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JICA Thematic Guidelines on Gender and Development JICA Thematic Guidelines on Gender and Development November 2009 Task Force for Thematic Guidelines on “Gender and Development” Public Policy Department JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY（JICA） Preface In 2009, JICA revised the former guidelines titled “JICA Thematic Guidelines on Gender Mainstreaming/WID” prepared in August 2002. The new guidelines are titled the “JICA Thematic Guidelines on Gender and Development.” The new Guidelines re-establish the direction of the new JICA on the theme, based on the principles of “Japan’s Medium-Term Policy on ODA” developed in 2005, and in conjunction with the concept of “human security” as expressed in the new JICA’s mission statements. The direction is also based on internationally shared concepts such as WID (Women in Development), GAD (Gender and Development), and gender mainstreaming, which have historically evolved since the 1970’s. The Guidelines cover gender mainstreaming in all three schemes of JICA; namely, ODA Loan, Grant Aid, and Technical Cooperation. They also provide gender perspectives and operational guidance for the 17 key thematic areas in which JICA operates. We hope that the Guidelines will lay a foundation for gender mainstreaming in JICA’s programs and projects as well as serve as a useful tool for effective development cooperation. The Guidelines aim to provide directions and guidance for JICA’s cooperation based on the overview of concepts of, the current situation of, and global trends in Gender and Development. The Guidelines are expected to facilitate the sharing of understanding and information among JICA staff and all related parties, and serve as a useful reference for all stages of project cycle - planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. The Guidelines will also be made available for the general public through the JICA Knowledge Site. We hope that the wider audience will familiarize themselves with JICA’s approach to Gender and Development. November 2009 Task Force for Thematic Guidelines on “Gender and Development” I Abbreviations Symbol Official Name ADB Asian Development Bank AWWC Asian Women’s Workers Centre BEGIN Basic Education for Growth Initiative CAW Committee for Asian Women CEDAW Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, or Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women CF Community Forestry CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CSW Commission on the Status of Women DAC Development Assistance Committee DFID UK Department for International Development DV Domestic Violence ECOSOC Economic and Social Council EFA Education For All FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FGM Female Genital Mutilation GAD Gender and Development GDI Gender-Related Development Index GDP Gross Domestic Product GEM Gender Empowerment Measure GGI Gender Gap Index GIS Geographic Information System GNP Gross National Product GPI Gender Parity Index GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit HDI Human Development Index HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ICT Information and Communication Technology IEA International Energy Agency ILO International Labour Organization JFM Joint Forest Management MDGs Millennium Development Goals NCDRP National Commission for the Demobilization and Reintegration Program II NGO Non-Governmental Organizations NORAD Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation NTFP Non-Timber Forest Products ODA Official Development Assistance OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development PNA Peace-building Needs and Impact Assessment PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper PSD Private Sector Development PTSD Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder REDP Rural Energy Development Programme SAGIA Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority SHG Self-Help Group TRIMs Trade-Related Investment Measures UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations for Children Funds UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women USAID United States Agency for International Development VFC Village Forest Committee WHO World Health Organization WID Women in Development WTO World Trade Organization III Table of Contents JICA Thematic Guidelines on Gender and Development Preface Ⅰ Abbreviations ··············································································· Ⅱ Table of Contents··········································································· IV Summary of JICA Thematic Guidelines on Gender and Development ············ 1 Chapter 1 Overview of “Gender and Development” ························· 1 Chapter 2 JICA’s Approaches to “Gender and Development” ················ 2 Chapter 3 Direction of JICA’s Cooperation ···································· 4 Chapter 1 Overview of “Gender and Development” ······························· 5 1-1 Current Situations of “Gender and Development” ··························· 5 1-1-1 Emergence of the Concept of “Gender and Development” ················ 5 1-1-2 The Current Situation of Gender Equality ··································· 6 1-2 Definition of “Gender and Development” ····································· 9 1-3 Trends in International Development ············································ 9 1-4 “Gender and Development” in ODA Policy ··································· 11 Chapter 2 Approaches to “Gender and Development” ····························· 15 2-1 Objectives of “Gender and Development” ····································· 15 2-1-1 Positive Development Impacts of Gender Perspectives ···················· 15 2-1-2 Negative Development Impacts from non-Gendered Perspectives ······· 18 2-1-3 Human Security and Gender ··················································· 20 2-2 Effective Approaches to “Gender and Development” ························ 22 2-2-1 Effective Approaches for SDO 1: Promotion of Gender-Responsive 24 Policies, Strategies, and Institutions ····················································· 2-2-2 Effective Approaches for SDO 2: “Promotion of Women’s 27 Empowerment” 2-2-3 Effective Approaches for SDO 3: “Promotion of Gender Integration in 29 Programmes and Projects” ································································ Matrix of “Gender and Development” Goals and Possible Cooperation ······ 30 Chapter 3 Direction of JICA’s Cooperation ·········································· 34 3-1 JICA’s Focus and Points for Consideration ···································· 34 3-2 Thematic Issues and Gender ····················································· 36 3-2-1 Poverty Reduction and Gender ················································ 37 3-2-2 Economic Policies and Gender ················································ 42 3-2-3 Private Sector Development and Gender ··································· 49 IV 3-2-4 Education and Gender ··························································· 56 3-2-5 Health and Gender ······························································· 61 3-2-6 Environmental Management and Gender ··································· 65 3-2-7 Peace-building and Gender ····················································· 69 3-2-8 Governance and Gender ························································ 74 3-2-9 Human Rights and Gender ····················································· 78 3-2-10 Information and Communications Technology and Gender ············ 83 3-2-11 Water Resources and Gender ················································· 89 3-2-12 Disaster Management and Gender ··········································· 94 3-2-13 Social Security and Gender ··················································· 99 3-2-14 Transportation and Gender ···················································· 104 3-2-15 Energy and Gender ····························································· 108 3-2-16 Agricultural/Rural Development, Fisheries, and Gender ··············· 115 3-2-17 Natural Environment Conservation and Gender ··························· 123 3-3 Issues for Future Consideration ····················································· 128 Appendix 1-1 [Appendix to 3-2-1: Poverty Reduction and Gender] ········· 130 Appendix 1-2 [Appendix to 3-2-4: Education and Gender] ·················· 132 Appendix 1-3 [Appendix to 3-2-10: Information and Communications Technology and Gender] ·········································· 135 Appendix 1-4 [Appendix to 3-2-12: Disaster Management and Gender] ····· 139 Development Objective Chart: Disaster Management 1 ························· 151 Development Objective Chart: Disaster Management 2 ························· 161 Development Objective Chart: Disaster Management 3 ······················· 169 Appendix 1-5 [Appendix to 3-2-15: Energy and Gender] ···················· 179 Appendix 1-6 [Appendix to 3-2-16: Agricultural/ Rural e Development, Fisheries, and Gender]···························· 182 Appendix 2 Recent Developments in Gender by Overseas Aid 186 Organizations ··············································································· Guideline Task Force Members ··················································· 190 References ··············································································
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