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Community Needs Assessment

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Community Needs Assessment Research and Report by: © Apnalaya, 2021 This publication may be reproduced by any method without fee for teaching or non-profit purposes. The publication shall not be used for commercial purposes. Rights are reserved under the Creative Commons CC BY-NC-SA license. Any derivative works shall also be protected under the same license. For re-use in other publications, for translation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from the publisher. 2 Contents List of Figures and Tables VII. Livelihoods……………………63 A. Income, Borrowing and Savings B. Employment I. Introduction………………13 C. Disability and Employment D. COVID-19 and Livelihoods II. Background……………….15 E. Vocational Skilling A. M East Ward F. Community Needs B. Shivaji Nagar C. COVID-19 VIII. Water, Sanitation & ………...100 D. Rapid Assessment Hygiene……………………… A. Drinking Water III. Study Objectives…………21 B. Sanitation & Hygiene C. Community Needs IV. Methodology…………… 25 A. Sampling IX. Health & Nutrition………….118 B. Tools A. Nutrition Patterns C. Tool Administration B. Illness Patterns D. Sample C. Access to Healthcare D. Maternal & New born Health V. Social & Family Profile….38 E. Community Needs A. Language B. Area of Origin X. Conclusion………………..…148 C. Number of Years in Community & Residence D. Family Size Works Cited………………...153 E. Family Type F. Social Entitlements Annexure: Translation of VI. Education Profile………..46 Quotations………………….159 A. Literacy B. No Education or Low Levels of Education C. Education Attainment for 24+ D. Current Participation in Education 3 Editors’ Note What is common between women exiting the anganwadi workforce after the lockdown in 2020, a centralised database of plasma banks, closure of small and medium businesses between March and August in 2020 and student suicides during the lockdown? The Government of India has no data on any of these. The number of health workers infected with COVID-19? The Union government does not have a registry for it. The government does not know, or doesn’t feel the need to share, how many migrant workers lost their jobs, were stranded trying to get home, or dead since the lockdown was announced. It does not have accurate data on the number of girls who dropped out of schools1 since the lockdown began in March 2020. The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment does not know how many sanitation workers died during the lockdown. For a country that aspires to be a data economy2, India’s apparent lack of interest in maintaining data on social progress is curiously fascinating. Or perhaps, it demonstrates priorities. We may never know. Apnalaya dived straight into the deep end of relief distribution days after the lockdown was announced, in March 2020. We simply had to, we had no choice. Some of the most disenfranchised communities in Mumbai, living next to Asia’s largest dumping ground, would have starved to death without access to food. In June, we conducted a rapid assessment to understand what the pandemic and the lockdown had done to Shivaji Nagar. It confirmed our worst fears – more than 46% of families had zero income for three months. Government relief measures were slow to reach and excluded many, borrowing was high and jobs weren’t available. Worst of all, COVID mortality rate in the M East ward in May, at 9.7%, was thrice the national average. Things improved gradually, and our activities transitioned from relief towards regular programming. Towards the end of the year, when it was clear that the pandemic wasn’t going away anytime soon, we were keen to revisit the findings from the rapid assessment, and perform a deeper investigation. It had also been five years since we’d done the last detailed situational analysis of our communities. We received warm and enthusiastic support from the Azim Premji Philanthropic Initiatives, who made available a part of a programme grant for this research. The incredible team at Aparna Bhasin Consulting designed and conducted the study, resulting in this rich and detailed report. Data collection was done by the efficient team at Ved Market Research. The report sharpens a narrative that has been gathering prominence over the past 12 months. That for the poor and the vulnerable, to be un-enumerated is to be denied existence. That you could be a number or a statistic, and nothing beyond that. That you could be a person, a household, a family with hopes and dreams, but you are invisible to the government. At Apnalaya, we’re working on a framework that looks at claiming entitlements as the culmination of a journey that begins with enumeration. It is a framework that puts people and communities in control of their data, and one that will hopefully allow us to demonstrate that collecting, storing, maintaining and using data to improve the lives of urban poor communities is possible and doable. This report sets us firmly in that path. Arun Kumar Annabel Mehta Raghunandan Hegde 1 https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/lynchings-migrant-deaths-student-suicides-20-things-union-govt-doesnt-have-data- 133753 2 https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/will-finalise-data-protection-law-very-soon-ravi-shankar-prasad/article33132747.ece 4 List of Figures and Tables Figures Figure 1 Map of Sub-Areas of Shivaji Nagar Figure 2 Proportion of Respondents who had paid work prior to the lockdown Proportion of those having paid work prior to the lockdown able to attend work at time of Figure 3 survey Figure 4 Incomes before and during the lockdown Figure 5 Representation of Study Methodology Figure 6 Map of Shivaji Nagar and Sub-Areas Figure 7 Sanitation, Health, and Nutrition Survey Sample by Gender, Shivaji Nagar, 2020 Figure 8 Sanitation, Health, and Nutrition Survey Sample by Gender and Age, Shivaji Nagar, 2020 Figure 9 Livelihoods Survey Sample by Gender, Shivaji Nagar, 2020 Figure 10 Livelihoods Survey Sample by Gender and Age, Shivaji Nagar, 2020 Figure 11 Livelihoods – Respondents and Family Members Sample by Gender, Shivaji Nagar, 2020 Sex ratio in Shivaji Nagar with respect to Mumbai and Maharashtra (number of females per 100 Figure 12 males) Child-Sex ratio in Shivaji Nagar with respect to Mumbai and Maharashtra (number of females Figure 13 per 100 males) Figure 14 Median age in Shivaji Nagar in relation to National, State and City values (Census 2011) Figure 15 Mean age in Shivaji Nagar in relation to National, State and City values (Census 2011) Figure 16 Age wise distribution of total study population (%) in Shivaji Nagar, 2015 vs. 2020 Figure 17 Community interview sample by gender, Shivaji Nagar, 2020 Figure 18 Community interview sample by age, Shivaji Nagar, 2020 Figure 19 Years spent in community and residence, Shivaji Nagar, 2020 Figure 20 Distribution of respondents by state of origin, Shivaji Nagar, 2020 Figure 21 Percentage distribution with regard to family size and descriptive statistics, Shivaji Nagar, 2020 Figure 22 Average family size in Shivaji Nagar in 2015 and 2020, compared to Census 2011 5 Figure 23 Distribution of family type in Shivaji Nagar, 2020 Distribution with regard to family type in Shivaji Nagar in 2015 and 2020 and compared to Figure 24 Mumbai, Maharashtra and India (Census 2011) Figure 25 Social entitlements with individuals, Shivaji Nagar, 2020 Literacy rate amongst females (15-49 years) in Shivaji Nagar between 2015 and 2020, and Figure 26 compared to Mumbai (Suburban) and Maharashtra (Urban) Literacy rate amongst males (15-49 years) in Shivaji Nagar between 2015 and 2020, and Figure 27 compared to Mumbai (Suburban) and Maharashtra Percentage of female population (6 years and above) with no education or <5 years of education Figure 28 in Shivaji Nagar - 2020, compared to Mumbai Percentage of male population (6 years and above) with no education or <5 years of education in Figure 29 Shivaji Nagar - 2020, compared to Mumbai Figure 30 Highest level of education attained for persons aged 24 and above, Shivaji Nagar - 2020 Highest level of education attained for persons aged 24 and above by Sub-Area, Shivaji Nagar – Figure 31 2020 Highest level of education attained for persons aged 24 and above by gender, Shivaji Nagar – Figure 32 2020 Figure 33 Proportion of persons currently enrolled in education by age, Shivaji Nagar – 2020 Figure 34 Proportion of females and males currently enrolled in education by age, Shivaji Nagar – 2020 Proportion of persons (ages 3 to 25) currently attending education by Sub-Area, Shivaji Nagar – Figure 35 2020 Proportion of females (ages 3 to 25) currently attending education by Sub-Area, Shivaji Nagar – Figure 36 2020 Proportion of males (ages 3 to 25) currently attending education by Sub-Area, Shivaji Nagar – Figure 37 2020 Figure 38 Level of education for persons currently enrolled in education by age group, Shivaji Nagar - 2020 Figure 39 Type of educational institutions in which persons aged 3 to 25 are enrolled, Shivaji Nagar - 2020 Figure 40 Distribution of enrolment across types of institutions by level of education, Shivaji Nagar – 2020 Distribution of Monthly expenditure on education (in INR) for persons currently enrolled in Figure 41 education, Shivaji Nagar - 2020 Distribution of monthly expenditure on education (in INR) for persons currently enrolled in Figure 42 education by Level of Education, Shivaji Nagar - 2020 Highest level of education attained for persons aged 4 to 25 not currently in education, Shivaji Figure 43 Nagar - 2020 Figure 44 Distribution of Household Incomes (in INR) as compared to 2015, Shivaji Nagar - 2020 Figure 45 Distribution of Household Incomes per capita by Sub-Area, Shivaji
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