Anmerkungen Tion 1780-1848

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Anmerkungen Tion 1780-1848 412 Vgl. u. a.: Das Zeitalter der europäischen Revolu­ bert Stephenson (1803-1859) wesentlich beteiligt Anmerkungen tion 1780-1848. Frankfurt!M. 1969 = Fischer Weltge­ war. gewann den Wettbewerb zwischen vier Konkur­ schichte 26 (dort weit. Lit.)- Hobsbawm E. J .. Euro­ renten. Die Maschine erreichte in freier Fahrt die da­ päische Revolutionen. Zürich 1962 (aus dem Eng I.)­ mals beachtliche Geschwindigkeit von 60 km/h (mit Sedlmayr H .. Gefahr und Hoffnung des technischen Last 22 km/h). Zeitalters. ln: DerTod des Lichtes. Salzburg 1964, 17 Quelle: Bergeren Anm. 3, S. 191 149-169. 2 U. a.: 1733 Erfindung des >>Schnellschützen« zur 18 Preußen war um 1860 die größte Industrie­ Steigerung der Webgeschwindigkeit durch John Kay macht Deutschlands. 2/3 der Dampfmaschinen verei­ (1704- nach 1764); 1769 Konstruktion der Flügel• nigten sich auf seinem Territorium; die Kohle- und spinnmaschine durch Sir Richard Arkwright (1732- Stahlproduktion schnellte empor. Es besaß in Mittet­ 1792); 1782/84 entwickelt James Watt (1736-1819) europa das bestausgebaute Eisenbahnnetz. Vgl. u. a.: aus seiner 1765 erfundenen direktwirkenden Nieder­ Das bürgerliche Zeitalter. Frankfurt/M. 1974 = Fi­ druck-Dampfmaschine mit Drehbewegung jene Ma­ scher Weltgeschichte 27. schine. die wesentlich zur industriellen Revolution 19 Meier Günther (Hrsg.), Karl Friedrich Schinkel. beitrug; 1784/85 konstruiert Edmund Cartwright Aus Tagebüchern und Briefen. München/Berlin/Wien (1743-1823) den mechanischen Webstuhl und 1789/ 1967,116. 90 die Wollkämmaschine; 1793 entwickelt der Ame­ rikaner Eli Whitney (1765-1825) die Baumwoii-Ent­ 20 Hard Times (1854. dt. Harte Zeiten 1880 und kernmaschine. öfter) zitiert nach Posener J., Ebenezer Howard. Gar­ tenstädte von morgen. Berlin 1968, 16 f. = Bauweit 3 Quelle: Bergeron Louis. Die Industrielle Revolu­ Fundamente 21. tion in England am Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts. ln: Das Zeitalter der europäischen Revolution 1780- 21 Vgl. Durian-Ress Saskia, Mode zur Zeit des Bie­ 1848. Frankfurt/M. 1969, 19 = Fischer Weltge­ dermeier. ln: [Kat. Ausst.] Kunst des Biedermeier schichte 26 (auf dessen Abhandlung fußen die wirt­ 1815-1835. München 1988, 70, Anm. 16. schaftlichen Aussagen). 22 U.a.: Augsburger Kattunfabrik. Nach: Durian­ 4 Vgl. Anm. 3, S. 13 (dort wohl derWert von 1810 Ress Anm. 21. S. 68. falsch vermerkt, vgl. S. 182, dort wird der Jahresim­ 23 Vgl. u. a.: Gurlitt Cornelius, Die deutsche Mu­ port zwischen 1811113 mit 65 Millionen Pfund [Ge­ sterzeichner-Kunst und ihre Geschichte. Darmstadt wicht] angegeben). 1890, S. 63. 5 Die Sklaven wurden an den afrikanischen Küsten 24 Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1752-1834) entwickelte zum Teil im Tausch gegen Baumwollzeug eingehan­ diese Maschine als Angestellter des Pariser Conser­ delt, wurden in Kattun gekleidet, der von den Käufern vatoire des arts et metiers. Das Unternehmen basiert Amerikas bezahlt wurde (vgl. Bergeron a.a.O. S. 21) auf einer Sammlung von Maschinen. Instrumenten 6 Vgl. Bergeren S. 23. und Modellen. die von Jacques de Vaucanson ( 1709- 1782) dem Staat für den »Unterricht der arbeitenden 7 Vgl. ebendaS. 149. Napoleon glaubte, nach Klassen« überlassen worden war. Darunter befand Bergeron. einen europäisch-kontinentalen Markt sich auch eine Maschine zum Weben von Mustern ohne die Überseeländer verwirklichen zu können. (1745). an deren Konstruktion Jacquard anknüpfte. Dies hätte eine dichte verkehrsmäßige, ökonomisch• monitäre und soziologische Verflechtung vorausge­ 25 Quelle: Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon. setzt, eine Infrastruktur. die erst 200 Jahre später 6. Aufl. 10. Bd. Leipzig/Wien 1905, 130. existent sein sollte. 26 Vgl. u. a.: Hübsch Heinrich. ln welchem Stil sol­ 8 Vgl. Bergeren a.a.O. S. 182. len wir bauen? 1828- Ruskin John. Seven Lamps of Architecture 1849- Semper Gottfried, Wissenschaft. 9 Vgl. u.a. Hoffmann W G., British lndustry. 1700- Industrie und Kunst 1851 -ders .. Der Stil in den tech­ 1905. London 1955 (statistisch grundlegend). nischen und tektonischen Künsten. Bd. 1-2. 1860/63 10 Samuel Crompton (1753-1827) entwickelte zwi­ - Dresser Christopher, The Art of Decorative Design schen 1774 und 1779 eine »Mule-Jenny« genannte 1862- ders .. The Principles of Decorative Design Spinnmaschine. Er vereinigte das Streckwerk der Flü• 1870/72- Reuleaux F.. Briefe aus Philadelphia 1876- gelspinnmaschine mit dem Wagen der Jenny-Ma­ Morris William. The Decorative Arts 1878.- Dresser schine (fahrbarer Spindelträger) und schuf so die Christopher, Modern Ornamentation 1886-Day Le­ Mulemaschine. benannt nach dem Maulesel (eng I. wis Foreman. The Planning of Ornament 1887- Day mule). Die Maschine lieferte Garn von einer bis dahin Lewis Fore man. Nature in Ornament 1892- Lessing unerreichten Gleichheit und Feinheit. Diese Garner­ Julius, Amtl. Bericht über die Weltausstellung in Chi­ zeugung war Vorbedingung des mechanischen Web­ cago, erstattet vom Reichskommissar 1893- Crane stuhls. Die Maschine arbeitete um 1810 bereits zum Walter, Line and Form 1900- Laos Adolf. Ornament Teil mit 100 Spindeln. und Verbrechen 1908. Für das Viktorianische Zeitalter ist dekorative Kunst weitgehend gleichbedeutend 11 Z. B. Zyklische Krise von 1816/17 und Baisse­ mit Ornamentik. Vgl. auch die Anm. 78, 80 u. 81. tendenz ab 1817. 27 Etwa die von Owen Jones 1852 vorgebrachte 12 Ausfuhr nach Lateinamerika 1820 56 Millionen Kritik im Rahmen einer Reihe von Vorträgen in der Yards, 1860 527; Afrika 10:358; Indien 11 :825; School of Design (Practical Art) im Marlborough China 3:324. Quelle: Hoffmann Anm. 9. Hause. Pali Mall. vgl. Pevsner Nikolaus. Christopher 13 Vgi.Anm.2. Dresser: Architectural Review 1937. 183-186. Wie­ der abgedruckt in [Kat. Ausst.] Christopher Dresser. 14 Richard Roberts. eng I. Maschinenbauer (1789- Kunstgewerbemuseum. Köln 1981. 20-26 m.Abb. 1864). E. Cartwrights mechanischer Webstuhl (1785) [Äußerung von Owen Jones aufS. 22/23].-Vgl. wird 1787 durch die Konstruktion T. Gortons mit auch: Muthesius Hermann, Das englische Haus. Dampfkraft angetrieben. Es schließen sich die Erfin­ Bd. 3, Berlin 1905, 70 ff. u. Pevsner Nikolaus. Der Be­ dung des Musterwebstuhls 1805 durch J. M. Jac­ ginn der modernen Architektur und des Design. Köln quard und die Verbesserung des mechanischen 1971,10. Webstuhls 1822 durch R. Roberts an. 28 Zum Beispiel: 1852 Gründung des Museums of 15 Erfunden 1825, arbeitet mit selbständiger Fa­ Manufactures, Vorgänger des heutigen Victoria and denaufwicklung. Albert Museums in London. dem sich 1857 eine School of Design anschloß- Übersiedlung der Cen­ 16 George Stephenson (1781-1848) baute 1814 als tral School of Design (Practical Art) in das Mariba­ Ingenieur der Killingworther Kohlengruben seine er­ rough Hause in London. dort die Aufstellung einer ste Dampflokomotive »Biücher«. Er wurde 1821 lei­ Kunstgewerbe-Sammlung, die den Namen Museum tender Ingenieur beim Bau der Bahnstrecke Stack­ of Ornamental Art trägt und dem Department of Prac­ ton-Darlington (39 km, eröffnet 1825). 1823 gründete tical Art unterstellt ist. er in Newcastle die erste Lokomotivenfabrik der Weit. 1826-1830 baute er die 48 km lange Bahnstrecke 29 Vgl.: Mundt Barbara, Die deutschen Kunstge­ zwischen Liverpool und Manchester. Die Lokomotive werbemuseen im 19.Jahrhundert. München 1974 = »Rocket«, an deren Entwicklung auch der Sohn Ro- Studien zur Kunst des 19. Jahrhunderts Bd. 22. 413 30 Owen Jones (1809-1874) erhielt u. a. den Auf­ neuer Museumstyp des 20. Jahrhunderts. München 70 Das Werk wurde bei Garland Publishing lnc. trag, die vom Hydepark nach Sydenham übertrage• 1985. 523 S. m. Abb. New York und London 1977 neu aufgelegt. nen Gebäude des Kristallpalastes dem Charakter der 50 Vgl. u. a.: Eckstein Hans, 50 Jahre Deutscher 71 Titel eines 1828 erschienenen Buches des Ar­ Zeit und des Landes anzupassen, für die siebe­ Werkbund. Berlin 1958; Die Form. Stimme des Deut­ chitekten Heinrich Hübsch (1795-1863). stimmt waren. 1856 erschien sein Hauptwerk >>The schen Werkbundes 1925-1934. Gütersloh 1969 = Grammar of Ornament«. 72 Durant Stuart, Christopher Dresserund die Bota­ Bauweit Fundamente 24; [Kat. Ausst.] Zwischen nik seiner Zeit. ln: [Kat. Ausst.] Christopher Dresser 31 Augustus Welby Pugin (1812-1852) vgl. u. a.: Kunst und Industrie. Der Deutsche Werkbund 1907- vgl. Anm.69. Stanton Ph. B., A.W.N. Pugin. London 1967 (2. Aufl. 1934. Die Neue Sammlung. München 1972, 2. Aufl. 1971). Stuttgart 1987; Campbell Joan, Der Deutsche Werk­ 73 Vgl. die British Parliamentary Papers. Bd. V bund. Stuttgart 1981. (1835), Nr. 598 u. Bd. IX (1836), Nr. 568. Zitiert nach 32 John Ruskin (1819-1900) vgl. u. a.: Londow Anm.69. G. P., The Aestetic and Critical Theories of John Rus­ 51 Vgl. Wichmann (Anm. 49). S. 21. kin. Princeton 1971 -Blau E., Ruskinian Gothic. The 74 Vgl. u. a.: J. G. Sulzer, Allgemeine Theorie der 52 Diese Sammetgebiete sind in Wichmann Architecture of Dean and Woodware 1845-61. Prin­ Schönen Künste 1771 ff. Das Buch wurde von Goe­ Anm. 49 behandelt, die Textilien auf den Seiten 176- ceton 1982. the aufgrund seines starren Regelwerks scharf kriti­ 189m.Abb. siert. 33 Christopher Dresser (1834-1904) vgl. u. a.: [Kat. 53 Vgl. Wichmann (Anm. 49), S. 21. Ausst] Christopher Dresser. Kunstgewerbemuseum. 75 Nach Durantvgl. Anrn. 72. Köln 1981. 54 Die Berichte wurden in der Schrift: Münchner 76 Vgl.: Reports rnade by Mr. Dyce, consequent to Sammlung für angewandte Kunst. Berichte der Ta­ his Journey on an lnquiry into the State Schools of 34 WilliamMorris(1834-1896)vgl.u.a.: Kirsch gespresse (München). [1913] 28 S. 8° zusammenge­ Design in Prussia, Bavaria and France. ln: British Par­
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