Identification of Microbiological Contamination of Ready to Eat Food Vended in Streets of Different Institutions in Dhaka City, Bangladesh
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Identification of microbiological contamination of ready to eat food vended in streets of different institutions in Dhaka city, Bangladesh A research paper is submitted to the Department of Pharmacy, East West University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy. Submitted by Arzu Arafin Lisa ID: 2013-1-70-069 Department of Pharmacy East West University Declaration by the Candidate I, Arzu Arafin Lisa, hereby declare that the dissertation entitled “Identification of microbiological contamination of ready to eat food vended in streets of different institutions of Dhaka city, Bangladesh” submitted by me to the Department of Pharmacy, East West University and in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree Bachelor of Pharmacy, work carried out by me during the period 2016 of my research in the Department of Pharmacy, East West University, under the supervision and guidance of Ms. Nafisa Tanjia, Senior Lecturer, Department of Pharmacy, East West University. The thesis paper has not formed the basis for the award of any other degree/diploma/fellowship or other similar title to any candidate of any university. ________________________ Arzu Arafin Lisa ID: 2013-1-70-069 Department of Pharmacy East West University, Dhaka. Certificate by the Supervisor This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Identification of microbiological contamination of ready to eat food vended in streets of different institutions of Dhaka city, Bangladesh” submitted to the Department of Pharmacy, East West University for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree Bachelor of Pharmacy, was carried out by Arzu Arafin Lisa, ID: 2013-1-70-069, during the period 2016 of her research in the Department of Pharmacy, East West University, under the supervision and guidance of me. The thesis has not formed the basis for the award of any other degree/diploma/fellowship or other similar title to any candidate of any university. __________________________ Nafisa Tanjia Senior Lecturer Department of Pharmacy East West University, Dhaka. Certificate by the Co-Supervisor This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Identification of microbiological contamination of ready to eat food vended in streets of different institutions of Dhaka city, Bangladesh” submitted to the Department of Pharmacy, East West University for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree Bachelor of Pharmacy, was carried out by Arzu Arafin Lisa, ID: 2013-1-70-069, during the period 2016 of her research in the Department of Pharmacy, East West University, under the supervision and guidance of me. The thesis has not formed the basis for the award of any other degree/diploma/fellowship or other similar title to any candidate of any university. __________________________ Dr. Sufia Islam Professor Department of Pharmacy East West University, Dhaka. Certificate by the Chairperson This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Identification of microbiological contamination of ready to eat food vended in streets of different institutions of Dhaka city, Bangladesh” submitted to the Department of Pharmacy, East West University for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree Bachelor of Pharmacy, was carried out by Arzu Arafin Lisa, ID: 2013-1-70-069, during the period 2016 of her research in the Department of Pharmacy, East West University ____________________________ Dr. Shamsun Nahar Khan Associate Professor & Chairperson Department of Pharmacy East West University, Dhaka ACKNOWLEDGEMENT At first, I am grateful to God for the good health and wellbeing that were necessary to complete this research. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my research supervisor, Nafisa Tanjia, Senior Lecturer, Department of Pharmacy, East West University and co-supervisor, Dr. Sufia Islam, Professor, Department of Pharmacy, East West University, who had been always optimistic and full of passion and ideas. Their generous advice, constant supervision, intense support, enthusiastic encouragements and reminders during the research work not only helped shape this study but also molded me into being a better researcher. Their in-depth thinking, motivation, timely advice and encouragement have made it possible for me to complete this research. Secondly, I am also indebted to the Department of Pharmacy, East West University. I am very proud to the part of this institute. To me it seems like second home. This institute is giving me an opportunity to learn about my future goals, to learn how to show respect to the pharmacy profession. I would like to show my gratitude to the Chairperson of Pharmacy Department, to the faculties who are teaching over the last four years to make us ready for the noble profession by becoming a pharmacist. Third, my special thanks Tasnim Binte Shahjahan, Shahnaz Siddiqua, Md Abu Bakar Siddique Bhuiyan, Abuzar Ibn Faruk and all of my friends, who helped me to conduct the research by being very co-operative to be the part of my study. Because of their tremendous support I could finish the work on time. I also, would like to help my fellow classmates, friends for their continuous support in my stay in this institute. Finally, I am immensely grateful to my beloved parents, Md Alauddin Khan and Runu Begum for their love and faith in me, especially for their unconditional love in my life. It is my parents who made me, who I am now! I also would like to express my heartfelt love to my family for their continuous support and love. I am fortunate to have such a nice family! Abstract Street vended foods are easily available sources of meals for many people but the biological safety of this type food is invariably questionable. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the existence of enteric bacteria in various street vended foods collected from different private universities in Dhaka city. From established and moving vendors thirty food samples were collected from area around 10 private universities in Dhaka city. Food samples that were taken for bacteriological tests were shingara, alur chop, laddu, pakora, beguni, samaucha, kabab e.t.c. About three different food samples were collected from each university using cleaned polythene bags each day. These food samples were tested for the presence of presence enteric microorganisms using standard microbiological methods. For the confirmation of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Shigella spp, Salmonela spp, Vibrio spp biochemical tests were done. Among the thirty food samples four (13.3%) were contaminated with E. coli, one food sample (3.33%) was suspected to be contaminated with Klebsiella spp and two food samples(6.67%) were suspected to be contaminated with Vibrio spp. We have also performed colony counting of additional six food samples by standard methods. The samples were fuchka, noodles, cake, butter nun, vhelpuri, ghugni. Out of six samples maximum uncountable colonies were found in vhelpuri. These enteric pathogens present in street vended foods can be a potential cause of foodborne illnesses. Therefore the vendors need hygiene education for the handling and preparation of these street vended foods. Key Words: Street foods, Escherichia coil, Klebsiella spp, Vibrio spp, Enteric pathogen, Private Universities, Dhaka city. List of Contents Serial No Title Page Number CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW 1-27 1.1 Street Vended Foods 1 1.2 Varieties of Street Vended Foods 2 1.3 Food Borne Diseases 3 1.4 Who Gets Foodborne Illnesses 3 1.5 Causes of Foodborne Diseases 4 1.5.1 Microorganisms 4 1.5.2 Viruses 5 1.5.3 Parasites 6 1.5.4 Chemicals 6 1.6 Significant Factors Contributing to Microbial 9 Contamination of Street vended Foods 1.6.1 Sell Out Location: Food Handling and Waste 9 Disposal 1.6.2 Food Handling 9 1.6.3 Waste Disposal 9 1.6.4 Quality of Raw Material: Water and Other Material 10 1.6.4.1 Water 10 1.6.4.2 Other Raw Materials 11 1.6.5 Utensils and Equipments: Chemical and Microbial 11 Contaminants 1.6.6 Chemical Contaminants 12 1.6.7 Microbial Contaminants 12 1.6.8 Food Preparation: Storage and Reheating 12 1.6.9 Storage 12 1.6.10 Reheating 13 1.6.11 Personal Hygiene of the Vendors or Food Handlers 13 1.7 Description of Some Common Microoraganism 14 Contributing to Foodborne Diseases 1.7.1 E. coli 14 Serial No Title Page Number 1.7.1.1 Pathogenesis 16 1.7.2 Salmonella spp 18 1.7.2.1 Pathogenesis 18 1.7.3 Shigella spp 19 1.7.4 Vibrio spp 20 1.7.4.1 Pathogenesis 21 1.7.5 Klebsiella spp 22 1.7.5.1 Pathogenesis 23 1.8 Frequency of Food Borne Illness in Different 24 Country 1.8.1 Foodborne Illness Outbreaks in United States 24 1.8.2 Foodborne Illness Outbreaks in Australia 25 1.8.3 Foodborne Illness Outbreaks in Japan and Korea 26 1.8.4 Foodborne Illness Outbreaks in India 26 1.8.5 Condition of Street Food in Dhaka City 27 CHAPTER 02 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE 29 CHAPTER 03 METHODOLOGY 30-40 3.1 Study Area 30 3.2 Study Duration 30 3.3 Bacteriological Subculture 30 3.3.1 Sample Collection 30 3.3.2 Sample Processing 30 3.3.3 Enrichment of the Organisms 30 3.3.3.1 Enrichment of Salmonella and Shigella species 30 3.3.3.2 Enrichment of E. coli and Klebsiella species 30 3.3.3.3 Enrichment of Vibrio species 31 3.3.4 Selective Growth of the Organisms 31 3.3.4.1 Selective Growth of Salmonella and Shigella species 31 3.3.4.2 Selective Growth of E. coli and Klebsiella species 31 3.3.4.3 Selective Growth of Vibrio species 31 Serial No Title Page Number 3.3.5 Sterilization Procedure 32 3.3.6 Preparation of Petri