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Stéréotypes, Représentations Et Identités En R.D.A. Et En R.F.A.: Une Comparaison Transnationale Des Discours Journalistique

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Stéréotypes, Représentations Et Identités En R.D.A. Et En R.F.A.: Une Comparaison Transnationale Des Discours Journalistique Stéréotypes, représentations et identités en R.D.A. et en R.F.A. : une comparaison transnationale des discours journalistiques de Der Spiegel et de la Neue Berliner Illustrierte entre 1949 et 1989 Tina Julia Richter To cite this version: Tina Julia Richter. Stéréotypes, représentations et identités en R.D.A. et en R.F.A. : une comparaison transnationale des discours journalistiques de Der Spiegel et de la Neue Berliner Illustrierte entre 1949 et 1989. Histoire. Université de Strasbourg, 2014. Français. NNT : 2014STRAC028. tel-01175846 HAL Id: tel-01175846 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01175846 Submitted on 13 Jul 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ DE STRASBOURG ÉCOLE DOCTORALE DES HUMANITES 520 Equipe d’Accueil EA 1341 THÈSE présentée par : Tina RICHTER soutenue le : 10 octobre 2014 pour obtenir le grade de : Docteur de l’université de Strasbourg Discipline/ Spécialité : Etudes germaniques Stéréotypes, représentations et identités en R.D.A. et en R.F.A. Une comparaison transnationale des discours journalistiques de Der Spiegel et de la Neue Berliner Illustrierte entre 1949 et 1989. THÈSE dirigée par : Madame HUMBERT-KNITEL Geneviève Professeur, université de Strasbourg RAPPORTEURS : Madame KNOPPER Françoise Professeur, université de Toulouse [Monsieur GAUTIER Laurent Professeur, université de Dijon AUTRES MEMBRES DU JURY : Madame STAIBER Maryse Professeur, université de Strasbourg 1 Remerciements J’adresse mes sincères remerciements à Madame Geneviève Humbert-Knitel, ma directrice de recherches, qui m’a soutenue dans mon travail, motivée dans les instants de doute et accompagnée depuis mon mémoire de master. Je remercie également les directeurs et les responsables d’archives, de bibliothèques et d’institutions de France et d’Allemagne qui m’ont ouvert leurs portes et donné accès à des documents d’archives souvent difficiles d’accès et inconnus du public. Je remercie par ailleurs les correcteurs de mon manuscrit et tout ceux et celles qui ont pris la peine de le relire. Enfin, j’adresse mes remerciements aux personnes que j’ai pu interviewer au cours de mes recherches. Je pense à cet égard à l’auteur et ancien ambassadeur de France M. Stéphane Hessel (1917 – 2013)1, le directeur de la maison d’édition Berliner Verlag Rudolf Barbarino (*1920), le responsable juridique chargé des dossiers de la Stasi à la BsTU de Berlin, Dr.Günter Bormann, Ulrich Schwarz, correspondant de Der Spiegel envoyé en R.D.A. dans les années 1970 et Irena Kukutz, une ancienne dissidente est-allemande. 1 Stéphane Hessel, diplomate, écrivain, ancien ambassadeur de France, né en 1917 à Berlin, mort en 2013 à Paris. Date de l’interview, 7 janvier 2011. L’entretien s’insère dans une série d’interviews que nous avons menées par écrit et par voie orale au cours de nos recherches. Cf. annexe 5. 2 Orthographe Le corpus d’étude de cette thèse est en langue allemande. Il s’agit de 312 exemplaires des hebdomadaires ouest-allemand Der Spiegel et est-allemand Neue Berliner Illustrierte qui ont été consultés aux archives de Berlin. La taille du corpus correspond à l’intégralité des numéros parus en 1949, 1961 et 1989. Il s’agit donc de la presse écrite allemande datant de l’époque de la guerre froide. De fait, la plupart des exemples sont en allemand. Souvent, il s’agit de noms de produits et de slogans publicitaires, mais aussi d’anglicismes que nous écrivons comme d’autres mots d’origine étrangère en lettres italiques. Les noms des hebdomadaires s’écrivent également en lettres italiques, exception faite pour l’hebdomadaire ouest-allemand DIESE WOCHE dont l’écriture d’origine en lettres capitales a été conservée. La référence à la Neue Berliner Illustrierte se fait souvent sous forme abrégée en lettres capitales NBI. Lorsqu’il est question du discours journalistique ouest-allemand, il s’agit de celui de Der Spiegel, lorsqu’on parle du discours journalistique est-allemand, il s’agit de celui de la NBI. Pour se référer à la République fédérale d’Allemagne et à la République démocratique allemande, une écriture en lettres capitales (R.D.A., R.F.A.) a été retenue, et celà sans aucune connotation politique. En ce qui concerne la traduction des exemples du corpus, la difficulté était le passage en français. Dans la mesure du possible, les expressions allemandes ont été traduites en français. L’original figure soit en note de bas de page, soit, lorsqu’il revêt un intérêt linguistique et culturel particulier, il est placé à la suite du terme français. Dans certains cas, faute d’avoir trouvé une traduction française satisfaisante, et pour ne pas perdre la spécificité historique de l’exemple choisi, le terme allemand a été conservé sans être traduit. Compte tenu de la rareté de la plupart des exemples, la partie analytique comporte de nombreuses références sémantiques et historiques sous forme d’images scannées. Le plus souvent, les exemples sont traduits en français, écrits sans guillemets et suivis du terme en allemand transcrit en italique, comme par exemple « héros du travail », Held der Arbeit. 3 Table des matières INTRODUCTION 1. Problématique. 10 2. Objectifs. 14 3. Approche méthodologique. 16 4. Contexte historique et l’époque étudiée. 32 5. Corpus d’étude. 33 Portrait de la revue Der Spiegel. 35 Portrait de la revue NBI. 45 6. Travail dans les archives. 58 7. État de la recherche. 60 8. Structuration du travail. 66 PREMIÈRE PARTIE APPAREIL MÉTHODOLOGIQUE I. Concepts utilisés. 69 1. Stéréotypes. 70 2. Représentations. 78 3. Identité. 82 II. Disciplines utilisées. 1. Histoire comparée et transnationale. 86 1.1. Transferts culturels. 90 1.2. Lieux de mémoire. 92 1.3. Grille d’analyse. 95 2. Analyse du discours. 96 2.1. Sociolinguistique. 99 2.2. Dictionnaires est-allemands. 101 2.3. Discours politique. 103 2.4. Vocabulaire du discours politique. 106 4 2.5. Fonctions du langage. 106 2.6. Communication. 107 2.7. Langue de bois. 109 2.8. Grille d’analyse de l’analyse du discours. 111 3. Analyse de l’image/ Iconographie. 114 3.1. Publicité. 116 3.2. Symbolisme des couleurs. 117 3.3. Grille d’analyse de l’analyse de l’image. 119 4. Résumé graphique de l’approche méthodologique. 120 DEUXIÈME PARTIE REPRÉSENTATIONS MASCULINES ET FÉMININES EN R.D.A ET EN R.F.A. entre 1949 et 1989 I. Contexte historique. 121 II. Représentations masculines est-allemandes et ouest-allemandes. 1. L’homme politique. 129 2. L’ouvrier écrivain. 130 3. Le conducteur de voiture. 135 4. Le sportif. 138 5. Le consommateur et le correspondant d’usine. 143 6. Le brigadier. 147 7. Le manager et le héros du travail. 151 8. Le lobbyiste et le reporteur socialiste. 153 III. Représentations féminines est-allemandes et ouest-allemandes. 1. La femme au foyer et la femme journaliste. 157 2. La femme américanisée et la femme communiste. 162 3. L’hôtesse de l’air et la représentante culturelle. 165 4. La femme d’affaire et la Schrittmacherin. 169 5. La femme professeur. 171 5 TROISIÈME PARTIE STÉRÉOTYPES EN R.DA. ET EN R.F.A. en 1949, 1961 et 1989 L’année 1949 Le stéréotype de représentation de l’Allemagne dans son ensemble I. Contextualisation historique. 176 II. Partie analytique. 1. Annonces publicitaires de Der Spiegel ARAL et VOGELEY 179 2. Annonces publicitaires NBI EPISAN et ba-du-san 181 3. Stéréotype de représentation de l’Allemagne dans son ensemble en R.D.A.183 4. Stéréotype de représentation de l’Allemagne dans son ensemble en R.F.A.184 5. Instrumentalisation de sources historiques : l’année Goethe 1949. 188 6. Langage anti-fasciste., lingua securita. 189 7. L’image de la colonie ouest-allemande. 191 L’année 1961 Les stéréotypes de la grande famille socialiste et de la grande famille américaine I. Contextualisation historique : 1961 et la pluralité des murs. 194 II. Partie analytique. 1. Le héros ouvrier. 199 2. Le vocabulaire de la guerre froide. 202 3. Le stéréotype de la grande famille socialiste en R.D.A. 207 4. Le stéréotype de la grande famille américaine. 213 6 L’année 1989 Les stéréotypes de la pérennité et de la terra incognita I. Contextualisation historique : 1989 et une réunification au pas de course. 217 II. Partie analytique. 1. Page de couverture Der Spiegel : Die Abrechnung. 222 2. Page de couverture Der Spiegel : Explodiert die DDR ? 226 3. Page de couverture NBI : Kinder in der DDR. 230 4. L’image Jammerossi/Besserwessi. 232 5. Illustration médiatique. 234 6. Le stéréotype de la pérennité. 236 7. L’image de la file d’attente. 240 8. L’image de la banane. 242 9. L’image du néo-nazi ouest-allemand. 243 10. L’image des réfugiés en R.F.A. 245 11. Le leitmotiv de la pénurie est-allemande. 249 12. L’image de la grisaille et de la misère. 250 13. Sondages d’opinion. 252 14. Caricature « mur » dans les têtes. 259 15. Stéréotypes de langue dans la littérature du tournant. 263 QUATRIÈME PARTIE IDENTITÉS EN R.F.A. ET EN R.D.A. I. Identités culturelles en R.F.A. et en R.D.A. 267 1. Opacité du langage et opacité identitaire : les dossiers de la Stasi 268 2. Le programme télé en R.D.A.
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