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PDF Integral MN.°0l6 l atèmática Ano LXXI I Julho 2010 4,20€ índice Editorial por Jorge Buescu Atractor [A Matemática do Futebol] Recreio I por Jorge Nuno Silva [Torres de Hanói Magnetizadas] Artigo ConvidadoI poi António Machiavelo, [Sobre a Natureza dos Objectos Matemáticos] Na Linha de Frente I por Fabio Chalubi [[U m Fut-Teorema em Ano de Mat-Mundial] -J Apanhados na Rede I por António Machiavelo. I [Also de Novo Sobre o Ensino da Matemática] por Jorge Nuno Silva 24| Bartoon por Luis Afonso 251 [ [Suplemento ENSPM2010] [Oradores Convidados ENSPM2010 | Entrevista a Carlos Bastien | Uvros Contados | Programa ENSPM2010] 39| [Sobre a Prova de Aferição de Matemática do 2.° Ciclo] por Miguel Abreu e Filipe Oliveira 43 O Que E... por Roger Picken [A Teoria dos Nós?] JT1 Inquérito por Graciano de Oliveira [Avaliações e Rankings] sol [A Matemática Pelo Basquetebol] r Rui MachadOi [Portugaliae Mathematica e Interfaces and Free Boundaries. I por José Francisco Rodrigues PORTUGALIAE MATHEMATICS 59| Notícias 63 Cartas da Direcção por Joana Teles [Sinal Mais nas Olimpíadas de Matemática] Anuncie aqui! Já reparou que um anúncio na Gazeta é visto poi mais de 2.000 leitores, todos eles potenciais interessados em Matemática? Nenhum se desperdiça! A Gazeta é o local próprio para anunciar tudo quanto respeite a actividades matemáticas: programas de Mestrado e Doutoramento, livros, workshops ou debates, acontecimentos que interesse dar a conhecer e que devam ficar registados para o futuro... O que não é publicitado é como se não existisse! Tabela de Preços [páginas interiores] ímpar Par Descontos: Os Sócios Institucionais da Sociedade Portuguesa de 1 página 590,00 € 490,00 € Matemática têm direito a um desconto de 15%. 1/2 página 390,00 € 290,00 € Encartes: É possível enviar encartes. Para mais detalhes consultar 1/4 página 220,00 E 170,00 € a página na web: http://www.spm.pt 1/8 página 120,00 € 120,00 € [Aos valores indicados deverá ser adicionado o IVA à taxa legal em vigor.] mi par Joige Buescu [Universidade de Lisboa] A edição da Gazeta de Matemática que o leitor tem foi aparentemente substituída pela formada por nas mãos é publicada num momento particularmente Cristiano Ronaldo, Simão e Deco, pois explica-nos significativo para a SPM: ela é apresentada no como é possível numa competição como o Mundial Encontro Nacional da SPM. Este encontro bienal realizar um ranking final justo. Também o basquetebol representa um momento de intercâmbio privilegiado contribui, pela mão de Rui Machado, para esta edição para a comunidade matemática portuguesa: é a altura mais... desportiva. de trocar pontos de vista sobre a matemática em Num registo diferente, António Machiavelo Portugal em todos os seus aspectos, da investigação contribui com a sua visão Sobre a Natureza dos Objectos ao ensino e à divulgação. E, portanto, muito Matemáticos. Nesta discussão entusiasmante o autor gratificante para toda a equipa da Gazeta poder estar acaba por nos esclarecer sobre a sua defesa de uma presente nesta ocasião. posição a que chama "Realismo Intuitivo- O momento de publicação da Gazeta coincide Conceptualista Empirico-Racionalista Construtivista também com outra circunstância que seria difícil Anti-Radical!" (exclamação do autor). Roger Picken ignorar: o Campeonato Mundial de Futebol. explica com uma clareza que julgamos exemplar O A matemática está presente em todos os aspectos da QueÉa Teoria dos Nós. vida, desde que saibamos onde a procurar; o Mundial Esperamos continuar a fazer da Gazeta uma leitura de Futebol não é excepção. O Atractor explica-nos renovadamente interessante sobre a matemática e a como deveríamos rematar de forma óptima na contribuir desta forma para cumprir uma das missões procura do golo; a Linha da Frente de Fábio Chalub da SPM: a divulgação da ciência que amamos. Sobre a Capa Em 1985, a revista Nature anunciou a descoberta de uma nova molécula com uma estrutura semelhante à de uma bola de futebol: o fulereno. A semelhança valeu à descoberta de Kroto, Heath, O'Brien, Curl e Smalley a alcunha de futeboleno. A molécula é constituída por 60 átomos de carbono, que formam 12 pentágonos e 20 hexágonos. Os hexágonos constituem uma superfície plana enquanto os pentágonos criam um ângulo de curvatura, necessário para fechar a superfície sobre si mesma, formando uma esfera. No mundo do futebol, uma estrutura semelhante à do fulereno rolava nos relvados desde 1970, ano em que foi concebida a Telstar, utilizada no Mundial de Futebol do México. Esta foi a primeira bola a surgir com um design de 32 gomos (12 pentágonos e 20 hexágonos), uma configuração que lhe permitiu ser a mais esférica de sempre! Apesar de os modelos utilizados hoje em dia terem evoluído muito, a Telstar nunca deixou de representar a imagem clássica de umabola de futebol. Atractor Na âmbito de uma colaboração acordada entre a Gazeta e o Atractor, este é um espaço da responsabilidade do Atractoi; relacionado com conteúdos Interactivos do seu site {www.atractor.pt). Quaisquer reacções ou sugestões serão bem-vindas para [email protected]. A Matemática do Futebol "Vós, que sois abençoados com sombra e também com luz, vós, que sois dotados de dois olhos capazes de perceberem a perspectiva e de se encantarem com a diversidade das cores, vós, que podeis de facto ver um ângulo e abarcar toda a circunferência de um Círculo na afortunada região das Três Dimensões - como poderei eu fazer-vos entender claramente a extrema dificuldade que nós no Mundo Plano temos em reconhecer as formas uns dos outros?" Edwin A. Abbott, Flatland -A romance of many dimensions Uma circunferência é o conjunto de circunferência, de centro O e raio R, pontos no plano equidistantes de um tem amplitude igual a 1/(2R) do ponto fixado. Esta curva caracteriza- arco por ele subtendido (fig. 2); -se por outras propriedades de daqui resulta, em particular, que natureza distinta que poderiam servir ângulos inscritos numa igualmente como definição: entre circunferência e suportados pela todas as curvas planas, simples (sem mesma corda são iguais (fig. 3); (b) auto-intersecções) e fechadas (se as fixado um ângulo <AMB de Figura 4 percorrermos sempre no amplitude a, o lugar geométrico sentido a partir de um dos pontos P do plano tais que o ângulo <APB tem Figura 1 retornamos a esse ponto), é a única que: amplitude a é precisamente o arco de circunferência curvatura constante com extremos AeBe que passa em M. Além disso, positiva; (2) é intersectada considerando a curva formada pelo referido arco em por qualquer corda em conjunto com o segmento [.AB], então, se um ponto P ângulos iguais; (3) engloba está no interior da curva, a amplitude de <APB é a maior área entre as de maior do que a e, se P é exterior à curva, a amplitude igual perímetro. de <APB é menor do que a (fig. 4). As duas imagens O Atractor desenvolveu seguintes mostram como esta afirmação resulta do um módulo facto de, em qualquer triângulo, cada ângulo externo interactivo Figura 2 ser a soma dos ângulos internos não adjacentes. (usado, em y+á = 2n-2(a+p) 2005, para participantes de 10/11 anos, no âmbito da Universidade Júnior, uma iniciativa da Universidade do Porto) cujo guião1 se serve do futebol para ilustrar outra propriedade que só a circunferência verifica, conhecida como Teorema do arco capaz: (a) qualquer ângulo2 inscrito numa Figura 5 Figura 6 Figura 3 p=a+Y=>a<(3 a=p+Y=>a>f5 1Http://ivww.atractor.pt/ujr/acti2005.htm 2Neste trabalho, ângulo e corda serão usados no sentido de ângulo orientado e corda orientada. W No futebol, faz parte da estratégia a determinação Consideremos agora uma situação concreta: um do local ideal para a marcação de golo. E, mesmo jogador está a correr ao longo de uma linha — r - ignorando os jogadores da paralela à linha lateral (fig. 10). Há algum sítio, nessa equipa adversária, não é linha, onde ele tenha a certeza de marcar golo? De U " • certo que um jogador novo a resposta depende do jogador, ou seja, da cunha alvo do jogador marque golo de qualquer que lhe está associada. E podem ocorrer três situações ponto do campo. Claro que distintas. Se considerarmos o arco capaz que passa Figura 7 um jogador colocado um pelos extremos da baliza, A e B, e que tem um ângulo Cunha metro à frente do meio da inscrito 2a suportado na corda AB, então: (1) ou o arco baliza, e sem adversários, consegue marcar golo. De não intersecta r, e por isso não há nenhum sítio onde que outros pontos conseguirá ter igual certeza? A seja certa a marcação de golo; (2) ou o arco e a recta r se resposta depende da pontaria do jogador. E, no intersectam em dois pontos, C e D, e o golo está módulo, a pontaria de cada jogador é representada garantido se marcado a partir do segmento de recta por uma cunha com ângulo igual ao dobro do seu [CD] (fig. 11); (3) ou ré tangente ao arco, e o ponto de ângulo máximo de erro: quanto melhor for o jogador, tangencia é o único em que está assegurada a mais estreita é a cunha. marcação de golo. Figura 8 Figura 11 Figura 9 Figura 12 Para determinar a região onde um jogador (sem Encontrando-se o jogador num bom sítio para adversários) está certo de marcar golo, o utilizador do rematar, para onde deve ele apontar a bola se módulo3 coloca a cunha (como indicado na figura 8) e pretende marcar golo? Deverá apontar para o meio da vai marcando pontos numa folha de papel baliza? Os utilizadores do módulo são novamente transparente previamente fixada sobre o campo. Na convidados a testar experimentalmente várias cunhas verdade, para delimitar a região desejada, basta ir (jogadores) para verificarem que, em certas assinalando os pontos correspondentes às posições da circunstâncias (como a descrita na figura), é possível a cunha em que ela encosta aos dois postes da baliza: um jogador na posição P, ao apontar a bola para o esta região, cujo bordo é a curva ponto médio M de [AB\, falhar a marcação do golo assim obtida experimentalmente, (fig.
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