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Great and Spotted Bowerbirds Chlamydera Nucha/Is and C

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Great and Spotted Bowerbirds Chlamydera Nucha/Is and C VOL. 16 (2) JUNE 1995 49 AUSTRALIAN BIRD WATCHER 1995, 16, 49-57 Great and Spotted Bowerbirds Chlamydera nucha/is and C. maculata (Ptilonorhynchidae) Sympatric and Interacting at Each Other's Bowers by CLIFFORD B. FRITH!, DAWN W. FRITH1 and MARNIE McCULLOUGH2 1'Prionodura', P.O. Box 581, Malanda, Queensland 4885 2 'Bruslee', P.O. Charters Towers, Queensland 4820 Summary An area of sympatry between bower-attending Great and Spotted Bowerbirds Ch/amydera nucha/is and C. maculata (Ptilonorhynchidae) in northern Queensland is described. Great Bowerbirds maintained bowers within little more than a kilometre of riverine vegetation and Spotted Bowerbirds mostly beyond this and in more arid habitat. The two species meet where the two favoured habitats abut and thus do so linearly either side of the major river system of the study area. The two closest pairs of bowers of each species were 1020 m and 1200 m apart. Spotted Bowerbirds visited bowers of, and displayed to, Great Bowerbirds, and the latter species visited bowers of the former. Photographic evidence is presented. Mean nearest-neighbour distance of 10 active Spotted Bowerbird bowers was 870 m (range 645-1170 m) and of nine Great Bowerbird bowers was 1370 m (range 825-1920 m). Introduction Records of sympatry between congeneric species of polygynous and bower-building bowerbird species (Ptilonorhynchidae) are few . The few records of sympatry between congeneric Australian bowerbird species involve only odd vagrant individuals within the peripheral range of another. In the case of polygynously breeding bowerbird species, sympatry of bower-attending congeneric males is unknown. Instances of sympatry are of interest as they may provide opportunities to examine the function of bower form, the influence of sympatry upon bower structures and upon the behaviour and reproduction of individuals and populations of bird taxa involved (Gilliard 1969, Frith 1970, Schodde & McKean 1973). The few such records are therefore briefly reviewed here. Gilliard (1969) observed two individual Yellow-breasted Bowerbirds Chlamydera lauterbachi visit an active bower of a Fawn-breasted Bowerbird C. cerviniventris at Aiome on the Ramu River in northern Papua New Guinea. One of the Yellow-breasted birds was seen to tear aggressively at the bower and to display to a female Fawn­ breasted Bowerbird. Bailey (1992) also noted sympatry in these two species on the Ramu River. It is probable these two bowerbirds are sympatrically breeding congeneric species in the Ramu River valley, but a bower of the former remains to be found there. These two bowerbirds have also both been recorded in the Aiyura Valley, Papua New Guinea, at c. 1700 rn above sea level (Doyle et al. 1981). Frith (1970) cited historical records of apparent sympatry between the otherwise mostly altitudinally isolated New Guinea Streaked Bowerbird Amblyomis subalaris and Macgregor's Bowerbird A. macgregoriae. The reliabilty of these data was questioned (LeCroy 1971, Bell 1972), but Schodde & McKean (1973) then reported the two species together in some areas and described a specimen suggestive of hybridisation between them. A second probable hybrid specimen between these two species was discovered as the present paper went to press (CBF & DWF unpubl. data). Roberts (1975) recorded a single Great Bowerbird C. nuchalis 'in open eucalypts along Portland Roads Road', an area of Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, where AUSTRALIAN 50 FRITH, FRITH & McCULLOUGH BIRD WATCHER Figure 1. Map of continental Australia showing approximate distributional range of Great and Spotted Bowerbirds, the black area indicating where they overlap (after Blakers et al. 1984). Fawn-breasted Bowerbirds reside. A Great Bowerbird was seen on 6 June 1983, several kilometres inland of Portland Roads, where Fawn-breasted Bowerbirds were common (Ray Pierce pers. comm.). A single vagrant Great Bowerbird was seen on 27 May 1987 at Trephina Gorge, N.T., where the Western Bowerbird C. guttata is a common resident; a recent cylone may have been responsible for the presence of this lone Great Bowerbird (Graham & Graham 1990). CBF and DWF have seen a Great Bowerbird near the Heathlands National Park ranger's residence in an area where the Fawn-breasted Bowerbird is resident (Irtgram 1993). The Great Bowerbird is by far the most extensively distributed bowerbird in Australia, being found throughout most of the tropics north of 20 os and a little to the south in the east. The Spotted Bowerbird C. maculata inhabits much of central New South Wales and Queensland north to the Townsville area in the east, and westward across Queensland to just into the Northern Territory. In the extreme north of its eastern and central Queensland range, non-breeding Spotted Bowerbirds have been reported within the range of the Great Bowerbird (Figure 1). For details of distributions and habitats of these bowerbirds see Gilliard (1969), Cooper & Forshaw (1977) and Blakers et al. (1984). The two species are geographical representatives of the Chlamydera superspecies. Defining points at which the Great and Spotted Bowerbirds most closely meet or replace each other in tropical Queensland has long interested ornithologists (Gilbert 1844 in Chisholm 1945, Elsey 1856 in Macdonald & Colston 1966, Marshall 1954). Parker (1968) reported them as sympatric, having seen a single Great Bowerbird at 'Glendower', on the Flinders River, near Hughenden, Queensland, where the Spotted Bowerbird was moderately common in riverine forest and adjacent woodland. In northern Queensland Andree Griffin (in litt.) observed a vagrant Great Bowerbird at Paluma, within the clearing in upland rainforest atop the Seaview Range occupied by the village, on 12 April 1989, and a vagrant Spotted Bowerbird there on 5 June 1993. Both birds were out of their species' known range and habitat. VOL. 16 (2) JUNE 1995 Great and Spotted Bowerbirds Sharing Bowers 51 N t 13 2 1 5 3 0 10 7 9 4 8 6 12 ------------------ '\:c.\\c.e kilometres Figure 2. Map showing area of sympatry between Great and Spotted Bowerbirds to south­ south-east of Charters Towers, north Queensland. Numbers = Spotted Bowerbird bowers; letters = Great Bowerbird bowers; square = location of homestead buildings. The extensive areas lacking bower plots were not searched. Note Spotted bower 9 replaced bower 8, and bower 15 was replaced by Great bower D. Blakers et al. (1984) presented maps of plotted sightings of both Great and Spotted Bowerbirds, indicating both to be present over a band of tropical Queensland some 600 km in length and 100 km broad, west-north-west of Proserpine and Mackay and extending to the Northern Territory border (Figure 1). These records apparently involved non-breeding (i.e. no bowers or nests reported) Great Bowerbirds at the extreme south of the species' range and into the range of the Spotted Bowerbird. There have been no records of breeding populations of any two congeneric bowerbird species being truly sympatric, that is with active bowers of both species within the same area. Methods In an attempt to discover an area of sympatry between the Great and Spotted Bowerbirds, CBF and DWF drove south-east from Charters Towers, Queensland, 20 °05 'S, 146 °16 'E (where the Great Bowerbird is common), to 'Cardigan' and 'Warrawee' stations on the Burdekin River c. 43 km from Charters Towers in September 1984. Here they found only Great Bowerbirds and their bowers. They then travelled to 'Bruslee', c. 100 km south-south-east of Charters Towers, where they first met MM who informed them that although all bowers she knew of on the McCullough property were of Spotted Bowerbirds, she had once seen a Great Bowerbird in the area. MM subsequently located a Great Bowerbird's bower (Figure 2, bower F) on the west bank of the Cape River. In September 1987 MM saw a Spotted Bowerbird visit this Great Bowerbird bower, where it spent two minutes within the avenue examining decorations before the calls of the returning Great Bowerbird caused it to leave. AUSTRALIAN 52 FRITH, FRITH & McCULLOUGH BIRD WATCHER As a result ofMM's latter observation, CBF and DWF made visits to 'Bruslee' during September­ November 1988, March-April and September 1989, July and September 1990 and August-September 1991. An extensive area of the property to either side of the normally dry Cape River bed, and immediately about and to the west of the homestead about the dry bed of Dish Creek, was searched for bowerbirds and their bowers. Twenty-seven Spotted Bowerbirds were captured near bowers and banded with metal bands (Australian Bird Banding Scheme) and 19 of them also with plastic colour bands. Three Great Bowerbirds were caught and metal-banded before release. Habitat away from the influence of tall dense riverine woodland on the Cape River was low open woodland dominated by acacias and eucalypts Yiith vine thickets where the Spotted Bowerbird was found nesting (Frith & Frith 1990). The understorey of this open woodland was dominated by Currant Bush Carissa lanceolata, beneath which most bowers of both species were found . Canvas hides were erected near several bowers, notably Spotted bowers 5, 10 and 12 and Great bowers A and F (Figure 2) and observations/photographs made at various times. Results We located and plotted 16 active bowers of the Spotted and nine of the Great Bowerbird (Figure 2). Although nine of the Spotted Bowerbird bowers were typical of the species in being almost, if not exclusively, of grass stems with their broad avenue floor at or almost at ground level (Plate 13, front cover), four were grass­ stem structures with modest to most substantial stick foundations to the lower outer walls with an avenue floor conspicuously above ground level (Plate 14). A minimum of nine concurrently active Spotted Bowerbird bowers was found in an area of little more than 7 km2 • The locations of all active Spotted and Oreat Bowerbird bowers are indicated in Figure 2 as a result of plotting them onto high­ quality aerial photographs.
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