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Identification Et Caractérisation Génétique Et Phénotypique De Deux Espèces De Université de Montréal Identification et caractérisation génétique et phénotypique de deux espèces de Cryptosporidium après divers passages chez le veau par JULIEN DELISLE Département de pathologie et microbiologie Faculté de Médecine vétérinaire Mémoire présenté à la Faculté de médecine vétérinaire en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maître ès Sciences (M. Sc.) en sciences vétérinaires Option microbiologie Décembre 2011 ©Julien Delisle, 2011 Université de Montréal Faculté de médecine vétérinaire Ce mémoire intitulé Identification et caractérisation génétique et phénotypique de deux espèces de Cryptosporidium après divers passages chez le veau Présenté par JULIEN DELISLE A été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes Alain Villeneuve, président-rapporteur Ann Letellier, directrice de recherche Sylvain Quessy, codirecteur Gilles Fecteau, codirecteur Caroline côté, membre du jury Table des Matières Résumé .................................................................................................................................. i Abstract ................................................................................................................................. ii Liste des tableaux ................................................................................................................. iii Liste des figures ................................................................................................................... iv Liste des abbréviations ...........................................................................................................v Dédicace............................................................................................................................... vi Remerciements .................................................................................................................... vii Introduction ............................................................................................................................1 Revue de littérature.................................................................................................................4 1. Classification taxonomique ...............................................................................................4 2. Les différentes espèces de Cryptosporidium et leurs hôtes ................................................5 2.1. Bovins ........................................................................................................................6 2.2. Humains .....................................................................................................................6 2.3. Autres animaux domestiques .......................................................................................7 2.4. Animaux de la faune ...................................................................................................8 3. Cycle vital ........................................................................................................................9 4. Ookystes et résistance aux conditions adverses ............................................................... 12 5. Signes cliniques de la cryptosporidiose bovine ................................................................ 14 5.1. Diarrhée et douleur abdominale................................................................................. 16 5.2. Déshydratation et perte d’électrolytes........................................................................ 17 5.3. Amaigrissement ........................................................................................................ 17 5.4. Diminution de la production laitière .......................................................................... 18 6. Signes cliniques de la cryptosporidiose humaine ............................................................. 18 7. Signes cliniques chez les autres espèces .......................................................................... 19 7.1. Porcs ......................................................................................................................... 19 7.2. Petits ruminants (ovins, caprins et autres) .................................................................. 20 7.3. Volailles ................................................................................................................... 20 7.4. Animaux de compagnie............................................................................................. 21 7.5. Chevaux .................................................................................................................... 22 7.6. Animaux de la faune ................................................................................................. 22 8. Aspect zoonotique .......................................................................................................... 23 9. Prévalence de la cryptosporidiose bovine ........................................................................ 25 9.1. Au niveau des fermes (au moins un animal excréteur) ............................................... 25 9.2. Variation géographique et saisonnière ....................................................................... 26 9.3. Variation selon l’âge ................................................................................................. 27 9.4. Différences espèce / génotype selon l’âge ................................................................. 29 9.5. Variation selon le type de production bovine ............................................................. 29 10. Modes de transmission .................................................................................................... 30 10.1. Transmission verticale (mère à veau) .................................................................. 30 10.2. Transmission horizontale .................................................................................... 31 10.2.1. Veau à veau .............................................................................................. 31 10.2.2. Par des vecteurs externes animés .............................................................. 31 10.2.3. Par des vecteurs externes inanimés ........................................................... 33 11. Facteurs de risques .......................................................................................................... 34 11.1. Exposition en bas âge .......................................................................................... 34 11.2. Densité animale .................................................................................................. 34 11.3. Type de sol et nettoyage ...................................................................................... 34 11.4. Type de logement ............................................................................................... 35 11.5. Prise de colostrum ............................................................................................... 35 11.6. Alimentation ....................................................................................................... 36 12. Rôle des bovins dans la transmission interspécifique....................................................... 36 13. Pratiques à risque ............................................................................................................ 37 14. Prévalence de la cryptosporidiose chez les autres espèces ............................................... 38 14.1. Humains ............................................................................................................. 38 14.2. Animaux d’élevage (autres que bovins) ............................................................... 39 14.3. Équins................................................................................................................. 41 14.4. Autres animaux ................................................................................................... 41 15. Méthodes diagnostiques à partir de matières fécales ....................................................... 43 15.1. Microscopie, examen après concentration ........................................................... 44 15.2. Microscopie après coloration, technique d’immuno-fluorescence avec anticorps monoclonaux .................................................................................................................. 44 15.3. ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) ................................................ 46 15.4. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) ...................................................................... 47 15.4.1. Intérêt de la technique .............................................................................. 47 15.4.2. Limites de la technique ............................................................................. 47 15.4.3. Choix d’un gène d’intérêt ......................................................................... 48 16. Infection expérimentale sur un bovin nouveau-né ........................................................... 49 16.1. Provenance de la souche ..................................................................................... 49 16.2. Dose infectante ................................................................................................... 50 16.3. Âge des veaux ..................................................................................................... 51 16.4. Traitement et conservation des ookystes.............................................................
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