Other food staples were dependent on where a village was located. The foothill populations gathered acorns and piñon nuts, while the desert populations gathered honey mesquite, screw beans, piñon nuts, yucca roots, and cacti fruit (Bean and Smith 1978). Such storable foodstuffs were placed in large basketry containers that were often mounted on poles outside (Bean and Vane 2002).

While some of the Serrano joined the San Gabriel Mission starting in 1790, it was not until 1811 that a large proportion of the Serrano population was brought to the Mission, often forcibly. This forceful migration came about due to an attempted revolt at the Mission in 1810. The majority of the Serrano that came to the Mission were the ones who lived closer to the coast, coming from the western San Bernardino Mountains and the western Mojave. The majority of the remaining western Serrano were moved to an outpost, or asistencia, near Redlands that was built in 1819. The Serrano beyond the mountains and in the far eastern San Bernardino Mountains survived intact in small groups for many years as they were able to remain out of reach of the Mission and outpost due to their dispersed population as well as the roughness of the terrain (Bean and Vane 2002; Bean and Smith 1978). A smallpox epidemic occurred in the early 1860s along with a supposed massacre near Twentynine Palms carried out by the American military, which decimated the Serrano population. The majority who had survived or who had initially managed to evade the Mission system moved southeastward, with many of them eventually joining with the Cahuilla at Morongo near Potrero Creek (Bean and Vane 2002). Morongo would later become a reservation known as the Morongo Band of Mission Indians after two executive orders in 1877 and 1889. Other survivors followed the Serrano leader Santos Manuel and headed toward the valley floors, eventually settling in what would become the San Manuel Band of Mission Indians Reservation, which was established in 1891 (Cisneros 2011). Today, Serrano descendants are found mostly on the Morongo and San Manuel reservations (Bean and Smith 1978).

During his explorations of southern California, a member of Juan Batista de Anza’s expedition, Father Francisco Tomás Hermenegildo Garcés, traveled the length of the Mojave River in early 1776. He encountered Serrano-speaking villages that he believed were affiliated with Serrano-speaking groups on the upper Mojave River that probably belonged to a desert branch of the Serrano known as the Vanyume (AVIM 2012). One of these villages was a small vacant settlement on the River between Camp Cady and Daggett northeast of Barstow. Another was a slightly larger village south of Victorville (Kroeber 1925). According to the Antelope Valley Indian Museum (AVIM 2012), Bean and Smith (1978), and Kroeber (1925), the Vanyume (or Beñemé as Father Garcés called them) were a relatively small and unknown group of Serrano that lived along the Mojave River from the eastern Mojave Desert to west of the Victorville region and perhaps as far south as the head of the river in the San Bernardino National Forest. The Vanyume 17 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment supposedly referred to themselves as the Möhineyam or Möhinyam, while the term Vanyume is actually from the Mohave. Jedediah Smith called them the “Wan-uma’s Indians” (Smith 1973:10). Unlike the Serrano, the Vanyume were friendly with their Mohave and Chemehuevi neighbors (Bean and Smith 1978; Kroeber 1925). The Vanyume bordered the Chemehuevi on the east and northeast, the Kawaiisu on the northwest, the Kitanemuk on the west, and the Serrano proper on the south (Kroeber 1925). While the Vanyume were politically distinct from the Serrano, they had a similar language, speaking either a Serrano dialect or related language from the Takic family (Bean and Smith 1978). Their language was “interintelligible” with that spoken by the Serrano and by the Kitenamuk (Kroeber 1925:614). Due to their similar language and their custom of intermarrying with other Serrano, they are often thought of as a “desert division or branch of the Serrano proper.” In fact, their culture and “food supply” practices were similar to the Serrano (AVIM 2012). The Vanyume’s population diminished significantly between 1820 and 1834 when many indigenous California groups were moved to various missions (Terra Nova/ Town of Apple Valley 2009). According to Bean and Smith (1978), full-blooded members of this group went extinct prior to 1900.

As the Mojave River was mostly a “thin line of occasional cottonwoods through an absolute desert” (Kroeber 1925:615), the area was probably resource poor. At one Vanyume village on the lower river, Garcés noted bean and screw mesquite trees and grapevines, but the inhabitants only had tule roots to eat. These Vanyume had blankets of rabbit and otter fur and made snares of wild hemp. The Vanyume at a village along the upper river had small game and acorn porridge (Kroeber 1925). Despite their possible lack of nearby resources, the Vanyume were quite rich in other items such as shell-bead money as well as acorns gathered in the San Bernardino and San Gabriel mountains to the south (AVIM 2012). An active trade route ran along the Mojave River that connected the Colorado River tribes with the tribes of coastal southern California, and thus passed through the territory of the Vanyume (Kroeber 1925).

Several named historic villages were visited by explorers including Garcés who supposedly visited a village named Atongaibit (or possibly Atan-pa-t), which is located southeast of Hesperia Lake (Smith 1973; Sunderland 2007; Kroeber 1925). Fr. José María Zalvidea, who traveled along the southern edge of the Mojave Desert in 1806, encountered various Indian villages including Guapiabit, which is near Summit Valley and Rancho Las Flores in Hesperia (Smith 1973; Feller 2012e). In 1819, the Spanish sent an expedition that traveled through the Vanyume and Chemehuevi territories en route to punishing the Mohave Indians. Place names recorded include Cajon de Amuscopiabit, Guapiabit, Topipabit (or Topiabit), Cacaumeat, Sisuguina, and Angayaba, with the first four probably being Vanyume villages and the last one probably being a Chemehuevi village (Kroeber 1925). Topiabit is located in Victorville near Mojave Heights, Cacaumeat is near Helendale between Barstow and Victorville, and Amuscopiabit or Musku-pia- bit is located near the Cajon Pass (Feller 2012e). This expedition also encountered Atongaibit near Victorville as well as the watering holes Asamabeat and Guanachique close to the Mohave Indian territory. The expedition was forced to turn back and return to the San Gabriel Mission before reaching the Mohave territory due to the lack of feed and water for the horses. Jedediah Smith encountered the village of Atongaibit or Otongallavil in 1827 (Smith 1973). Two more distant villages located near the head of the Mojave River in the San Bernardino Mountains are Nanamu-vya-t and Padjiidjii-t (Swanton 1952).

Historic Background

Spanish Period (A.D. 1769 to 1821) The Spanish were the first known Europeans to explore and colonize the land area of what today is known as California, which included Alta and Baja California. Starting in 1542, explorations by the Spanish of the California coast began with the expedition of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, whose crew first came ashore at the present day harbor of . While this early Spanish expedition and others made initial contact with the local Native Californians and facilitated trade networks, Spanish colonization did not really commence 18 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment until 1769 with the expeditions of the Franciscan administrator Junípero Serra and the Spanish military under the command of Gaspar de Portolá in San Diego (Chartkoff and Chartkoff 1984; Laylander 2000). Early exploration into the Mojave Desert region began with the expeditions of Spanish Captain Pedro Fages, also a member of Gaspar de Portolá’s expedition of Alta California, in 1772 and of Captain Juan Batista de Anza, accompanied by Father Garcés, in 1776. In 1772, Fages was traveling inland from San Diego to San Luis Obispo and crossed the western edge of the Mojave Desert near the northern foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains in pursuit of deserters from the Spanish army (Hoover et al. 1990; Waste Management 2016). During this expedition, Fages also crossed the Cajon Pass into the southern Victor Valley and entered Serrano territory on his way to the (Bean and Smith 1978). Fages would later serve as governor of the state from 1782 to 1791 (Pitt and Pitt 1997). Garcés and de Anza first traversed the Mojave Desert in 1773 while leading a colonizing expedition from Mexico to Monterey and opened the Santa Fe Trail across the desert from Arizona and Sonora (Feller 2012f). In 1776, Garcés again traveled the interior of the Mojave seeking a route between Mission San Xavier del Bac near Tucson, Arizona to the San Gabriel Mission (Myhrer et al. 1990; State of California 2016c). He started from the Yuma villages on the Gila River, traveled up the Colorado River, and reached a Mohave village near (north of) modern-day Needles (Myhrer et al. 1990). He then traveled on an Indian trail up Piute Creek, headed toward Kelso Dunes, and then traveled across Soda Lake and along the intermittent Mojave River where he encountered many Serrano (Vanyume) villages (see Ethnographic Setting). This route became known as the Mojave Indian Trail (Feller 2012f). Eventually, Garcés reached the . The Mojave Trail paralleled the Mojave River as it passed by the Project area to the southwest after crossing Oro Grande Wash and before heading to Cajon Pass (Dice 2002).

These expeditions preceded the Spanish Missionization efforts, which involved the establishment of twenty-one California Missions whose purpose was to “convert” the Native Californians to Catholicism within a ten year period and then return the mission lands to them (Chartkoff and Chartkoff 1984; Laylander 2000). Due to the lack of water and difficult mountainous trails in the interior, though, the Franciscans chose a route along the coast through Santa Barbara and north to Monterey instead of through the interior valleys. Despite Spanish Missions only being established near the coast, Spanish colonialism still led to the displacement of interior tribal peoples, either through capture and conversion or disease. Resource areas were lost as well due to the harvesting of forests and the usage of river valley grasslands for stock animal grazing. Traditional trade between the Chumash and the Colorado River tribes was also disrupted as access to the coast was cut off due to the heavy missionization and colonization of the coastal areas (Chartkoff and Chartkoff 1984). In addition, an asistencia was constructed near Redlands in 1819 in Serrano territory, after which most of the western Serrano were relocated to the missions (Bean and Smith 1978). Asistencias were administrative branches of the missions (Chartkoff and Chartkoff 1984).

Mexican Period (A.D. 1821 to 1848) The year 1821 marks the beginning of the Mexican Period (1821 to 1848) and is synonymous with Mexico’s independence from Spain. Mexico became California’s new ruling government, and at first, little changed for the California Indians. The Franciscan missions continued to enjoy the free unpaid labor the natives provided, despite the Mexican Republic’s 1824 Constitution that declared the Indians to be Mexican citizens. This monopoly of Indian labor by a system which accounted for nearly 1/6 of the land in the state angered the newly land-granted colonial citizens (Castillo 2007).

During this period, extensive land grants were established in the interior regions to spread the population inland from the more settled coastal areas where the Spanish had first concentrated their colonization efforts. Landowners largely focused on the cattle industry and devoted large tracts to grazing. Cattle hides became a primary southern California export, providing a commodity to trade for goods from the east and other areas in the United States and Mexico. At the same time, the influence of the California missions waned in the late 1820s through the early 1830s. This decline resulted from a combination of outside events and 19 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment pressures including increasing hostility between missionaries and local civilians who demanded mission lands, decimation of the Native American population by introduced diseases, and the influence of private traders in the hide and tallow industry. These events led to the eventual secularization and collapse of the mission system starting in 1834. Although return of the land was mandated by the government, little land was distributed back to the California Indians but instead confiscated by Mexican authorities (Castillo 2007; Chartkoff and Chartkoff 1984).

The number of non-native inhabitants increased during this period as well because of the influx of explorers, trappers, and ranchers associated with the land grants (Chartkoff and Chartkoff 1984; Castillo 2007). Several “pioneers” entered the Mojave Desert including Jedediah Smith in 1826, who led a band of fur trappers across the Mojave Desert from the Colorado River to San Bernardino. During his travels, Smith, using the Mojave Trail first traversed by Garcés, followed the Mojave River, which he named “Inconstant,” to its source (Smith 1973:10). In 1829, Ewing Young, Kit Carson, and several companions reached a Mohave ranchería. In 1835, Lieutenant Robert Williamson explored the Mojave River searching for a route to the Colorado River, and in 1844, Lieutenant John Fremont traveled a similar route as Williamson across the Cajon Pass and the Mojave Desert following the “Mohahve” River (Feller 2012b, 2012f). The route travelled by Fremont was the northern branch of the “Old Spanish Trail,” an important trade route and pack-train road that followed portions of the Mojave Indian Trail and was in use from 1829 to 1848, including during the Mexican-American War when United States military troops used a new southern variant to enter California as it connected Santa Fe, New Mexico to southern California (Von Till Warren 2004; Tang et al. 2006; Myhrer et al. 1990; Expedition Utah 2011). In 1846, General Stephen Watts Kearney marched from Santa Fe with 150 men, including the Mormon Battalion, to help Fremont, Kit Carson, and Commodore J.D. Sloat in the war against Mexico (Feller 2012b, 2012f). The portion of the trail through the Victor Valley would later be used by the Mormons in the 1850s en route to colonizing San Bernardino (Dice 2002). This historic wagon road known as the Mormon Trail or the Salt Lake Trail traveled between Utah and southern California (Tang et al. 2006).

American Period (A.D. 1848 to Present) American military forces were present within California during the summer of 1846 as a result of the Mexican-American War. Rapidly, Mexican resistance deteriorated and the United States occupied Mexico City in 1848, marking the beginning of the American Period (1848 to Present). In February 1848, California became a U.S. holding with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. This treaty ended the Mexican- American War and ceded much of the southwest (California, Nevada, Utah, and portions of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming) to the United States. A month earlier, on January 24, 1848, gold was discovered along the American River, near Sacramento. The following year resulted in over 150,000 miners, known as “49-ers”, descending upon California. That same year, 1849, California petitioned Congress for admission to the Union as a “free state.” As a result of the Compromise of 1850, California was admitted to the Union as the 31st state on September 9, 1850 and was slave-free (Chartkoff and Chartkoff 1984; State of California 2016b). In 1862, the Homestead Act was passed, allowing individuals to claim up to 160 acres of undeveloped federal land for freehold title, provided that the claimant filed an application, improved the land, and then filed for title within five years (U.S. Congress 1863).

While the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo required the United States to grant citizenship to the Indians of former Mexican territories, the Constitution of California did not offer Indians protection under the law, considering them non-persons (Cook 1971). At the first State Constitutional Convention, California Indians’ right to vote was denied, and in 1850, the Act for the Government and Protection of Indians was passed by the State Legislature that greatly reduced the rights of Indians and enacted harsh punishments for any crimes committed by Indians. The Act practically legalized Indian slavery by allowing city officials to arrest Indians for vagrancy (drunkenness) and then sell them to ranchers and other people to serve as a private “labor force.” The law was not repealed until 1866 in order to comply with the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. However, Native Californians did not gain citizenship until 1917 when the California 20 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment

Supreme Court declared them citizens. Subsequently, the Indian Citizenship Act was passed in 1924 granting Indians the right to vote, but it would be more than 50 years before Indians were guaranteed their “constitutional right of religion” (OHP 1988).

In 1851, the United States Congress authorized a commission to create treaties with California Indians with the goal of extinguishing all Indian land titles and instead establishing reservation land, as had been done in many other states. However, the State Senate objected to the treaties as the land that was to be used for reservations was good for agriculture and rich in minerals. As a result, the U.S. senators from California convinced the U.S. Senate to not ratify the treaties that were drawn. They were then filed with an injunction of secrecy that was not removed until 1905. The signed treaties became known as the “Lost 18 Treaties of 1852” (Castillo 1978; Johnston 1962; OHP 1988). Reservation land was still set up in California, under the leadership of Edward F. Beale and Benjamin D. Wilson superintendent and sub-agent of Indian Affairs for California, but no new treaties were negotiated. After the treaties were “rediscovered,” legislation was passed to purchase small tracts of lands, later known as rancherías, in central and north for “landless Indians” in those areas. Therefore, some California Indians did manage to obtain reservation land by agreeing to move to specific locations. The quality of life on reservations, though, was sometimes poor because of limited resources. There was often a lack of water, and squatters were sometimes allowed to graze their cattle on reservation land, thereby destroying crops that were supposed to feed and support the Indians (OHP 1988).

The General Allotment Act of 1887, or the Dawes Act, was meant to provide California Indian families or individuals with lands. These lands were held in trust by the Bureau of Indian Affairs for 25 years, and if, after 25 years, the Indians had cultivated the land and become self-sufficient, they would gain title to the land. While the act appeared to benefit the Indians, it was designed to weaken the power of tribal governments. Many California Indians recognized the Act’s ultimate goal and instead chose to either purchase land or fight for the lands they believed to be theirs in the courts. Most court cases eventually sided with American settlers, though, and most Indians were evicted (OHP 1988). As for the lands of which Indians did manage to gain ownership, most of them were taken away by laws enacted since 1900 (Chartkoff and Chartkoff 1984). The California Indian Jurisdictional Acts, or Lea Act, was passed in 1928 that allowed California Indians to either lay claim to certain lands in court or gain recompense, however Indians gained few victories and were often left homeless (OHP 1988). Native Americans faced dangers beyond what they had experienced through missionization and loss of territory. Vigilante groups and militias were established to kill Indians and to kidnap their children. As a result, close to 100,000 Californian Indians perished and much of the tribal continuity throughout the state was extinguished (Castillo 1978).

One of the reasons that it was difficult for California Indians to obtain land was due to the arrival of the railroads in the late 1800s and early 1900s, which brought in a new influx of immigrants. The rail lines initially only connected the Los Angeles area to the Pacific Ocean, but California would be connected to the rest of the country when Central Pacific and other major railroad companies started working on a southern transcontinental route across the United States known as the Sunset Route. This route was completed in 1883 and connected to New Orleans. The portion of the route built through the Los Angeles area was constructed by the Southern Pacific Railroad (SPRR) in the 1870s (Ashkar et al. 1999). Prior to its acquisition by Union Pacific, Southern Pacific was the major railroad as it had absorbed most of the smaller rail lines by the early 1900s. It was first incorporated in 1865 by the principal organizers of the Central Pacific Railroad (Mark Hopkins, Collis P. Huntington, Leland Stanford, and Charles Crocker). When the route of the southern transcontinental line (Sunset Route) was being decided in the 1870s, Los Angeles County agreed to subsidize its construction if the SPRR agreed to have the route travel through the county. The Southern Pacific enjoyed a railroad monopoly in California until 1886 when the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe (AT&SF) completed a line into southern California (Pitt and Pitt 1997). 21 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment

The AT&SF was originally known as the Atchison and Topeka Railroad Company when it was chartered in 1857 as a local rail service between Atchison and Topeka in Kansas. It was founded by Colonel Cyrus K. Holliday, a lawyer from Pennsylvania, and started construction in 1868. The railroad was eventually extended to Santa Fe, New Mexico along the historic Santa Fe Trail, thus resulting in the name change. After purchasing the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad, the AT&SF was able to reach the Colorado River at the California border in 1883. In order to reach the Pacific Coast, the AT&SF acquired the SPRR tracks between Needles and Waterman (now Barstow) and then joined with the California Southern Railroad Company (CSRR), thus gaining the company access to San Diego. The CSRR was incorporated by the Citizens Railroad Committee of San Diego in 1880, because the SPRR would not extend its route from Los Angeles to San Diego. In 1884, the CSRR was having financial problems due to ballooning construction costs and damaging floods in Riverside County. The AT&SF then acquired the CSRR and operated the CSRR’s line under a subsidiary called the Southern California Railway Company. The Depression of 1893 caused expansion of the AT&SF to halt and the company lost a large portion of its previous holdings. It was newly incorporated in 1895, and its name changed from the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad Company to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Company. The former CSRR line, now operated by the Southern California Railway Company, was leased by the AT&SF in 1904 and purchased in 1906 (Ruzicka 2015). The AT&SF would eventually acquire both rail lines that run through the Mojave Desert including the one that travels from Victorville to Barstow along the Mojave River to the west (see History of Project Vicinity). AT&SF merged with Burlington Northern Railroad, which primarily traversed the northern part of the United States, in 1996 and became known as the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway or BNSF (BNSF 2016).

History of Project Vicinity The earliest non-native settlements in Apple Valley began to appear in the 1860s, but development was slow until after the mid-20th century due to the desert environment (Tang et al. 2006). The cattle herder Silas Cox is credited with the first semi-permanent development in the area in 1860. In 1861, a small gold rush began in the San Bernardino Mountains. As a result, a wagon road was constructed between the Holcomb Valley and the Cajon Pass Toll Road (Terra Nova/ Town of Apple Valley 2009). During the late 1800s, the Victor Valley, then known as Columbia Valley, grew as ranchers and miners moved into and out of the area. There was also the development of marble and granite quarries by the Fairchild-Gilmore- Wilton Co. These paving contractors established ranching operations and maintained apple and pear orchards (Feller 2012b). Agriculture played an important role in the early development of the Valley due to the profusion of groundwater as well as the availability of productive land (Tang et al. 2006).

Many settlers entered the region in the 1880s during the land boom of southern California due to the completion of a railroad through the area (Terra Nova/ Town of Apple Valley 2009). During the second half of the 19th century, a statewide rail network was being developed that linked farm and ranch communities with the national rail system as well as with national and foreign markets (Chartkoff and Chartkoff 1984). In 1883, the railroad entered the southern Victor Valley, with the first track climbing over Cajon Pass from San Bernardino. Built by the California Southern Railroad under the supervision of L.N. Victor, the line traveled through Victorville and reached the Atlantic & Pacific junction in the Barstow- Daggett area in 1885 (Feller 2012b). Victor was the construction superintendent for the CSRR between 1888 and 1889, and, as such, the station in the future Victorville was named Victor after him. The name would eventually be changed to Victorville in 1901 at the request of the U.S. Postal Service in order to avoid confusion with Victor, Colorado (Gudde 1949). After the establishment of a rail line through the Victor Valley, numerous mining tracks and shortline roads were built throughout the Mojave in order to carry ore and sometimes passengers (Feller 2012b). A private mining track, the Mojave Northern, was built not far to the north of the Project area in 1914 (see Archival Research results).

22 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment

The charter to build a rail line through the Mojave Desert was originally granted to the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad in 1866, but the Atlantic & Pacific had financial problems in the 1870s and its stock was split in half. One half eventually came under the control of the SPRR, while the other was acquired by the AT&SF. The original line was established in order to connect Los Angeles and San Bernardino with the Las Vegas area. The line generally followed the Mojave Trail across the desert. The segment between Cajon Pass and Waterman (Barstow) was constructed after the Atlantic & Pacific bought the Colorado Division of the SPRR in 1884. The active right-of-way between Victorville and Barstow was an inland alternative to the Southern Pacific, and so it became part of the second transcontinental railroad in the United States in 1885 when the AT&SF completed its line between San Diego and Barstow via San Bernardino and Cajon Pass. This line actually reached Colton from Los Angeles in 1882 and was extended to San Bernardino in 1883 after being granted right-of-way clearance by SPRR to cross its tracks. Tracks were built through the Cajon Pass to Barstow where, in 1884-1885, it connected with the Southern Pacific line that traveled between Mojave and Needles. The Mojave-Needles line was constructed in 1882-1883 for the Atlantic & Pacific by SPRR. Through a compromise deal, the AT&SF then acquired the SPRR branch from Mojave to Needles and started operating it in 1890 (Ruzicka 2015).

Southern Pacific, in particular, contributed to the settlement of Victor Valley, due to their receipt of large land holdings from federal grants. SPRR would promote the township of Hesperia (southwest of Apple Valley) and were able to sell their lots for a higher price than they could for the tracts in and around Los Angeles (Feller 2012b). Hesperia, a CSRR (AT&SF) railroad station established in 1885, was possibly named after Hesperia, Michigan. The name meant “The Western Land” to Greek and Roman poets (Gudde 1949:164). As a result of Hesperia’s advertising, other land developers such as the Appleton Land and Water Company started promoting real estate in the Apple Valley area (Feller 2012b). The Appleton Land and Water Company then constructed a valley-wide irrigation system in the 1890s in order to serve the apple orchards on the east side of the Mojave River. There was also a growth of large cattle ranches. Ursula M. Poates, one of the first settlers of the region, owned many of the orchards/ranches and often advertised her lots in newspapers. Mrs. Poates is credited with naming the town, supposedly shortening the name of the Appleton Land and Water Company (Terra Nova/ Town of Apple Valley 2009; Town of Apple Valley 2016; Feller 2012b, 2012c). In order to convince buyers that fruit could be grown in the desert, Poates allegedly planted three apple trees in her yard (Gudde 1949). She filed the name “City of Apple” in 1893 for her property, but it was never realized (Feller 2012b).

In 1910, the Apple Valley Improvement Association, adopting the name put forth by Mrs. Poates, was created in order to enhance the town’s image, and by 1920, the area was home to several apple orchards and ranches. Land speculation in the overall Victor Valley greatly increased as well through the early 1900s, and the apple orchards became profitable. In 1912, after founding Beaumont, California, developer Arthur E. Hull and his associates arrived in Victor Valley. With the assistance of Max Ihmsen, a Los Angeles newspaperman, Hull promoted the agricultural potential of the area and aggressively advertised lots for sale. He also organized the Victor Valley Boosters Club and the Victor Valley Chamber of Commerce. His companies included the Apple Mesa Development Co. and the California Land and Water Co. In addition, Hull lobbied successfully for the first paved highway across Cajon Pass. As a result of the development, the Victor Valley Water Project was authorized and the AT&SF started to lay down a double track to serve the projected future needs of Victor Valley. However, despite the number of major ranches in the area, the total population remained small. When the United States entered World War I in 1917, many farmers, homesteaders, dam builders, and cowhands left to fight overseas, and the great boom in the Victor Valley ended (Feller 2012b; Terra Nova/ Town of Apple Valley 2009; Town of Apple Valley 2016).

Later, during the Great Depression of the 1930s, many of the orchards became non-viable financially due to the high cost of pumping water for irrigation (Town of Apple Valley 2016). The orchards also suffered from a harmful fungus as well as increased competition due to the influx into California markets of apples 23 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment and other fruits from the Pacific Northwest (Feller 2012b). The ranch owners thus turned their attention to marketing their “isolated desert setting” (Terra Nova/ Town of Apple Valley 2009: III-59). The dry desert air was seen as a cure for various illnesses, including tuberculosis and asthma (Town of Apple Valley 2016). The ranch owners converted their properties into dude ranches, retreats, and sanitariums in order to appeal to city dwellers who were seeking “health, relaxation, and recreation” (Terra Nova/ Town of Apple Valley 2009: III-59). However, these activities faded after World War II and the remaining orchards and ranches disappeared as a result of post-war development (Terra Nova/ Town of Apple Valley 2009) and three successive years of bad weather (Feller 2012b).

In 1945, the developer Newton T. Bass created a residential subdivision in Apple Valley (Tang et al. 2006). While drilling for oil in the area, Bass instead came across water and recognized its value (Feller 2012b). In 1946, Bass and B.J. “Bud” Westland, partners in the oil and gas industry in Long Beach, formed the Apple Valley Ranchos Land Co. and are considered the modern founders of Apple Valley (Town of Apple Valley 2016). The company would later be renamed the Apple Valley Building and Development Company. This enterprise was “reportedly the first business establishment of the post-WWII era to plan and develop an entire community” (Terra Nova/ Town of Apple Valley 2009: III-60). The area was then marketed as both a destination resort and as a quality residential community known as “The Golden Land of Apple Valley” (Town of Apple Valley 2016). Several commercial and residential projects were developed including the Branding Iron, the Bank of Apple Valley, and the Apple Valley Inn although they were primarily concentrated around State Route 18 (Terra Nova/ Town of Apple Valley 2009). In 1949, the name “Apple Valley” became official when the first post office was established (Feller 2012c; Gudde 1949). Eventually, more banks arrived as did churches, a school, a golf course, a hospital, and 180 businesses (Town of Apple Valley 2016).

The Town of Apple Valley was incorporated in 1988, along with the neighboring City of Hesperia, and is a rapidly growing city (Tang et al. 2006). The City of Victorville was incorporated earlier, in 1962 (Feller 2012b).

GEOLOGIC AND PALEONTOLOGIC SETTING

The Project is in the Mojave Desert, which is bordered on the southwest by the Transverse Ranges (Sierra Pelona, San Gabriel Mountains, and San Bernardino Mountains) and on the northwest by the Tehachapi Mountains and the southern (Schoenherr 1992; Hewett 1954). The Transverse Ranges of Southern California are located south of the Coast Ranges and north of the Peninsular Ranges, and have an east-west trend that is different from the northwest-southeast trend of the other two neighboring geomorphic provinces. The Transverse Ranges, elevated due to being located along the zone, extend from the most western part of the southern California coast at the Santa Ynez Mountains to the eastern end of the Little San Bernardino Mountains in central Riverside County (Bailey and Jahns 1954; Dibblee 1967). Despite the Mojave region being surrounded by mountain ranges, the desert itself is of relatively low relief with only hills and low mountains. The only drainage channel that traverses the entire region is the intermittent Mojave River that flows from the San Bernardino Mountains and heads north and then east (Dibblee 1967).

The Mojave Desert is a “wedge-shaped region” that is bounded by the San Andreas and Garlock faults on the west (southwest and northwest) and the Colorado River on the east (DeCourten 2010:32; Dibblee 1967:2). The Mojave is affected by both “tensional faulting” and “shear forces” that are generated along the North American-Pacific plate boundary (DeCourten 2010:44). As a result, during the Miocene Epoch, the Mojave area experienced basin formation and explosive volcanic activity. There are also “great triangular mounds of alluvium” that developed at the foot of steep mountains where streams meet the basin 24 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment or valley floors (DeCourten 2010:33). From the western end of the Mojave east to Barstow, there is a “plain that slopes gently eastward.” While parts of this plain are composed of rock with a “sparse cover of local debris (pediments),” most of the plain is underlain by alluvium (Hewett 1954:6). American Heritage (2002:38) defines alluvium as “[s]ediment that is deposited by flowing water, as in a riverbed or delta.” The alluvial deposits range in thickness from a few feet to at least several hundred feet and vary from coarse fanglomerates (conglomerates deposited in an alluvial fan consisting of varying rock sizes) to fine clays (Dibblee 1967). Within low broad areas of this alluvium, playa lakes form after the occasional rain storm. These shallow temporary lakes turn into dry lake beds, or playas, after evaporation, which are covered with fine silt, clay, and salt (DeCourten 2010; Hewett 1954; Blackwelder 1954). Such lakes in the southern Victor Valley include Mirage Lake far to the west, Lucerne Lake (Blackwelder 1954) located about five miles east of the Project area on the other side of Fairview Mountain (USGS 1932, 1957), and the lesser known Apple Valley Dry Lake, just over two miles south of the Project area (Quinn and Smallwood 2006; Rand McNally 2007).

Willis and Galloway (2015:6) state that the Project area is on the “distal portion of a dissected alluvial fan emanating from the Fairview Mountains” to the east. This fan consists of unconsolidated deposits of sand and silty sand and is on top of an older, partially buried Holocene-age pediment. However, based on Hernandez and Tan (2007), the Project area (see Figure 4) is located in old alluvial deposits of late Pleistocene-age (Qoa). (Table 1 lists the recent divisions of the geologic time scale.) These deposits consist of moderately consolidated, brown, fine- to medium-grained sand and small- to medium-sized clasts of gravel within inactive alluvial fans. Surfaces are slightly dissected by modern ephemeral minor washes and are smooth with slightly varnished pavements that are composed of sand and angular gravel clasts. The gravel clasts range in size from small to medium and consist of slightly metamorphosed sedimentary rocks, volcanic rocks, and minor plutonic (intrusive) clasts (rock fragments or grains). Where the ephemeral wash cuts through the Project area, sediment consists of recent wash deposits of late Holocene-age (Qw). The wash deposits consist of very pale brown, fine- to coarse-grained sand and fine gravel with angular to sub- angular grains that are derived from local bedrock. During storm events, localized reworking and sediment deposition occurs. In the eastern end of the Project area, there is an outcrop of biotite granodiorite from the Cretaceous Period (Kgd). This formation consists of both biotite granodiorite and hornblende-biotite granodiorite. The granodiorite contains crystals that are small- to medium-sized and are typically composed of plagioclase feldspar, potassium feldspar, quartz, and biotite (a dark brown to black mica). The surfaces of this geologic unit are typically light gray, but become medium gray when weathered. The granodiorite is exposed near the Apple Valley Airport and around Bell Mountain and its vicinity. However, despite Hernandez and Tan (2007) placing the biotite granodiorite outcrop within the Project area, on-site field observations found that this outcrop was actually two outcrops that were located outside the Project area, east of Navajo Road.

Nearby geologic units include very old alluvial deposits that may be as old as the late Miocene or as young as the early Pleistocene (Qvoa). This unit is composed of moderately consolidated, brown to yellowish-red sand and gravel deposits. There is also laminated rhyolite from the Late to Middle Jurassic Period (Jslr). Outcrops of the rhyolite are laminated (thin, parallel layers), porphyritic (containing large isolated crystals), moderate brown to dark yellowish-brown, very fine-grained, and slightly metamorphosed. Finally, around Bell Mountain to the southeast, there is a pediment surface that surrounds an outcrop of upland terrain containing Cretaceous biotite granodiorite (Hernandez and Tan 2007). According to Hernandez and Tan (2007), pediment is a “broad, gently sloping surface covered by a thin discontinuous veneer of coarse sand and gravel with isolated outcrops of bedrock.”

25 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment

Table 1. Divisions of Recent Geologic Time (after U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Names Committee 2010)

Eon Era Period or Subperiod Epoch

Holocene 11,700 years ago (+/- 99 years) to the Present Quaternary 2.6 million years ago (mya) to the Present Pleistocene ("The Great Ice Age") 2.6 million to approximately 11,700 (+/- 99 years) years ago

Neogene Pliocene 5.3 to 2.6 mya

Miocene 23 to 5.3 mya Cenozoic

65.5 mya to Present Tertiary Oligocene 65.5 to 2.6 mya 33.9 to 23 mya

Eocene 55.8 to 33.9 mya Paleogene

Paleocene

ic Paleozoic era not included in this table) 65.5 to 58.8 mya

Late 99.6 mya to 65.5 mya Cretaceous 145.5 to 65.5 mya Early 145.5 mya to 99.6 mya

Late 161.2 mya to 145.5 mya

Jurassic Middle 199.6 to 145.5 mya 175.6 mya to 161.2 mya

Mesozoic Early 199.6 mya to 175.6 mya 251 to 65.5 mya

Phanerozoic (543 mya to present: includes pre-Mesozo Late 228.7 mya to 199.6 mya

Triassic Middle 251 to 199.6 mya 245 mya to 228.7 mya

Early 251 mya to 245 mya

26 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment

Figure 4. Geology of Project area (blue) and vicinity (modified from Hernandez and Tan 2007)

According to McLeod (2016), the surface deposits of the Project area are primarily composed of older Quaternary alluvium that is derived from alluvial-fan deposits from the hills around Black Mountain to the northeast. The alluvial-fan deposits may not contain significant vertebrate fossils in the uppermost layers. However, such deposits may contain significant vertebrate fossil remains at a relatively shallow depth in finer-grained sediment. McLeod (2016) also mentions that in the center of the eastern portion of the Project area, there are small exposures of intrusive igneous rocks (the biotite granodiorite described above). These igneous rocks will not contain “recognizable fossils.”

According to Terra Nova/ Town of Apple Valley (2009: III-64), the sediments within the entire Town are “relatively young and have a low potential for containing significant fossil remains.” In addition, alluvial deposits in the Project vicinity have abundant granules and cobbles, making it coarse and unlikely to yield paleontological resources (Sundberg and Whitney-Desautels 1991). These coarse alluvial deposits have “well-developed surface exposures of meta-volcanic cobbles” and are often referred to as “desert pavement” (Quinn and Smallwood 2006:9). According to Schoenherr (1992:476), desert pavement is produced when the sand from an area is blown away by the wind. The remaining clasts form an “armored surface” of large pebbles and stones that prevents more sand from being blown away. Evaporation can leave behind calcium carbonate that acts like a cement holding the stones together. Such hard, coarse soils scour the surface as they erode from higher elevations, and thus ground down any bone or organic material that was once potentially on the surface (Quinn and Smallwood 2006).

There is a higher potential for significant non-renewable paleontological resources to occur where deposits of Pleistocene age are present, either on or below the surface at an unknown depth (Terra Nova/ Town of 27 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment

Apple Valley 2009; Quinn and Smallwood 2006). In addition, playa lake deposits that lie to the south of the Project have the potential to contain significant paleontological materials, because paleontological resources have been collected from similar deposits in the Barstow region (Sundberg and Whitney- Desautels 1991). These deposits come from ancient freshwater lakes that would have provided water to a variety of mammals and migratory birds that could have been “caught in the muddy banks along the receding shoreline,” after which their remains could have been quickly buried in the muddy alluvial sediment (Quinn and Smallwood 2006:10). These playa lake deposits could underlie the Project area at an unknown but possibly shallow depth (Sundberg and Whitney-Desautels 1991). High priority is also given to older sediment that occurs along the Mojave River to the west as ancient (middle Pleistocene) Mojave River sediment in the Victorville area has a high paleontological sensitivity (Terra Nova/ Town of Apple Valley 2009; Dice 2002). Mojave River deposits of Pleistocene age have yielded fossil specimens of several species of extinct fauna, including Paramylodon harlani (Harland’s ground sloth), Sigmodon medius or minor (cotton rat), Arctodus sp. (short-faced bear), Mammuthus meridionalis (southern mammoth), Equus sp. (horse), and the camelids Titanotylopus sp. (giant camel), Hemiauchenia sp. (llama), and Camelops sp. (camel) (Terra Nova/ Town of Apple Valley 2009).

Overall, the coarse-grained alluvial sands and wash sediments on the surface of the Project area are unlikely to contain paleontological resources. However, underneath the coarse-grained sands are potentially finer- grained, older alluvial deposits, which are possibly fluvial or lacustrine in nature. Such deposits may occur at a relatively shallow depth and could possibly yield significant paleontological resources.

METHODOLOGY

Cultural Resources Records Search

On January 13, 2016, Ms. Ruzicka conducted the cultural resource records search at the South Central Coastal Information Center (SCCIC), the local repository for the California Historical Resources Information System (CHRIS), which is located on the campus of California State University, Fullerton. To identify any cultural resources on or near the proposed Project sites, a one-mile search radius was utilized around the Project area in San Bernardino County. Ms. Ruzicka also examined current inventories of the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), California Historical Landmarks (CHL), California Points of Historical Interest (CPHI), the California State Historic Resources Inventory (HRI) for San Bernardino County, and the CRHR found at State of California (2016a) to determine any local resources that have been previously evaluated for historic significance.

For the purposes of this assessment, the OHP’s definition of historic resources was used in that any building or object that is fifty years of age or older is considered historic (OHP 1995).

Archival Research

United States Geologic Service (USGS) historic topographic maps were examined for indications of historic structures and historical development in the Project area including the Apple Valley North 7.5’ quadrangle (USGS 1970), the Apple Valley 15’ quadrangle (USGS 1957), and the Barstow 30’ quadrangle (USGS 1932, 1934). Both the Apple Valley 15’ and Barstow 30’ quadrangles include the Apple Valley North 7.5’ quadrangle. On-line archival maps and aerial photographs from NETROnline (2016) as well as GoogleEarth aerial photographs of the region were also inspected.

28 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment

Paleontological Resources Records Search

On January 13, 2016, APRMI requested a paleontological resources records search for the Project from the Vertebrate Paleontology Department of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County (LACM). A vertebrate paleontological records check was conducted on January 27, 2016 and consisted of reviewing the museum’s paleontology collection records of recorded fossil sites on and/or near the Project area (Appendix A).

Ms. Ruzicka conducted a University of California Museum of Paleontology (UCMP) Specimen Search of the on-line database for the UCMP collections located at http://ucmpdb.berkeley.edu on February 1, 2016. She specifically looked for listed Quaternary-age sites in San Bernardino County that were definitively located in the Project vicinity.

Field Reconnaissance

On February 15, 2016, Ms. Ruzicka, Ms. Barge-Livshits, and Ms. Harrison conducted a pedestrian survey of the Project for both archaeological and paleontological resources. They traversed the entire Project property (106.4 acres) in approximately East-West transects that were spaced ten meters apart. Photographs were taken of observed cultural resources, as well as of the Project area, and are stored at the APRMI office along with all field notes.

RESULTS OF RECORDS SEARCHES

Cultural Resources Records Search

During the cultural resources records search, eleven cultural resources were found recorded on Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR) site forms within a mile radius of the Project area, with five of them being located inside the Project boundaries. They include five historic sites, one prehistoric site, three historic isolates, and two prehistoric isolates.

CA-SBr-6842H is a historic site located within the Project area. It was initially recorded in 1990 by Scientific Resource Surveys (SRS) as a historic domestic refuse scatter consisting of various types of bottles, tin cans, dishware, and metal hinges. The artifacts consisted of dinner ware, a possible basin, bottles, a canning jar seal, a tobacco can, two can ends, a coffee cup, a screen door, metal hinges, clothing (buckles), cartridge clips, and three metal straps. Due to the presence of manganese in some of the glass fragments, the trash scatter appears to date between 1880 and 1915. Other diagnostic artifacts included a KC Baking Powder can, dating from 1891 to 1940, and a piece of stoneware with a maker’s mark belonging to T. & R. Boothe Ltd. of Burslem, Staffordshire, England that dates to 1890 to 1906. These artifacts are possibly related to a building once present nearby (Navajo 3043 station) that existed to at least the 1920s or 1930s (Sundberg and Whitney-Desautels 1991). The site record was updated in 2006 by Michael Brandman Associates (MBA) who noted that the artifactual content had changed. The date range narrowed down to between 1880 and 1906, and the dimensions of the site were determined to be 25 meters by 15 meters. The new artifact assemblage consisted of ten ceramic fragments, a glass medicine bottle base, a metal strap, and various cans.

P36-012855, P36-012856, and P36-012857 are historic isolates located within the Project area. 36-012855 consists of a five-gallon Pennzoil metal bucket with a handle that reads, “Refined in Oil City USA.” The bucket dates to after 1963 when South Penn Oil Company and Zapata Petroleum merged to form Pennzoil. 36-012856 is a KC Baking Powder can that dates to circa 1925 to 1950. 36-012857 is a single hole-in-top 29 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment can that appears to have been opened with a knife. Such cans typically date to after 1900 and were used almost exclusively for evaporated milk by 1920.

P36-061206 is a prehistoric isolate located within the Project area. It consists of a white chert flake.

CA-SBr-6839H is a historic site located within a quarter mile of the Project to the south. It was recorded in 1990 by SRS and was described as a “wood-lined, shallow pit filled with sand” that was similar to sand found in the general vicinity. The record was updated in 2006 by MBA, who relocated the shallow pit but noted that the wood lining was no longer observable and was thus probably buried. It had the dimensions of 47 inches by 38 inches.

CA-SBr-10860 is a prehistoric site located within a quarter mile of the Project to the south-southeast. It was recorded by MBA in 2002 and consists of a sparse artifact scatter along the western berm of Navajo Road. The artifacts found on the surface include a pumice manuport, a heavily burnished petrified wood scraper, a small greenstone primary flake, and a moderately large greenstone secondary flake. Ten shovel test pits were excavated within and around the perimeter of the site. Only one reddish-brown oolitic chert tertiary flake was recovered. The site was determined not significant (Dice 2002).

CA-SBr-6838H is a historic site located within a half mile of the Project to the east. It was recorded by SRS in 1990 and consists of a U-shaped enclosure made up of at least one linear course or layer of rectangular metamorphic rocks that measured 15 feet by 15 feet. Charcoal was found within and near the enclosure, meaning it may have served as a fire pit. The feature had a small depression within the center (Sundberg and Whitney-Desautels 1991; Cisneros 2011). Cisneros (2011) determined that the site was not eligible for the National or California registers.

P36-061207 is a prehistoric isolate located within a half mile of the Project to the south-southeast. It consists of a black chert flake.

CA-SBr-6840H is a historic site located within a mile of the Project to the south-southeast. It was recorded by SRS in 1990 and consists of a wood-lined square depression filled with sand measuring 55 inches on a side.

Finally, CA-SBr-15932H, or P36-024894, is a historic site located within a mile of the Project to the south- southeast. It was recorded by SWCA Environmental Consultants in 2011. The site consists of a historic-era refuse scatter that measures 557 feet by 380 feet and shows evidence of small-scale looting. 273 artifacts were still visible on the surface, were located within two concentrations, and appear to represent the remains of residential activities. The artifacts included five hole-in-top cans, 23 sanitary cans, six ceramic sherds, 209 pieces of fragmented glass, and 11 pieces of milled lumber. The hole-in-top cans date to around 1900 and likely contained condensed milk. Three glass bottle bases had diagnostic maker’s marks, although only one could be identified. The bottle was manufactured by “Penick & Ford Ltd Inc.,” which made food products throughout the mid-1900s. The maker’s mark belonged to Owens-Illinois and dated the bottle to 1953 (Cisneros 2011). Cisneros (2011) recommends the site as ineligible to the California Register.

Six previous cultural resource studies have been performed within a mile of the Project area (Table 2), with three of them encompassing or being adjacent to the Project. Four of the studies discuss recorded cultural resources in the Project vicinity. All the reports with relevant information regarding the cultural resources in the area have already been discussed in concordance with the site records.

30 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment

Table 2. List of Reports within One-Mile Radius of Project Proximity to Report # Report Title Author, Year Project Comments SB- Area Cultural Resource Field Michael K. Lerch, Within a 1642 Reconnaissance: Watanabe No resources recorded 1987 quarter mile Minor Subdivision, Victorville Area Archaeological and Frederick A. CA-SBr-6838H, CA-SBr- Paleontological Survey for the Sundberg and 2278 Within 6839H, CA-SBr-6840H, CA- Apple Valley Airport Master Plan, Nancy Whitney- SBr-6842H San Bernardino County, California Desautels, 1991 A Cultural Resources Assessment of the 300-Acre Pluto Development Inc. Property, Robert S. White On north 3677 Southeast Corner of Johnson and Laurie S. No resources recorded border Road and Dale Evans Parkway, White, 2001 Town of Apple Valley, San Bernardino County An Archaeological and Paleontological Resource Within a half 4557 Assessment of the 13,700-foot Michael Dice, 2002 CA-SBr-10860 mile Navajo Road Sewer Project, Town of Apple Valley, California Cultural Resources Technical [CA-SBr-6838H, CA-SBr- Report: North Apple Valley Bai “Tom” Tang et 6839H, CA-SBr-6840H, CA- 4808 Specific Plan and EIR, Town of Within al. 2006 SBr-6842H, CA-SBr-10860, Apple Valley, San Bernardino P36-061206, P36-61207] County, California Cultural Resources Survey for the Apple Valley Airport Master Plan Charles W. Within a CA-SBr-15932H (P36- 7116 Project, San Bernardino County, Cisneros, 2011 quarter mile 024894) California

Archival Research

Based on historic maps and aerial photographs of the Project area, the Jupiter Project property has never had any structures within its boundaries. There are some buildings nearby, but they are not historic. The Walmart just north of the Project does not appear until 2003 in aerial photographs. A building beyond the northeast corner of the Project does not appear until 2009 (Google, Inc. 2015). The Apple Valley Airport, located east-southeast of the Project at a distance of 1,200 feet (Willis and Galloway 2015), does not first appear on maps until 1974, although its footprint is present in a 1969 aerial (NETROnline 2016). According to Cisneros (2011), the original landing strip in Apple Valley was built in the late 1940s but was located three miles southeast of the current airport near the corner of Wakita Road and Highway 18. As the Town of Apple Valley expanded around the original airport, a new site was needed that could accommodate a longer runway. The new Apple Valley County Airport was officially opened to the public in 1970, and daily commercial air service began in 1972 (Feller 2012b).

In the wider Project vicinity, one historic structure in the form of a private railroad is noted approximately two miles north. This railroad is identified as a “Mining Railroad” in 1957 (USGS 1957) and the “Mojave Northern” in 1970. The Mojave Northern partially follows “Quarry Road (Private)” (USGS 1970). In 1993, it is called the “Black Mountain Quarry Road (Private)” (USGS 1970 rev. 1993). According to the Pacific Southwest Railway Museum Association (2015), the Mojave Northern was built in 1914 in order to connect Victorville with Sidewinder Valley, more specifically the cement plant in Leon near northern Victorville to the cement quarry at Bell Mountain. The railroad was extended five miles to Bell in 1947 and seven more miles to the Black Mountain (also a cement quarry) and Reserve (limestone) Quarry in 1951. It was owned 31 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment by the Southwest Portland Cement Company based in El Paso, Texas. It still exists today as a private carrier subsidiary of Cemex.

Navajo Road has existed at least since 1957 (USGS 1957), previously as a dirt road, although a different paved road appears to be in the same location in 1932 and 1934 (USGS 1932, 1934). Lafayette Road, on the other hand, did not show up on maps until 1970 (USGS 1970) nor on aerial photographs until 1968 (NETROnline 2016). Stoddard Wells Road, about two miles to the northwest of the Project, was previously known as Daggett Road in the 1930s (USGS 1932, 1934).

Paleontological Resources Records Search

The results of the paleontological resources records check conducted by Dr. Samuel A. McLeod of the LACM indicated that there are no known vertebrate fossil localities within the Project area, but there are fossil localities located nearby in sedimentary deposits similar to those that occur in the Project area, specifically older Quaternary alluvium. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County localities LACM 3352, 3353, and 3498 are located about 7 miles southwest of the Project near the bluffs on the west side of the Mojave River drainage around Interstate 15. These localities produced fossil specimens of an extinct western horse, Equus occidentalis, and an extinct giant (long-horned) bison, Bison latrifrons. LACM 1224 is located west of Spring Valley Lake, which is about 8 miles south-southwest of the Project. It produced a fossil specimen of an extinct camel, Camelops sp. LACM 7786 is located just south of due west of the Project between Adelanto and the former George Air Force Base about 12 miles distant. It produced a fossil specimen of a meadow vole, Microtus sp., at 10 to 11 feet below grade.

The results of the UCMP Specimen Search include a single locality (V5930) located in Silver Creek Canyon, which is about 18 miles southeast of the Project. This locality yielded 70 specimens identifiable to the genus Lepus (hare) and include humeri and other limb bones, podials (foot bones), a claw, and other bone fragments. There was also a single claw from a rodent. All these specimens are attributable to the Rancholabrean age (late Pleistocene).

McLeod (2016) states that “[e]xcavations in the small exposures of igneous rocks in the proposed project area will not uncover any recognizable fossils.” In addition “[s]hallow excavations in the older Quaternary Alluvium exposed throughout the remainder of the proposed project area are unlikely to produce significant fossil vertebrate remains.” However, “[d]eeper excavations … that extend down into older Quaternary deposits … may well encounter significant vertebrate fossils.” As a result, McLeod (2016) recommends that any “substantial excavations in the sedimentary deposits” in the Project area should be “monitored closely to quickly and professionally recover any fossil remains discovered while not impeding development.” Samples of sediment should also be collected from the Project area and processed in order to determine the potential for microfossils. Fossils recovered during mitigation monitoring should be “deposited in an accredited and permanent scientific institution for the benefit of current and future generations.”

RESULTS OF FIELD RECONNAISSANCE

The field reconnaissance of the Project area found that ground visibility was good, ranging from 75 to 90 percent. Modern refuse was strewn throughout the Project area. Former bombing targets were also encountered (Figure 5). The vegetation consisted of creosote bush (Figure 6a). No fauna was encountered but rodent burrows were observed in addition to several burrows attributable to other species (Figure 6b). Even though no endangered species were encountered, the burrows should be assessed by a biologist.

32 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment

Archaeological Survey

No prehistoric artifacts were observed during the field reconnaissance of the Project area. However, several historic artifacts were observed and documented. Two of the resources recorded previously were relocated and include the refuse site CA-SBr-6842H and the isolate P36-012856. One additional historic site and five additional historic isolates were observed and recorded. All the encountered historic resources are mapped in Figure 7. In addition, four isolated, non-diagnostic but potentially historic resources were also observed along with numerous non-diagnostic tin cans. All new and updated DPR site records are in Appendix B.

Figure 5. Project overview with Bell Mountain in background (left) and possible bombing target in foreground, facing north-northeast

CA-SBr-6842H was found to be much as described in the previous DPR site records. There were some changes in artifactual content, and there was evidence of disturbance in the form of unauthorized, non- scientific collection and excavation (pot holing, Figure 8). The site currently consists of a scatter of aqua and sun-altered amethyst glass fragments, metal brackets/straps, a rusted bolt, tin cans, and non-diagnostic white earthenware sherds. The glass fragments include a round base as well as a prescription neck with a tapered down finish, both possessing an amethyst tint caused by the sun. The cans include a sardine can, two spice can tops, a KC baking powder lid, and several non-diagnostic sanitary cans. The site appears to be a historic refuse deposit and, based on the diagnostic artifacts present, dates to the early 20th-century, specifically the 1920s. Amethyst-tinted glass is manganese dioxide decolorized glass that has been exposed to ultraviolet light (sunlight). This type of colorless glass was primarily used for bottles between 1890 and 33 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment

1920 (Lindsey 2016a). The amethyst neck observed has a tapered down finish although the bottle type appears to be a medicine bottle (prescription). The tapered down finish was little used after the 1890s, although the prescription finish was common until the 1920s (Lindsey 2016b), and the seam along the neck suggests the bottle was made using automatic machinery, which did not commence until 1904 (IMACS 1982). Aqua glass is the result of iron impurities found in the sand made to manufacture glass and was used in bottles until the 1920s, with few exceptions, when colorless glass became more common (Lindsey 2016a). The key-wind/key-opening (non-recloseable) oblong meat (“sardine”) can post-dates 1904 as that was when the U.S. started manufacturing these cans using automatic machinery (Rock 1989). The KC Baking Powder Lid (Figure 9) has embossed on it “[TRUE H]EIGHT/15/OZS/[KC] BAKING/POWDER/ FOR/15¢/ ABSOLUTEL[Y] …” The True Height cans were manufactured between 1925 and 1950 (Rock 1989). Overall, the time range for the site is between 1904 and 1950, although it likely dates to the middle portion of that time frame, from the early- to mid-1920s, based on the latest dates for the glass colors and the earliest date for the KC baking powder can. Due to the documented disturbances and the change in artifact composition, an update to the site record was completed (Appendix B).

Figure 6. Flora/fauna in Project area: creosote bush on left, animal burrow on right

P36-012856 was found to be as described in the DPR isolate record and at the correct location. The lid is embossed with “TRUE HEIGHT CAN/BAKING/KC/POWDER/GUARANTEED” and is pictured in Figure 10. As stated previously, True Height KC Baking Powder cans were manufactured between 1925 and 1950 (Rock 1989). As there were no changes to the resource, the site record was not updated.

The newly recorded historic site (temporary Site J-1) consists of three historic artifacts within an area 15 feet (east-west) by 5 feet (north-south). The three artifacts are a vent-hole tin can with one of the lids missing, the top of a colorless glass milk bottle, and the round base of a colorless glass probable beverage bottle. The base did not have an identifiable maker’s mark but must have been manufactured post-1915 as it does not have an amethyst tint (Lindsey 2016a). The vent-hole can, also known as hole-in-top and matchstick filler, was first manufactured around 1900, and, by 1920, was primarily used for evaporated milk. The cans continued to be manufactured until 1985 (Rock 1989; Simonis 1997). Because the milk bottle neck is missing its body and base, it is unknown if it is cylindrical or square/rectangular. As the bottle is machine-made and possesses no tint, it was manufactured after 1915 (Lindsey 2016a). Cylindrical bottles were produced until the early 1960s, although square and rectangular milk bottles became the dominant form in the mid-1940s. They were produced until the 1960s as well (Lindsey 2016c). Overall, the site appears to date to the mid-20th century. Based on the sparse artifact content, the lack of unique artifacts, and the broad time range for the site, it is recommended ineligible.

34 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment

Figure 7. Cultural Resources Observed within Project Area

Three of the newly recorded isolates are vent-hole cans, while the other two are flat top beverage cans with church-key openings. As previously stated, the vent-hole can was first manufactured around 1900, primarily used for evaporated milk by 1920, and produced until 1985 (Rock 1989; Simonis 1997). Flat top beverage cans are cylindrical cans with double rolled end seams and double or interlocking side seams and could

35 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment hold soda, beer, or juice (Memmott 2015). They were first manufactured in 1935 and continued to be produced until the 1970s when aluminum cans became common (Rock 1989; Maxwell 1993).

Figure 8. Disturbance (potholes) on CA-SBr-6842H, facing southeast

Isolate Jup-ISO-1 is a vent-hole can with two holes punched on opposite sides of the lid (Figure 11a). These holes allowed the liquid to be poured from one side while air entered the other (Rock 1989). Isolate Jup- ISO-2 is a smashed vent-hole can, while Isolate Jup-ISO-4 is a small vent-hole can (approximately equal height and diameter). Cans of similar height and diameter were manufactured from 1917 until 1948 (Simonis 1997). Isolates Jup-ISO-3 and Jup-ISO-5 (Figure 11b) are single, church-key-opened flat top beverage cans.

The non-diagnostic potentially historic resources include two oil cans (Figure 12), a colorless glass jug with an unidentifiable maker’s mark (Figure 13), and a sanitary can (Figure 14).

36 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment

Figure 9. KC Baking Powder can lid in CA-SBr-6842H

Figure 10. KC Baking Powder can (P36-012856) 37 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment

Figure 11. Isolated historic tin cans found in Project area: Jup-ISO-1 (vent-hole can) on right, Jup-ISO-5 (church key flat top beverage can) on left

Figure 12. Oil cans found in Project area

Figure 13. Colorless glass jug found in Project area

38 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment

Figure 14. Sanitary can found in Project area

Paleontological Survey

No paleontological resources or fossiliferous deposits were observed during the field reconnaissance of the Project area. The surficial sediment of the Project area consists of desert pavement and has a low potential for paleontological resources. However, it is possible that paleontological resources occur below the surface at a relatively shallow depth in finer-grained sediment based on the fossils recovered from similar alluvial deposits in the region (see Results of Paleontological Resources Records Search).

NATIVE AMERICAN CONTACT

APRMI requested a Sacred Lands File Search and a Native American Contacts list for the proposed Project area from the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) on January 13, 2016. The NAHC’s search of the Sacred Lands Inventory (Appendix C) was conducted on January 25, 2016 and received on January 27, 2016. The NAHC did not find any Native American cultural resources or traditional sites or places in the immediate Project area. The NAHC, though, goes on to state that the lack of known or recorded resources does not indicate that such resources are absent from the Project area. The NAHC also provided APRMI with a Native American Contact List of individuals and organizations in San Bernardino County that are culturally affiliated with the area and potentially have knowledge of cultural resources in the vicinity. APRMI contacted the tribes, individuals, and organizations listed by phone to confirm that the 39 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment mailing information is correct and to let them know that a package for the Project was coming through the mail. The package was sent to them on January 29, 2016. It included basic information on the Project, listed the known cultural resources in the area, requested information on any Native American resources in the area, and inquired as to whether the intended recipient had any comments or concerns or wished to be consulted regarding the Project. The letters sent out to the Native American contacts, along with the responses, are in Appendix B.

On February 2, 2016, Daniel McCarthy, Director of the Cultural Resources Management Department for the San Manuel Band of Mission Indians, emailed a response to APRMI. In the response, McCarthy stated that the project is within the tribe’s ancestral territory and is sensitive for tribal cultural resources. As a result, McCarthy is requesting further information and wishes to consult with the Lead Agency on the Project.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The Project area has two historic sites within its boundaries as well as several isolated historic artifacts. In addition, a prehistoric isolate was recorded previously and according to the Native American responses, the Project area is sensitive for tribal cultural resources, as evidenced by the prehistoric lithic scatter located within a quarter mile. Due to the nature of the surficial sediment on the Project (desert pavement), substantial archaeological resources are probably primarily confined to the surface and shallow depths. However, excavations deeper than five feet still have the potential to encounter artifacts. Due to the amount of archaeological resources present on the surface, full-time archaeological resource monitoring by a qualified archaeological resources monitor under the supervision of a qualified Project Archaeologist is required until the archaeologist determines that there is no further potential for archaeological materials to be observed or collected.

The Project area has an unknown potential for paleontological resources per Dr. Samuel McLeod of the LACM, because even though no fossils have been recovered on the Project site itself, the sediment is older Quaternary alluvium that has yielded significant vertebrate fossil remains at other locations in the region. While the surficial sediment (desert pavement) is unlikely to yield paleontological resources, fossiliferous sediment may be present at an unknown but possibly shallow depth. Therefore, any excavations deeper than three feet below the initial ground surface, per San Bernarndino County policies (see Regulatory Setting), need to be monitored full-time for paleontological resources by a qualified paleontologist or paleontological resources monitor. In addition, if evidence for microfossils (small teeth or bone fragments weathering out of the sediment) is observed at any time during mitigation monitoring, samples of native sediment should be collected and processed per SVP guidelines.

One Native American response was received prior to the submission of this report, and it did express concern regarding the Project. As a result, it is recommended that the San Manuel Band of Mission Indians be consulted regarding the Project and that a Native American monitor be retained to perform mitigation monitoring if prehistoric cultural resources are uncovered during the Project.

If an archaeological or paleontological resource is encountered during construction when a monitor is not on site, then all work should halt in the area and the Project Archaeologist and/or Project Paleontologist must be notified. Work cannot resume in the area until the find is assessed by the archaeological or paleontological professional and properly mitigated, and the professional indicates that construction can resume. If human remains are encountered at any point during Project construction, then the procedures dictated by law (see Regulatory Setting) must be implemented.

40 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment

If any resources are collected during mitigation monitoring of the Project, they must be properly processed, identified, analyzed, catalogued, and prepared for curation, along with any other laboratory tasks that may need to be undertaken. All significant archaeological and paleontological resources collected during mitigation monitoring are to be curated at an accredited and permanent scientific institution. A final Report of Findings document must also be prepared before the artifacts and/or fossils are curated at a legal repository. If no resources are collected or observed, then a Negative Findings document must be prepared instead.

41 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment

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48 ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment

APPENDIX A

PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES RECORDS SEARCH

ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment

Vertebrate Paleontology Section Telephone: (213) 763-3325 Fax: (213) 746-7431 e-mail: [email protected]

27 January 2016

ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. 1531 Pontius Avenue, Suite 200 Los Angeles, CA 90025

Attn: Robin Turner, President re: Paleontological resources for the proposed Jupiter Project - Navajo Road Project, APRM project # 2016-01, in the City of Apple Valley, San Bernardino County, project area

Dear Robin:

I have conducted a thorough search of our paleontology collection records for the locality and specimen data for the proposed Jupiter Project - Navajo Road Project, APRM project # 2016-01, in the City of Apple Valley, San Bernardino County, project area as outlined on the portion of the Apple Valley North USGS topographic quadrangle map that you sent to me via e- mail on 13 January 2016. We do not have any vertebrate fossil localities that lie directly within the proposed project boundaries, but we do have localities nearby that occur in sedimentary deposits similar to those that occur in the proposed project area either as surficial exposures or as subsurface deposits.

In the center of the eastern border of the proposed project area there are some small exposures of intrusive igneous rocks that will not contain recognizable fossils. Otherwise, the proposed project area has surface deposits composed of older Quaternary Alluvium, derived as alluvial fan deposits from the hills to the northeast around Black Mountain. These deposits may not contain significant vertebrate fossils in the uppermost layers, but at relatively shallow depth may contain significant fossil vertebrate remains in finer-grained deposits. Our closest fossil vertebrate localities in older Quaternary deposits are LACM 3352-3353 and 3498, all situated near the bluffs on the west side of the Mojave River drainage centered around Interstate 15 southwest of the proposed project area, that produced fossil specimens of extinct horse, Equus occidentalis, and extinct bison, Bison latifrons. Our next closest fossil vertebrate locality in these older Quaternary deposits is LACM 7786, just south of due west of the proposed project area between Adelanto and the former George Air Force Base, that produced a fossil specimen of meadow vole, Microtus, at 10-11 feet below grade. Another nearby locality from these deposits is LACM 1224, situated farther south-southwest of the proposed project area west of Spring Valley Lake, that produced a specimen of fossil camel, Camelops.

Excavations in the small exposures of igneous rocks in the proposed project area will not uncover any recognizable fossils. Shallow excavations in the older Quaternary Alluvium exposed throughout the remainder of the proposed project area are unlikely to produce significant fossil vertebrate remains. Deeper excavations in the proposed project area that extend down into older Quaternary deposits, however, may well encounter significant vertebrate fossils. Any substantial excavations in the sedimentary deposits in the proposed project area, therefore, should be monitored closely to quickly and professionally recover any fossil remains discovered while not impeding development. Also, sediment samples should be collected and processed to determine the small fossil potential in the proposed project area. Any fossils recovered during mitigation should be deposited in an accredited and permanent scientific institution for the benefit of current and future generations.

This records search covers only the vertebrate paleontology records of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. It is not intended to be a thorough paleontological survey of the proposed project area covering other institutional records, a literature survey, or any potential on-site survey.

Sincerely,

Samuel A. McLeod, Ph.D. Vertebrate Paleontology enclosure: invoice APPENDIX B

STATE OF CALIFORNIA DPR SITE RECORDS

ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment State of California  The Resources Agency Primary # 36-006842 DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI # PRIMARY RECORD Trinomial CA-SBr-6842H NRHP Status Code Other Listings Review Code Reviewer Date Page 1 of 4 *Resource Name or #: CA-SBr-6842H Update

P1. Other Identifier: *P2. Location:  Not for Publication  Unrestricted *a. County: San Bernardino *b. USGS 7.5' Quad: Apple Valley North Date: 1970 rev. 1993 T 6N; R 3W; SE ¼ of Sec 21; S.B.B.M. c. Address: southwest of Navajo Road and Lafayette Road City: Apple Valley Zip: 92307 d. UTM: Zone: 11S ; 482446 mE/ 3827508 mN (NAD83) e. Other Locational Data: (e.g., parcel #, directions to resource, elevation, etc., as appropriate) Elevation: 3037 feet

*P3a. Description: (Describe resource and its major elements. Include design, materials, condition, alterations, size, setting, and boundaries)

CA-SBr-6842H was relocated and found much as described in previous DPR site records (Sundberg and Des’Autels 1990; Sanka 2006). There were some changes in artifactual content, and there was evidence of disturbance in the form of unauthorized, non-scientific collection and excavation (pot holing). The site currently consists of a scatter of aqua and sun-altered amethyst glass fragments, metal brackets/straps, a rusted bolt, tin cans, and non-diagnostic white earthenware sherds. The glass fragments include a round base and a prescription neck with a tapered down finish, both possessing an amethyst tint caused by the sun. The cans include a sardine can, two spice can tops, a KC baking powder lid, and several non-diagnostic sanitary cans. The site appears to be a historic refuse deposit and, based on the diagnostic artifacts present, dates to the early 20th-century, specifically the 1920s (see Continuation Sheet).

*P3b. Resource Attributes: AH4. Privies/dumps/trash scatters *P4. Resources Present: Building Structure Object Site District Element of District Other (Isolates, etc.)

P5a. Photo or Drawing (Photo required for buildings, structures, and objects.) P5b. Description of Photo: Overview of disturbance on site, facing southeast, 2/15/2016, P1080235

*P6. Date Constructed/Age and Sources: Historic Prehistoric Both

*P7. Owner and Address: Big Lots Stores, Inc. 300 Phillipi Road Columbus, OH 43228-5311

*P8. Recorded by: D. Ruzicka, ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. 1531 Pontius Ave, Suite 200 Los Angeles, CA 90025

*P9. Date Recorded: Feb 15, 2016 *P10. Survey Type: Pedestrian

*P11. Report Citation: Ruzicka, Denise. 2016. Archaeological and Paleontological Resources Phase 1 Assessment: Jupiter Project – Navajo Road, Town of Apple Valley, San Bernardino County, California.

*Attachments: NONE Location Map Sketch Map Continuation Sheet Building, Structure, and Object Record Archaeological Record District Record Linear Feature Record Milling Station Record Rock Art Record Artifact Record Photograph Record  Other (List): DPR 523A (1/95) *Required information State of California  The Resources Agency Primary # 36-006842 DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI# LOCATION MAP Trinomial CA-SBr-6842H Page 2 of 4 *Resource Name or #: CA-SBr-6842H Update *Map Name: Apple Valley North (from TOPO! 2006) *Scale: 1:24,000 *Date of Map: February 16, 2016

DPR 523J (1/95) *Required information State of California  The Resources Agency Primary # 36-006842 DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI# CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial CA-SBr-6842H Page 3 of 4 *Resource Name or # CA-SBr-6842H Update *Recorded by: D. Ruzicka *Date: 2/15/2016  Continuation  Update *P3a. Description Continued:

Amethyst-tinted glass is manganese dioxide decolorized glass that has been exposed to ultraviolet light (sunlight). This type of colorless glass was primarily used for bottles between 1890 and 1920 (Lindsey 2016a). The amethyst neck observed (Figure 1) appears to have a tapered down finish although the bottle type appears to be a medicine bottle (prescription). The tapered down finish was little used after the 1890s, although the prescription finish was common until the 1920s (Lindsey 2016b), and the seam along the neck suggests the bottle was made using automatic machinery, which did not come about until 1904 (IMACS 1982). Aqua glass is the result of iron impurities found in the sand made to manufacture glass and was used in bottles, with few exceptions, until the 1920s when colorless glass became more common (Lindsey 2016a). The key-wind/key-opening (non-recloseable) oblong meat (“sardine”) can post-dates 1904 as that was when the U.S. started manufacturing these cans using automatic machinery (Rock 1989). The KC Baking Powder Lid (Figure 2) has embossed on it “[TRUE H]EIGHT/15/OZS/[KC] BAKING/POWDER/FOR/15¢/ ABSOLUTEL[Y] …” The True Height cans were manufactured between 1925 and 1950 (Rock 1989). Overall, the time range for the site is between 1904 and 1950, although it likely dates to the middle portion of that time frame, from the early- to mid- 1920s, based on the latest dates for the glass colors and the earliest date for the KC baking powder can.

References: IMACS (Intermountain Antiquities Computer System). 1982. User’s Guide: Instructions and Computer Codes for Use with the IMACS Site Form. Prepared by University of Utah, Bureau of Land Management, and U.S. Forest Service. Revised 1992. Lindsey, Bill. 2016a. Bottle/Glass Colors. Historic Glass Bottle Identification & Information Website. Bureau of Land Management and Society for Historical Archaeology. Available at http://www.sha.org/bottle/colors.htm, accessed March 1, 2016. Lindsey, Bill. 2016b. Bottle Finishes & Closures, Part II: Types or Styles of Finishes. Historic Glass Bottle Identification & Information Website. Bureau of Land Management and Society for Historical Archaeology. Available at http://www.sha.org/bottle/finishstyles.htm, accessed March 1, 2016. Rock, Jim. 1989. Tin Canisters: Their Identification. Manuscript on file at the U.S. Forest Service. Klamath National Forest, Yreka, California. Sanka, J. 2006. DPR Primary Record, Update for CA-SBR-6842H. On file at South Central Coastal Information Center at University of California-Fullerton. Sundberg, F. and J. Des’Autels. 1990. DPR Archaeological Site Record for CA-SBR-6842H: Trash Scatter #1. On file at South Central Coastal Information Center at University of California-Fullerton.

Figure 1. Amethyst-tinted glass bottle neck Figure 2. KC Baking Powder can lid

DPR 523L (1/95) *Required information State of California  The Resources Agency Primary # 36-006842 DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI# CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial CA-SBr-6842H Page 4 of 4 *Resource Name or # CA-SBr-6842H Update

*Recorded by: D. Ruzicka *Date: 2/15/2016  Continuation  Update

Spice can lids

Rusted bolt

DPR 523L (1/95) *Required information

State of California  The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI # PRIMARY RECORD Trinomial NRHP Status Code Other Listings Review Code 6Z Reviewer D. Ruzicka Date 2/16/2016 Page 1 of 4 *Resource Name or #: Site J-1

P1. Other Identifier: *P2. Location:  Not for Publication  Unrestricted *a. County: San Bernardino *b. USGS 7.5' Quad: Apple Valley North Date: 1970 rev. 1993 T 6N; R 3W; SE ¼ of Sec 21; S.B.B.M. c. Address: southwest of Navajo Road and Lafayette Road City: Apple Valley Zip: 92307

d. UTM: Zone: 11S ; 482147 mE/ 3827439 mN (NAD83) e. Other Locational Data: (e.g., parcel #, directions to resource, elevation, etc., as appropriate) Elevation: 3022 feet

*P3a. Description: (Describe resource and its major elements. Include design, materials, condition, alterations, size, setting, and boundaries)

This site consists of three historic artifacts within a 15-foot radius. The three artifacts are a vent-hole tin can with one of the lids missing, the top of a colorless glass milk bottle, and the round base of a colorless glass probable beverage bottle. The base did not have an identifiable maker’s mark but must have been manufactured post-1915 as it does not have an amethyst tint (Lindsey 2016a). The vent-hole can, also known as hole- in-top and matchstick filler, was first manufactured around 1900, and, by 1920, was primarily used for evaporated milk. The cans continued to be manufactured until 1985 (Rock 1989; Simonis 1997). Because the milk bottle neck is missing its body and base, it is unknown if it is cylindrical or square/rectangular. As the bottle is machine-made and possesses no tint, it was manufactured after 1915 (Lindsey 2016a). Cylindrical bottles were produced until the early 1960s, although square and rectangular milk bottles became the dominant form in the mid- 1940s. They were produced into the 1960s as well (Lindsey 2016b). Overall, the site appears to date to the mid-20th century. Based on the sparse artifact content, the lack of unique artifacts, and the broad time range for the site, it is recommended ineligible.

*P3b. Resource Attributes: AH4. Privies/dumps/trash scatters *P4. Resources Present: Building Structure Object Site District Element of District Other (Isolates, etc.) P5b. Description of Photo: Vent- P5a. Photo or Drawing (Photo required for buildings, structures, and objects.) hole tin can, 2/15/16, P1080244

*P6. Date Constructed/Age and Sources: Historic Prehistoric Both

*P7. Owner and Address: Big Lots Stores, Inc. 300 Phillipi Road Columbus, OH 43228-5311

*P8. Recorded by: D. Ruzicka, ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. 1531 Pontius Ave, Suite 200 Los Angeles, CA 90025

*P9. Date Recorded: Feb 15, 2016 *P10. Survey Type: Pedestrian

*P11. Report Citation: Ruzicka, Denise. 2016. Archaeological and Paleontological Resources Phase 1 Assessment: Jupiter Project – Navajo Road, Town of Apple Valley, San Bernardino County, California.

*Attachments: NONE Location Map Sketch Map Continuation Sheet Building, Structure, and Object Record Archaeological Record District Record Linear Feature Record Milling Station Record Rock Art Record Artifact Record Photograph Record  Other (List): DPR 523A (1/95) *Required information

State of California  The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION Trinomial

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD Page 2 of 4 *Resource Name or #: Site J-1

*A1. Dimensions: a. Length: 15 feet (E/W)  b. Width: 5 feet (N/S)

Method of Measurement:  Paced Taped  Visual estimate  Other:

Method of Determination (Check any that apply.):  Artifacts Features  Soil  Vegetation  Topography  Cut bank  Animal burrow  Excavation  Property boundary  Other (Explain):

Reliability of Determination:  High  Medium  Low Explain: No other artifacts on surface in immediate vicinity.

Limitations (Check any that apply):  Restricted access  Paved/built over  Site limits incompletely defined  Disturbances  Vegetation  Other (Explain):

A2. Depth:  None  Unknown Method of Determination: *A3. Human Remains:  Present Absent  Possible  Unknown (Explain):

*A4. Features (Number, briefly describe, indicate size, list associated cultural constituents, and show location of each feature on sketch map.): None

*A5. Cultural Constituents (Describe and quantify artifacts, ecofacts, cultural residues, etc., not associated with features.): Colorless glass milk bottle neck, colorless glass round bottle base (unknown), hole-in-top (vent-hole) can

*A6. Were Specimens Collected?  No  Yes (If yes, attach Artifact Record or catalog and identify where specimens are curated.) *A7. Site Condition:  Good  Fair Poor (Describe disturbances.): Modern refuse present in area

*A8. Nearest Water (Type, distance, and direction.): unnamed wash 0.25 miles to west; Bell Mountain Wash 1.5 miles to northwest *A9. Elevation: 3022 feet A10. Environmental Setting (Describe culturally relevant variables such as vegetation, fauna, soils, geology, landform, slope, aspect, exposure, etc.): Creosote Bush plant community; Quaternary alluvium (desert pavement); no slope

A11. Historical Information:

*A12. Age:  Prehistoric  Protohistoric  1542-1769  1769-1848  1848-1880  1880-1914  1914-1945  Post 1945 Undetermined Describe position in regional prehistoric chronology or factual historic dates if known:

A13. Interpretations (Discuss data potential, function[s], ethnic affiliation, and other interpretations):

A14. Remarks:

A15. References (Documents, informants, maps, and other references): Lindsey, Bill. 2016a. Bottle/Glass Colors. Historic Glass Bottle Identification & Information Website. Bureau of Land Management and Society for Historical Archaeology. Available at http://www.sha.org/bottle/colors.htm, accessed March 1, 2016. Lindsey, Bill. 2016b. Bottle Typing/Diagnostic Shapes. Historic Glass Bottle Identification & Information Website. Bureau of Land Management and Society for Historical Archaeology. Available at http://www.sha.org/bottle/food.htm, accessed March 1, 2016. Rock, Jim. 1989. Tin Canisters: Their Identification. Manuscript on file at the U.S. Forest Service. Klamath National Forest, Yreka, California Simonis, Don. 1997. Simons Milk Can Guide. NewsMAC Vol. 4. Newsletter of the New Mexico Archaeological Council, Albuquerque.

A16. Photographs (List subjects, direction of view, and accession numbers or attach a Photograph Record.):

Original Media/Negatives Kept at: ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management Inc., 1531 Pontius Ave Ste 200, Los Angeles, CA 90025

*A17. Form Prepared by: D. Ruzicka Date: 3/1/16 Affiliation and Address: ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management Inc., 1531 Pontius Ave Ste 200, Los Angeles, CA 90025

DPR 523C (1/95) *Required information

State of California  The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI# LOCATION MAP Trinomial Page 3 of 4 *Resource Name or #: Site J-1 *Map Name: Apple Valley North (from TOPO! 2006) *Scale: 1:24,000 *Date of Map: February 29, 2016

DPR 523J (1/95) *Required information

State of California  The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI# CONTINUATION SHEET Trinomial Page 4 of 4 *Resource Name or # Site J-1

*Recorded by: D. Ruzicka *Date: 3/1/2016  Continuation  Update

Milk bottle neck

Round bottle base DPR 523L (1/95) *Required information

State of California  The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI # PRIMARY RECORD Trinomial NRHP Status Code Other Listings Review Code 6Z Reviewer D. Ruzicka Date 2/16/2016 Page 1 of 2 *Resource Name or #: Jup-ISO-1

P1. Other Identifier: *P2. Location:  Not for Publication  Unrestricted *a. County: San Bernardino *b. USGS 7.5' Quad: Apple Valley North Date: 1970 rev. 1993 T 6N; R 3W; SE ¼ of Sec 21; S.B.B.M. c. Address: southwest of Navajo Road and Lafayette Road City: Apple Valley Zip: 92307

d. UTM: Zone: 11S ; 482182 mE/ 3827799 mN (NAD83) e. Other Locational Data: (e.g., parcel #, directions to resource, elevation, etc., as appropriate) Elevation: 3038 feet

*P3a. Description: (Describe resource and its major elements. Include design, materials, condition, alterations, size, setting, and boundaries)

This isolate consists of a vent-hole can with two holes punched on opposite sides. These holes allowed the liquid to be poured from one side while air entered the other. The vent-hole can, also known as hole-in-top and matchstick filler, was first manufactured around 1900, and, by 1920, was primarily used for evaporated milk as it was hermetically sealed. The cans continued to be manufactured until 1985 (Rock 1989; Simonis 1997).

References: Rock, Jim. 1989. Tin Canisters: Their Identification. Manuscript on file at the U.S. Forest Service. Klamath National Forest, Yreka, California. Simonis, Don. 1997. Simons Milk Can Guide. NewsMAC Vol. 4. Newsletter of the New Mexico Archaeological Council, Albuquerque.

*P3b. Resource Attributes: AH16. Other (Isolate) *P4. Resources Present: Building Structure Object Site District Element of District Other (Isolates, etc.) P5b. Description of Photo: Vent- P5a. Photo or Drawing (Photo required for buildings, structures, and objects.) hole can, 2/15/2016, P1080224

*P6. Date Constructed/Age and Sources: Historic Prehistoric Both

*P7. Owner and Address: Big Lots Stores, Inc. 300 Phillipi Road Columbus, OH 43228-5311

*P8. Recorded by: D. Ruzicka, ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. 1531 Pontius Ave, Suite 200 Los Angeles, CA 90025

*P9. Date Recorded: Feb 15, 2016 *P10. Survey Type: Pedestrian

*P11. Report Citation: Ruzicka, Denise. 2016. Archaeological and Paleontological Resources Phase 1 Assessment: Jupiter Project – Navajo Road, Town of Apple Valley, San Bernardino County, California.

*Attachments: NONE Location Map Sketch Map Continuation Sheet Building, Structure, and Object Record Archaeological Record District Record Linear Feature Record Milling Station Record Rock Art Record Artifact Record Photograph Record  Other (List): DPR 523A (1/95) *Required information

State of California  The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI# LOCATION MAP Trinomial Page 2 of 2 *Resource Name or #: Jup-ISO-1 *Map Name: Apple Valley North (from TOPO! 2006) *Scale: 1:24,000 *Date of Map: February 29, 2016

DPR 523J (1/95) *Required information

State of California  The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI # PRIMARY RECORD Trinomial NRHP Status Code Other Listings Review Code 6Z Reviewer D. Ruzicka Date 2/16/2016 Page 1 of 2 *Resource Name or #: Jup-ISO-2

P1. Other Identifier: *P2. Location:  Not for Publication  Unrestricted *a. County: San Bernardino *b. USGS 7.5' Quad: Apple Valley North Date: 1970 rev. 1993 T 6N; R 3W; SE ¼ of Sec 21; S.B.B.M. c. Address: southwest of Navajo Road and Lafayette Road City: Apple Valley Zip: 92307

d. UTM: Zone: 11S ; 482144 mE/ 3827557 mN (NAD83) e. Other Locational Data: (e.g., parcel #, directions to resource, elevation, etc., as appropriate) Elevation: 3028 feet

*P3a. Description: (Describe resource and its major elements. Include design, materials, condition, alterations, size, setting, and boundaries)

This isolate consists of a smashed vent-hole can. The vent-hole can, also known as hole-in-top and matchstick filler, was first manufactured around 1900, and, by 1920, was primarily used for evaporated milk as it was hermetically sealed. The cans continued to be manufactured until 1985 (Rock 1989; Simonis 1997).

References: Rock, Jim. 1989. Tin Canisters: Their Identification. Manuscript on file at the U.S. Forest Service. Klamath National Forest, Yreka, California Simonis, Don. 1997. Simons Milk Can Guide. NewsMAC Vol. 4. Newsletter of the New Mexico Archaeological Council, Albuquerque.

*P3b. Resource Attributes: AH16. Other (Isolate) *P4. Resources Present: Building Structure Object Site District Element of District Other (Isolates, etc.) P5b. Description of Photo: Vent- P5a. Photo or Drawing (Photo required for buildings, structures, and objects.) hole can, 2/15/2016, P1080228

*P6. Date Constructed/Age and Sources: Historic Prehistoric Both

*P7. Owner and Address: Big Lots Stores, Inc. 300 Phillipi Road Columbus, OH 43228-5311

*P8. Recorded by: D. Ruzicka, ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. 1531 Pontius Ave, Suite 200 Los Angeles, CA 90025

*P9. Date Recorded: Feb 15, 2016 *P10. Survey Type: Pedestrian

*P11. Report Citation: Ruzicka, Denise. 2016. Archaeological and Paleontological Resources Phase 1 Assessment: Jupiter Project – Navajo Road, Town of Apple Valley, San Bernardino County, California.

*Attachments: NONE Location Map Sketch Map Continuation Sheet Building, Structure, and Object Record Archaeological Record District Record Linear Feature Record Milling Station Record Rock Art Record Artifact Record Photograph Record  Other (List): DPR 523A (1/95) *Required information

State of California  The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI# LOCATION MAP Trinomial Page 2 of 2 *Resource Name or #: Jup-ISO-2 *Map Name: Apple Valley North (from TOPO! 2006) *Scale: 1:24,000 *Date of Map: February 29, 2016

DPR 523J (1/95) *Required information

State of California  The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI # PRIMARY RECORD Trinomial NRHP Status Code Other Listings Review Code 6Z Reviewer D. Ruzicka Date 2/16/2016 Page 1 of 2 *Resource Name or #: Jup-ISO-3

P1. Other Identifier: *P2. Location:  Not for Publication  Unrestricted *a. County: San Bernardino *b. USGS 7.5' Quad: Apple Valley North Date: 1970 rev. 1993 T 6N; R 3W; SE ¼ of Sec 21; S.B.B.M. c. Address: southwest of Navajo Road and Lafayette Road City: Apple Valley Zip: 92307

d. UTM: Zone: 11S ; 482183 mE/ 3827549 mN (NAD83) e. Other Locational Data: (e.g., parcel #, directions to resource, elevation, etc., as appropriate) Elevation: 3028 feet

*P3a. Description: (Describe resource and its major elements. Include design, materials, condition, alterations, size, setting, and boundaries)

This isolate consists of a church-key-opened flat top beverage can. Flat top beverage cans are cylindrical with double rolled end seams and double or interlocking side seams (Memmott 2015). They were first manufactured in 1935 and continued to be produced until the 1970s when aluminum cans became common (Rock 1989; Maxwell 1993).

References: Maxwell, D.B.S. 1993. Beer Cans: A Guide for the Archaeologist. Historical Archaeology 27(1):95-113. Memmott, Margo. 2015. What Can This Be? A Practical Workshop on Tin Can Identification and Analysis. Paper presented at Nevada Archaeological Association 44th Annual Meeting, Wendover, 27 March 2015. Rock, Jim. 1989. Tin Canisters: Their Identification. Manuscript on file at the U.S. Forest Service. Klamath National Forest, Yreka, California.

*P3b. Resource Attributes: AH16. Other (Isolate) *P4. Resources Present: Building Structure Object Site District Element of District Other (Isolates, etc.) P5b. Description of Photo: Flat top P5a. Photo or Drawing (Photo required for buildings, structures, and objects.) steel beverage can, churck-key open, 2/15/2016, P1080229

*P6. Date Constructed/Age and Sources: Historic Prehistoric Both

*P7. Owner and Address: Big Lots Stores, Inc. 300 Phillipi Road Columbus, OH 43228-5311

*P8. Recorded by: D. Ruzicka, ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. 1531 Pontius Ave, Suite 200 Los Angeles, CA 90025

*P9. Date Recorded: Feb 15, 2016 *P10. Survey Type: Pedestrian

*P11. Report Citation: Ruzicka, Denise. 2016. Archaeological and Paleontological Resources Phase 1 Assessment: Jupiter Project – Navajo Road, Town of Apple Valley, San Bernardino County, California.

Attachments: NONE Location Map Sketch Map Continuation Sheet Building, Structure, and Object Record Archaeological Record District Record Linear Feature Record Milling Station Record Rock Art Record Artifact Record Photograph Record  Other (List): DPR 523A (1/95) *Required information

State of California  The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI# LOCATION MAP Trinomial Page 2 of 2 *Resource Name or #: Jup-ISO-3 *Map Name: Apple Valley North (from TOPO! 2006) *Scale: 1:24,000 *Date of Map: February 29, 2016

DPR 523J (1/95) *Required information

State of California  The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI # PRIMARY RECORD Trinomial NRHP Status Code Other Listings Review Code 6Z Reviewer D. Ruzicka Date 2/16/2016 Page 1 of 2 *Resource Name or #: Jup-ISO-4

P1. Other Identifier: *P2. Location:  Not for Publication  Unrestricted *a. County: San Bernardino *b. USGS 7.5' Quad: Apple Valley North Date: 1970 rev. 1993 T 6N; R 3W; SE ¼ of Sec 21; S.B.B.M. c. Address: southwest of Navajo Road and Lafayette Road City: Apple Valley Zip: 92307

d. UTM: Zone: 11S ; 482216 mE/ 3827554 mN (NAD83) e. Other Locational Data: (e.g., parcel #, directions to resource, elevation, etc., as appropriate) Elevation: 3030 feet

*P3a. Description: (Describe resource and its major elements. Include design, materials, condition, alterations, size, setting, and boundaries)

This isolate consists of a small vent-hole can (approximately equal height and diameter). The vent-hole can, also known as hole-in-top and matchstick filler, was first manufactured around 1900, and, by 1920, was primarily used for evaporated milk as it was hermetically sealed. Cans of similar height and diameter were manufactured from 1917 until 1948 (Rock 1989; Simonis 1997).

References: Rock, Jim. 1989. Tin Canisters: Their Identification. Manuscript on file at the U.S. Forest Service. Klamath National Forest, Yreka, California Simonis, Don. 1997. Simons Milk Can Guide. NewsMAC Vol. 4. Newsletter of the New Mexico Archaeological Council, Albuquerque.

*P3b. Resource Attributes: AH16. Other (Isolate) *P4. Resources Present: Building Structure Object Site District Element of District Other (Isolates, etc.) P5b. Description of Photo: Vent- P5a. Photo or Drawing (Photo required for buildings, structures, and objects.) hole can, 2/15/2016, P1080231

*P6. Date Constructed/Age and Sources: Historic Prehistoric Both

*P7. Owner and Address: Big Lots Stores, Inc. 300 Phillipi Road Columbus, OH 43228-5311

*P8. Recorded by: D. Ruzicka, ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. 1531 Pontius Ave, Suite 200 Los Angeles, CA 90025

*P9. Date Recorded: Feb 15, 2016 *P10. Survey Type: Pedestrian

*P11. Report Citation: Ruzicka, Denise. 2016. Archaeological and Paleontological Resources Phase 1 Assessment: Jupiter Project – Navajo Road, Town of Apple Valley, San Bernardino County, California.

*Attachments: NONE Location Map Sketch Map Continuation Sheet Building, Structure, and Object Record Archaeological Record District Record Linear Feature Record Milling Station Record Rock Art Record Artifact Record Photograph Record  Other (List): DPR 523A (1/95) *Required information

State of California  The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI# LOCATION MAP Trinomial Page 2 of 2 *Resource Name or #: Jup-ISO-4 *Map Name: Apple Valley North (from TOPO! 2006) *Scale: 1:24,000 *Date of Map: February 29, 2016

DPR 523J (1/95) *Required information

State of California  The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI # PRIMARY RECORD Trinomial NRHP Status Code Other Listings Review Code 6Z Reviewer D. Ruzicka Date 2/16/2016 Page 1 of 2 *Resource Name or #: Jup-ISO-5

P1. Other Identifier: *P2. Location:  Not for Publication  Unrestricted *a. County: San Bernardino *b. USGS 7.5' Quad: Apple Valley North Date: 1970 rev. 1993 T 6N; R 3W; SE ¼ of Sec 21; S.B.B.M. c. Address: southwest of Navajo Road and Lafayette Road City: Apple Valley Zip: 92307 d. UTM: Zone: 11S; 482242 mE/ 3827558 mN (NAD83) e. Other Locational Data: (e.g., parcel #, directions to resource, elevation, etc., as appropriate) Elevation: 3031 feet

*P3a. Description: (Describe resource and its major elements. Include design, materials, condition, alterations, size, setting, and boundaries)

This isolate consists of a church-key-opened flat top beverage can. Flat top beverage cans are cylindrical with double rolled end seams and double or interlocking side seams (Memmott 2015). They were first manufactured in 1935 and continued to be produced until the 1970s when aluminum cans became common (Rock 1989; Maxwell 1993).

References: Maxwell, D.B.S. 1993. Beer Cans: A Guide for the Archaeologist. Historical Archaeology 27(1):95-113. Memmott, Margo. 2015. What Can This Be? A Practical Workshop on Tin Can Identification and Analysis. Paper presented at Nevada Archaeological Association 44th Annual Meeting, Wendover, 27 March 2015. Rock, Jim. 1989. Tin Canisters: Their Identification. Manuscript on file at the U.S. Forest Service. Klamath National Forest, Yreka, California.

*P3b. Resource Attributes: AH16. Other (Isolate) *P4. Resources Present: Building Structure Object Site District Element of District Other (Isolates, etc.) P5b. Description of Photo: Flat top P5a. Photo or Drawing (Photo required for buildings, structures, and objects.) steel beverage can, church-key open, with interlocking side seam, 2/15/2016, P1080232

*P6. Date Constructed/Age and Sources: Historic Prehistoric Both

*P7. Owner and Address: Big Lots Stores, Inc. 300 Phillipi Road Columbus, OH 43228-5311

*P8. Recorded by: D. Ruzicka, ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. 1531 Pontius Ave, Suite 200 Los Angeles, CA 90025

*P9. Date Recorded: Feb 15, 2016 *P10. Survey Type: Pedestrian

*P11. Report Citation: Ruzicka, Denise. 2016. Archaeological and Paleontological Resources Phase 1 Assessment: Jupiter Project – Navajo Road, Town of Apple Valley, San Bernardino County, California.

*Attachments: NONE Location Map Sketch Map Continuation Sheet Building, Structure, and Object Record Archaeological Record District Record Linear Feature Record Milling Station Record Rock Art Record Artifact Record Photograph Record  Other (List): DPR 523A (1/95) *Required information

State of California  The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI# LOCATION MAP Trinomial Page 2 of 2 *Resource Name or #: Jup-ISO-5 *Map Name: Apple Valley North (from TOPO! 2006) *Scale: 1:24,000 *Date of Map: February 29, 2016

DPR 523J (1/95) *Required information

APPENDIX C

NATIVE AMERICAN CORRESPONDENCE

ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. Jupiter Project – Navajo Road March 2016 Cultural Phase I Assessment STATE OF CALIFORNIA Edmund G. Brown, Jr., Governor

NATIVE AMERICAN HERITAGE COMMISSION 1550 Harbor Blvd., ROOM 100 West SACRAMENTO, CA 95691 (916) 373-3710 Fax (916) 373-5471

January 25, 2016

Robin Turner ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. 1531 Pontius Avenue, Suite 200 Los Angeles, CA 90025

Email to: [email protected]

Re: Jupiter Project – Navajo Road

Dear Ms. Turner,

A record search of the sacred land file has failed to indicate the presence of Native American cultural resources in the immediate project area. The absence of specific site information in the sacred lands file does not indicate the absence of cultural resources in any project area. Other sources of cultural resources should also be contacted for information regarding known and recorded sites.

Enclosed is a list of Native Americans individuals/organizations who may have knowledge of cultural resources in the project area. The Commission makes no recommendation or preference of a single individual, or group over another. This list should provide a starting place in locating areas of potential adverse impact within the proposed project area. I suggest you contact all of those indicated, if they cannot supply information, they might recommend others with specific knowledge. By contacting all those listed, your organization will be better able to respond to claims of failure to consult with the appropriate tribe or group. If a response has not been received within two weeks of notification, the Commission requests that you follow-up with a telephone call to ensure that the project information has been received.

If you receive notification of change of addresses and phone numbers from any of these individuals or groups, please notify me. With your assistance we are able to assure that our lists contain current information. If you have any questions or need additional information, please contact me at (916) 373-3712.

Sincerely,

Joshua Standing Horse Associate Governmental Program Analyst Native American Contact List San Bernardino County January 28, 2016

Ernest H. Siva San Fernando Band of Mission Indians Morongo Band of Mission Indians Tribal Elder John Valenzuela, Chairperson 9570 Mias Canyon Road Serrano P.O. Box 221838 Fernandeño Banning , CA 92220 Cahuilla Newhall , CA 91322 Tataviam [email protected] [email protected] Serrano (951) 849-4676 Vanyume (760) 885-0955 Cell Kitanemuk

Morongo Band of Mission Indians San Manuel Band of Mission Indians Denisa Torres, Cultural Resources Manager Lynn Valbuena, Chairwoman 12700 Pumarra Road Cahuilla 26569 Community Center Serrano Banning , CA 92220 Serrano Highland , CA 92346 [email protected] (909) 864-8933 (951) 849-8807 (951) 572-6004 Fax (909) 864-3370 Fax (951) 572-6004 Fax

Morongo Band of Mission Indians San Manuel Band of Mission Indians Robert Martin, Chairperson Daniel McCarthy, M.S., Director-CRM Dept. 12700 Pumarra Rroad Cahuilla 26569 Community Center Drive Serrano Banning , CA 92220 Serrano Highland , CA 92346 (951) 849-8807 [email protected] (951) 755-5200 (909) 864-8933 Ext 3248 (951) 922-8146 Fax (909) 862-5152 Fax

This list is current only as of the date of this document.

Distribution of this list does not relieve any person of the statutory responsibility as defined in Section 7050.5 of the Health and Safety Code, Section 5097.94 of the Public Resources Code and Section 5097.98 of the Public Resources Code.

This list is only applicable for contacting local Native Americans with regard to cultural resources for the proposed Jupiter Project - Navajo Road, San Bernardino County. Native American Contact List San Bernardino County January 28, 2016

Serrano Nation of Mission Indians Goldie Walker, ChaiTrwoman P.O. Box 343 Serrano Patton , CA 92369

(909) 528-9027 (909) 528-9032

This list is current only as of the date of this document.

Distribution of this list does not relieve any person of the statutory responsibility as defined in Section 7050.5 of the Health and Safety Code, Section 5097.94 of the Public Resources Code and Section 5097.98 of the Public Resources Code.

This list is only applicable for contacting local Native Americans with regard to cultural resources for the proposed Jupiter Project - Navajo Road, San Bernardino County. ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. A full service Archaeology and Paleontology company SBE/WBE/DBE/UDBE/LBE/CBE/VSBE/MicroBE Certified

January 29, 2016

Robert Martin, Chairperson Morongo Band of Mission Indians 12700 Pumarra Road Banning, CA 92220

Re: Jupiter Project – Navajo Road, Town of Apple Valley, San Bernardino County

Dear Chairperson Martin,

Haskell Architects and Engineers PA is developing the Jupiter Project on Navajo Road in the Town of Apple Valley, east of Interstate 15 and northwest of the Apple Valley County Airport. It is specifically located southwest of the intersection of Navajo Road and Lafayette Road on 106.4 acres of undeveloped land. It is bordered on the south by the western extension of Livermore Street and on the west by the northern extension of Dachshund Avenue. It is in the SE ¼ of Section 21 of T6N, R3W of the San Bernardino Base and Meridian on the USGS Apple Valley North 7.5-minute quadrangle (1970 revised 1993). The Project involves the excavation of the area for the foundation of a Big Lots distribution warehouse facility and associated at-grade parking. The facility design includes two 10 to 20-foot deep on-site detention basins and grading up to 10 feet deep or more in some areas.

The Native American Heritage Commission conducted a record search of sacred sites within the area and determined that there are no known sites within the project boundaries. However, our research conducted at the South Central Coastal Information Center, housed at California State University at Fullerton, found that there are eleven cultural resources within a mile radius of the Project area. These eleven resources include a prehistoric site and two prehistoric isolates. One of the isolates, a white chert flake, is located within the Project boundaries, while the other isolate, a black chert flake, is within a half mile of the Project. The site is located within a quarter mile of the Project to the south-southeast and consists of a sparse lithic scatter along the western berm of Navajo Road.

Your name was given to us by the Native American Heritage Commission as being an interested party and/or contact. Since your ancestral homeland is part of this general vicinity, and even though an EIR/EIS is not required for this project at this moment, Northgate Environmental Management, Inc. and ArchaeoPaleo would like your input and views to see if you feel that there is ancestral significance on or close by this project site on which you and/or your family would like to comment. Please send your written responses to my attention at the address at the bottom of this letter. I look forward to hearing from you.

Sincerely,

Robin Turner President/Principal 1531 Pontius Ave., Suite 200 (424) 248-3316 ph Los Angeles, CA 90025 (424) 248-3417 fax

ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. A full service Archaeology and Paleontology company SBE/WBE/DBE/UDBE/LBE/CBE/VSBE/MicroBE Certified

January 29, 2016

Daniel McCarthy, Director-CRM Dept. San Manuel Band of Mission Indians 26569 Community Center Drive Highland, CA 92346

Re: Jupiter Project – Navajo Road, Town of Apple Valley, San Bernardino County

Dear Director McCarthy,

Haskell Architects and Engineers PA is developing the Jupiter Project on Navajo Road in the Town of Apple Valley, east of Interstate 15 and northwest of the Apple Valley County Airport. It is specifically located southwest of the intersection of Navajo Road and Lafayette Road on 106.4 acres of undeveloped land. It is bordered on the south by the western extension of Livermore Street and on the west by the northern extension of Dachshund Avenue. It is in the SE ¼ of Section 21 of T6N, R3W of the San Bernardino Base and Meridian on the USGS Apple Valley North 7.5-minute quadrangle (1970 revised 1993). The Project involves the excavation of the area for the foundation of a Big Lots distribution warehouse facility and associated at-grade parking. The facility design includes two 10 to 20-foot deep on-site detention basins and grading up to 10 feet deep or more in some areas.

The Native American Heritage Commission conducted a record search of sacred sites within the area and determined that there are no known sites within the project boundaries. However, our research conducted at the South Central Coastal Information Center, housed at California State University at Fullerton, found that there are eleven cultural resources within a mile radius of the Project area. These eleven resources include a prehistoric site and two prehistoric isolates. One of the isolates, a white chert flake, is located within the Project boundaries, while the other isolate, a black chert flake, is within a half mile of the Project. The site is located within a quarter mile of the Project to the south-southeast and consists of a sparse lithic scatter along the western berm of Navajo Road.

Your name was given to us by the Native American Heritage Commission as being an interested party and/or contact. Since your ancestral homeland is part of this general vicinity, and even though an EIR/EIS is not required for this project at this moment, Northgate Environmental Management, Inc. and ArchaeoPaleo would like your input and views to see if you feel that there is ancestral significance on or close by this project site on which you and/or your family would like to comment. Please send your written responses to my attention at the address at the bottom of this letter. I look forward to hearing from you.

Sincerely,

Robin Turner President/Principal 1531 Pontius Ave., Suite 200 (424) 248-3316 ph Los Angeles, CA 90025 (424) 248-3417 fax

ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. A full service Archaeology and Paleontology company SBE/WBE/DBE/UDBE/LBE/CBE/VSBE/MicroBE Certified

January 29, 2016

Ernest H. Siva Morongo Band of Mission Indians Tribal Elder 9570 Mias Canyon Road Banning, CA 92220

Re: Jupiter Project – Navajo Road, Town of Apple Valley, San Bernardino County

Dear Tribal Elder Siva,

Haskell Architects and Engineers PA is developing the Jupiter Project on Navajo Road in the Town of Apple Valley, east of Interstate 15 and northwest of the Apple Valley County Airport. It is specifically located southwest of the intersection of Navajo Road and Lafayette Road on 106.4 acres of undeveloped land. It is bordered on the south by the western extension of Livermore Street and on the west by the northern extension of Dachshund Avenue. It is in the SE ¼ of Section 21 of T6N, R3W of the San Bernardino Base and Meridian on the USGS Apple Valley North 7.5-minute quadrangle (1970 revised 1993). The Project involves the excavation of the area for the foundation of a Big Lots distribution warehouse facility and associated at-grade parking. The facility design includes two 10 to 20-foot deep on-site detention basins and grading up to 10 feet deep or more in some areas.

The Native American Heritage Commission conducted a record search of sacred sites within the area and determined that there are no known sites within the project boundaries. However, our research conducted at the South Central Coastal Information Center, housed at California State University at Fullerton, found that there are eleven cultural resources within a mile radius of the Project area. These eleven resources include a prehistoric site and two prehistoric isolates. One of the isolates, a white chert flake, is located within the Project boundaries, while the other isolate, a black chert flake, is within a half mile of the Project. The site is located within a quarter mile of the Project to the south-southeast and consists of a sparse lithic scatter along the western berm of Navajo Road.

Your name was given to us by the Native American Heritage Commission as being an interested party and/or contact. Since your ancestral homeland is part of this general vicinity, and even though an EIR/EIS is not required for this project at this moment, Northgate Environmental Management, Inc. and ArchaeoPaleo would like your input and views to see if you feel that there is ancestral significance on or close by this project site on which you and/or your family would like to comment. Please send your written responses to my attention at the address at the bottom of this letter. I look forward to hearing from you.

Sincerely,

Robin Turner President/Principal 1531 Pontius Ave., Suite 200 (424) 248-3316 ph Los Angeles, CA 90025 (424) 248-3417 fax

ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. A full service Archaeology and Paleontology company SBE/WBE/DBE/UDBE/LBE/CBE/VSBE/MicroBE Certified

January 29, 2016

Denisa Torres, Cultural Resources Manager Morongo Band of Mission Indians 12700 Pumarra Road Banning, CA 92220

Re: Jupiter Project – Navajo Road, Town of Apple Valley, San Bernardino County

Dear Ms. Torres,

Haskell Architects and Engineers PA is developing the Jupiter Project on Navajo Road in the Town of Apple Valley, east of Interstate 15 and northwest of the Apple Valley County Airport. It is specifically located southwest of the intersection of Navajo Road and Lafayette Road on 106.4 acres of undeveloped land. It is bordered on the south by the western extension of Livermore Street and on the west by the northern extension of Dachshund Avenue. It is in the SE ¼ of Section 21 of T6N, R3W of the San Bernardino Base and Meridian on the USGS Apple Valley North 7.5-minute quadrangle (1970 revised 1993). The Project involves the excavation of the area for the foundation of a Big Lots distribution warehouse facility and associated at-grade parking. The facility design includes two 10 to 20-foot deep on-site detention basins and grading up to 10 feet deep or more in some areas.

The Native American Heritage Commission conducted a record search of sacred sites within the area and determined that there are no known sites within the project boundaries. However, our research conducted at the South Central Coastal Information Center, housed at California State University at Fullerton, found that there are eleven cultural resources within a mile radius of the Project area. These eleven resources include a prehistoric site and two prehistoric isolates. One of the isolates, a white chert flake, is located within the Project boundaries, while the other isolate, a black chert flake, is within a half mile of the Project. The site is located within a quarter mile of the Project to the south-southeast and consists of a sparse lithic scatter along the western berm of Navajo Road.

Your name was given to us by the Native American Heritage Commission as being an interested party and/or contact. Since your ancestral homeland is part of this general vicinity, and even though an EIR/EIS is not required for this project at this moment, Northgate Environmental Management, Inc. and ArchaeoPaleo would like your input and views to see if you feel that there is ancestral significance on or close by this project site on which you and/or your family would like to comment. Please send your written responses to my attention at the address at the bottom of this letter. I look forward to hearing from you.

Sincerely,

Robin Turner President/Principal 1531 Pontius Ave., Suite 200 (424) 248-3316 ph Los Angeles, CA 90025 (424) 248-3417 fax

ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. A full service Archaeology and Paleontology company SBE/WBE/DBE/UDBE/LBE/CBE/VSBE/MicroBE Certified

January 29, 2016

Lynn Valbuena, Chairwoman San Manuel Band of Mission Indians 26569 Community Center Highland, CA 92346

Re: Jupiter Project – Navajo Road, Town of Apple Valley, San Bernardino County

Dear Chairwoman Valbuena,

Haskell Architects and Engineers PA is developing the Jupiter Project on Navajo Road in the Town of Apple Valley, east of Interstate 15 and northwest of the Apple Valley County Airport. It is specifically located southwest of the intersection of Navajo Road and Lafayette Road on 106.4 acres of undeveloped land. It is bordered on the south by the western extension of Livermore Street and on the west by the northern extension of Dachshund Avenue. It is in the SE ¼ of Section 21 of T6N, R3W of the San Bernardino Base and Meridian on the USGS Apple Valley North 7.5-minute quadrangle (1970 revised 1993). The Project involves the excavation of the area for the foundation of a Big Lots distribution warehouse facility and associated at-grade parking. The facility design includes two 10 to 20-foot deep on-site detention basins and grading up to 10 feet deep or more in some areas.

The Native American Heritage Commission conducted a record search of sacred sites within the area and determined that there are no known sites within the project boundaries. However, our research conducted at the South Central Coastal Information Center, housed at California State University at Fullerton, found that there are eleven cultural resources within a mile radius of the Project area. These eleven resources include a prehistoric site and two prehistoric isolates. One of the isolates, a white chert flake, is located within the Project boundaries, while the other isolate, a black chert flake, is within a half mile of the Project. The site is located within a quarter mile of the Project to the south-southeast and consists of a sparse lithic scatter along the western berm of Navajo Road.

Your name was given to us by the Native American Heritage Commission as being an interested party and/or contact. Since your ancestral homeland is part of this general vicinity, and even though an EIR/EIS is not required for this project at this moment, Northgate Environmental Management, Inc. and ArchaeoPaleo would like your input and views to see if you feel that there is ancestral significance on or close by this project site on which you and/or your family would like to comment. Please send your written responses to my attention at the address at the bottom of this letter. I look forward to hearing from you.

Sincerely,

Robin Turner President/Principal 1531 Pontius Ave., Suite 200 (424) 248-3316 ph Los Angeles, CA 90025 (424) 248-3417 fax

ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. A full service Archaeology and Paleontology company SBE/WBE/DBE/UDBE/LBE/CBE/VSBE/MicroBE Certified

January 29, 2016

John Valenzuela, Chairperson San Fernando Band of Mission Indians P.O. Box 221838 Newhall, CA 91322

Re: Jupiter Project – Navajo Road, Town of Apple Valley, San Bernardino County

Dear Chairperson Valenzuela,

Haskell Architects and Engineers PA is developing the Jupiter Project on Navajo Road in the Town of Apple Valley, east of Interstate 15 and northwest of the Apple Valley County Airport. It is specifically located southwest of the intersection of Navajo Road and Lafayette Road on 106.4 acres of undeveloped land. It is bordered on the south by the western extension of Livermore Street and on the west by the northern extension of Dachshund Avenue. It is in the SE ¼ of Section 21 of T6N, R3W of the San Bernardino Base and Meridian on the USGS Apple Valley North 7.5-minute quadrangle (1970 revised 1993). The Project involves the excavation of the area for the foundation of a Big Lots distribution warehouse facility and associated at-grade parking. The facility design includes two 10 to 20-foot deep on-site detention basins and grading up to 10 feet deep or more in some areas.

The Native American Heritage Commission conducted a record search of sacred sites within the area and determined that there are no known sites within the project boundaries. However, our research conducted at the South Central Coastal Information Center, housed at California State University at Fullerton, found that there are eleven cultural resources within a mile radius of the Project area. These eleven resources include a prehistoric site and two prehistoric isolates. One of the isolates, a white chert flake, is located within the Project boundaries, while the other isolate, a black chert flake, is within a half mile of the Project. The site is located within a quarter mile of the Project to the south-southeast and consists of a sparse lithic scatter along the western berm of Navajo Road.

Your name was given to us by the Native American Heritage Commission as being an interested party and/or contact. Since your ancestral homeland is part of this general vicinity, and even though an EIR/EIS is not required for this project at this moment, Northgate Environmental Management, Inc. and ArchaeoPaleo would like your input and views to see if you feel that there is ancestral significance on or close by this project site on which you and/or your family would like to comment. Please send your written responses to my attention at the address at the bottom of this letter. I look forward to hearing from you.

Sincerely,

Robin Turner President/Principal 1531 Pontius Ave., Suite 200 (424) 248-3316 ph Los Angeles, CA 90025 (424) 248-3417 fax

ArchaeoPaleo Resource Management, Inc. A full service Archaeology and Paleontology company SBE/WBE/DBE/UDBE/LBE/CBE/VSBE/MicroBE Certified

January 29, 2016

Goldie Walker, Chairwoman Serrano Nation of Mission Indians P.O. Box 343 Patton, CA 92369

Re: Jupiter Project – Navajo Road, Town of Apple Valley, San Bernardino County

Dear Chairwoman Walker,

Haskell Architects and Engineers PA is developing the Jupiter Project on Navajo Road in the Town of Apple Valley, east of Interstate 15 and northwest of the Apple Valley County Airport. It is specifically located southwest of the intersection of Navajo Road and Lafayette Road on 106.4 acres of undeveloped land. It is bordered on the south by the western extension of Livermore Street and on the west by the northern extension of Dachshund Avenue. It is in the SE ¼ of Section 21 of T6N, R3W of the San Bernardino Base and Meridian on the USGS Apple Valley North 7.5-minute quadrangle (1970 revised 1993). The Project involves the excavation of the area for the foundation of a Big Lots distribution warehouse facility and associated at-grade parking. The facility design includes two 10 to 20-foot deep on-site detention basins and grading up to 10 feet deep or more in some areas.

The Native American Heritage Commission conducted a record search of sacred sites within the area and determined that there are no known sites within the project boundaries. However, our research conducted at the South Central Coastal Information Center, housed at California State University at Fullerton, found that there are eleven cultural resources within a mile radius of the Project area. These eleven resources include a prehistoric site and two prehistoric isolates. One of the isolates, a white chert flake, is located within the Project boundaries, while the other isolate, a black chert flake, is within a half mile of the Project. The site is located within a quarter mile of the Project to the south-southeast and consists of a sparse lithic scatter along the western berm of Navajo Road.

Your name was given to us by the Native American Heritage Commission as being an interested party and/or contact. Since your ancestral homeland is part of this general vicinity, and even though an EIR/EIS is not required for this project at this moment, Northgate Environmental Management, Inc. and ArchaeoPaleo would like your input and views to see if you feel that there is ancestral significance on or close by this project site on which you and/or your family would like to comment. Please send your written responses to my attention at the address at the bottom of this letter. I look forward to hearing from you.

Sincerely,

Robin Turner President/Principal 1531 Pontius Ave., Suite 200 (424) 248-3316 ph Los Angeles, CA 90025 (424) 248-3417 fax

From: Daniel McCarthy [mailto:DMcCarthy@sanmanuel‐nsn.gov] Sent: Tuesday, February 02, 2016 2:02 PM To: Robin Turner Subject: Jupiter Project scoping response Navajo Road, Apple Valley

Robin,

We received your scoping letter, dated January 29, 2016, regarding the proposed Jupiter Project. Thank you for the opportunity to review and comment. The project is located within the Tribe’s ancestral territory. The project area is sensitive for tribal cultural resources. We do not have specific information about site locations and depend on data housed at the regional Information Centers. Therefore, we ask that you forward a copy of your records search results and a draft copy of your report when it is available so we can continue our review. Very likely the Tribe will want to consult with the lead Agency on this project.

Thank you, Leslie Mouriquand MA, RPA

Daniel McCarthy, MS, RPA Director Cultural Resources Management Department San Manuel Band of Mission Indians 26569 Community Center Drive Highland, CA 92346 Office: 909 864‐8933 x 3248 Cell: 909 838‐4175 dmccarthy@sanmanuel‐nsn.gov To ensure a rapid reply concerning all AB 52 Consultation correspondence please use: SMConsultant@sanmanuel‐nsn.gov

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