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Vilniaus Dailės Akademijos Kauno Fakultetas Grafikos Katedra VILNIAUS DAILĖS AKADEMIJOS KAUNO FAKULTETAS GRAFIKOS KATEDRA Ugnės Krasauskaitės ORNAMENTO METAMORFOZĖS: AUGALINIŲ MOTYVŲ GRAFIKA Magistro baigiamasis teorinis darbas Taikomosios grafikos studijų programa, valstybinis kodas 621W10007 Magistrantė: Ugnė Krasauskaitė .................................................. (parašas) .................................................. (data) Darbo vadovė: doc. dr. Odeta Žukauskienė .................................................. (parašas) .................................................. (data) Tvirtinu, katedros vedėjas: doc. Vaidas Naginionis .................................................. (parašas) .................................................. (data) Kaunas, 2017 1 AUTENTIŠKUMO DEKLARACIJA Aš, Ugnė Krasauskaitė, kandidatas (-ė) VDA Grafikos katedros magistro laipsniui gauti, patvirtinu, kad šis baigiamasis darbas paremtas mano paties (-čios) tyrimais ir jame naudotasi tik tokia papildoma informacija, kuri nurodyta nuorodose, paaiškinimuose, šaltinių, literatūros bei lentelių ir paveikslų sąrašuose. Patvirtinu, kad baigiamajame darbe nėra naudojamasi kitų darbais to nenurodant ir nė viena baigiamojo darbo dalis nepažeidžia jokių asmens ar institucijos autorinių teisių. Taip pat nė viena baigiamojo darbo dalis nebuvo pateikta jokiai kitai aukštojo mokslo institucijai, kaip akademinis atsiskaitymas ar siekiant gauti mokslo laipsnį. Ugnė Krasauskaitė 2 Turinys SANTRAUKA ....................................................................................................................................... 4 SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................... 5 ĮVADAS ................................................................................................................................................. 6 I ORNAMENTAS TAIKOMOSIOS DAILĖS IR ESTETIKOS AKIRATYJE 1.1 Dekoratyvumo sklaida industrializacijos raidoje .................................................................. 10 1.2 Ornamento estetika ................................................................................................................... 12 1.3 Augalinių ornamentų sklaida .................................................................................................. 14 II GAMTOS FORMŲ STILIZACIJA 2.1 Meno ir amatų sąjūdis .............................................................................................................. 17 2.2 Augaliniai ornamentai W. Morriso kūryboje ........................................................................ 19 2.3 Meno ir amatų sąjūdžio aplinkoje ........................................................................................... 24 III ORNAMENTO SUKLESTĖJIMAS SECESIJOJE 3.1 Secesijos stilius ir ornamento dvasia ...................................................................................... 28 3.2 Ornamento raštai G. Klimto kūryboje .................................................................................... 32 IV ORNAMENTO TRANSFORMACIJOS 4.1 Ornamentalumas šiuolaikiniame dizaine ............................................................................... 37 4.2 Ornamento adaptacijos vizualinėje kultūroje ........................................................................ 39 4.3 Ornamento interpretacijos šiuolaikiniame mene ................................................................... 41 4.4 Kūrybinio darbo gairės ............................................................................................................. 43 IŠVADOS ............................................................................................................................................. 45 BIBLIOGRAFINĖS NUORODOS ................................................................................................... 47 ILIUSTRACIJŲ SĄRAŠAS .............................................................................................................. 50 ILIUSTRACIJOS ................................................................................................................................ 53 3 SANTRAUKA Ugnė Krasauskaitė Ornamento metamorfozės: augalinių motyvų grafika: grafikos programos studijų magistro baigiamasis teorinis darbas / vadovė doc. dr. Odeta Žukauskienė; Vilniaus dailės akademija, Aukštųjų studijų fakultetas, Kauno fakulteto Grafikos katedra. Kaunas. 2017. Šiame tiriamajame magistro darbe tyrinėjama ornamento raida XIX a. pab. – XX a. pr. taikomojoje dailėje ir mene, taip pat XXI a. vizualinėje kultūroje ir šiuolaikinio meno akiratyje. Darbe siekiama atskleisti ornamentinių motyvų ir augalinių raštų transformacijas, grafinės raiškos ir interpretacijų galimybes. Pirmoje dalyje aptariami pramoninės revoliucijos pokyčiai, nulėmę dėmesį ornamentikai ir dekoratyvumui. Atskiruose skyriuose nagrinėjama ornamento estetika ir augalinių motyvų raštų sklaida taikomojoje dailėje, architektūros interjeruose ir eksterjeruose. Nagrinėjami meno teoretikų publikuoti leidiniai, skirti ornamentų istorijai. Aptariama augalinio ornamento raiška ir sklaida grafinio dizaino srityje. Antroje dalyje nagrinėjami meno ir amatų sąjūdžio kūrėjų darbai, ieškoję formos ir ornamento vienovės. Didesnis dėmesys skiriamas šio sąjūdžio pradininko Williamo Morriso kūrybai, analizuojant jo kūrybinius impulsus, augalinio ornamento stilistiką, raštų išraiškingumą ir savitumą. Trečioje dalyje nagrinėjamas art nouveau stiliui būdingas ornamentavimo būdas, augalinių raštų ir vaizdinių elementų sąryšis taikomoje dailėje ir mene. Šiame kontekste išskiriama Gustavo Klimto kūryba, kurioje daug dėmesio buvo skirta augalinei ornamentikai ir jos simbolikai. Ketvirtoje dalyje siekiama atskleisti ornamento formų ir augalinių raštų sklaidą XX– XXI a. sandūroje. Aptariamos naujos ornamento suvokimo ir interpretacijos galimybės, neįprastos raiškos formos vizualinėje kultūroje ir šiuolaikiniame mene. Tokiu būdu darbe apžvelgiamos ornamento ir augalinių raštų transformacijos, apimančios formalios išraiškos, prasminius ir kontekstinius lygmenis. 4 SUMMARY Ugnė Krasauskaitė Metamorphoses of Ornamentation: Graphics of Plant Motifs: program of graphic studies final theoretical work / tutor doc. dr. Odeta Žukauskienė; Vilnius Academy of Fine Arts, Kaunas faculty of Graduate Studies, Faculty of Graphics. Kaunas. 2017 This master theory work is dedicated to analyse the development of the ornament in applied art and fine art between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, as well as the 21st century visual culture and contemporary art. The aim of the work is to reveal the transformations of ornamental motifs and floral patterns, possibilities of graphic expressions and interpretations. The first part of the work discusses the changes in the industrial revolution, focusing on ornamentation and decoration. Separate chapters analyse the aesthetics of the ornament and dissemination of plant motifs in applied arts, architectural interiors and exteriors. This part analyses the publications of artistic theorists for ornamental history too. It also discusses the expression and dissemination of floral ornament in the field of graphic design. The second part of the work deals with the work of the creators of the arts and crafts movement, looking for uniform and ornament unity. More attention is paid to the work of William Morris, the pioneer of this movement, by analysing his creative impulses, the style of the floral ornament and its sharpness and peculiarity. The third part of the work examines the style of ornamentation typical of art nouveau, the relationship between floral patterns and figurative elements in applied art and fine art. In this context, Gustav Klimt’s work is highlighted, with a focus on floral ornaments and symbolism. The fourth part of the work aims to reveal the spread of ornament forms and floral patterns between the 20th century and the 21st century. This part discusses the possibilities of new perception and interpretation of ornamentation, forms of unusual expression in visual culture and contemporary art. In this way, the work reviews the transformations of the ornament and floral patterns, which include formal expressions, conceptual and contextual levels. 5 ĮVADAS Temos pagrindimas. Nuo XVIII a. ornamentas siejamas su dekoratyviuoju arba taikomuoju menu. Suvešėjęs XIX–XX a. sandūroje, XX a. viduryje dekoratyvumas susilaukė kritikos ir buvo ilgam išstumtas iš meno gyvenimo į kultūros paribius. Ir tik XX a. pabaigoje jis vėl sulaukė didesnio menininkų susidomėjimo, naujų interpretacijų, vizualizavimo būdų. Plačiau žvelgiant, ornamentika glūdi visame gyvenime: įvairiausios gyvenimo formos pasižymi tam tikru ornamentalumu. Net į miestovaizdį galima pažvelgti kaip į savitą ornamentą, sudarytą iš namų, fasadų, aikščių, skverų, praeivių žaismo. Bet kokie raštai, motyvai, objektai, kūnai gali sudaryti ornamentą, kuris pasižymi universalumu. Neatsitiktinai Platonas žvaigždes vadino kosmoso ornamentais. Iš tiesų ornamentas yra viena iš gyvenimo pagrąžinimo formų, puošimo, pagražinimo elementas, suteikianti žavesio, patrauklumo. Kaip rodo meno ir civilizacijos istorija, ornamentai išlieka kaip iškalbingas ir svarbus kultūros atspaudas, turintis ne tik savitą formalią išraišką, bet ir prasmines gelmes. Įvairiais kultūros raidos etapais ornamentas atliko apsaugines, sakralines, magines, meditatyvines funkcijas. Tad tai yra vienas iš fundamentalių, abstrakčių ir mįslingų žmonijos istorijos fenomenų. Taip pat galima pastebėti, kad ornamentas ilgą
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