Bures on Karlauf, 'Stefan George: Die Entdeckung Des Charisma'
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H-German Bures on Karlauf, 'Stefan George: Die Entdeckung des Charisma' Review published on Monday, May 18, 2009 Thomas Karlauf. Stefan George: Die Entdeckung des Charisma. Munich: Karl Blessing Verlag, 2007. 816 pp. EUR 22.95 (cloth), ISBN 978-3-89667-151-6. Reviewed by Eliah M. Bures (Department of History, University of California at Berkeley) Published on H-German (May, 2009) Commissioned by Susan R. Boettcher The Unmasking of Charisma Shortly after the First World War, Karl Löwith, a philosophically inclined ex-soldier who would soon become one of Martin Heidegger's most promising pupils, encountered another veteran, Percy Gothein, whose star was similarly on the rise within the "circle" assembled around poet and translator Stefan George. In this "first friendship after the war," Löwith recounted two decades later, "I experienced for the first time ... the formative power that radiated from Stefan George ... and left its imprint so decisively on many young people of my generation." While Löwith cautioned against underestimating "the role that the circle around George played as an intellectual precursor of National Socialist ideology," he had also clearly felt its intoxicating effects: "[W]e talked all night long until daybreak, awash with the music of friendship. We were never able to abandon ourselves totally to this feeling of friendship, though, as dark forces of resistance forbade an accord. My critical rationality also fought against his [Gothein's] psalm-like recitation of George's poems."[1] Löwith's assessment captures much of what is so fascinating and problematic about George and his circle, the values they embodied, and the community they embraced. It also reflects well the spirit behind Thomas Karlauf's biography of the poet. Karlauf, like Löwith, once moved in the outer orbit of George's world. Introduced at the age of fifteen into that "Amsterdamer Freundeskreis ... der sich über Percy Gothein direkt auf Stefan George zurückführte," and for a decade a member of the editorial staff of the George-inspired journal, Castrum Peregrini, the author, as he candidly notes, once partook of the "leidenschaftlichem Ernst" with which George's legacy was administered (p. 769). Yet Karlauf has produced no hagiography. Like Löwith, whose "critical rationality" precluded a full absorption into George's world, Karlauf approaches Stefan George with the sobriety inimical to myth-making. The result of this dual perspective--that of the outsider and the erstwhile initiate at once--is the kind of sympathetic understanding which is the historian's stock-in-trade. Karlauf struggles to get inside the skulls of George and his circle, to understand their motivation without at the same time falling exclusively into the terms of his subjects' own self-understanding. His biography operates neither as a polemic nor a vindication, but as a critical unmasking of the George myth and the historical conditions of its birth and appeal. Karlauf's principal framework for this undertaking is the concept of charisma, the analytical contours of which are drawn, not surprisingly, from Max Weber's understanding of "charismatic authority." Indeed, as Karlauf notes, it was "kein Zufall" that Weber first used the term, in 1910, the year of his first meeting with George, in connection with the circle (p. 412). "Das Webersche Modell," he argues, "ist das einzige, das sämtliche Aspekte des Citation: H-Net Reviews. Bures on Karlauf, 'Stefan George: Die Entdeckung des Charisma'. H-German. 09-30-2014. https://networks.h-net.org/node/35008/reviews/45815/bures-karlauf-stefan-george-die-entdeckung-des-charisma Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 1 H-German Georgeschen Lebens abdeckt, und zwar sowohl nach innen, was die Selbstwahrnehmung des Dichters, die Strukturen der von ihm geschaffenen Gemeinschaft und deren Verhaltenskodex betrifft, als auch hinsichtlich der nicht unproblematischen Außenwirkung" (p. 769). This stress on the need to pay equal attention to the "Innen- und Außensicht, den historischen Abstand wahren und dennoch die Faszination von einst, das dämonische Wechselspiel von Verführung und Gewalt, nachvollziehbar zu machen" is key to Karlauf's presentation of the poet (p. 770). It is also central to what he sees as the shortcomings of much of the existing literature on George, which has too often fallen into the trap of taking at face value George's rhetorical self-presentation: "Es gibt im Leben Stefan Georges so gut wie nichts, was nicht von vornherein Inszenierung gewesen wäre oder nachträglich für die Inszenierung verwertet wurde" (p. 772). The terms of this relentlessSelbstinszenierung are well- known: Stefan George as icon, the embodiment of aristocratic values of timeless significance in an age of mass tastes and democratic leveling; Stefan George as prophet, the herald of a spiritual and cultural rebirth, a "Neues Reich," animated by the spirit of ancient Greece; and Stefan George as savior, the "master" around whom gathered an elite coterie of disciples representing the true but "secret Germany." Karlauf, by his own estimation, has produced a "life and times" on the Anglo-Saxon model, one that neither naively celebrates the truth of George's own self-image nor simply castigates its ideological content and political influence. Rather, he aims to follow "Georges eigener Wahrnehmung," mapping its development in the context of his age and reconstructing much of the private sphere which George labored to hide from view (p. 772). The effect is that of a behind-the-scenes tour of the rehearsals, set design, and promotional work that created the stage on which George's life played out. Noting this is not to accuse George of cynicism: "Bei aller Eitelkeit, die George zweifellos in hohem Masse zu eigen war, findet sich erstaunlich wenig Schauspielerei. Die konsequente Inszenierung des Dichters als Führer legt vielmehr den Schluss nahe, dass George sich tatsächlich so gesehen hat, wie er gesehen werden wollte" (p. 256). Those interested in the anti-rationalist intellectual currents and avant-garde subcultures of the period (roughly 1890-1930) should find much of value here. Karlauf traces the arc of George's early development, from the Rhineland of his birth to the Paris of Stéphane Mallarmé and the Vienna of Hugo von Hofmannsthal, through the Berlin salons of the fin de siècle and his brief association with the "Munich cosmologists" around Alfred Schuler and Ludwig Klages, all with an eye to questions of originality and influence. The process of discovery involved in the metamorphosis of George's early aesthetic rebellion against realism into a far more ambitious cultural project with distinct political overtones is clear from the second (and to my mind most illuminating) of the three divisions that comprise Karlauf's account. It is here ("Die Sendung, 1899-1914") that the final ingredients of George's worldview were added, including the poet's crucial interpretation of Plato's "pädagogische Eros" (the glue cementing the master-disciple relationship and a quasi-spiritual rendering of homoeroticism as "übergeschlechtliche Liebe"), as well as George's brief relationship with the young Maximilian Kronberger, an aspiring poet whose death shortly after his sixteenth birthday freed him to be transformed into a semi-divinity and symbol of the miracles possible in discipleship. The deification of the young Maximilian through the subsequent "Maximin- Mythos" sheds considerable light on the nature of George's relationships and the deficits of the sociability peculiar to the Freundeskreis. Indeed, this biography is littered with broken and discarded friendships. To be initiated into the circle presupposed a shared vision, just as remaining within it required subordination to George's unquestioned role as Führer: "Von Menschen, die ihm jahrelang nahestanden, konnte er sich über Citation: H-Net Reviews. Bures on Karlauf, 'Stefan George: Die Entdeckung des Charisma'. H-German. 09-30-2014. https://networks.h-net.org/node/35008/reviews/45815/bures-karlauf-stefan-george-die-entdeckung-des-charisma Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. 2 H-German Nacht trennen, als hätten sie ihm nie etwas bedeutet" (p. 143). Withdrawing from the circle was not uncommon. As the talented literary historian and one-time favorite Max Kommerell noted in 1928, membership "beruhte auf einer so vollständigen Aufgabe des persönlichen Selbstgefühles, wie ich sie höchstens für einen Jüngling, niemals für einen Mann angemessen und erträglich finden kann" (p. 588). Friendship with George also often meant a focus on one's ability to represent or embodydas Dichterische, at the cost of a lasting interest in the unique personality. As Karlauf notes in relation to Maximilian Kronberger: "Die Faktizität der Beziehung rückte dabei umso mehr in den Hintergrund-- auch in George's eigener Wahrnehmung--je stärker der Tod des frühvollendeten gemeinschaftsbildende Wirkung entfaltete. Die Welt sollte Maximin so sehen, wie er, der Dichter, ihn sah, eine andere Wirklichkeit als die der Dichtung konnte es nicht geben" (p. 350). And then there were those who refused entirely to be annexed to the poet's designs. Karlauf's opening scene, which recounts George's brief, intense, and ultimately failed courtship of Hugo von Hofmannstahl, a poet of sufficient originality to resist playing second fiddle, is well chosen as an illustration of both the allure and repulsion of charisma. Such evidence suggests that George's use of charisma can easily be read as a one-way relationship of command and obedience, an interpretation that Karlauf takes pains to complicate. To do so, he puts Weber's understanding of charismatic authority to work. For Weber, authority rests in some measure on the willingness, even desire, of those who are commanded to obey. Charismatic authority designates "eine soziale Beziehung, das heißt eine Beziehung auf Gegenseitigkeit, in der dem Anspruch des einen auf unbedingte Führerschaft der erklärte Wille des anderen zu bedingungsloser Gefolgschaft entspricht" (p.