WID to GAD: Conceptual Shifts in the Women and Development Discourse
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Does Foreign Aid Improve Gender Performance in Recipient Countries?
Working Paper in Economics # 201811 December 2018 Does Foreign Aid Improve Gender Performance in Recipient Countries? Ranjula Bali Swain and Supriya Garikipati https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/management/people/economics/ © Does Foreign Aid Improve Gender Performance in Recipient Countries? Ranjula Bali Swain and Supriya Garikipati* Abstract An explicit goal of foreign aid is to promote female empowerment and gender equality in developing countries. The impact of foreign aid on these latent variables at the country level is not yet known because of various methodological impediments. We address these by using Structural Equation Models. We use data from the World Development Indicators, the World Governance Indicators and the OECDs Credit Reporting System to investigate if foreign aid has an impact on gender performance of recipient countries at the country level. Our results suggest that to observe improvement in gender performance at the macro-level, foreign aid must target the gender outcomes of interest in a clearly measurable ways. JEL classifications: O11, J16, C13 Keywords: foreign aid, gender performance, structural equation model. 1. Introduction Gender entered the development dialogue over the period 1975-85 which came to be marked by the United Nations as the UN Decade for Women. The accumulating evidence over this period suggests that economic and social developments are not gender-neutral and improving gender outcomes has important implications both at the household and country levels, especially for the prospect of intergenerational wellbeing (Floro, 1995; Klasen, 1999). Consequentially, gender equality came to be widely accepted as a goal of development, as evidenced particularly by its prominence in the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) and, later on, in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). -
Women, Human Rights and Development | PART TWO 151
CHAPTER 11 TWO Women, human rights and development Fareda Banda* One half of the world’s population is systemati- This chapter aims at analysing the historical evo- cally discriminated against and denied opportunity, lution of the relationship between women, the right for the ‘crime’ of having a female chromosome.1 to development and human rights based-approaches, with reference to the main theoretical components that have supported the debate on women’s issues, the I. Introduction fight for gender equality and the progressive devel- Women’s equal right to development has been opment of international law in this regard. In order called a universal good.2 However, the realization to do so, the chapter starts with a historical overview of their right to development is beset by challenges of the conceptual approaches to women and devel- rooted in the inequalities that pervade their lives.3 opment as they evolved within the framework of the For women, the right to development does not simply United Nations Decade for Women. It proceeds to require consideration of how income poverty, under- analyse the Declaration on the Right to Development stood as lack of money and resources, influences their from a gender perspective. It then goes on to examine ability to enjoy their human rights; human poverty, in the adoption of a human rights-based approach to the sense of women’s lack of voice and participation development before moving on to an assessment of in decision-making within their families and societies, the efficacy of the right to development for women. also impacts upon their lives and further reinforces Thereafter, the chapter attempts to integrate a gen- their powerlessness.4 der perspective into human rights at the international as well regional (African) levels. -
Gender Studies
Gender Studies Gender and Development 1. Colonial perspectives on Gender The British in India saw themselves as a force for enlightenment, especially for women. To support their claim, they pointed to the laws liberalising women’s legal position. Between 1772 and 1947 they introduced nine major reforms. including the laws forbidding female infanticide, sati and child marriage, and those raising the age of consent, allowing widow remarriage, and improving women’s inheritance rights. Official British policy was of non-interference in personal and religious matters, which inhibited the evolution of social change in written law. British policies in certain other areas present a different outlook often highlighting the colonizers’ approach to women. Liddle and Joshi have delineated three such examples: 1. The restitution of conjugal rights: This ideology was derived from Christian ecclesiastical law and was brought to India from England. Under this law a spouse can sue one’s partner if she refuses to fulfill the sexual obligations of marriage. A prison term was imposed for non-compliance. 2. Regarding prostitution, the soldiers in the army were provided with Indian prostitutes by the official military authorities. These prostitutes had to get themselves registered and carried a licensed card with them. They also had to undergo compulsory medical examination. 3. Women's suffrage that is the right of women to vote and to stand for office was granted to Indian women in a very limited sense in 1921 in Madras presidency. This franchise was given to those women and men who were educated and wealthy. This was due to efforts of Women's Indian Association (WIA). -
JICA Thematic Guidelines on Gender and Development
JICA Thematic Guidelines on Gender and Development November 2009 Task Force for Thematic Guidelines on “Gender and Development” Public Policy Department JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY(JICA) Preface In 2009, JICA revised the former guidelines titled “JICA Thematic Guidelines on Gender Mainstreaming/WID” prepared in August 2002. The new guidelines are titled the “JICA Thematic Guidelines on Gender and Development.” The new Guidelines re-establish the direction of the new JICA on the theme, based on the principles of “Japan’s Medium-Term Policy on ODA” developed in 2005, and in conjunction with the concept of “human security” as expressed in the new JICA’s mission statements. The direction is also based on internationally shared concepts such as WID (Women in Development), GAD (Gender and Development), and gender mainstreaming, which have historically evolved since the 1970’s. The Guidelines cover gender mainstreaming in all three schemes of JICA; namely, ODA Loan, Grant Aid, and Technical Cooperation. They also provide gender perspectives and operational guidance for the 17 key thematic areas in which JICA operates. We hope that the Guidelines will lay a foundation for gender mainstreaming in JICA’s programs and projects as well as serve as a useful tool for effective development cooperation. The Guidelines aim to provide directions and guidance for JICA’s cooperation based on the overview of concepts of, the current situation of, and global trends in Gender and Development. The Guidelines are expected to facilitate the sharing of understanding and information among JICA staff and all related parties, and serve as a useful reference for all stages of project cycle - planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. -
The IMF and Gender Equality: a Compendium of Feminist Macroeconomic Critiques OCTOBER 2017
The IMF and Gender Equality: A Compendium of Feminist Macroeconomic Critiques OCTOBER 2017 The gender dimensions of the IMF’s key fiscal policy advice on resource mobilisation in developing countries The IMF and Gender Equality Abbreviations APMDD Asian Peoples’ Movement on Debt and Development ARB Asociación de Recicladores de Bogotá BWP Bretton Woods Project CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women CESR Center for Economic and Social Rights FAD Fiscal Affairs Department GEM Gender Equality and Macroeconomics ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights IEO International Evaluation Office IFIs International Financial Institutions ILO International Labor Organization IMF International Monetary Fund INESC Instituto de Estudos Socioeconômicos ITUC International Trade Union Confederation LIC Low Income Country MDGs Millennium Development Goals SMSEs small and medium sized enterprises ODA Overseas Development Aid OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PWDs Persons with Disabilities SDGs Sustainable Development Goals TA Technical Assistance UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme VAT Value Added Tax VAWG Violence against Women and Girls WHO World Health Organization WIEGO Women in Informal Employment, Globalizing and Organizing WILPF Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom Publisher: Bretton Woods Project October 2017 Copyright notice: This text may be freely used providing the source is credited 2 The IMF and Gender Equality Table of Contents Abbreviations 2 Executive summary 5 Acknowledgements 6 I. Positioning women’s rights and gender equality in the macroeconomic policy environment Emma Bürgisser and Sargon Nissan Bretton Woods Project 9 II. The gender dimensions of the IMF’s key fiscal policy advice on resource mobilisation in developing countries Mae Buenaventura and Claire Miranda Asian Peoples’ Movement on Debt and Development 16 III. -
Gender Analysis in Health
Gender analysis in health A REVIEW OF SELECTED TOOLS Designed by Health & Development Networks www.hdnet.org Department of Gender and Women’s Health World Health Organization Tools are only useful when we know how to use them —McDonald et. al. 1997:80 WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Gender analysis in health : a review of selected tools. 1. Health 2. Health policy 3. Sex factors 4. Guidelines 5. Evaluation studies 6. World Health Organization. ISBN 92 4 159040 8 (LC/NLM classification: QZ 53) Designed by Inís: www.inis.ie © World Health Organization 2002 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be ob- tained from Marketing and Dissemination, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 2476; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate who publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to Publications, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; email: [email protected]). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or bounda- ries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. -
Introduction to Gender Analysis Concepts and Steps’, Development Bulletin, No
Hunt, J, 2004. ‘Introduction to gender analysis concepts and steps’, Development Bulletin, no. 64, pp. 100-106. Introduction to gender analysis concepts and steps Juliet Hunt, Independent Consultant Overview During program and project design, gender analysis is the process of assessing the impact that a development activity may have on females and males, and on gender relations (the economic and social relationships between males and females which are constructed and reinforced by social institutions). It can be used to ensure that men and women are not disadvantaged by development activities, to enhance the sustainability and effectiveness of activities, or to identify priority areas for action to promote equality between women and men. During implementation, monitoring and evaluation, gender analysis assists to assess differences in participation, benefits and impacts between males and females, including progress towards gender equality and changes in gender relations. Gender analysis can also be used to assess and build capacity and commitment to gender sensitive planning and programming in donor and partner organisations; and to identify gender equality issues and strategies at country, sectoral or thematic programming level. There a number of different frameworks for undertaking gender analysis. Some of these have been developed in Northern countries (Moser 1993; Overholt et al. 1985), and others have been developed and adapted by development practitioners from the South (Parker 1993; Longwe 1991; Kabeer 1994). This article outlines the essential steps that need to be addressed to undertake gender analysis for each of the different levels referred to above, and draws on concepts from a number of different frameworks. Summary of key gender analysis steps 1. -
Unequal, Unfair, Ineffective and Inefficient Gender Inequity in Health: Why It Exists and How We Can Change It Women and Gender
Unequal, Unfair, Ineffective and Inefficient Gender Inequity in Health: Why it exists and how we can change it Final Report to the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health September 2007 Women and Gender Equity Knowledge Network Submitted by Gita Sen and Piroska Östlin Co-coordinators of the WGEKN1 Report writing team Gita Sen, Piroska Östlin, Asha George 1 We are very grateful to the members and corresponding members of the WGEKN, and the authors of background papers for their willingness to write, read, comment and send material. Special thanks are due to Linda Rydberg and Priya Patel for their cheerful and competent support at the different stages of this report. We would also like to thank Beena Varghese for her inputs to the report. Members Rebecca Cook Rosalind Petchesky Claudia Garcia Moreno Silvina Ramos Adrienne Germain Sundari Ravindran Veloshnee Govender Alex Scott-Samuel Caren Grown Gita Sen (Coordinator) Afua Hesse Hilary Standing Helen Keleher Debora Tajer Yunguo LIU Sally Theobald Piroska Östlin (Coordinator) Huda Zurayk Corresponding members Pat Armstrong Jennifer Klot Jill Astbury Gunilla Krantz Gary Barker Rally Macintyre Anjana Bhushan Peggy Maguire Mabel Bianco Mary Manandhar Mary Anne Burke Nomafrench Mbombo James Dwyer Geeta Rao Gupta Margrit Eichler Sunanda Ray Sahar El- Sheneity Marta Rondon Alessandra Fantini Hania Sholkamy Elsa Gómez Erna Surjadi Ana Cristina González Vélez Wilfreda Thurston Anne Hammarström Joanna Vogel Amparo Hernández-Bello Isabel Yordi Aguirre Nduku Kilonzo Authors of background papers -
Strengthening the Gender Dimension of Aid for Trade
STRENGTHENING THE GENDER DIMENSION OF AID FOR TRADE This report was prepared by Kaori Miyamoto, Senior Policy Analyst, and Marianne Musumeci, Policy Research and Advice Officer, of the Development Co-operation Directorate. It is a modified version of Chapter 9 of the OECD-WTO joint publication Aid for Trade at a Glance 2019, Emerging Lessons from Aid for Trade in Support of Women’s Economic Empowerment. The preliminary version of the chapter was presented at the 13 May 2019 Joint Meeting of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and the Working Party of the Trade Committee. It was then presented by the OECD Secretary General at the Global Review of Aid for Trade on 3 July 2019. This report is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect those the official views of OECD member countries. However, it has benefited from comments by the DAC members, multilateral development banks, and other international organisations. The work was made possible thanks to the generous funding of the Swedish government. This document, and any map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. 1 Abstract This paper examines how donors are taking into account gender perspectives in aid for trade, as women’s economic empowerment is one of the key drivers of sustainable development. It introduces data showing that donors have been increasing gender-responsive aid for trade. -
Gender Planning: Different Policy Approaches to Reproductive Health
GENDER PLANNING: DIFFERENT POLICY APPROACHES TO REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CAROLINE MOSER* ANNE TINKER** MS. MOSER. I am neither a lawyer nor a health expert, so really I am somewhat of an imposter in this symposium. I have worked, however, on gender issues in developing countries over the last two decades, particularly on the development of a rationale to integrate gender into planning. I would like to focus, therefore, less on the legal framework for women's reproductive rights per se, and more on the entry points for the implementation of a rights-based framework for reproductive health. In an operational agency, this is a primary concern. Which health-based issues are the most appropriate entry points for action? To answer this question I will introduce the methodolog- ical framework for gender planning that I have developed. Anne Tinker, my colleague, will then examine the extent to which she has found it a useful framework in terms of World Bank work in the health sector. In this way, together, we will identify whether such methodological tools are useful in deconstructing complex issues relating to reproductive health. This symposium has provided us with an interesting opportunity to try and work collaboratively, from different perspectives, on the same issue. I want to start by raising three sets of issues. First, whose rights are we talking about, and whose needs? How are these identified? Are they global, national, or local in nature? How far are women themselves involved in the definition of these rights? Second, how do we achieve change? Is it best achieved top down, through what has been termed "equity," through changes in the legal * Senior Urban Social Policy Specialist, Urban Development Division, World Bank. -
Gender Inequality and the Mdgs: What Are the Missing Dimensions?
At issue September 2010 Gender Inequality and the MDGs: What are the Missing Dimensions? Table of contents: As world leaders meet in New York in September 2010 to review progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), there will be an opportunity to MDG 1: How does reorient and re-energise global efforts to meet these important targets. While there has been significant progress in some areas, ongoing gender inequality women’s control over continues to hamper momentum on all the goals, not just MDG 3. Furthermore, resources impact on there is growing recognition that MDG 3 is too narrow and fails to capture the full poverty and hunger? range of gender inequalities, and there has also been a failure to adequately recognise the gender dimensions in several of the other MDG targets. MDG 2: How does women’s decision- Using the Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI), new research by the OECD Development Centre finds that looking at women's control over resources, their making power in the level of decision-making power in the family and household, and their degree of family and household control over their own physical security can shed light on the bottlenecks that influence education? hamper further progress across all the MDG targets. MDG 5: How is We find that countries where social institutions are highly discriminatory towards women’s physical women tend to score poorly against the human development targets used to track security linked to progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Better understanding of how these discriminatory institutions relate to development maternal mortality? outcomes could enhance aid effectiveness and inform development programming, as both donor and partner countries assess progress and remaining challenges in What about the other September 2010. -
Gender Equality: Glossary of Terms and Concepts
GENDER EQUALITY: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND CONCEPTS GENDER EQUALITY Glossary of Terms and Concepts UNICEF Regional Office for South Asia November 2017 Rui Nomoto GENDER EQUALITY: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND CONCEPTS GLOSSARY freedoms in the political, economic, social, a cultural, civil or any other field” [United Nations, 1979. ‘Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women,’ Article 1]. AA-HA! Accelerated Action for the Health of Adolescents Discrimination can stem from both law (de jure) or A global partnership, led by WHO and of which from practice (de facto). The CEDAW Convention UNICEF is a partner, that offers guidance in the recognizes and addresses both forms of country context on adolescent health and discrimination, whether contained in laws, development and puts a spotlight on adolescent policies, procedures or practice. health in regional and global health agendas. • de jure discrimination Adolescence e.g., in some countries, a woman is not The second decade of life, from the ages of 10- allowed to leave the country or hold a job 19. Young adolescence is the age of 10-14 and without the consent of her husband. late adolescence age 15-19. This period between childhood and adulthood is a pivotal opportunity to • de facto discrimination consolidate any loss/gain made in early e.g., a man and woman may hold the childhood. All too often adolescents - especially same job position and perform the same girls - are endangered by violence, limited by a duties, but their benefits may differ. lack of quality education and unable to access critical health services.i UNICEF focuses on helping adolescents navigate risks and vulnerabilities and take advantage of e opportunities.