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Communities in the Western Ghats of Southern India 434 Journal of Tropical Forest Science 13(3): 434-449 (2001) IMPACTS OF LAND USE CHANGE ON FOREST BUTTERFLY COMMUNITIE WESTERE TH SN I N GHAT SOUTHERF SO N INDIA Ghazala Shahabuddin* Salim SchoolAli of Ecology, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry 605014,- India & Raui fAI Aurodam, Auroville, Tamil Nadu - 605101, India Received May 1999________________________________________________ SHAHABUDDIN, G. & ALI, R. 2001. Impacts of land use change on forest butterfly communitie Westere th sn i n Ghat southerf so n India studiee W . role plantatiodf th e o n agriculture as a refuge lor the butterflies of deciduous forest habitat in the Western Ghats of southern India. Abundance, diversity and species composition of the butterflie f foresso t habitat were compared with thos f adjoinineo g lime plantations. Butterfly communities were studied using visual censusing techniques along eleven line transects in forest habitat and five line transects in plantation habitat. Observed butterfly densities wer significantlt eno y differen foresn ti t (47 378plantatio8d ± an ) n transects (401 ± 167). Observed species richness was higher in plantations (38 ± 5) compared to forest habitat (34 ± 8) but this difference was not statistically significant. However, ordination analysis revealed that species composition differed between the two types of habitat with forest specialists being replaced by edge and secondary growth specie plantationsn si . Faunal similarity between plantatio foresd nan t transects swa low, with only 33.7%. The study indicated that although butterfly abundance and species richness of plantations were comparable with those of forest, species composition varied significantly between the two types of habitat. Key words: Butterfl plantatioy- ndeciduou- s fores diversit- t yspecie- s composition- Western Ghats - Palni Hills SHAHABUDDIN, G.& ALI, R. 2001. Kesan perubahan penggunaan tanah terhadap komuniti kupu-kupu hutan di Ghats Barat di selatan India. Kami mengkaji penman pertanian ladang sebagai perlindungan bagi kupu-kupu daripada habitat hutan daun luruh di Ghats Barat di selatan India. Kelimpahan, kepelbagaian dan komposisi spesies kupu-kupu daripada habitat hutan dibandingkan dengan kupu-kupu daripada ladang limau nipis yang bersebelahan. Komuniti kupu-kupu dikaji menggunakan teknik bancian secara penglihata sepanjani nd g sebelas transek gari habitai d s t hutan nda lima transek garis di habitat ladang. Kepadatan kupu-kupu yang dicerap adalah tidak * Present address: Chintan Environmental Research and Action Group, 8/404 EastEnd, MayurVihar lExtn., Delhi -110096, India Journal of Tropical Forest Science 13(3): 434-449 (2001) 435 berbeza dengan berert i transeid k hutan (47 3788transe± n da ) k ladang (401 ±167). Kekayaan spesies yang dicerap lebih tingg ) berbandin ladani 5 d i ± 8 g(3 g habitat hutan (34± 8) tetapi dari segi statistik, perbezaan ini tidak bererti. Bagaimanapun, analisis pengordinatan menunjukkan bahawa komposisi spesies berbeza antara dua jenis habitat tersebut, dengan spesies khusus hutan digantikan dengan spesies tepspesien da i s sekunde ladangi d r . Persamaan fauna antara transek ladann gda transek hutan adalah rendah, iaitu hanya 33.7%. Kajian menunjukkan bahawa walaupun kelimpahan kupu-kup kekayaan uda n spesie ladani sd hutan gda n dapat dibandingkan, komposisi spesies berbeza dengan bererti antara kedua-dua jenis habitat itu. Introduction Rapid deforestation all over the globe has caused unprecedented loss of bio-diversity in recent decades (Skol Tuckee& r 1993). Muc thif ho s deforestatioe th o t e du s ni expansion of agricultural activities into previously uninhabited forest areas, resulting formatioe inth habitaa f no t mosai whicn ci h forest fragment locatee sar n a n di agricultural lan matrie dus x (Wilcov 1986. al t ee , Rant . 1998)al t ae . currene Inth t situation necessars i t i , evaluato yt role evariouf th e o s typef so agricultura s habitala lan e r forest-dwellinus dfo t g anima d planan l t species (Vandermee Perfect& r o 1997).Type lanf so d use, that provide foragind gan breeding habita foresr tfo t faun corridorr ao animar sfo l movement usee b dn ca , maintaio t n continuity between forest fragments (Salafsky 1993), whic essentias hi l for the maintenance of biodiversity (Taylor et al. 1993). Butterflies are a useful taxo o studt n n thiyi s contex s the a e sensitivt yar e indicator f changeo s n i s vegetation structure, composition and microclimatic conditions that inevitably occur when forests are converted into agricultural land (Kremen 1994, Sparrow . 1994)eal t . Palne th n iI Hills, locate Westere th n di n Ghats mountain syste southerf mo n India, deciduous forest between 500 and 1500 m asl is rapidly being converted into various types of plantations including those of banana, lime and coffee. In this study, we evaluated the use of lime plantations as habitat for forest butterflies in this area through compariso butterflf no y communitie plantationf so s with those of adjoining forest fragments. The major questions addressed in this study were: (1) What was the effect of forest conversion on the abundance and species diversity of local butterfly fauna? (2) Was the butterfly species composition of lime plantations significantly different from tha adjoininf to g natural forest? Materials and methods Study area and vegetation characteristics The Western Ghats are a mountain chain running south-north close to the western coas f Indio tcoverin d aan altitudinan ga 250o t l stude asl0 rang0m Th .50 y f eo was carried out at Siruvattukadu Kombei (SVK), a valley covering about 80 km 2 in the Palni Hills of the Western Ghats. The Palni Hills are located within the state of Tamil Nadu between 10° 21' to 10° 25' N and 77° 36' and 77° 44' E (Figure 1). 436 Journal of Tropical Forest Science 13(3): 434-449 (2001) 76° E 10 ° N 9°N STATE BOUNDARY SCALE : 1.000.001 : 0 Figur e1 Locatio stude th f yno site , Siruvattukadu Kombei, in the Palni Hills of the Western Ghats meae Th n altitud vallee th 750f s eyi o mreceiveK asl SV .averag n a s 100f eo m 0m of rainfall every year, mos whicf to h occurs between Octobe Decemberd ran . The forest vegetation in SVK consists of & mix of moist and dry deciduous associations, with an evergreen understorey layer in many places. Dominant tree specie aree th an s i includ e Miterophera heyneana, Alphonsea sclerocarpa, Celtis wightii, Sapindus emarginata d Diospyrosan melanoxylon e canopth n i wels ya s Murrayaa l paniculata, Tarenna asiatica d Canthiuman parviflora understoreye th n i . Mangifera indica, Terminalia arjuna and Pongamia pinnata dominate the riparian forest. Nectar sources were rare and scattered in this habitat during the period of study. Canopy trees . arjuna,sucT s ha understorey trees including Gardenia obtusad an riparian trees like Asclepias curassavica wer importane eth t source f nectaso r rfo forest butterflies durin stude gth y period. Mixed lime plantations, are one of the dominant agricultural land uses in the area. In this type of land use, 1-4 m tall lime trees (Citrus aurantifolia) were grown in rows, mixed with useful tree species including silk-cotton (Bombax ceiba), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophylla) and banana (Musa sapientum). Most plantations harboured a high density of herbaceous weeds such as Stachytarpheta indica, Acanthospermum hispidumimd Tridax procumbens which were flowering throughout the period of study. Along with Lantana camara, an invasive shrub of South American origin, the weeds presented important sources of nectar for butterflies during the period of study. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 13(3): 434-449 (2001) 437 In addition to differences in plant species composition, plantation and forest habitat diffe vegetation i r n structure generaln .I , plantations have fewer vegetation strata, more open canopy and greater density of flowers compared with forest habitat (Shahabuddin 1993). Average density of trees (> 20 cm gbh) along the plantation transect compare2 lowm s si 0 , namely10 r thado t pe t2 alon,1. g forest transects, with 4.2 perlO 2 (ShahabuddiOm n 1993). Average densit shrubf yo saplingd san s (all plants > 1 m in height but < 20 cm gbh) is also lower in plantations (0.3 per 100 m2) compare thao dt t measured along forest transect (Shahabuddi) 2 m 0 s 10 (21 r 5pe n 1993). Data collection Butterfly densities were estimate foresn d i plantatio d an t n habitats usine gth line transect method following Pollar Yated dan s (1993). Five 200-m-long line transects wer plantatioe laith n di whil) n P5 habita eo t eleve I (P t n were established in the forest (Fl to Fl 1). The transects were established in three different plantations wideln i t ybu separated portion same th f eso forest continuum. Transects were laid varieta n i terraif yo n including slope d streamsidesan tha o maximue s tth m rang variatiof eo 7 F capture, s typeo F6 n wa , habitattw f so F5 e eac dn i th e f ho Th . transect5 P d an s were located along streamside whil remainine eth g transects were established along valley slopes and bottom. However, all the transects were locate approximatelt da same yth e elevation, namely aslm . 0 Tabl75 , givee1 n sa overvie locationae th f wo vegetationad an l l attribute eacf so h transect. Table 1 Attributes of vegetation along study transects in Siruvattukadu Kombei Source: Shahabuddin (1993). H = high, M = medium and L = low. n.m. = not measured 438 Journal of Tropical Forest Science 13(3): 434-449 (2001) Before the transect counts started, a reference collection of butterflies was built up. Specimens were identified (Evans (1911), Wynter-Blyth (1957), Ugarte & Rodericks (1960), Satyamurti (1966)). Most butterflies coul identifiee db d during transece th t counts butterfliew fe A .
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