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able 1 Ward wise Slum Population in Mumbai District 2011 Table 2 Basic Information of Slum Households Table 3 Economic Status of the Slum Households Table 4 Housing Characteristics Table 5 Access to and Quality of Toilet Facilities Table 6 Access to Safe Drinking Water Table 7 Drinking Water Quality Parameters Table 8 Main Source of Cooking Fuel and Monthly Expenses for Fuel Table 9 Cleanliness and Hyggiene Practices Table 10 Reported Morbidity /,672)),*85(6 Figure 1 Methods of Data Collection and Analysis Figure 2 Percent Household Population by Age Groups Figure 3 Average Monthly Income and Expenditure (Rupees) Figure 4 Household Assets Figure 5 Indicators of Housinng Figure 6 Indicators of Public Toilet Figure 7 Location of Water Collection Point Figure 8 Time Use for Drinking Water (Minutes) Figure 9 Main Source of Cooking Fuel and Place of Cooking Figure 10 Perceived Problem of Pollution Figure 11 Reported Problem of Insects and Animals Figure 12 Word Frequency for Qualitative Insights Figure 13 Word Frequency for Economic Activities /,672)0$36 Map1 Ward Wise Slum Population in Mumbai District 2011 Map2 Map of Slums in Mumbai District Map3 Households with Pucca House Map4 Females Practising Open Defecation at Night Map5 Households having Piped Water Map6 Households by Quality of Drinking Water Parameters Map7 Percent Households Reported Respiratory Diseases Map8 Percent Households Reported Digestive Diseases ;,,, /,672)3+2726 Photo 1 Training to Trainers, IIPS, Mumbai Photo 2 Survey Team Photo 3 A Kuccha House Photo 4 Public Toilet Photo 5 Carrying Water to the Public Toilet Photo 6 Water Storage Photo 7 Drinking Water Sample Collection Photo 8 Agriculture by slum dwellers adjacent to railway line Photo 9 Domestic Animals Photo 10 Cultivation Photo 11 Papad Making Photo 12 Making Ornaments and Stitching Work in Slums Photo 13 Water Collection Photo 14 Private Toilet Photo 15 Shared Private Toilet Photo 16 Water Supply to Public Toilet Photo 17 Deonar Dumping Ground Photo 18 Open Drainage Photo 19 House on Open Nala Photo 20 Outdoor Cooking Photo 21 Collecting Wood for Cooking Photo 22 A Municipal School Near a Slum Photo 23 Girls Engaged in Fabric Design ;9 )25(:25' ;9,, CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Large number of urban population live in low quality shelters or areas plagued by overcrowding and inadequate provision of drinking water, sanitation services and waste disposal. Housing, drinking water and sanitation are considered as important basic needs for a healthy life and well being. The availability of safe water and adequate sanitation is critical not merely for health reasons, but also for economic development (WHO and UNICEF, 2006). Urban poverty is generally associated with poor quality housing, overcrowded and unsanitary slum settlements, ill-health, threat of exposure to environmental hazards and fear of eviction from illegal squatter settlements in insecure locations. Around 17% of urban households in India live in slums (Census 2011). Census (2011) defines slum as residential areas where dwellings are unfit for human habitation by reasons of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangements and design of such buildings, narrowness or faulty arrangement of street, lack of ventilation or sanitation facilities or any combination of these factors which are detrimental for safety and health. Slums are categorized in the following three types: x Notified Slums: All notified areas in a town or city notified as ‘Slum’ by State, UT Administration or Local Government under any Act including a ‘Slum Act’. x Recognized Slums : All areas recognized as ‘Slum’ by State, UT administration or Local Government, Housing and Slum Boards, which may have not been formally notified as slum under any act. x Identified Slums: A compact area of at least 300 populations or about 60-70 households of poorly built congested tenements, in unhygienic environment usually with inadequate infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitary and drinking water facilities. Originally, slums in Mumbai were developed due to rapid industrialization, which attracted people and unskilled labourers. The high rate of migration from rural to urban areas forced the poor to retain in small tenements which are characterized by typical one room tenements along with kitchen, sharing a common sanitation. Slums proliferated
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