The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles OPEN ACCESS online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Short Communication

Status, abundance, and seasonality of fauna at University Campus, ,

M.N. Harisha & B.B. Hoset

26 April 2021 | Vol. 13 | No. 5 | Pages: 18355–18363 DOI: 10.11609/jot.4488.13.5.18355-18363

For Focus, Scope, Aims, and Policies, visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/aims_scope For Artcle Submission Guidelines, visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/submissions For Policies against Scientfc Misconduct, visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/policies_various For reprints, contact

The opinions expressed by the authors do not refect the views of the Journal of Threatened Taxa, Wildlife Informaton Liaison Development Society, Zoo Outreach Organizaton, or any of the partners. The journal, the publisher, the host, and the part- Publisher & Host ners are not responsible for the accuracy of the politcal boundaries shown in the maps by the authors.

Member

Threatened Taxa

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18355–18363 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) OPEN ACCESS htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4488.13.5.18355-18363

#4488 | Received 15 October 2020 | Final received 21 March 2021 | Finally accepted 05 April 2021

SHORT COMMUNICATION

Status, abundance, and seasonality of buterfy fauna at Kuvempu University Campus, Karnataka, India

M.N. Harisha 1 & B.B. Hoset 2

1,2 Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Wildlife and Management, Kuvempu University, Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghata, Shivamogga, Karnataka 577451, India. 1 [email protected] (corresponding author), 2 [email protected]

Abstract: A survey was conducted to record the diversity, status, and northern (Gaonkar 1996). occurrence of buterfy species in the Kuvempu University Campus, The diversity of buterfies in a given area refects Jnana Sahyadri, Shivamogga District, Karnataka during February 2010 to January 2011. A total of 115 species of buterfies in 77 genera, the overall plant diversity and the presence of suitable belonging to fve families were recorded. comprised habitats (Kakat 2006), making them good indicators of the highest number of species, followed by , Pieridae, Papilionidae, and Hesperiidae. The study area hosts 14 species of health of the ecosystems (Padhye et al. 2006) that can buterfies protected under various schedules of the Indian Wildlife be used to assess the impact of various threats (Gaonkar Protecton Act, 1972. Nine species recorded are endemic to the 1996; Kunte 2000, 2008; Kehimkar 2008) and formulatng Western Ghats of peninsular India and . Hence there is an urgent need to protect this habitat by adaptng long-term monitoring conservaton priorites for management of biodiversity. programs to manage and conserve the buterfy diversity. Thus, there is a need for studies of buterfy community structure and dynamic group structure in diferent Keywords: Diversity, Jnana Sahyadri, , Seasonality, Shivamogga District, Western Ghats. regions to assess the impact of changing natural habitats on the diversity and distributon of buterfies.

Material and Methods Buterfies are good indicators of habitat quality, Study Area climatc conditons, seasonal, and ecological changes; Kuvempu University Campus is located between buterfy studies can be used to formulate conservaton 13.7359° N and 75.6324° E at an elevaton of 680–720m. strategies (Beccaloni & Gaston 1995). India has 1,800 The campus is situated 24km south-east of Shivamogga species and subspecies of buterfies (Kunte et al. 2018), City and 4km north of Bhadra Reservoir amidst dry and peninsular India hosts 350 species including many deciduous forest, and is located on the edge of Bhadra endemics, most found in the Western Ghats (Kunte Tiger Reserve and Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary. The 2008). Three-hundred-and-seventeen species have campus covers an area of 326 acres, with 56% of the land been recorded from the southern Western Ghats, being under forest (undisturbed area) and the remaining 316 from the central Western Ghats and 200 from the 44% occupied by buildings and associated landscaping

Editor: Ashish D. Tiple, Vidyabharat College, Seloo, Wardha, India. Date of publicaton: 26 April 2021 (online & print)

Citaton: Harisha, M.N. & B.B. Hoset (2021). Status, abundance, and seasonality of buterfy fauna at Kuvempu University Campus, Karnataka, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(5): 18355–18363. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4488.13.5.18355-18363

Copyright: © Harisha & Hoset 2021. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

Funding: Kuvempu University.

Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests.

Acknowledgements: We take this opportunity to thank: the authorites of Kuvempu University for their support and facilites; all faculty members of Department of Wildlife and Management for their contnuous support; Mrs. Yashaswini M.P who helped in making the map of the study area with ArcGIS sofware; and Mr. Harish Prakash for proving some feld photographs.

18355 J TT Buterfy fauna at Kuvempu University Campus Harisha & Hoset

Figure 1. Locaton map of Kuvempu University Campus.

(Fig. 1). The predominant vegetaton is typically dry (Sneha 2018) to see the variaton in this forest deciduous forest having considerable similarity with the type. wildlife sanctuary. Results and Discussion Sampling method During the study a total of 115 species of buterfies The line transect method developed by the in 77 genera, belonging to fve families were recorded Insttuton of Terrestrial Ecology (Pollard 1979) was (Table 1, Images 1–16). The family Nymphalidae followed to monitor the diversity. Three line transects dominated with 38 species (33% of total species) were set up, which were approximately 500m long and recorded, followed by Lycaenidae with 28 species (24%), 10m wide, passing through diferent landscape element Pieridae with 23 species (20%), Papilionidae with 15 types. The transect lines were walked at a constant pace species (13%), and Hesperiidae with 11 species (10%) for approximately half an hour. Transects were walked (see Tables 1,2). The status of buterfies based on from 07.30 to 11.00 h when buterfies are most actve. frequency of occurrence revealed that 52 species were Transects were walked every month for a period of one common (45% of total), 23 rare (20%), 22 very common year from February 2010 to January 2011. Buterfies (19%), 11 very rare (10%), and 7 occasional (6%) (Tables were identfed with the help of feld guide (Kunte 1,2). 2000). Specimen collecton was strictly avoided. The Buterfies are seasonal in their occurrence. They taxonomic status of buterfies is adopted from Kunte are common for only a few months and rare or absent (2000). The status was scored using presence-absence in other parts of the year (Kunte 2000). During the scoring method and then percentage of abundance study, the seasonality in the occurrence of diferent was calculated to determine the status. On the basis of buterfy species was also recorded (Table 1). Figure 2 abundance, buterfies were categorized under diferent represents seasonal wise variatons in the abundance score classes such as 80–100% as very common (VC), and distributon of buterfy species. The number of 60–80% as common (C), 40–60% as occasional (O), 20– species encountered was highest during winter at 102 40% as rare (R), and below 20% as very rare (VR) (Aneesh species, and decreased to 85 in summer and 64 during et al. 2013). the monsoon; 39 species were sighted throughout the The seasonality of buterfies in the campus was year. then compared with trends available in other studies of Buterfies are sensitve to changes in habitat Western Ghats, from Peringome Vayakkara Panchayath, and climate, which infuence their distributon and

18356 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18355–18363 Buterfy fauna at Kuvempu University Campus Harisha & Hoset J TT Table 1. Checklist of buterfies of Kuvempu University Campus along with legal status, status, and seasonality.

Legal status Common name Scientfc name Status Seasonality (IWPA 1972) Papilionidae

1 Crimson Rose Pachliopta hector (Linnaeus, 1758) Sch. I VC M

2 Common Rose (Fabricius, 1775) R S, M

3 Malabar Rose* Pachliopta pandiyana (Moore, 1881) VR W

4 Common Mime Papilio clyta (Linnaeus, 1758) Sch. I R W, S, M

5 Common Mormon (Linnaeus, 1758) C W, S, M

6 Blue Mormon** Papilio polymnestor (Cramer, 1775) R W, S, M

7 Lime Swallowtail Papilio demoleus (Linnaeus, 1758) VC W, S

8 Common-banded Peacock Papilio crino (Fabricius, 1793) VR W, S

9 Malabar Raven* Papilio dravidarum (Wood-Mason, 1880) R W, S

10 Red Helen Papilio helenus (Linnaeus, 1758) O W, M

11 Common Bluebotle sarpedon (Linnaeus, 1758) R W, M

12 Tailed Jay Graphium agamemnon (Linnaeus, 1758) VC W, S, M

13 Common Jay (C. & R. Felder, 1864) C W

14 Spot Swordtail Graphium nomius (Esper, 1799) C S

15 Sahyadri * minos (Cramer, 1779) R W, S, M

Lycaenidae

16 Common Silverline Spindasis vulcanus (Fabricius, 1775) C W, S

17 Common Pierrot Castalius rosimon (Fabricius, 1775) Sch. I VC W, S, M

18 Red Pierrot Talicada nyseus (Guerin-Meneville, 1843) C W, S

19 Dark Pierrot Tarucus ananda (de Nicéville, 1884) Sch. IV C W, S

20 Angled Pierrot Caleta decidia (Hewitson, 1876) C W, S, M

21 Banded Blue Pierrot Discolampa ethion (Westwood, 1851) C W, S, M

22 Common Cerulean Jamides celeno (Cramer, 1775) VC W, S, M

23 Dark Cerulean Jamides bochus (Stoll, 1782) C W, S, M

24 Gram Blue Euchrysops cnejus (Fabricius, 1798) Sch. II C W, S

25 Zebra Blue Leptotes plinius (Fabricius, 1793) C W

26 Pea Blue Lampides boetcus (Linnaeus, 1767) Sch. II C S, M

27 Lime Blue Chilades lajus (Stoll, 1780) C S, M

28 Dark Grass Blue Zizeeria karsandra (Moore, 1865) VC W, S, M

29 Lesser Grass Blue Zizina ots (Fabricius, 1787) C W, S

30 Tiny Grass Blue Zizula hylax (Fabricius, 1775) VR S, M

31 Common Lineblue Prosotas nora (C. Felder, 1860) Sch. II VC W, S, M

32 Common Hedge Blue Acytolepis puspa (Horsfeld, 1828) C W, M

33 Plain Hedge Blue Celastrina lavendularis (Moore, 1877) C M

34 Orange-spoted Grass Jewel Freyeria trochylus (Freyer, 1845) VC W

35 Forget-me-not Catochrysops strabo (Fabricius, 1793) C M

36 Large Oakblue amantes (Hewitson, 1862) O W, M

37 Indian Oakblue Arhopala atrax (Hewitson, 1862) O S

38 Monkey Puzzle Rathinda amor (Fabricius, 1775) C W, S

39 Apefy Spalgis epius (Westwood, 1851) R W, S

40 Yamfy Loxura atymnus (Stoll, 1780) O S, M

41 Plum Judy Abisara echerius (Stoll, 1790) C W, S, M

42 Plains Cupid Chilades pandava (Horsfeld, 1829) C W, S, M

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18355–18363 18357 J TT Buterfy fauna at Kuvempu University Campus Harisha & Hoset

Legal status Common name Scientfc name Status Seasonality (IWPA 1972) 43 Indigo Flash Rapala varuna (Horsfeld, 1829) Sch. II R W, M

Nymphalidae

44 Common Castor Ariadne merione (Cramer, 1777) C W, S

45 Tawny Coster Acraea terpsicore (Linnaeus, 1758) VC W, S

46 Blue Tiger Tirumala limniace (Cramer, 1775) VC W, S

47 Dark Blue Tiger Tirumala septentrionis (Butler, 1874) C W, S

48 Glassy Tiger Parantca aglea (Stoll, 1782) VR W, S

49 Plain Tiger Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) R W, S

50 Striped Tiger Danaus genuta (Cramer, 1779) C W, S

51 Common Leopard Phalanta phalantha (Drury, 1773) VC W, S

52 Grey Count Tanaecia lepidea (Butler, 1868) Sch. II R W, S, M

53 Indian Common Crow Euploea core (Cramer, 1780) VC W, S, M

54 Danaid Eggfy Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus, 1764) Sch. I C W, S, M

55 Great Eggfy Hypolimnas bolina (Linnaeus, 1758) C W, S, M

56 Lemon Pansy Junonia lemonias (Linnaeus, 1758) VC W, S

57 Peacock Pansy Junonia almana (Linnaeus, 1758) C W, S

58 Yellow Pansy Junonia hierta (Fabricius, 1798) C W, S

59 Chocolate Pansy Junonia iphita (Cramer, 1779) C W, S, M

60 Grey Pansy Junonia atlites (Linnaeus, 1763) R W, S

61 Blue Pansy Junonia orithya (Linnaeus, 1758) VC W

62 Common Evening Brown Melanits leda (Linnaeus, 1758) VC W, S, M

63 Dark Evening Brown Melanits phedima (Cramer, 1780) C W, M

64 Common Bushbrown perseus (Fabricius, 1775) C W, S, M

65 Dark-branded Bushbrown Mycalesis mineus (Linnaeus, 1758) C W

66 Malabar Glad-eye Boshbrown*** Mycalesis junonia (Butler, 1868) C W

67 Bamboo Treebrown Lethe europa (Fabricius, 1775) C W, S, M

68 Common Five-ring Ypthima baldus (Fabricius, 1775) VC W, S, M

69 Common Four-ring Ypthima huebneri (Kirby, 1871) VC W, S, M

70 Common Baron Euthalia aconthea (Cramer, 1777) C W, S, M

71 Common Lascar Pantoporia hordonia (Stoll, 1790) R W, S, M

72 Indian Nawab Charaxes bharata (C. & R. Felder, 1867) R W, S

73 Tamil Yeoman*** Cirrochroa thais (Fabricius, 1787) VR W, S

74 Common Palmfy Elymnias hypermnestra (Linnaeus, 1763) C W, S, M

75 Indian Red Admiral Vanessa indica (Herbst, 1794) VR W, S

76 Painted Lady Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758) R W, S

77 Rustc Cupha erymanthis (Drury, 1773) C W, S

78 Baronet Symphaedra nais (Forster, 1771) R W, S

79 Commander Moduza procris (Cramer, 1777) R W, S

80 Common Sailer Nepts hylas (Linnaeus, 1758) VC W, S, M

81 Nigger or Medus Brown Orsotriaena medus (Fabricius, 1775) VR W, M

Pieridae

82 Common or Lemon Emigrant Catopsilia pomona (Fabricius, 1775) VC W, S

83 Motled Emigrant Catopsilia pyranthe (Linnaeus, 1758) C W, S

84 Sahyadri Cabbage White Pieris canidia (Linnaeus, 1768) C W, S

85 Common Albatross Appias albina (Boisduval, 1836) Sch. II R W, M

18358 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18355–18363 Buterfy fauna at Kuvempu University Campus Harisha & Hoset J TT

Legal status Common name Scientfc name Status Seasonality (IWPA 1972) 86 Indian Wanderer Pareronia hippia (Fabricius, 1787) C W

87 Indian Jezebel Delias eucharis (Drury, 1773) C W, S

88 Painted Sawtooth** Prioneris sita (C. & R. Felder, 1865) Sch. IV VR W

89 Common Grass Yellow Eurema hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758) VC W, S, M

90 Small Grass Yellow Eurema brigita (Stoll, 1780) C W, S, M

91 One-spot Grass Yellow Eurema andersoni (Moore, 1886) C W, M

92 Three-spot Grass Yellow Eurema blanda (Boisduval, 1836) C W, M

93 Common Gull Cepora nerissa (Fabricius, 1775) Sch. II O W

94 Lesser Gull Cepora nadina (Lucas, 1852) Sch. II VR W, M

95 Crimson-tp Colots danae (Fabricius, 1775) C S

96 Litle Orange-tp Colots etrida (Boisduval, 1836) C W, S

97 Plain Orange-tp Colots aurora (Cramer, 1780) C W, S

98 Small Salmon Arab Colots amata (Fabricius, 1775) R W, S, M

99 Large Salmon Arab Colots fausta (Olivier, 1804) R W, S, M

100 Yellow Orange-tp Ixias pyrene (Linnaeus, 1764) R W, S

101 White Orange-tp Ixias marianne (Cramer, 1779) R S

102 Great Orange-tp Hebomoia glaucippe (Linnaeus, 1758) VR W, M

103 Pioneer Belenois aurota (Fabricius, 1793) VC S

104 Psyche Leptosia nina (Fabricius, 1793) O W, S, M

Hesperiidae

105 Indian Grizzled Skipper Spialia galba (Fabricius, 1793) R W, S, M

106 Grass Demon Udaspes folus (Cramer, 1775) C W, S, M

107 Dark Palm-Dart Telicota bambusae (Moore, 1878) C W, S, M

108 Oriental or Common Grass Dart Taractrocera maevius (Fabricius, 1793) R W, S, M Taractrocera ceramas ceramas 109 Tawny-spoted or Tamil Grass Dart VR W, M (Hewitson, 1868) 110 Rice Swif Borbo cinnara (Wallace, 1866) C W, S, M

111 Chestnut Bob Iambrix salsala (Moore, 1866) VC W, S, M

112 Common Banded Awl Hasora chromus (Cramer, 1780) C W, M

113 White-banded Awl Hasora taminatus (Hübner, 1818) O W, M

114 Common Snow Flat Tagiades japetus (Stoll, 1781) C W, M

115 Sahyadri Banded Ace Halpe hindu (Evans, 1937) C W, M

*—Endemic to Western Ghats | **—Endemic to peninsular India & Sri Lanka | ***—Endemic to Western Ghats & Sri Lanka | VC—Very common | C—Common | O— Occasional | R—Rare | W—Winter | S—Summer | M—Monsoon.

Table 2. Community structure, compositon, and frequency of buterfies in Jnana Sahyadri Campus, Kuvempu University.

Relatve abundance

Family No. of species VC C O R VR

1 Papilionidae 15 (13%) 3 3 1 6 2

2 Lycaenidae 28 (24%) 5 17 3 2 1

3 Nymphalidae 38 (33%) 10 16 0 8 4

4 Pieridae 23 (20%) 3 10 2 5 3

5 Hesperiidae 11 (10%) 1 6 1 2 1

115 (100%) 22 (19%) 52 (45%) 7 (6%) 23 (20%) 11(10%)

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18355–18363 18359 J TT Buterfy fauna at Kuvempu University Campus Harisha & Hoset

Figure 3. Family wise, seasonal distributon and occurrence of Figure 2. Seasonal wise variatons in the abundance of buterfy buterfy species at Kuvempu University Campus. species at Kuvempu University Campus.

abundance (Wynter-Blyth 1957). Variatons in the as larval host plants, resultng in low foral diversity that abundance and distributon of buterfy species (Fig. supported low buterfy diversity (Image 17). 3) were found to be consistently highest among the The study also revealed the impacts of factors such Nymphalidae in winter and summer and throughout as habitat alteratons and improper drainage system the year. Among the Lycaenidae variaton was equal (Image 18). The study area is a dry deciduous forest type in winter and summer, high in the monsoon and with hilly terrains, which during the monsoon receives lower throughout the year. Among the Pieridae and sufcient rainfall, but the drainage system carries water Papilionidae it was persistently decreasing from winter, out of the area by fowing down towards the low lying summer and monsoon throughout the year and among areas, instead of allowing it to percolate into the forest the Hesperiidae variaton was inconsistent across soil. Consequently, there is low water retenton for the seasons, being high in winter and monsoon, and low in plants to grow leaving the campus dry at the end of summer and throughout the year. winter and during summer, providing poor habitat for The level of endemism varies within India depending buterfies. Also, the eliminaton of grasses, shrubs and upon the accessibility of larval as well as adult food trees during landscaping has resulted in loss of habitats resources, which determine the occurrence and for plants and buterfies, leading to local extnctons of migraton of buterfies (Gilbert & Singer 1975). Forty- species (Balmer & Erhardt 2000) (Images 19, 20). fve species are endemic to southern India (Thomas Our results emphasize the importance of campus 1966), of which seven were recorded from the study estates as habitats for buterfies. If landscaping is area: Malabar Rose Pachliopta pandiyana Moore, 1881, carefully planned and campus gardens are properly Malabar Raven Papilio dravidarum Wood-Mason, 1880 maintained, the diversity of buterfy fauna may increase & Southern Birdwing Triodes minos Cramer, 1779, on the campus, providing a rich ground for buterfy endemic to the Western Ghats (Kunte 2008), Glad- conservaton as well as for research. Occurrence of eye Bushbrown Mycalesis patnia Butler, 1868 & Tamil scheduled and endemic species in the study area Yeoman Cirrochroa thais Fabricius, 1787 endemic to the indicates an urgent need to protect this habitat by Western Ghats & Sri Lanka (Kunte 2008; Kasambe 2018), adaptng long-term monitoring programs to manage and and the Blue Mormon Papilio polymnestor Cramer, 1775 conserve the buterfy diversity of Kuvempu University & Painted Sawtooth Prioneris sita C. & R. Felder, 1865 Campus, Shivamogga District. endemic to peninsular India & Sri Lanka (Kunte 2008). Conservaton actvites such as monitoring and References mapping biodiversity have played a key role in Aneesh, K.S., C.K. Adarsh & P.O. Nameer (2013). Buterfies of Kerala determining diversity status (Margules & Pressey 2000). Agricultural University (KAU) campus, Thrissur, Kerala, India. Journal When compared to other habitats of the Western Ghats, of Threatened Taxa 5(9): 4422–4440. htps://doi.org/10.11609/ overall species diversity in the study area was very low. JoTT.o2870.4422-40 Balmer, O. & A. Erhardt (2000). Consequences of succession on The diversity and abundance of buterfy species is extensively grazed grassland for central European buterfy greatly associated with the availability of food plants in communites: rethinking conservaton practces. Conservaton the surrounding habitat (Kunte et al. 1999). From this Biology 14: 746–757. Beccaloni, G.W. & K.J. Gaston (1995). Predictng the species study, it was found that there was frequent clearing in richness of neotropical forest buterfies: Ithomiinae (Lepidoptera: the study area of weeds, which provided nectar as well Nymphalidae) as indicators. Biological Conservaton 71: 77–86.

18360 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18355–18363 Buterfy fauna at Kuvempu University Campus Harisha & Hoset J TT

Image 1. Southern Birdwing, Troides minos ©MNH Image 2. Blue Mormon, Papilio polymnestor ©MNH

Image 3. Glad-eye Boshbrown, Mycalesis patnia ©HP

Image 5. Common Baron, Euthalia aconthea ©MNH Image 4. Tamil Yeoman, Cirrochroa thais ©HP Image 6. Common Crow, Euploea core ©MNH

Image 8. Danaid Eggfy, Hypolimnas misippus ©MNH

Image 7. Crimson Rose, Pachliopta hector Image 9. Great Eggfy, Hypolimnas bolina ©MNH ©MNH

Image 11. Common Hedge Blue, Acytolepis puspa ©MNH

Image 10. Grey Count Tanaecia lepidea Image 12. Common Pierrot, Castalius ©MNH rosimon ©MNH

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18355–18363 18361 J TT Buterfy fauna at Kuvempu University Campus Harisha & Hoset

Image 13. Dark Pierrot, Tarucus ananda ©MNH Image 14. Gram Blue, Euchrysops cnejus ©MNH

Image 15. Indigo Flash, Rapala varuna ©MNH Image 16. Pea Blue, Lampides boetcus ©MNH

Image 17. Forest patch with weeds cleared or uprooted ©MNH Image 18. Drainage trench in the forest patch of KU Campus ©MNH

Gilbert, L.E & M.C. Singer (1975). Buterfy ecology. Annual Review of Buterfies in Rani- Garbhanga Reserve Forest, Kamrup, Assam. Ecology and Systematcs 6: 365–397. Ph.D. Thesis. Submited to Gauhat University, 172pp. Gaonkar, H. (1996). Buterfies of the Western Ghats, India, including Kasambe, R. (2018). Buterfies of Western Ghats- An e-Book. (2nd Sri Lanka: A biodiversity assessment of a threatened mountain Editon). Published by author, 372pp. system. Centre for ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore and the Kehimkar, I. (2008). The Book of Indian Buterfies. Bombay Natural Natural History Museum, London, 89pp. History Society and Oxford University Press, 497pp. Kakat, M. (2006). Diversity, Distributon & Ecology of Nymphalidae Kunte, K. (2000). India- A Lifescape Buterfies of Peninsular India.

18362 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18355–18363 Buterfy fauna at Kuvempu University Campus Harisha & Hoset J TT

Image 19. Anthropogenic actvites in the forest area of campus ©MNH

Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore, Universites Press, 270pp. Kunte, K. (2008). The Wildlife (Protecton) Act and conservaton prioritzaton of buterfies of the Western Ghats, southwestern India. Current Science 94(6): 729. Kunte, K., A. Joglekar, G. Utkarsh & P. Padmanabhan (1999). Paterns of buterfy, bird and tree diversity in the Western Ghats. Current Science 77(4): 577–586. Kunte, K., S. Sondhi & P. Roy (Eds.) (2018). Buterfies of India, v. 2.39. Indian Foundaton for Buterfies. htp://www. ifoundbuterfes.org/ Accessed 06 February 2021. Margules, C.R. & R.L. Pressey (2000). Systematc conservaton planning. Nature 405: 243–253. Padhye., A., S. Shelke & N. Dahanukar (2012). Distributon and compositon of buterfy species along the lattudinal and habitat gradients of the Western Ghats of India. Check List 8(6): 1196–1215. Image 20. Anthropogenic actvites in the forest area of campus Pollard, E. (1979). A natonal scheme for monitoring the abundance of ©MNH buterfies. The First Three Years Britsh Entomological and Natural History Society. Proceedings and Transatons 12:77–99. Sneha, C. (2018). Buterfies of Peringome Vayakkara Panchayath, Kerala, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 10(1): 11205–11209. htps://doi.org/10.10.11609/jot.2493.10.1.11205-11209 Thomas, S. (1966). Bulletn of the Madras Government Museum- Descriptve catalog of the buterfies. Natural History Secton 7: 1. Wynter-Blyth, M.A. (1957). Buterfies of the Indian Region. Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay, 72pp.

Threatened Taxa

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18355–18363 18363 The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by OPEN ACCESS publishing peer-reviewed artcles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

April 2021 | Vol. 13 | No. 5 | Pages: 18099–18410 Date of Publicaton: 26 April 2021 (Online & Print) www.threatenedtaxa.org DOI: 10.11609/jot.2021.13.5.18099-18410

Artcles Legumes (Angiosperms: Fabaceae) of , Karnataka, India – Jagdish Dalavi, Ramesh Pujar, Sharad Kambale, Varsha Jadhav-Rathod & Shrirang Yadav, Pp. Spatotemporal movement patern of Asian Elephants Elephas maximus Linnaeus, 1758 in 18283–18296 Sindhudurg District, , India – Milind Digambar Patl, Vinayak Krishna Patl & Ninad Avinash Mungi, Pp. 18099–18109 Indigenous knowledge of ethnomedicinal plants by the Assamese community in Dibrugarh District, Assam, India Conservaton ecology of birds in Mt. Hilong-hilong, a Key Biodiversity Area on Mindanao – Pranat Gogoi & Namita Nath, Pp. 18297–18312 Island, the Philippines – Arturo G. Gracia Jr., Alma B. Mohagan, Janezel C. Burlat, Welfredo L. Yu Jr., Janine Mondalo, Short Communicatons Florfe M. Acma, Hannah P. Lumista, Riah Calising & Krizler Cejuela Tanalgo, Pp. 18110–18121 Marine mammal strandings in the northern Palk Bay from 2009 to 2020 Nestng and hatching behaviour of Olive Ridley Turtles Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz, – Vedharajan Balaji & Veeramuthu Sekar, Pp. 18313–18318 1829) (Reptlia: Cryptodira: Cheloniidae) on Dr. Abdul Kalam Island, Odisha, India – P. Poornima, Pp. 18122–18131 First distributon record of the Asiatc Toad Bufo gargarizans Cantor, 1842 from India — Dibang Valley in Arunachal Pradesh Communicatons – Sahil Nijhawan, Jayanta Kumar Roy, Iho Mitapo, Gata Miwu, Jibi Pulu & M. Firoz Ahmed, Pp. 18319–18323 Feeding ecology of Walia Ibex Capra walie (Mammalia: Artodactyla: Bovidae) in Simien Mountains Natonal Park, Ethiopia A checklist of fshes of Telangana State, India – D. Ejigu, A. Bekele & L. Powell, Pp. 18132–18140 – Kante Krishna Prasad & Chelmala Srinivasulu, Pp. 18324–18343

Assessment of crop and property damage caused by Semnopithecus vetulus nestor Report on the stngless bees of Bhutan (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) (Bennet, 1833) (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae) in Gampaha District, Sri Lanka – Tshering Nidup, Pp. 18344–18348 – Sunil Wijethilaka, Lakshani S. Weerasekara, Saumya Bandara & Kithsiri B. Ranawana, Pp. 18141–18147 New records of six termite (Blatodea: Termitdae) species from Kerala, India – Poovoli Amina & K. Rajmohana, Pp. 18349–18354 Habitat preference of the Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata inhabitng Margalla Hills Natonal Park, Islamabad, Pakistan Status, abundance, and seasonality of buterfy fauna at Kuvempu University Campus, – Tariq Mahmood, Shaista Andleeb & Faraz Akrim, Pp. 18148–18155 Karnataka, India – M.N. Harisha & B.B. Hoset, Pp. 18355–18363 The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: frst photographic evidence from its westernmost distributon range Observatons on buterfies of non-protected areas of Titabar, Assam, India – Saroj Shrestha, Sony Lama, Ang Phuri Sherpa, Sonam Tashi Lama & Dinesh Ghale, Pp. – Abhijit Konwar & Manashi Bortamuly, Pp. 18364–18377 18156–18163 Three new distributon records of Conidae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda: Conoidea) from Ecological niche modelling predicts signifcant impacts of future climate change on two the Andaman Islands, India endemic rodents in eastern Africa – Jayaseelan Benjamin Franklin & Deepak Arun Apte, Pp. 18378–18384 – Aditya Srinivasulu, Alembrhan Assefa & Chelmala Srinivasulu, Pp. 18164–18176 A new record of an endangered and endemic rare Rein Orchid Habenaria rarifora from Avian diversity in a fragmented landscape of central Indian forests (Bhopal Forest Circle) Gujarat, India – Amit Kumar, Yogesh Dubey & Advait Edgaonkar, Pp. 18177–18188 – Mital R. Bhat, Pp. 18385–18389

Nest tree preference shown by Ring-necked Parakeet Psitacula krameri (Scopoli, 1769) in Glimpse of climber diversity in Saharanpur District, Utar Pradesh, India northern districts of Tamil Nadu, India – Lalita Saini, Archasvi Tyagi, Inam Mohammad & Vijai Malik, Pp. 18390–18397 – M. Pandian, Pp. 18189–18199 First report of the feshy mushroom Trichaleurina javanica (Rehm) M. Carbone et al. Two new species of Euphaea Selys, 1840 (Odonata: Zygoptera: Euphaeidae) from northern (Ascomycota: Pezizales: Chorioactdaceae) from southern India Western Ghats, India – Munuswamy Kumar, Sekar Nithya & Antony Agnes Kayalvizhi, Pp. 18398–18402 – Shriram Dinkar Bhakare, Vinayan P Nair, Pratma Ashok Pawar, Sunil Hanmant Bhoite & Kalesh Sadasivan, Pp. 18200–18214 Notes

Two new light atracted rove beetle species of Astenus Dejean, 1833 (Coleoptera: Photographic record of Temminck’s Tragopan Tragopan temminckii (Gray, 1831) (Aves: Staphylinidae: Paederinae) from Kerala, India Galliformes: Phasianidae) from eastern Bhutan: an evidence of its westward range – P. Sreevidhya, S.V. Akhil & C.D. Sebastan, Pp. 18215–18226 expansion – Tshering Dorji, Kinley Kinley, Letro Letro, Dawa Tshering & Prem Nanda Maidali, Pp. A new distributon record of mason Pison punctfrons Shuckard, 1838 (Hymenoptera: 18403–18405 Sphecidae: Larrinae) from Noida, Utar Pradesh, India – Rajiv K. Singh Bais & Aakash Singh Bais, Pp. 18227–18236 The Malay Cardamom Meistera aculeata (Roxb.) Škorničk. & M.F. Newman (Zingiberaceae: Alpinioideae) from the Palghat gap: a new record to Kerala, India Diversity of freshwater molluscs from the upper Brahmaputra Basin, – Vadakkeveedu Jagadesh Aswani, Manjakulam Khadhersha Jabeena & Maya Assam, India Chandrashekaran Nair, Pp. 18406–18410 – Jyotsh Sonowal, Munmi Puzari & Devid Kardong, Pp. 18237–18246

Diversity of understory fowering plants in the forest patches of Marilog District, Philippines – Florfe M. Acma, Noe P. Mendez, Noel E. Lagunday & Victor B. Amoroso, Pp. 18247–18256 Publisher & Host Legumes of Kerala, India: a checklist – Anoop P. Balan & S.V. Predeep, Pp. 18257–18282

Member

Threatened Taxa